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Ever dreamt of moving to another planet? Then, you need to be prepared to experience conditions you've never felt before. If you lived on Mars, your body would face lower gravity, making you feel lighter, but it could lead to muscle and bone loss over time. On Venus, you'd experience crushing atmospheric pressure, scorching temperatures, and toxic gases, making it uninhabitable. Jupiter, a gas giant, has no solid surface, so there's nowhere to live. Its massive gravity would crush you if you ventured too close. So, it's safe to say Earth is the best place for human life so far!
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Transcript
00:00 Check out that buff dude over there with the orange skin.
00:03 He's been chilling on Mars for a hot minute, which is why he looks like he used the wrong
00:06 shade of self-tan.
00:07 You see, all those carotenoids in carrots, sweet potatoes, bell peppers, tomatoes, and
00:12 pumpkins are protecting him from those UV rays.
00:15 The more he eats, the more orange he gets.
00:17 And as for his sturdiness, it's all about that Martian gravity.
00:23 The gravity here makes us perceive our weight differently.
00:25 And if you want to be a boss on Mars, you gotta eat heavily.
00:29 Like, if a person weighs 150 pounds on Earth, it feels like no more than 55 pounds on Mars.
00:35 So, overeating can help shorten that gravity to weight gap.
00:39 Mercury is a whole different thing.
00:41 It's hotter than Georgia asphalt during the day, but colder than Elsa's castle at night.
00:45 You gotta be made of metal, with a high melting point to be able to survive here.
00:49 But for us regular humans, we'd be toast.
00:52 Literally.
00:53 Even though Mercury's the closest planet to the sun, Venus is still the hottest one.
00:58 Life on Venus?
00:59 More like life on the sun's evil twin.
01:02 The temperature here typically hovers around 870 degrees Fahrenheit on average.
01:07 Surviving at the boiling point of water, or in the extreme heat of Venus, is a challenge
01:11 for most earthly species.
01:13 Only a select few can endure boiling hot temperatures.
01:16 Others rush to Starbucks to grab an iced latte with the first beams of the spring sun.
01:21 So no human being can really evolve enough to survive on Venus.
01:25 The only creatures that could thrive there are probably tardigrades and those weirdos
01:29 who put hot sauce on everything.
01:31 You wonder what tardigrades are?
01:33 Well, those are miniscule and adorable caterpillar-like creatures that possess remarkable durability.
01:38 They can endure boiling water, the depths of a sea trench, and the frigid, lightless
01:43 void of space.
01:45 Recently tardigrades were included in a scientific study aboard a spacecraft that unfortunately
01:49 crashed on the moon.
01:51 Scientists speculate that the tardigrades may have survived the impact.
01:54 Hey, would you like to turn into this creature and live on Venus?
01:58 We're done with terrestrial planets.
02:00 Let's move on to gas giants.
02:03 Now look at this dude from Saturn.
02:05 He's got flippers and not arms.
02:06 He's got small holes with no external ear flaps instead of regular ears.
02:10 Most of this gas giant is colder than your ex's heart, as the temperature is about -220F.
02:16 You can't walk on it, but you can turn into a snowball or an ice crystal if you're feeling
02:20 frisky.
02:21 Things are quite similar on Jupiter, so probably turning into a seal and chilling there is
02:25 not that bad of an idea.
02:28 At least you can live there rent-free.
02:29 And don't even get me started on Neptune and Uranus.
02:33 These guys are ice giants with no solid surface.
02:36 So those sharp-clawed dudes you see in movies?
02:38 Yeah, they don't exist.
02:40 Plus, these two ain't exactly hospitable to life.
02:42 I'll stick to my sweet potatoes on Mars.
02:44 I hope you feel well-rested, because I've got a tough task for you.
02:49 Don't worry, it's fun.
02:50 We're going to visit different planets of our solar system and try to run on each of
02:55 them.
02:56 Let's figure out where you can run the fastest and where you can barely walk.
03:01 The fastest man on Earth, Usain Bolt, can run with an average speed of about 23 miles
03:07 per hour.
03:08 But his top speed is higher, up to 27 miles per hour.
03:12 Sadly, we can't all be Usain Bolts.
03:15 The average person runs at a speed of 6 to 8 miles per hour.
03:18 But maybe there's a planet out there where you can beat the famous Jamaican sprinter's
03:23 records.
03:25 But first things first, what will affect your speed when you run on other planets?
03:29 For one thing, gravity.
03:31 Depending on how strong it is on the planet you visit, it'll influence your weight.
03:36 And in most cases, the heavier you are, the more slowly you run.
