Cardiac vascular system Pysiology General Principles Part 1

  • 7 years ago
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what is heart ,graph of working of heart .systole and diastole,

A single cycle of cardiac activity can be divided into two basic phases - diastole and systole.

Diastole represents the period of time when the ventricles are relaxed (not contracting).Throughout most of this period, blood is passively flowing from the left atrium (LA) and right atrium (RA) into the left ventricle (LV) and right ventricle (RV), respectively (see figure at right). The blood flows through atrioventricular valves (mitral and tricuspid) that separate the atria from the ventricles. The RA receives venous blood from the body through the superior vena cava (SVC) and inferior vena cava (IVC). The LA receives oxygenated blood from lungs through four pulmonary veins that enter the LA. At the end of diastole, both atria contract, which propels an additional amount of blood into the ventricles.

Systole represents the time during which the left and right ventricles contract and eject blood into the aorta and pulmonary artery, respectively. During systole, the aortic and pulmonic valves open to permit ejection into the aorta and pulmonary artery. The atrioventricular valves are closed during systole, therefore no blood is entering the ventricles; however, blood continues to enter the atria though the vena cavae and pulmonary veins.


The cardiac cycle diagram shown to the right depicts changes in aortic pressure (AP), left ventricular pressure (LVP), left atrial pressure (LAP), left ventricular volume (LV Vol), and heart sounds during a single cycle of cardiac contraction and relaxation. These changes are related in time to the electrocardiogram. An online video and tutorial of the cardiac cycle from the Health Education Assets Library is available: cardiac cycle video.

Aortic pressure is measured by inserting a pressure-measuring catheter into the aorta from a peripheral artery, and the left ventricular pressure is obtained by placing a catheter inside the left ventricle and measuring changes in intraventricular pressure as the heart beats. Left atrial pressure is not usually measured directly, except in investigational procedures; however, left atrial pressure can be estimated by recording the pulmonary capillary wedge pressure. Ventricular volume changes can be assessed in real time using echocardiography or radionuclide imaging, or by using a special volume conductance catheter placed within the ventricle.

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