Archaeology - A Secret History episode 1
Archaeology - A Secret History episode 1: Richard Miles goes back 2,000 years to explore how archaeology began by trying to prove a biblical truth, a quest that soon got archaeologists into dangerous water.
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Transcript
00:04Priceless treasures...
00:09..ancient ruins...
00:13..and the fragile remains
undefined:undefined00:00:17,068 --> 00:00:21,004
undefined:undefined5
undefined:undefined6
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedones that you find on the surface.
00:31'Archaeology isn't like
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undefined:undefined00:00:17,068 --> 00:00:21,004
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undefined:undefined
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedhas its own history.
01:05'Varied, controversial,
01:08'and reaching to the very heart
undefined:undefined00:00:17,068 --> 00:00:21,004
undefined:undefined00:00:17,068 --> 00:00:21,004
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undefined:undefined22
undefined:undefined23
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefined19th-century treasure hunters.'
01:36'From the rise of scientific method
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undefined:undefined27
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedthat built our understanding
01:57'of the ancient past.'
02:12Archaeology first began with a quest
02:14to discover one truth
undefined:undefined00:00:17,068 --> 00:00:21,004
undefined:undefined00:00:17,068 --> 00:00:21,004
undefined:undefined34
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedstream of visitors to the cathedral.
02:39Thousands of people have come here
undefined:undefined37
undefined:undefined38
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefineddiscoveries ever made.
03:00The tunic has been preserved here
undefined:undefined00:00:17,068 --> 00:00:21,004
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undefined:undefined43
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedthat they have here.'
03:43Now, that is absolutely
undefined:undefined00:00:17,068 --> 00:00:21,004
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undefined:undefined50
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedlooking at them.
04:10Just a simple nail.
04:13Thank you.
04:21There's no doubt for the people
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undefined:undefined
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedarchaeological artefacts.
04:43My calling, my profession if you
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undefined:undefined64
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedand early fourth centuries AD.
05:17And it was her son,
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undefined:undefined
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedConstantine sent Helena off
05:41to find evidence of Rome's
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undefined:undefined74
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedand bishops.
05:59So, you could say
undefined:undefined77
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedvery place of Christ's crucifixion.
06:18And this is where it gets
undefined:undefined00:00:17,068 --> 00:00:21,004
undefined:undefined81
undefined:undefined82
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedof those crosses was supposedly
06:37the cross of Jesus Christ himself,
06:39the cross on which
undefined:undefined00:00:17,068 --> 00:00:21,004
undefined:undefined88
undefined:undefined89
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedin his horse's bridle
06:59as a kind of magical talisman.
07:03The tunic
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undefined:undefined94
undefined:undefinedin history,
07:17but also, if you believe, like
undefined:undefined00:00:17,068 --> 00:00:21,004
undefined:undefined97
undefined:undefined98
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedthe most humble of objects...
07:41..so long as we could find them...
07:44..and understand
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undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedis - remnants of a material culture
08:01that give us access to our history.
08:05They become our primary sources,
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undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedand continues today.
08:27Successions of archaeological
undefined:undefined00:00:17,068 --> 00:00:21,004
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undefined:undefinedthat have created and shaped us.
08:56Constantine's endorsement
undefined:undefined00:00:17,068 --> 00:00:21,004
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undefined:undefined118
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedan alternative religion -
09:17a bit wacky, a bit out there -
09:18to being the established religion
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undefined:undefined
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedthan the Church would have liked.
09:38And the stories that we became
undefined:undefined00:00:17,068 --> 00:00:21,004
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undefined:undefined130
undefined:undefined131
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undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedwas a new way of thinking.
10:11The Renaissance fused
undefined:undefined00:00:17,068 --> 00:00:21,004
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undefined:undefined
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedwas one of my personal heroes.
10:42Not an artist, but the greatest
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undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedfor our story
11:15because this was the home town
undefined:undefined00:00:17,068 --> 00:00:21,004
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undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedin Ancona during the Renaissance.
11:37He's not a household name,
undefined:undefined00:00:17,068 --> 00:00:21,004
undefined:undefined151
undefined:undefined152
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedhaven't forgotten him.
