Cystitis

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Cystitis: A Burning Troublemaker in the Bladder
Cystitis, also known as a bladder infection, is a common and often painful inflammation of the bladder lining. It's usually caused by bacteria, most commonly Escherichia coli (E. coli), that enters the urethra and travels up to the bladder.

Symptoms:

Burning pain or discomfort when urinating (dysuria): This is the most common symptom and can be quite intense.
Frequent urination (urinary urgency): You may feel the need to urinate often, even if you only pass a small amount of urine.
Passing small amounts of urine (oliguria): This is because the inflamed bladder can't hold as much urine as usual.
Cloudy, bloody, or foul-smelling urine: Bacterial growth can cause the urine to appear cloudy or bloody and give it a strong odor.
Pelvic pain or pressure: You may feel pain or pressure in your lower abdomen or above your pubic bone.
Fever and chills in severe cases: If the infection spreads to the kidneys, you may experience fever and chills.
Causes:

While bacteria are the main culprits, other factors can increase your risk of getting cystitis, including:

Frequent sexual activity: Friction during sex can irritate the urethra and make it easier for bacteria to enter.
Certain types of birth control: Diaphragms and spermicides can block the urethra partially, increasing the risk of bacteria entering.
Urinary tract abnormalities: Structural issues in the urinary tract can make it harder to empty the bladder completely, allowing bacteria to grow.
Diabetes: High blood sugar levels can weaken the immune system and make you more susceptible to infections.
Weakened immune system: Certain medications or illnesses can weaken your immune system, making you more vulnerable to infections.
Poor hygiene practices: Wiping from back to front after using the toilet can transfer bacteria from the anus to the urethra.
Diagnosis and Treatment:

If you suspect you have cystitis, it's important to see a doctor promptly. They will likely perform a urinalysis and possibly a urine culture to identify the bacteria causing the infection. Based on the diagnosis, treatment typically involves:

Antibiotics: A short course (3-7 days) of antibiotics is usually effective in clearing the infection.
Pain relievers: Over-the-counter pain relievers like ibuprofen or acetaminophen can help manage discomfort.
Drinking plenty of fluids: Staying hydrated helps flush out bacteria and prevent dehydration.
Prevention:

Several simple steps can help reduce your risk of getting cystitis:

Drink plenty of fluids, especially water.
Urinate frequently and completely empty your bladder.
Wipe from front to back after using the toilet.
Wear loose-fitting cotton underwear.
Cranberry juice or supplements may offer some protection, but talk to your doctor before using them.
Empty your bladder before and after sex.