Les scientifiques ont trouvé des preuves d'un continent entier qui a disparu il y a des éternités, genre 115 millions d'années ! C'est comme quelque chose sorti d'un film de science-fiction, non ? Apparemment, c'était une immense masse terrestre, un peu comme ce que nous avons maintenant avec l'Afrique et tout, mais puis pouf! Elle a juste disparu dans l'air, ou plutôt, profondément dans l'océan. Ils l'appellent "Greater Adria", et cela a les géologues bourdonnants d'excitation à propos de l'histoire ancienne de la Terre. Ça vous fait vous demander quels autres secrets cette planète cache, hein ? Animation créée par Sympa.
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FunTranscript
00:00Scientists have been looking for a piece of land that has been missing for more than 100 million years.
00:07No need to be afraid of the chronicle, since people are constantly looking for information on the history of our planet.
00:13We could believe that it was only a tiny island, somewhere in the middle of the ocean.
00:18Well, we would be wrong, because this continent was once as large as the entire territory of the United States.
00:26For a long time, geologists have wondered if a huge piece of contemporary Australia had not become volatile.
00:33Some thought it was just a carpet somewhere at the bottom of the ocean.
00:37But thanks to Dutch specialists and seven years of research,
00:41we now know that pieces of this lost land have found themselves mixed with the soil of the luxurious jungles of Southeast Asia.
00:48The continents that we see today in our geography manuals are like scattered puzzle pieces.
00:54You can even do a little experiment to realize it for yourself.
00:58Find a map of the world online and print it.
01:01Cut all the continents and have fun collecting them.
01:05You will notice that they all fit together.
01:07The most striking thing you will see is probably how much South America fits perfectly with the African coast.
01:15If you fill the oceans that have formed over the last 200 million years,
01:20the continents seem to form a gigantic letter C.
01:23And this C is what specialists call the supercontinent of the Pangaea.
01:28It floated in an ocean called Pantalasa,
01:31and the inner part of this letter C encompassed a larger area of water called Tetis.
01:36It is in this small ocean that things get a little rough.
01:40During the Jurassic period, this lost continent,
01:43which scientists first called Argonaut,
01:46left a buoyant hole in Australia,
01:48today known as the Argonaut Plain.
01:51Geologists first believed that all this was due to a subduction process.
01:56This is when part of the earth's crust plunges under another
01:59and recycles within the mantle of the planet.
02:03Usually, specialists can observe this continental disappearance through erosion.
02:08This is how they discovered, for example, that India had hit Asia,
02:12resulting in the formation of the majestic Himalayan mountains.
02:15But for Argonaut, things were a little more complicated.
02:19Fragments were found in places such as Burma and Indonesia.
02:23But they seemed to be relics of a revolutionary time,
02:26and seemed much older than when Argonaut was supposed to have separated from Australia.
02:31This immediately raised the question,
02:33if a continent can behave in such a strange way,
02:36how many others are likely to do the same?
02:39Fortunately, scientists have now reconstructed the entire chronology of Argonaut
02:44and solved its mystery.
02:46It neither sank nor was swallowed.
02:49It simply transformed into Argo Pelago,
02:52breaking into smaller pieces, called microcontinents,
02:55and drifting away from Australia.
02:57These tiny continents then made a small detour
03:00before ending up in the jungles of Southeast Asia.
03:03This discovery fits perfectly into the puzzle of the Pangaea.
03:06It helps us better understand how continents separate and form,
03:10and all this through a single discovery,
03:13revealing many secrets about biodiversity and the climate of the past.
03:17If you want to discover other secrets about history,
03:20civilizations or everyday objects,
03:22do not hesitate to give this video a thumbs up
03:25and subscribe to the channel.
03:28Let us now look at the mystery of this invisible border of species in Indonesia.
03:32It is called the Wallace Line,
03:34named after the British explorer Alfred Russel Wallace.
03:38More than 150 years ago,
03:40Wallace made a journey around the Malay archipelago,
03:43crossing several thousand islands.
03:45What he discovered was that the animals on one side of this invisible line
03:49were considerably different from those on the other side.
03:54This border forms like a wall between tigers and marsupials, for example,
03:58or between trogons and mellifera.
04:00But we now know that about 35 million years ago,
04:03Australia separated from Antarctica and hit Asia.
04:07And this continental love triangle caused major changes.