11:59Right here in 1421,
undefined:undefined00:00:17,068 --> 00:00:21,004
undefined:undefined156
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedPizzicolli walked home past this,
12:15a millennium-old
undefined:undefined00:00:17,068 --> 00:00:21,004
undefined:undefined160
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedsomething caught his eye.
12:36Maybe the evening light
undefined:undefined00:00:17,068 --> 00:00:21,004
undefined:undefined164
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedbut he could make out one word -
12:54"Trajano",
12:56who was a Roman Emperor Trajan.
12:59Now, that triggered a whole series
undefined:undefined00:00:17,068 --> 00:00:21,004
undefined:undefined170
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedand rescue it from oblivion.
13:20For Pizzicolli,
undefined:undefined00:00:17,068 --> 00:00:21,004
undefined:undefined174
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedwith all our museums,
13:37monuments and guide books,
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undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedwas such a revelation.
14:02Pizzicolli set off on a mission to
undefined:undefined00:00:17,068 --> 00:00:21,004
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undefined:undefined183
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedderelict dumps,
14:25ready to be used as builders' scrap,
14:27but he realised they were vestiges
undefined:undefined00:00:17,068 --> 00:00:21,004
undefined:undefined188
undefined:undefined189
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedPizzicolli. Beautiful relief.
14:59Wow, bello.
15:01'Local historian
undefined:undefined00:00:17,068 --> 00:00:21,004
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undefined:undefined00:00:17,068 --> 00:00:21,004
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undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedtook him all over Italy
16:16'and then on to Greece,
undefined:undefined00:00:17,068 --> 00:00:21,004
undefined:undefined202
undefined:undefinedin Italy
16:37and he asked him what he was doing
undefined:undefined00:00:17,068 --> 00:00:21,004
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undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedwith detailed sketches.
16:53What he did was look at the wonders
undefined:undefined00:00:17,068 --> 00:00:21,004
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undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedbecame a bit of a celebrity.
17:10He was asked to speak about what
undefined:undefined00:00:17,068 --> 00:00:21,004
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undefined:undefined214
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedwas out there was enough
17:29to give Pizzicolli a place
undefined:undefined00:00:17,068 --> 00:00:21,004
undefined:undefined218
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedof Renaissance Italy,
17:48that kind of thinking
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undefined:undefined222
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedquestioning old ideas,
18:17about everything from the human body
undefined:undefined00:00:17,068 --> 00:00:21,004
undefined:undefined226
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undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedhas taken many different forms.
18:41For Helena and many others like her,
undefined:undefined00:00:17,068 --> 00:00:21,004
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undefined:undefined
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedit was possible to seek out clues
18:57about where we had come from.
18:59And the truth, well,
undefined:undefined00:00:17,068 --> 00:00:21,004
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undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedwhich was just out there
undefined:undefined00:00:17,068 --> 00:00:21,004
undefined:undefined240
undefined:undefined241
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedthis was a crucial question
19:33because if you could use the past,
19:35then it was an incredibly important
undefined:undefined00:00:17,068 --> 00:00:21,004
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undefined:undefined248
undefined:undefined249
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedin the business of building
20:05a brand-new national identity,
20:08like Renaissance man, Henry VIII.
20:12In the 1530s,
undefined:undefined00:00:17,068 --> 00:00:21,004
undefined:undefined256
undefined:undefined257
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedhis own English Church,
20:34and the Pope retaliated
undefined:undefined261
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedof their treasures,
20:47but out of it was forged
undefined:undefined00:00:17,068 --> 00:00:21,004
undefined:undefined265
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedancient and independent history,
21:11it would help to legitimise
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undefined:undefined269
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedlibrarian John Leland.
21:33Henry ordered Leland to pilfer
undefined:undefined00:00:17,068 --> 00:00:21,004
undefined:undefined274
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedand manuscripts for his King.