03:40 Plus, on all other planets in our solar system except Earth, you'll have to wear a bulky
03:45 space suit.
03:46 Without it, your chances of survival there are non-existent.
03:50 And don't forget about extreme weather conditions on most planets.
03:54 It's either freezing cold or boiling hot.
03:56 Or very, and I mean it, windy.
04:00 Anyway, your amazing journey is about to begin.
04:04 Buckle your seatbelt.
04:05 The first planet on your itinerary is Mercury.
04:08 As you sneak a peek at this world through the window of your spaceship, you notice that
04:12 the planet looks eerily similar to the good old moon.
04:16 But just a few moments later, you realize it's just an illusion.
04:20 All over the surface of Mercury, you see craters left by space rocks.
04:27 This may make your task of running on this planet way harder.
04:30 This and your bulky space suit.
04:32 Duh.
04:33 But you wouldn't survive on Mercury without this protection.
04:36 The temperatures on the planet are extreme.
04:39 800 degrees Fahrenheit during the day and -290 degrees Fahrenheit at night.
04:46 But there's one thing that can work in your favor on this unfriendly planet.
04:50 Let's say you weigh 155 pounds on Earth.
04:53 Then on Mercury, you'd weigh around 58 pounds.
04:57 Which means that despite your bulky space suit, you can move way faster than you do
05:01 on Earth.
05:02 And maybe your speed will even reach 13 miles per hour if you try really hard.
05:08 The next planet on your itinerary is Venus, also called the Morning Star.
05:14 While coming closer, you see a world very different from the bluish planet you might
05:18 have seen in books.
05:19 Before landing, you have to get through a super-dense atmosphere made up of carbon dioxide.
05:24 And while your spacecraft is descending, you're watching thick clouds of sulfuric acid pass
05:29 by.
05:31 Venus is often called Earth's twin because these two planets are of similar size and
05:36 density.
05:37 No wonder that on Venus, you weigh almost as much as you do on Earth.
05:41 140 pounds.
05:43 So your weight is a bit smaller here, but don't forget about your space suit.
05:48 And still, because of almost the same conditions on the two planets, you'd be able to run a
05:53 bit faster than on Earth at around 8.5 miles per hour.
05:59 Your first impression of Mars is that it's freezing cold.
06:02 The average temperature here is about -80 degrees Fahrenheit.
06:06 Even from afar, the planet looks reddish.
06:09 Once you make your first step on the Martian surface, you understand why.
06:13 The ground's covered with rusty-colored dust.
06:16 The same fine dust is floating in the air around you.
06:21 Wherever you look, you see golden, brown, tan, and even greenish hues.
06:26 They depend on the minerals that make up the soil.
06:29 The size of the dust layer varies from area to area, but in most places, it's around 7
06:34 feet thick.
06:36 Hmm, that can make running much more difficult.
06:40 On Mars, your weight would be much smaller than on Earth.
06:44 A mere 58 pounds.
06:46 This will help you achieve an impressive speed of 12 miles per hour.
06:50 Aren't you a champ?
06:53 What's that on the horizon?
06:54 It looks like a tornado.
06:56 Is it a dust storm?
06:57 Then it's time to make a run for it.
07:00 Dust storms sometimes cover the entire planet, and you can even see the largest ones from
07:04 Earth.
07:07 And now you're facing a problem.
07:09 You see, Jupiter, as well as Saturn, is a gas giant.
07:13 This means that the largest planet in the solar system, and Jupiter is so large it could
07:18 swallow 1,300 Earths, doesn't have any solid surface.
07:22 Well, you'll just have to imagine what your running workout would look like if you could
07:27 run on Jupiter.
07:28 This planet has an atmosphere that consists of hydrogen and helium gas.
07:33 During your descent, you admire thick brown, yellow, red, and white clouds.
07:38 They make the planet look colorful and beautifully striped.
07:42 On Jupiter, you'd weigh 390 pounds.
07:45 You'd have to break a sweat to simply walk there wearing your clumsy space suit.
07:50 If you could step on the planet's surface, that is.
07:52 If you tried to run there, your best result would probably be a speed of 1 or 2 miles
07:57 per hour.
08:00 To make matters worse, it's extremely windy on Jupiter, with the wind speeds ranging from
08:05 200 to 400 miles per hour.
08:08 Do you see those rings?
08:09 That's Saturn, another gas giant with no solid surface.
08:13 This planet's made up of mostly hydrogen and helium, and its temperature and density change
08:18 the deeper you go.
08:19 If you decided to leave your spacecraft and step on Saturn's surface, you'd just fall
08:24 into the planet.
08:27 From above, it looks as if Saturn does have a surface.