04:11It not only altered the appearance of the landscape,
04:14it also disturbed the animal species on each side of the Wallace Line.
04:19Most recently, a group of specialists published a study
04:22stating that this collision and this climate chaos
04:25had allowed Asian species to thrive within the Malay archipelago.
04:29On the other hand, the Australian fauna was not as satisfied with this new environment.
04:34It was too hot and too humid for some animals,
04:37and others simply could not adapt to the lifestyle of the tropical islands.
04:42The discovery of this continental drift to Asia
04:45could also explain the recent discovery of another human species
04:48that seemed to challenge the agreement.
04:50It turns out that in a hidden cave in the Philippines,
04:53archaeologists came across a new ancestor of man.
04:56It seems that about 50,000 years ago, on the island of Luzon,
05:00this ancient species of hominid existed.
05:03The director of SEES Research estimated that this discovery
05:06was crucial to understand human evolution in Asia.
05:09And he named this new species, according to its island of origin,
05:12Homo luzonensis.
05:14Now, here's where things get a little confusing.
05:17There was a little problem with the bones discovered by archaeologists.
05:21They showed a strange mixture of characteristics
05:24that had never been observed together in any other hominid species.
05:29They had shorter teeth, similar to ours,
05:32but with hands and feet that looked more like those of our ancestors.
05:37It was their archaic members in particular
05:39that linked this human species to this southern territory
05:42that had long been lost.
05:44They had the same primitive appearance as Australopithecus africanus, for example.
05:48Except that these two species are separated
05:51by two to three million years of evolution.
05:54Many wondered,
05:56is Homo luzonensis really a new species?
05:59Not everyone is convinced.
06:01But this could also explain why living beings
06:04are affected by the constant movement of the ground under their feet.
06:07Just because they haven't changed much during our existence
06:11doesn't mean our continents will always look like this.
06:14They evolved from this vast supercontinent,
06:17and they will probably end up in a position similar to the future.
06:21In this regard, a geologist from the University of Lisbon
06:24tried to predict the future of the supercontinents of our planet.
06:27As a starting point, he referred to the famous earthquake
06:30that struck Portugal in 1755,
06:33during which the tectonic plates behaved a little differently than usual.
06:39After years of research, he formulated a theory in 2016.
06:43He thought that the sutures between these tectonic plates
06:47could disintegrate,
06:49preparing the ground for a larger tear.
06:52It's like when glass cracks between two holes in the windshield of a car.
06:56If this were to happen,
06:58a subduction zone could extend from the Mediterranean to Ireland,
07:01bringing its share of volcanoes, earthquakes,
07:04and new mountains to these regions.
07:07If all this were to take place,
07:09the Atlantic Ocean would disappear, just like the Pacific,
07:12to melt into a single large expanse of water.
07:14Instead of the six continents we know today,
07:17we would get a new supercontinent, named Aurica,
07:20because it would encompass both Australia and America.
07:23However, this is not the only possible scenario.
07:26New Pangaea could be another,
07:28and it is easy to predict.
07:30The Atlantic would remain open, and the Pacific would be closed.
07:33Then comes the scenario of the continent of Amasia.
07:35In its case, it would be necessary to imagine
07:37that the Arctic Ocean closes
07:39and that the Atlantic and the Pacific remain open.
07:42Everything would move north around the pole,
07:44except Antarctica.
07:46A last scenario is known under the name of Pangaea Ultima.
07:49If the drift of the continents slows down in the Atlantic,
07:52a new plate of subduction would appear
07:54on the east coast of the Americas.
07:56In any case, if all the continents
07:58collide again in the future,
08:00some say that it will not be a pleasure.
08:03It is estimated that within nearly 250 million years,
08:06we will have the impression of being trapped
08:08in a suffocating and damp plastic bag.
08:11Strangely, this bag will still remain
08:13the most pleasant place to live on Earth.
08:15The coastal areas.
08:17As for the inner lands, they will be burning,
08:19like a burning desert.
08:21Many species of animals that we know today
08:23will not survive there.
08:25As for us humans, we will have to show creativity
08:27if we want to survive this heat.
08:29We should consider ourselves happy, nevertheless.
08:32These digital projections
08:34allow us to test all kinds of interesting theories.
08:37How would these supercontinents disturb the tides, for example?
08:41By considering our future travels in space,
08:43such models can help us
08:45understand the climate of exoplanets.
08:47In other words, those located outside our solar system.