21:54But freed from his library,
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undefined:undefined
undefined:undefineddusty old monastic libraries,
22:30Leland began to go to ancient sites
undefined:undefined00:00:17,068 --> 00:00:21,004
undefined:undefined284
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedBadbury Rings in Dorset,
22:47a place we know today as the remains
undefined:undefined00:00:17,068 --> 00:00:21,004
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undefined:undefined289
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedhis copious notes to create
23:08a map of ancient England
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undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedwas an early pioneer of fieldwork,
23:24putting up with whatever
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undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedpiece of the jigsaw of the past.
23:41In recording sites
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undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedpioneering librarian from London.
23:57Leland never fulfilled his dream.
24:00In 1547, Henry VIII died
24:04and the pressure of creating the
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undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedwindow onto a very ancient Britain.
24:30The trouble was that he'd simply no
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undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedsomething that comes along
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undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedof Britain's ancient past.'
25:20So, Dai, this is it.
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undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedCamden invites people to add to it.
25:44It goes through at least six
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undefined:undefined325
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedspecial moment in archaeology
26:04'at our most famous ancient
undefined:undefined00:00:17,068 --> 00:00:21,004
undefined:undefined00:00:17,068 --> 00:00:21,004
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undefined:undefined331
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefineddigging a hole in the ground.
26:26And on the side,
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undefined:undefinedthe ground they can find out
26:48even more about the history of
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undefined:undefined341
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedit that. I think it's dead right.
27:08By the 17th-century,
undefined:undefined00:00:17,068 --> 00:00:21,004
undefined:undefined345
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefineddiscovered and perhaps understood.
27:31The forefront of this new,
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undefined:undefined350
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedas important and enigmatic.
27:58Back in Aubrey's day though,
undefined:undefined00:00:17,068 --> 00:00:21,004
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undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedand covered with weeds.
28:17And the locals, they'd been knocking
undefined:undefined00:00:17,068 --> 00:00:21,004
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undefined:undefined
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedthat the layout of the stones
28:41wasn't at all clear.
28:43It was impossible to simply
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undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedthat using 17th-century technology,
29:03'I've roped in Mark Bowden
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undefined:undefined370
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedshall we? OK.
29:19Top off.
29:21'Aubrey used scientific instruments,
undefined:undefined00:00:17,068 --> 00:00:21,004
undefined:undefined375
undefined:undefined376
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedGo into that corner.
29:45Ready when you are.
29:4817 metres. Thank you.
29:52The first thing we've got
undefined:undefined00:00:17,068 --> 00:00:21,004
undefined:undefined00:00:17,068 --> 00:00:21,004
undefined:undefined384
undefined:undefined385
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedfor measuring angles.
30:08If I look through this sight here
undefined:undefined00:00:17,068 --> 00:00:21,004
undefined:undefined389
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undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedthe distance from our zero point
30:26over to the point
undefined:undefined00:00:17,068 --> 00:00:21,004
undefined:undefined394
undefined:undefined395
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedeach of the stones is
30:41we take four or five different
undefined:undefined00:00:17,068 --> 00:00:21,004
undefined:undefined399
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedof complex circles were emerging.
30:57'Impossible to see
undefined:undefined00:00:17,068 --> 00:00:21,004
undefined:undefined00:00:17,068 --> 00:00:21,004
undefined:undefined405
undefined:undefined406
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedstones that we've just surveyed.
31:17And the great thing about this is,
31:19although it's not
undefined:undefined00:00:17,068 --> 00:00:21,004
undefined:undefined411
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefineda character of the site.
31:30The stones are not evenly spaced.
31:33So we're looking here at the
undefined:undefined00:00:17,068 --> 00:00:21,004
undefined:undefined416
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedthe best part of two centuries
31:48in terms of the accuracy
undefined:undefined00:00:17,068 --> 00:00:21,004
undefined:undefined420
undefined:undefined421
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedhe was also boastful too.
32:08He boasted to all of his friends
32:10that Avebury was as important
undefined:undefined00:00:17,068 --> 00:00:21,004
undefined:undefined426
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedand Charles was so intrigued by it
32:26that he came down here
undefined:undefined00:00:17,068 --> 00:00:21,004
undefined:undefined430
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedvery different worlds.
32:44Henry breaking from
undefined:undefined00:00:17,068 --> 00:00:21,004
undefined:undefined434
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedthe newly-established Royal Society.