08:31 The seemingly solid yellowish-brown sphere is surrounded by several layers of clouds.
08:36 The visible outer layer is made up of ammonia clouds.
08:40 Under them, there are hydrosulfide clouds, and the innermost layer is made up of clouds
08:45 of water.
08:47 Even though Saturn is a gas giant, your weight wouldn't be very different here, around 165
08:53 pounds.
08:54 That's because the planet's gravity is similar to that of Earth.
08:57 But because of the conditions on the planet, and your bulky, bulky spacesuit, you'd run
09:02 a bit more slowly there, at a speed of about 4 miles per hour.
09:08 Before leaving, you admire Saturn's most famous feature, awesome gray, beige, and tan rings.
09:15 These groups of tiny ringlets are made of chunks of rock and ice.
09:19 You also spot several of the 53 moons of Saturn.
09:23 Oh, that's Titan, an icy world bigger than our moon, and even Mercury.
09:28 It's the second largest moon in the solar system.
09:32 The next planet on your way is a blue-green ball of ice and gas.
09:37 That's ice giant Uranus.
09:39 It has this beautiful hue because the light from the sun gets reflected off the planet's
09:43 surface.
09:45 Uranus isn't solid.
09:47 Hit the brakes!
09:48 If your spacecraft doesn't manage to stop in time, it'll fly through the upper atmosphere
09:53 and sink into the icy liquid center of the planet.
09:56 Hmm, I doubt you'll be able to conduct your running experiment here.
10:01 This may look like a scene from a cool sci-fi movie, or an astonishing painting, but it's
10:05 actually real-life footage of Mars, the very planet known for its bright rust color.
10:11 Layers of rock and dust cover the planet's surface.
10:13 They consist of iron-rich minerals.
10:16 That's why dust on Mars is mostly iron oxide.
10:19 It floats in the atmosphere and creates an orange-red haze around the planet.
10:23 But Mars has some even more amazing things, like these blue speckles on its surface.
10:29 They look like a wind-sculpted sea of dunes around 19 miles wide.
10:34 Astronauts saw these dunes at the northern polar cap of the planet.
10:38 That's a region that covers an area approximately as big as Texas.
10:42 The blue dunes, formed by winds, are shaped like long, weaving lines.
10:46 The winds on Mars are relentless and strong.
10:49 They turn the barren surface of the planet into terrains of grand beauty.
10:54 These winds are influenced by many different factors.
10:56 For example, temperature fluctuations, to the way the planet's atmosphere circulates.
11:02 The atmosphere is thin on Mars.
11:04 That's the reason liquid water most likely can't exist there for any long period of time.
11:09 That's why, even though Mars is only half the diameter of our planet, it has the same
11:14 amount of dry land as Earth.
11:15 A thin atmosphere is also the reason why wind needs to be exceptionally strong and fast
11:20 to move the sand and form such shapes as these dunes.
11:24 Winds usually move at 10 to 20 miles per hour on Mars.
11:28 Anyway, even though the image looks pretty colorful, the dunes aren't actually blue.
11:33 The bluish patches represent colder parts, while the warmer regions are yellowish-orange.
11:38 The images were part of a set of photos released to celebrate the 20th anniversary of Odyssey,
11:43 a spacecraft orbiting Mars.
11:45 Mars has numerous sand dunes in different locations all over its surface.
11:49 Some of them formed a billion years ago, like the ones in the Valles Marineris region.
11:54 They haven't changed because both the atmospheric pressure and wind patterns there have remained
11:59 the same.
12:00 But some things do change.
12:01 For example, some dunes get covered with frost.
12:04 Here, the main dune has a series of dark patterns.
12:07 It may be because frost comes and goes, depending on the season.
12:12 Mars has four seasons, just like Earth.
12:14 But they're twice as long as ours.
12:16 It's because Mars needs around two Earth years to orbit the Sun.
12:21 Seasons are harsher in the south of the planet than in the north.
12:24 During southern winter, the planet is farthest away from the Sun.
12:27 Mars moves pretty slowly, and its orbit is elliptical, different from the orbit of Earth,
12:32 which is almost circular.
12:35 Spring on Mars is a season with plenty of dust storms that start in one part of the
12:38 planet and, eventually, turn into huge storms.
12:42 They become so large, they blanket the entire planet.
12:46 Each planet of our solar system has something that makes it special.
12:49 Jupiter, for example, is not only the largest planet, more than twice as big as all other
12:54 planets combined, but it also has the biggest ocean in the solar system.
13:00 Jupiter is made of similar elements to the Sun.
13:03 They're mostly helium and hydrogen.
13:05 In the deeper parts of the planet's atmosphere, temperature and pressure increase.