33:04Aubrey suggesting that Avebury
undefined:undefined00:00:17,068 --> 00:00:21,004
undefined:undefined00:00:17,068 --> 00:00:21,004
undefined:undefined00:00:17,068 --> 00:00:21,004
undefined:undefined00:00:17,068 --> 00:00:21,004
undefined:undefined441
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedin action.
33:31A world away from the religious
undefined:undefined00:00:17,068 --> 00:00:21,004
undefined:undefined445
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedever more distant lands.
33:53It raised new questions
undefined:undefined00:00:17,068 --> 00:00:21,004
undefined:undefined449
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedthese questions were easy to answer.
34:17Adam, Eve and the tribes of Israel.
34:23While Aubrey was using modern
undefined:undefined00:00:17,068 --> 00:00:21,004
undefined:undefined455
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedbut as a churchman,
34:49he also had the arbiter
undefined:undefined00:00:17,068 --> 00:00:21,004
undefined:undefined00:00:17,068 --> 00:00:21,004
undefined:undefined463
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedimplicitly.
35:12Ussher used events in the Bible
undefined:undefined00:00:17,068 --> 00:00:21,004
undefined:undefined467
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedhe was really quite a long way out.
35:41What's so fascinating
undefined:undefined00:00:17,068 --> 00:00:21,004
undefined:undefined471
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedis here written down in the Bible.
35:54"So if you want to find out
undefined:undefined00:00:17,068 --> 00:00:21,004
undefined:undefined475
undefined:undefined476
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedthe big universal questions
36:09through their own, natural,
undefined:undefined00:00:17,068 --> 00:00:21,004
undefined:undefined480
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefineddiscover from what you can see?
36:25Seek and follow the evidence.
36:35By the 18th century, archaeology and
undefined:undefined00:00:17,068 --> 00:00:21,004
undefined:undefined485
undefined:undefined486
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedto own a piece of the mystery.
37:08Collecting became all the rage.
37:10What better way to show
undefined:undefined00:00:17,068 --> 00:00:21,004
undefined:undefined492
undefined:undefined493
undefined:undefined494
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedof curiosities.
37:30This is Burton Constable Hall
undefined:undefined00:00:17,068 --> 00:00:21,004
undefined:undefined498
undefined:undefined499
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedthroughout Europe and Britain
37:49but he didn't collect
undefined:undefined00:00:17,068 --> 00:00:21,004
undefined:undefined00:00:17,068 --> 00:00:21,004
undefined:undefined505
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedfrom Mecca. Fantastic.
38:18And here we have
undefined:undefined00:00:17,068 --> 00:00:21,004
undefined:undefined512
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinednearly 20 years ago
38:42in a box of rubbish in the attic,
undefined:undefined00:00:17,068 --> 00:00:21,004
undefined:undefined518
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedwhat we would recognise
39:04as an archaeological excavation?
undefined:undefined00:00:17,068 --> 00:00:21,004
undefined:undefined00:00:17,068 --> 00:00:21,004
undefined:undefined524
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedhundreds of fossils.'
39:23So what is this?
39:25That looks like some kind of fish.
39:27Yes, fossil fish and it's in chalk.
39:31100 million years or something?
undefined:undefined00:00:17,068 --> 00:00:21,004
undefined:undefined532
undefined:undefined533
undefined:undefined534
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedand we know that
39:46because there are labels
undefined:undefined00:00:17,068 --> 00:00:21,004
undefined:undefined538
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedto make it onto Noah's Ark.'
39:59And what's this?
40:01That's a fossilised bison horn.
40:04My word.
40:06It's just
undefined:undefined00:00:17,068 --> 00:00:21,004
undefined:undefined00:00:17,068 --> 00:00:21,004
undefined:undefined00:00:17,068 --> 00:00:21,004
undefined:undefined547
undefined:undefined548
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedtrying to create
40:27'an encyclopaedia of the world
undefined:undefined00:00:17,068 --> 00:00:21,004
undefined:undefined553
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedworld and the past fitted together.'
40:55Archaeology couldn't yet answer
undefined:undefined00:00:17,068 --> 00:00:21,004
undefined:undefined00:00:17,068 --> 00:00:21,004
undefined:undefined00:00:17,068 --> 00:00:21,004
undefined:undefined559
undefined:undefined560
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedis called an orrery.
41:19It was the physical manifestation
undefined:undefined00:00:17,068 --> 00:00:21,004
undefined:undefined564
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedaround the sun.
41:36So if I turn this, you can see
undefined:undefined00:00:17,068 --> 00:00:21,004
undefined:undefined568
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedbeen nutted out by Newton
41:51just up the road here in the 1680s.
41:54It was the idea of movement
undefined:undefined00:00:17,068 --> 00:00:21,004
undefined:undefined00:00:17,068 --> 00:00:21,004
undefined:undefined574
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedand they allowed people
42:15to view the hitherto invisible
undefined:undefined00:00:17,068 --> 00:00:21,004
undefined:undefined578
undefined:undefined579
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedto this information.
42:40It was no longer just emperors,
undefined:undefined00:00:17,068 --> 00:00:21,004
undefined:undefined583
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedthey had seen was no longer enough
42:54for men like Copernicus and Newton.
42:56They wanted to understand it and
undefined:undefined00:00:17,068 --> 00:00:21,004
undefined:undefined588
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedthat would, in time,
43:23explode Bishop Ussher's
undefined:undefined593
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedthis place is really famous
43:36because it was here that
undefined:undefined00:00:17,068 --> 00:00:21,004
undefined:undefined597
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedthe clay pits by local brickmakers.
43:59As well as the clay,
44:00Frere noticed that the men were
undefined:undefined00:00:17,068 --> 00:00:21,004
undefined:undefined602
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedthey'd been made by human hands.
44:17Previously, objects like these
undefined:undefined00:00:17,068 --> 00:00:21,004
undefined:undefined606
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedand was intrigued by,
44:36was where these flints
undefined:undefined00:00:17,068 --> 00:00:21,004
undefined:undefined610
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedthat no-one could recognise.
44:49They had figured out it must be
44:50from an animal that
undefined:undefined00:00:17,068 --> 00:00:21,004
undefined:undefined00:00:17,068 --> 00:00:21,004
undefined:undefined616
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedthat no-one could recognise,
45:05then they must have taken
undefined:undefined00:00:17,068 --> 00:00:21,004
undefined:undefined620
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedall this seems pretty obvious,
45:28but over 200 years ago,
undefined:undefined00:00:17,068 --> 00:00:21,004
undefined:undefined00:00:17,068 --> 00:00:21,004
undefined:undefined00:00:17,068 --> 00:00:21,004
undefined:undefined00:00:17,068 --> 00:00:21,004
undefined:undefined00:00:17,068 --> 00:00:21,004
undefined:undefined629
undefined:undefined630
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedweapons of war
46:01made by people who had
undefined:undefined00:00:17,068 --> 00:00:21,004
undefined:undefined00:00:17,068 --> 00:00:21,004
undefined:undefined635
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedto a very remote period indeed.
46:21"And even beyond that
undefined:undefined00:00:17,068 --> 00:00:21,004
undefined:undefined00:00:17,068 --> 00:00:21,004
undefined:undefined640
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedthe Romans, the Celts and the Bible.
46:43But, as with many radical ideas,
46:46at the time
undefined:undefined00:00:17,068 --> 00:00:21,004
undefined:undefined645
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedaround 400,000 years ago.
47:10Conservative Christians,
undefined:undefined00:00:17,068 --> 00:00:21,004
undefined:undefined00:00:17,068 --> 00:00:21,004
undefined:undefined650
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedEnd of story.
47:29The tide was now beginning
undefined:undefined00:00:17,068 --> 00:00:21,004
undefined:undefined654
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedancient things were.
48:03But a brand-new science
undefined:undefined00:00:17,068 --> 00:00:21,004
undefined:undefined00:00:17,068 --> 00:00:21,004
undefined:undefined660
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedand he noticed how the sea
48:23interacted with the land and how the
undefined:undefined00:00:17,068 --> 00:00:21,004
undefined:undefined664
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedof beaches that fascinated him.