13:09 That's why the hydrogen gas gets compressed and turns into liquid.
13:13 That gives Jupiter the biggest ocean.
13:15 But it's made of hydrogen, not water.
13:18 There's also a theory that somewhere halfway to Jupiter's center, the pressure increases
13:23 so much that electrons start getting squeezed out of hydrogen atoms.
13:27 This allows the liquid to conduct electricity as effectively as most metals do.
13:32 Jupiter is rotating fast, which creates electrical currents and generates a strong magnetic field.
13:38 But as a gas giant, the planet doesn't have a firm surface.
13:42 The planet's swirls and stripes are cold, windy clouds of water and ammonia.
13:48 Jupiter also has the iconic Great Red Spot, which is an insanely large storm with crimson-colored
13:54 clouds, spinning counterclockwise.
13:56 Winds there are way faster than any hurricane on our planet.
14:00 The Great Red Spot has slightly changed throughout time and is currently bigger than our planet.
14:06 It's 1.3 times as wide as Earth.
14:09 Scientists have discovered that its roots extend more than 200 miles into Jupiter's
14:13 atmosphere.
14:14 A regular tropical cyclone we see on our planet can only extend 9 miles from the top to the
14:19 bottom of the storm.
14:20 These days, the Red Spot is becoming smaller and taller at the same time.
14:25 Jupiter also has dozens of moons and a couple of rings.
14:28 But unlike Saturn's rings, these are quite faint and mostly made of dust, not ice.
14:34 Also, there's a salty ocean under the surface of Jupiter's biggest moon, Ganymede.
14:39 It's hidden below a thick icy crust.
14:41 It's likely to contain more water than all surface water reservoirs we have on Earth
14:45 combined.
14:47 The theory says this ocean is around 60 miles deep, 10 times greater than the deepest point
14:52 of our planet's oceans.
14:54 Jupiter and Saturn contain 10 million tons of precious stones.
14:58 The pressure inside these planets' atmospheres can actually turn carbon into small pieces
15:02 of diamonds.
15:03 If you put these diamonds under extreme temperatures and pressure, they can melt.
15:08 This would probably result in some sort of diamond rain.
15:12 In the beginning, our solar system was just a swirling cloud of gas and dust.
15:16 It eventually developed into a spinning disk with a central star in the middle.
15:21 Almost all planets in our solar system move counterclockwise around the Sun.
15:25 Venus is the only planet that rotates in a clockwise direction, and Uranus rotates on
15:30 its side.
15:31 These planets are most likely different because long ago, huge asteroids collided with them
15:36 and kinda knocked them off their course.
15:40 We've been focusing on trying to find life on Mars so much, while there is this gem waiting
15:44 to be explored.
15:46 This planet is the sixth farthest from the Sun and the second largest in the solar system.
15:52 You'll find it right behind Jupiter.
15:54 I'm talking about Saturn, or as they sometimes call it, the jewel of the solar system.
15:59 It's so different from our planet.
16:02 First of all, you wouldn't be able to stand there.
16:04 While Earth consists of rock and other tough stuff, this planet is like a giant ball, mostly
16:09 made of gases.
16:10 If you found a swimming pool huge enough to fit Saturn, you could see the planet floating
16:14 in the water.
16:15 No wonder Saturn is the least dense planet in the solar system.
16:20 It also contains a lot of helium, you know, the gas you put in balloons to make them hover
16:24 in the air.
16:26 Saturn is a very windy planet.
16:28 The winds there are more than four times stronger than the ones we have on Earth.
16:32 A day over there lasts 10 hours and 14 minutes because Saturn spins on its axis pretty fast.
16:38 But the planet takes its time while going around the Sun.
16:41 A year there equals 29 Earth years.
16:44 Saturn's radius is more than 36,000 miles.
16:47 It means the gas giant is nine times wider than our planet.
16:50 If Earth was the size of a nickel, Saturn would be as big as a volleyball.
16:55 Even though some of our planets in our solar system also have rings, Saturn's are the most
16:59 spectacular ones.
17:01 You can even see its rings from Earth.
17:03 And no, you don't have to be a scientist with insanely expensive equipment.
17:07 All you need is a small telescope.
17:10 Saturn's rings are not firm.
17:11 They are made of pieces of dust, rock, and ice.
17:14 Some of them are as small as grains of sand, and some as big as a house or even a mountain.
17:20 These are actually bits of asteroids, comets, and shattered moons that fell apart before
17:24 reaching Saturn.
17:26 They could be torn into pieces by the planet's powerful gravitational pull.
17:30 Saturn has over 50 moons, and recently, scientists have discovered some unusual hydrothermal
17:35 activity on one of them.
17:37 Enceladus is Saturn's sixth biggest moon.
17:40 It has four tiger stripes close to one of its poles.
17:44 Researchers have found that there is an ocean underneath these stripes.
17:48 Water and ice erupt from that area.
17:50 So now, we can't but wonder, maybe there's life out there.
17:54 In the oceans on Earth, some forms of life gather around similar hydrothermal vents.
17:59 They feed on the chemicals there, same as plants on the surface do with sunlight.
18:04 And not only that, some of the oldest microbial life on our planet feed on the same energy
18:09 as the one produced beneath the ocean's surface on Enceladus.
18:13 It could potentially mean there's life developing there right now.
18:17 Of course, it takes millions and millions of years for even the simplest organisms to
18:20 appear.
18:21 But hopefully, scientists will need less time to find more complex forms of life.
18:26 There are millions of exoplanets out there in space, and scientists have been searching
18:30 for those that could be potentially habitable.
18:34 Exoplanets are planets orbiting a star outside of our solar system.
18:38 Dwarf stars are similar, less luminous than the sun.
18:41 They sometimes live for more than 10 billion years.
18:44 That's enough time for a living organism to develop and evolve into a more complex form.
18:50 Life might appear on the planets orbiting such dwarf stars, or, like with Saturn, on
18:54 one of their moons.
18:56 And here it is, Gliese 876 b that orbits the red dwarf star Gliese 876.
19:03 This planet is mostly a mystery, but scientists assume this is a gas giant that has no solid
19:08 surface.
19:10 They believe its atmosphere doesn't have clouds.
19:12 But there might be water in its liquid form on the planet's surface.
19:16 T-Gardens b orbits a red dwarf that's around 12 light years away from our solar system.
19:22 The planet's mass is just a bit higher than that of Earth.
19:25 Scientists think it may have a rocky surface.
19:28 The planet needs around 5 days to complete its orbit.
19:31 It means that one year on T-Gardens b is actually shorter than one week on Earth.
19:36 Somewhere far, far away, there's another potentially habitable planet named Kepler
19:41 1638 b.
19:42 Ok, to be more precise, it's 3,000 light years away from Earth, in the constellation
19:48 Cygnus.
19:49 This planet is 4 times as heavy as Earth and twice as wide.
19:53 It needs almost 260 days to complete one orbit around its star.
19:57 The gravity on this planet is stronger than that on Earth.
20:00 It wouldn't be an easy feat to jump on its surface.
20:04 One more Kepler coming along.
20:06 This time, it's Kepler 62 e, a planet that's more than one and a half times the size of
20:10 Earth.
20:12 Scientists believe this one has a warm, humid and hospitable atmosphere with cloudy skies.
20:17 There are 1,200 light years between Earth and this planet.
20:21 Kepler 62 e needs 122 days to orbit its red dwarf star.
20:26 Its neighbor, Kepler 62 f, is another potentially habitable zone.
20:30 It's a world around 40% bigger than Earth.
20:34 Scientists think this planet might be covered in water.
20:36 The oceans on our planet are full of interesting creatures and organisms of all sizes.
20:41 So the chances are, this planet also hides some intriguing living beings.
20:45 Or at least, it has the potential to develop life.
20:49 When we say habitable, it doesn't mean life definitely exists there.
20:53 It just means there are conditions for some forms of life to develop.
20:57 LHS 1140 b is a planet located in one of the potentially habitable zones.
21:03 Unlike its gas companions, it's solid and quite rocky.
21:07 The planet's radius is 60% larger than that of Earth, and its mass is 7 times bigger.
21:12 It's one of the densest planets found out there.
21:16 Since the planet has a big mass, an atmosphere there must be rather thick.
21:20 Plus, gravity on its surface is much stronger than here on Earth.
21:24 That's why you would likely have problems just standing on that planet.
21:28 Hello and greetings from TRAPPIST-1, an ultra-cool dwarf in the constellation Aquarius.
21:34 It's around 39 light years away from us.
21:37 Seven Earth-sized rocky planets are orbiting in the star's habitable zone.
21:41 All of them can potentially have some water on their surfaces.
21:45 The temperature on these planets is more or less similar to that on Earth.
21:49 On the Moon, gravity is only 16% of what we have on our home planet.
21:54 That's why the astronauts could hardly control their movements when they visited our natural
21:57 satellite.
21:58 That's it for today!
21:59 So, hey, if you pacified your curiosity, then give the video a like and share it with your
22:04 friends!
22:05 Or, if you want more, just click on these videos and stay on the Bright Side!

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