48:44By looking at layers of rock,
undefined:undefined00:00:17,068 --> 00:00:21,004
undefined:undefined668
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedand the odd earth tremor.
49:01Hutton realised these bands were
undefined:undefined00:00:17,068 --> 00:00:21,004
undefined:undefined672
undefined:undefined673
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedmassive implications.
49:24If the world really was that old,
49:26then archaeology can now enter the
undefined:undefined00:00:17,068 --> 00:00:21,004
undefined:undefined678
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedexplore the past.
49:47But if the biblical creation story
undefined:undefined00:00:17,068 --> 00:00:21,004
undefined:undefined00:00:17,068 --> 00:00:21,004
undefined:undefined00:00:17,068 --> 00:00:21,004
undefined:undefined684
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedinto the beginnings of archaeology
50:25with Helena's skull.
50:27Now I've come back to Germany
50:30because little more
undefined:undefined00:00:17,068 --> 00:00:21,004
undefined:undefined691
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedin western Germany
50:47that the skull was found.
50:49And it was here, tens of thousands
undefined:undefined00:00:17,068 --> 00:00:21,004
undefined:undefined696
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedwho were blasting these rocks.
51:10They thought they had found
undefined:undefined00:00:17,068 --> 00:00:21,004
undefined:undefined700
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedand humanity more ancient
51:32than anyone had thought, but perhaps
51:35humanity hadn't been made
undefined:undefined00:00:17,068 --> 00:00:21,004
undefined:undefined00:00:17,068 --> 00:00:21,004
undefined:undefined706
undefined:undefined707
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedyou. Thanks for seeing me.
52:03I'm so excited to see this.
52:05I remember talking about this
undefined:undefined00:00:17,068 --> 00:00:21,004
undefined:undefined00:00:17,068 --> 00:00:21,004
undefined:undefined00:00:17,068 --> 00:00:21,004
undefined:undefined00:00:17,068 --> 00:00:21,004
undefined:undefined715
undefined:undefined716
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedThe pressure. Fantastic.
52:36So, here we are.
52:39Look at that.
undefined:undefined00:00:17,068 --> 00:00:21,004
undefined:undefined721
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefineddropping a bomb
53:00on the whole idea of creationism.
53:02There wasn't just one species,
undefined:undefined00:00:17,068 --> 00:00:21,004
undefined:undefined726
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedby other scientists.
53:23And completely accepted was...
53:28at around 1900-1902.
53:31And today it is clear,
53:34but in the early time
undefined:undefined00:00:17,068 --> 00:00:21,004
undefined:undefined00:00:17,068 --> 00:00:21,004
undefined:undefined00:00:17,068 --> 00:00:21,004
undefined:undefined736
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedimpressions of the brain
54:08and it's unbelievable that
undefined:undefined00:00:17,068 --> 00:00:21,004
undefined:undefined740
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedof more than 40,000 years.
54:30Truly amazing. Thank you so much.
54:33I really feel like
undefined:undefined00:00:17,068 --> 00:00:21,004
undefined:undefined745
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedever since Helena
54:52has been one
undefined:undefined00:00:17,068 --> 00:00:21,004
undefined:undefined749
undefined:undefined750
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedthat she believed to be true
55:12through using objects.
55:15But the Neanderthal skull was
undefined:undefined00:00:17,068 --> 00:00:21,004
undefined:undefined755
undefined:undefined756
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedalso helped us
55:32to a new understanding of our place
undefined:undefined00:00:17,068 --> 00:00:21,004
undefined:undefined00:00:17,068 --> 00:00:21,004
undefined:undefined761
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedjust as powerfully as
56:08when archaeology first
undefined:undefined00:00:17,068 --> 00:00:21,004
undefined:undefined769
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedarchaeology sets its sights
56:29'on some seriously big
undefined:undefined00:00:17,068 --> 00:00:21,004
undefined:undefined773
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedand technology
56:44'takes archaeology into
undefined:undefined00:00:17,068 --> 00:00:21,004
undefined:undefined00:00:17,068 --> 00:00:21,004
undefined:undefined00:00:17,068 --> 00:00:21,004
undefined:undefined779
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefined