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Transcript

00:00:00 The Mozia Firefox logo is a fox that kisses the planet.

00:00:05 The original logo of the Navigator was a phoenix bird,

00:00:08 reborn from its flames, and it was designed in 2002.

00:00:12 At the time, the Navigator was called Mozia Firebird.

00:00:15 Two years later, it changed its name to become Firefox.

00:00:19 It is the English nickname of the panda bear.

00:00:22 It is a rare and protected animal from Asia.

00:00:25 A bear standing on its hind legs is hidden in the famous Toblerone logo.

00:00:31 The chocolate bar in the shape of a mountain was created in Bern,

00:00:34 the Swiss capital, by Emil Baumann and Theodor Tobler.

00:00:38 The city is nicknamed the city of bears, and a bear is on its cupboards.

00:00:43 This is why this image is on the image of the mountain Matterhorn, which inspired the logo.

00:00:49 The image of a happy girl in the Wendy's logo was inspired by the daughter of the creator of the fast-food chain Dave Thomas.

00:00:56 Wendy is her nickname.

00:00:58 If you look closer, you will see that her collar is decorated with the word "Mum".

00:01:02 Whether intentional or not, this word has become a symbol of the family atmosphere that the restaurant gives to its customers.

00:01:09 9.41 am, the time indicated in the advertisements of the iPhone, is not a random choice of numbers.

00:01:15 In 2007, Steve Jobs presented the iPhone to the public for the first time

00:01:20 after a 41-minute presentation at 9.41 exactly.

00:01:24 The first Apple logo was built in 1976 and represented Sir Isaac Newton sitting under a tree

00:01:32 with an apple on his head, but it seemed too complex and unclear for many,

00:01:37 so Steve Jobs wanted to replace it.

00:01:40 The designer of the new logo, Rob Yanoff, therefore imagined the apple we all know today.

00:01:46 He probably got inspired by the original logo, but wanted to make it simpler.

00:01:50 He added the bite so that no one would confuse it with a cherry, a peach or any other round fruit with a stem.

00:01:57 Without realizing it, he added a fun pun to the logo.

00:02:00 "Bite" looks a lot like the computer term.

00:02:04 The Toyota logo symbolizes the meeting of the hearts of customers and the company.

00:02:09 Two superimposed ovals represent the "T" and the other the "steering wheel".

00:02:13 The outer oval represents the world that embraces Toyota.

00:02:17 The background represents the values of the company, a great quality, a quality beyond expectations,

00:02:22 the pleasure of driving, innovation and integrity in terms of safety, environment and social responsibility.

00:02:32 The life insurance of Apollo 11 astronauts cost a fortune, as the mission was risky and unpredictable.

00:02:39 The astronauts could not afford it, so they signed hundreds of contracts that their families could sell

00:02:44 to finance large expenses in case something went wrong.

00:02:48 The Snickers chocolate bar was created by Frank Mars, founder of Mars Inc.

00:02:53 It was inspired by a confectionery already existing, based on nougat, peanuts and caramel,

00:02:59 and was named after the horse of the Mars family.

00:03:02 Until 1990, it was known in the United Kingdom as the "Marathon" chocolate bar.

00:03:07 As soon as they changed the name to Snickers, it went from first to third place in the most sold chocolate bars in Great Britain.

00:03:14 When the NBC logo was designed, color TVs were still revolutionary devices.

00:03:21 The logo with a rainbow of colors highlighted it.

00:03:25 The "Pan" echoed the phrase "as proud as a pan".

00:03:29 It was about showing that they were proud of their new color system.

00:03:34 The six different colors of the feathers represent the six different divisions of NBC.

00:03:40 The yellow arrow of the Amazon logo, which starts with A and ends with Z,

00:03:44 shows that you can buy everything from A to Z.

00:03:47 It also looks like a smile, which symbolizes the happiness of customers.

00:03:50 The company's original name was not Amazon, but Cadabra Inc.

00:03:55 Jeff Bezos also experimented with different names for his website,

00:03:59 and one of them, Relentless.com, still refers to Amazon.

00:04:03 The CEO of Papa John's Pizza, John Schnatter,

00:04:07 created his company in the closet of a bar he ran with his father in Indiana in 1984.

00:04:14 Over the years, it became the third largest pizza chain in the world,

00:04:19 with 5,500 restaurants in 49 countries.

00:04:24 Baskin-Robbins has 31 different flavors,

00:04:28 and the letters B and R in the logo hide this number.

00:04:32 The B curve means 3 and the R strip means 1.

00:04:37 Today, you can still visit the first website ever created,

00:04:41 called the World Wide Web Project.

00:04:44 It was launched in 1991 and is now used as a historical archive on the World Wide Web.

00:04:50 There is not a single image, only text.

00:04:53 The web itself was invented by Tim Berners-Lee,

00:04:56 a British scientist who worked at CERN,

00:04:59 the European Organization for Nuclear Research, in 1989.

00:05:03 The first product scanned in a supermarket

00:05:06 was a packet of Dishwing Gum Ringley Juicy Fruit in 1974 in Troy, Ohio.

00:05:12 The bar code was invented and patented in 1952,

00:05:15 but the idea only took off when its inventor started working for IBM.

00:05:20 Until then, supermarket employees had to put a price tag on each item,

00:05:25 and cashiers had to read the labels and type the price by hand.

00:05:29 The Quicksilver logo is a personalized version of the Great Wave in Kanagawa,

00:05:34 a famous Japanese artist Okusai's engraving on wood.

00:05:38 When Quicksilver expanded its activities and launched a female brand, Roxy,

00:05:43 it reversed its logo to make it look like a heart.

00:05:47 Until 2010, the high-speed rural Internet was slower than the traveling pigeons.

00:05:52 No, I'm not kidding.

00:05:54 During a speed test, they let pigeons with USB keys fly away from a Yorkshire farm

00:05:59 to cover a distance of 80 km.

00:06:02 They finished the race an hour and a quarter later.

00:06:05 At that time, only 24% of a 300-megabyte file had been downloaded.

00:06:11 Picasa allows you to organize and display your online images,

00:06:15 and its logo is more than a simple multi-color camera shutter.

00:06:19 The white space in the middle forms a house,

00:06:22 which means it will be a safe home for your photos.

00:06:25 Its name also contains the word "house" or "casa," and "pi" means "pixel."

00:06:31 The letters L and G of the LG logo form a human face.

00:06:35 L is the nose, and G represents the rest.

00:06:38 They call it the "face of the future,"

00:06:40 and the idea was to give the brand a human element and make it more friendly.

00:06:46 Many tech companies are testing their new products in New Zealand.

00:06:50 It's an ethnically diverse country, with people who speak English,

00:06:54 and above all, it is so isolated that news about the failure of the products

00:06:58 doesn't spread that quickly.

00:07:01 The FedEx logo may seem basic in terms of its colors and polish,

00:07:05 but it hides a gap between the letters E and X.

00:07:09 It represents speed, precision, perfection, and perseverance in achieving goals.

00:07:16 The four rings on the Audi logo represent the four companies

00:07:20 that worked together to create it—Audi, DKW, Horsch, and Vanderer.

00:07:26 The latter started as a bicycle repair shop.

00:07:30 Gillette, famous for its razors, wanted its logo to be as sharp and precise as possible.

00:07:36 That's how they came up with a cut between G and I that forms the shapes of the blades on each other.

00:07:43 The black and white colors of the logo symbolize elegance, purity, prestige, and excellence.

00:07:49 Some people are afraid of technology. They suffer from technophobia.

00:07:54 Today, this fear mainly concerns new, complex devices like computers,

00:07:58 but it found its roots in the Industrial Revolution.

00:08:02 It began in the 18th century, when workers feared that new machines would take their jobs.

00:08:09 Google rents goats to a California-specialized company to graze their lawns.

00:08:14 They bring about 200 goats to the Google headquarters in Mountain View.

00:08:18 It takes them about a week to eat all the useless grass and fertilize the land.

00:08:23 Domino's founders initially planned to add a dot to the logo's domino for each new opening,

00:08:29 but the growth was too fast and too big for that,

00:08:33 so they decided to keep only three dots for the three original sites.

00:08:38 In 2004, @ has become the first new character to be added to the Morse code for the first time in at least 60 years.

00:08:46 It consists of signals for A and C, with no space between them.

00:08:50 You can now call your Morse email if you ever need to.

00:08:54 Over the course of its 150 years of history, @ has undergone eight changes to its logo.

00:09:01 The first was called "The Two-Horse Brand". It contained a lot of detail.

00:09:05 The current logo, known as "Batwing", is over 50 years old

00:09:09 and represents the shape of a pocket that can be found on each pair of @ jeans.

00:09:13 It is supposed to give a sense of family to the person wearing it.

00:09:17 It is also supposed to give a sense of youth, but also of timelessness.

00:09:22 The Evernote app, which stores your notes, has an elephant as its logo,

00:09:26 because a saying goes, "An elephant never forgets", and these animals do have an impressive memory.

00:09:31 The elephant's ear is curved like a post-it.

00:09:35 The "H" of the Hyundai logo is not just the company's name.

00:09:39 It is the outline of two people who hold hands tightly.

00:09:42 It is an exchange of trust between the company and its customers.

00:09:45 The oval around the numbers is a symbol of Hyundai's global expansion.

00:09:50 The silver color symbolizes sophistication and perfection.

00:09:54 The digital blue version reflects reliability and excellence.

00:09:58 @ has found its emblematic logo thanks to a bet that @,

00:10:03 co-founder of the company and tennis player, made with the captain of the French team of @.

00:10:08 The captain promised to give @ a crocodile skin suitcase if he won the match.

00:10:14 @ did not win, but he made it his nickname, "Crocodile".

00:10:18 He had a crocodile embroidered on his tennis jacket.

00:10:21 When it was time to launch his clothing brand, @ took the challenge.

00:10:26 Oreos are the most popular cookies in the world,

00:10:30 with more than 40 billion pieces produced each year.

00:10:33 Originally, they were sold in weight for $2.35 for 4 kg.

00:10:39 A circle topped with a 2-bar cross is placed on each cookie.

00:10:43 This Nabisco logo is a European symbol of quality.

00:10:47 When Michael Dell founded his company in 1984,

00:10:51 he planned to shake the world with his company.

00:10:54 That's why the E of Dell's logo is tilted.

00:10:57 The blue color represents loyalty, reliability, confidence and intelligence.

00:11:03 The first mechanical alarm could only ring at one o'clock, at 4 a.m.

00:11:09 It was invented by @ in 1787 in Concord, New Hampshire.

00:11:14 @ designed this device to wake up to go to work.

00:11:19 The first alarm prototype was invented by the Greeks in 250 B.C.

00:11:25 They used rising water to start a whistle.

00:11:29 The Airbnb logo is not a folded trombone.

00:11:32 It is a bello, which means belonging.

00:11:35 It is the head of a person, the symbol of location and a heart for love.

00:11:40 Together, these symbols form the famous A of Airbnb.

00:11:44 In 2006, Qatar Telecom organized a charity auction

00:11:49 during which it sold the phone number 6666666 to an anonymous auctioneer for $2.75 million.

00:11:59 It became the most expensive phone number in the world.

00:12:02 The Segway Polo is a sport with active teams all over the world.

00:12:07 It does not require any special physical condition, has no age limit and is gaining popularity.

00:12:13 The game is played in four 8-minute sections.

00:12:15 The goal is to send the ball into the goal using a special hammer.

00:12:19 If you look closely at the Tour de France logo,

00:12:22 you will notice that a cyclist is hiding in the O, U and R.

00:12:26 The second message hidden here is the yellow circle, which represents the stages of the race, which only take place during the day.

00:12:33 The ghost vibration syndrome is the name given to this feeling when you think your phone is vibrating, but it is not.

00:12:41 If this happens to you often, it may be a sign that you are too absorbed by your phone.

00:12:46 The Sony Vaio logo symbolizes the integration of analog and digital technologies in these products.

00:12:52 The letters V and A look like an analog wave.

00:12:56 The letters I and O are there to look like the numbers 1 and 0 of a digital signal or a binary code.

00:13:03 The original Xbox contained sound extracts edited from real transmission of Apollo space missions.

00:13:10 If you kept it on the home screen, you would end up hearing fragments of real conversation from the mission.

00:13:17 Pinterest allows you to pin things you find interesting on your online boards.

00:13:22 This is exactly what its logo shows.

00:13:24 It is a pattern of pins hidden in the letter P.

00:13:27 The P-shaped shape of the pins is an important part of the image of Pinterest's brand to encourage people to pin more things by imitating the action of pushing a pin into a board.

00:13:37 Pepsi spent about $1 million to design its logo with many secret meanings.

00:13:44 It refers to Feng Shui, Renaissance, Earth's magnetic field, the theory of relativity, joconde, and the name of the party, among others, and is supposed to be the key to the universe.

00:13:56 Nintendo was founded in 1889, long before computers, as a card company.

00:14:02 It still produces them in Japan and even organizes a bridge tournament called the Nintendo Cup.

00:14:08 In 1973, an engineer from Motorola made the first ever phone call in history from 6th Avenue in New York.

00:14:16 He used a 1-kilo prototype to call a rival company from Bell Laboratories.

00:14:21 There was a silence at the other end of the line.

00:14:23 The phone was almost the size of a shoebox.

00:14:26 It allowed its owner to talk for 35 hours and needed 10 hours to recharge.

00:14:32 The first ever commercial text message was sent on December 3, 1992.

00:14:38 It wished a happy New Year's Eve to its sender, who was a Vodafone sender.

00:14:43 Today, the number of text messages sent is 6 billion per day.

00:14:48 Apple had its own line of clothing in 1986 called the Apple Collection.

00:14:53 They did it a year after Steve Jobs' temporary resignation.

00:14:57 The idea was to see how far their fans would go to buy clothes, accessories and articles from the brand.

00:15:04 The horizontal lines of the IBM logo remind us of the time when photocopies were hard to reproduce large blocks of solid ink.

00:15:11 Originally, the logo had 14 lines, but the number of lines was reduced to 8

00:15:16 because the 13 lines used for the printing supports had problems with ink loss.

00:15:22 The character "M" has an equal sign at the bottom to show that it values equality.

00:15:28 5 megaoctets of data used to weigh 1 ton.

00:15:31 In 1953, IBM engineers invented the first hard drive.

00:15:36 The box that contained it weighed more than 1,000 kilos and could only contain 5 megaoctets of data.

00:15:43 The McDonald's logo is not just a letter "M", but also the symbol of the original golden arches of the restaurant chain.

00:15:50 They understood that potential customers could see them from the highway and that they would stop.

00:15:55 The first computer mouse in the world was invented in 1964 and was called XY Position Indicator for Display Systems.

00:16:04 It was rectangular and made of wood with a small button at the top right.

00:16:09 The inventor, Doug Engelbart, called it "mouse" because of the cord that came out of it and looked like a mouse.

00:16:17 The name Mitsubishi is a combination of "Mitsu" which means "three" and "Ishi" which means "chateau de château".

00:16:24 The Japanese use this word to designate a diamond shape.

00:16:27 So, put together, the brand's name translates to "three diamonds".

00:16:32 The shield-shaped shape of the NFL logo symbolizes the league's commitment to offering the highest level of sports entertainment.

00:16:39 The eight stars represent the current eight divisions of the NFL.

00:16:43 The first word that has been self-corrected is "TEH".

00:16:47 To do so, you had to press the left arrow and press F3.

00:16:51 The Northwest Airlines logo has an "N" and a "W" in negative spaces.

00:16:57 The triangle in the circle is a compass pointing northwest.

00:17:01 The airline flew in the air from 1926 to 2010, the date it merged with Delta.

00:17:08 A study by the Beth Israel Medical Center in New York showed that surgeons who grew up playing video games more than three hours a week

00:17:16 make 37% less mistakes, work 27% faster and get 42% better results in surgical skills tests.

00:17:25 The Mercedes-Benz brand is the result of the merger of the companies of Gottlieb Daimler and Carl Benz.

00:17:31 The logo of the company Benz, which consisted of a text "Benz" surrounded by a laurel wreath, was put as a brand in 1909.

00:17:39 Daimler had a Mercedes star as a logo.

00:17:42 When the companies merged in 1925, they obtained a new common logo,

00:17:47 made up of Daimler's Mercedes star and Benz's laurel wreath.

00:17:51 The star has three points, which represent the earth, the sea and the air.

00:17:55 These are the three environments that the company originally planned to dominate.

00:17:59 Carrefour has a logical logo of two beautiful stylized arrows, which symbolize the different directions that can be taken.

00:18:06 The logo wears the French national colors blue, white and red, and the white space between the arrows forms the letter C.

00:18:13 Salvador Dali designed the logo of the choupa-choups succession.

00:18:18 The artist placed the text, already existing, on a colored background in the shape of a margaret.

00:18:23 He also wanted to move the logo up from the side of the bag so that it is still intact and visible to the buyers.

00:18:31 The very first computer virus was developed in 1971.

00:18:36 It was named the Creeper program and designed as a security test to see how it spread between computers.

00:18:43 Samsung was founded as a grocery store on March 1, 1938,

00:18:49 which gives it 38 years and one more month than Apple, founded on April 1, 1976.

00:18:55 The first phone was made available to the public in 1874.

00:19:00 It took three years for it to be present in the homes of about 50,000 people,

00:19:05 and 75 years more to reach the figure of 50 million people.

00:19:09 It took only 38 years on the radio to reach the same figure, and television only took 13 years to get there.

00:19:16 Google's logo seems to be quite basic in terms of colors.

00:19:21 There is red, yellow, and primary blue.

00:19:24 But they also added green, which interrupts the primary colors.

00:19:28 This is supposed to show that Google is an innovator who does not do what is expected of it and stands out from other companies.

00:19:35 The Shell oil giant has existed since 1904, and its yellow-red logo has changed a lot over the years.

00:19:42 The original was a more realistic image of a turkey shell.

00:19:46 The current logo is more stylized.

00:19:49 Even twins do not have the same language imprint.

00:19:52 The language is made up of a set of powerful, mobile muscles that never get tired.

00:19:57 It contains between 5,000 and 10,000 gustative butterflies.

00:20:00 These little white and pink bumps on your tongue are not gustative butterflies,

00:20:05 but each of them has several inside its superficial tissue.

00:20:10 The invention gave us gustative butterflies so that we could stay alive.

00:20:14 For example, bitter and sour flavors can tell you that you are eating rotten food or toxic plants.

00:20:20 The back of the tongue is more sensitive to bitter flavors,

00:20:23 which explains why we can spit out bad food before swallowing it.

00:20:27 The salty and sweet tastes allow us to know if the food is rich in nutrients.

00:20:32 By the age of 60, most people lose half of their gustative butterflies.

00:20:37 Your tongue is cool, and these imprints can be used for biometric authentication,

00:20:42 just like digital imprints.

00:20:44 Each of us has a different and unique language imprint.

00:20:47 If you don't want to reveal your secret identity, you just have to hide your tongue.

00:20:51 It's funny, isn't it?

00:20:52 Why do we have digital imprints?

00:20:54 Scientists had many different theories on the subject,

00:20:57 but they now believe that it is because digital imprints allow the skin to stretch more easily.

00:21:03 They also allow us to avoid bulbs, protect the skin from injuries, and improve our sense of touch.

00:21:09 Humans are not the only ones with unique digital imprints.

00:21:12 Koalas too.

00:21:14 Only about 7% of people are left-handed.

00:21:17 Left-handed people chew food on the left side of their mouths most of the time,

00:21:20 while right-handed people do it on the right side.

00:21:23 We lose about 5 kg of skin cells each year.

00:21:26 But don't worry, we replace them quickly.

00:21:28 We produce 15 seconds more cells than there are people living in the United States.

00:21:33 Our body regenerates permanently, and we replace our skin hundreds of times throughout our life.

00:21:38 Yes, the whole body regenerates, except for the teeth.

00:21:41 It's the only part of the body that can't do it.

00:21:44 Our teeth are similar to that of a shark.

00:21:46 Their teeth also have a substance called dentin inside, and they are as solid as ours.

00:21:51 Of course, theirs are more pointed and bigger, but still.

00:21:54 Teeth are part of the human skeleton, even if they are not considered bones.

00:21:58 You spend about 38 days of your life brushing your teeth.

00:22:01 And guess what? You might brush them too much.

00:22:04 Indeed, they can become more sensitive because they use natural enamel.

00:22:08 Your left and right lungs are not the same size.

00:22:11 The right is bigger because the left shares its space with the heart.

00:22:15 Hockey is a symptom that almost all mammals know from time to time, and not just humans.

00:22:20 The record was set by a man named Charles Osborne.

00:22:24 He couldn't stop playing hockey for 68 years.

00:22:27 It seems like no one told him about the thing that consists of eating sugar.

00:22:31 There is only one part of your body that doesn't receive a regular blood supply, and that's your corneas.

00:22:36 They receive oxygen directly from the air.

00:22:39 Our eyes can differentiate 10 million different colors.

00:22:42 The muscles that help our eyes to focus on something make about 100,000 movements a day.

00:22:47 If you want your muscles to do the same work, you should walk a long distance, at least 80 km.

00:22:54 We can't all see infrared light or ultraviolet rays.

00:22:57 Only 1% of us can.

00:23:00 And if you can see one of those rays, it doesn't necessarily mean you can see the other.

00:23:04 Research shows that all people with blue eyes in the world could be related,

00:23:08 or at least share a very distant ancestor.

00:23:11 Scientists examined individuals with blue eyes from Turkey, India, Jordan and Scandinavia.

00:23:17 They all had the same genetic sequence of the color of their eyes.

00:23:20 They think this characteristic comes from a person with blue eyes whose genes mutated about 10,000 years ago.

00:23:26 Before that, the eyes were all just different shades of brown.

00:23:30 People with blue eyes are generally a little more sensitive to pain than other individuals.

00:23:35 We blink about 20 times a minute, which means we do it more than 10 million times a year.

00:23:41 The fact that we look like sharks also affects our eyes.

00:23:44 If a part of your eye is damaged, you can replace it with a shark's.

00:23:48 It's convenient, isn't it?

00:23:50 We can't stay awake with our eyes open.

00:23:52 Try it! It's very difficult to ignore your natural reflexes.

00:23:55 Eels also have their own life, since only one eel lives about 150 days before it dies.

00:24:01 We all have a chicken's flesh when we hear good news, our favorite song,

00:24:05 or when it's ridiculously cold in the freezer.

00:24:08 It's a reflex that comes from our ancestors.

00:24:10 It happens when we release adrenaline.

00:24:13 It makes our hair stand on end and helps us look more imposing.

00:24:17 Aaaaaah! Scary, huh?

00:24:20 The human brain has 100 billion neurons and a memory capacity of more than 4 teraoctets, which is huge.

00:24:27 Your brain uses more than a quarter of the oxygen your lungs absorb,

00:24:31 and it's mainly made up of water, more than 75%.

00:24:34 It's still very hydrated.

00:24:37 It's not true that humans only use 10% of their brain.

00:24:40 We use much more than that, even during sleep.

00:24:43 Most of our brain is constantly active, but we don't require all parts at the same time.

00:24:49 Of all species, humans are the only ones that can blush.

00:24:52 This phenomenon is due to an adrenaline rush.

00:24:54 When you feel your face turn red, know that your stomach is, too.

00:24:57 It's weird.

00:24:59 When you crack your joints, the sound you hear is that of tiny gas bubbles that are released.

00:25:05 There are gas pockets trapped between your joints, so when you stretch them, they make a dry noise.

00:25:10 Oh, how nice it is!

00:25:12 Aaaah!

00:25:13 We use 43 muscles when we frown, but only 17 when we smile,

00:25:18 although scientists still disagree on this point.

00:25:21 Anyway, smile!

00:25:23 An average person consumes about 33 tons of food in their lifetime.

00:25:27 That's the equivalent of 6 elephants!

00:25:29 We breathe about 11,000 liters of air per day,

00:25:32 but we can't swallow and breathe at the same time.

00:25:35 Most people need about 7 minutes to fall asleep,

00:25:38 and we're about the only living beings to sleep on our backs.

00:25:41 Randy Gardner decided to try the record for the longest sleepless period.

00:25:45 In 1964, he stayed awake for 11 days, or 264 hours.

00:25:50 I guess he had noisy neighbors.

00:25:53 Of all animals, humans are the only ones with a chin.

00:25:57 When you're thirsty, that means the water you drink is equal to 1% of your total body weight.

00:26:03 If it exceeds 5%, you can even faint.

00:26:06 During your life, your body goes from 300 to 206 bones.

00:26:10 More than half of all your bones are in your feet, ankles, hands and wrists.

00:26:15 The largest human bone is the thigh bone, and the smallest is called the calf bone.

00:26:19 It's inside your glans.

00:26:22 Your nose can recognize a trillion different smells and remember 50,000 of them.

00:26:27 Women smell better than men,

00:26:29 and the sense of smell is 10,000 times more developed than the sense of taste.

00:26:33 The surface of our lungs is almost equal to that of a tennis court.

00:26:37 So what's this sensation you feel when you cross a ridge on a roller coaster

00:26:42 and your stomach goes up your throat?

00:26:45 Well, the seat belt keeps your body in place,

00:26:48 but your stomach, your intestines and your small internal organs,

00:26:51 they get a little bit of freedom.

00:26:53 It doesn't hurt you, but your nerves can't understand what's going on.

00:26:57 They really think your stomach made a hole in your throat.

00:27:00 We're all taller in the morning,

00:27:02 because during the day, the cartilage between our bones compresses.

00:27:06 It makes us lose about one nail at the end of each day.

00:27:09 The nose and ears are parts of the body that never stop growing.

00:27:13 It's mostly thanks to gravity.

00:27:15 The veins and arteries inside your body are long enough to go around the world twice.

00:27:20 Blood represents about 8% of your body weight.

00:27:23 When you listen to music,

00:27:25 the beats of your heart synchronize with the general atmosphere of the song,

00:27:28 so choose wisely.

00:27:30 Your skin is the largest organ of your body.

00:27:33 It accounts for about 15% of your total weight.

00:27:35 Know that you can burn more calories by sleeping than by watching TV.

00:27:39 Hmm, what if we slept while the TV was still on?

00:27:43 The squirrel's teeth keep growing,

00:27:46 but animals use them to chew nuts and other hard food.

00:27:49 The front of the teeth of the chewers is actually orange.

00:27:52 It's because they're covered with a special and resistant enamel.

00:27:55 I bet you're glad you don't have to deal with that.

00:27:58 Some species of birds are not afraid of biting strong peppers.

00:28:02 It's because they can't feel the spice.

00:28:05 Peppers burn your mouth because they contain a special chemical, capsaicin.

00:28:10 But birds don't have the necessary taste buds to feel the effects.

00:28:14 The rhinoceros horn is made of hair,

00:28:17 or at least the same protein as the one that makes up your hair and nails.

00:28:21 This protein is called keratin.

00:28:24 Such a horn is quite unique,

00:28:26 since other animals have horns with a bone center.

00:28:29 The squirrel can bite wood 20 times per second.

00:28:32 This rhythm is almost too high for the human eye to notice.

00:28:36 How many times would a woodpecker bite wood?

00:28:40 The number of woodpecker bites often reaches 8,000 to 12,000 per day.

00:28:45 The starfish has eyes, one at the end of each of its arms.

00:28:49 Its eyes are groups of light-sensitive cells.

00:28:53 Frogs don't need to drink water.

00:28:56 Their skin allows them to hydrate by absorbing water,

00:28:59 while providing them with the oxygen they need to breathe.

00:29:02 This could save time.

00:29:04 Most caterpillars have about 4,000 muscles in their bodies,

00:29:08 and nearly 250 of them are in their heads.

00:29:12 The Christmas tree spire is much more beautiful than you can imagine.

00:29:16 But even though these little trees look great,

00:29:19 two-thirds of the body of the worm is hidden in a tube of calcium carbonate.

00:29:23 And what's the point?

00:29:25 Well, to be honest, I don't know.

00:29:27 The famous larval fangs are actually their teeth that are somehow twisted.

00:29:32 These sea unicorns only have two teeth.

00:29:35 In males, one of them goes through the upper lip.

00:29:38 Unlike your teeth, this one is hard inside and sensitive and tender outside.

00:29:43 The antler has no teeth, but that's not a problem.

00:29:47 This creature has a super long tongue.

00:29:50 This tongue allows the animal to lick more than 35,000 termites and ants a day.

00:29:55 It's one way or another to appease hunger.

00:29:58 The antler can jump more than 200 times the length of its body.

00:30:02 If humans had this ability, they would jump as high as the Empire State Building.

00:30:07 Woo-hoo!

00:30:08 The eggs of the reindeer with red eyes can hatch earlier if they feel that their environment is not safe.

00:30:14 Small animals with rapid metabolism see in slow motion.

00:30:18 This helps them escape larger creatures.

00:30:21 The digital footprints of koalas are very, very similar to those of humans.

00:30:26 Sometimes the digital footprints of these animals are even confused with ours on crime scenes.

00:30:31 Probably just in Australia.

00:30:33 The sweat of the hippopotamus is pink, and it's not really sweat.

00:30:37 It's a reddish oily liquid.

00:30:39 Its function is not to cool the body, but to moisturize the skin and protect it.

00:30:43 This fluid also works as an antibiotic.

00:30:46 So if you have a sunburn or a cut, you can get hippopotamus ointment.

00:30:51 The skin of polar bears is black and the fur of their fur is hollow.

00:30:55 It's almost transparent.

00:30:57 These animals have fur that grows even on the lower part of their legs.

00:31:01 This gives them a better grip on the ice and protects them from the cold.

00:31:05 Some species of tarantula, among the largest spiders in the world, can live without food for more than two years.

00:31:12 I always find them scary.

00:31:15 Ornithorhynchus close their eyes when they kiss.

00:31:18 I mean, when they swim.

00:31:20 They have special skin folds that cover their ears and eyes.

00:31:23 They prevent water from entering inside.

00:31:26 The nostrils of these animals are also waterproof.

00:31:29 Hippos can't walk backwards, but scientists don't know why.

00:31:33 These birds that don't fly are the only ones with soft muscles.

00:31:37 Hippos can sprint very fast.

00:31:39 They can also walk long distances, but they can't walk backwards.

00:31:44 Crocodiles can't move their tongues because they are attached to the palate of their mouths.

00:31:49 They keep their throats closed and protect the animal's respiratory tract.

00:31:53 Water snakes, dolphins, whales, alligators, crocodiles and turtles can drown.

00:32:00 This happens if they stay in the water for too long.

00:32:03 These animals can't breathe in the water.

00:32:05 They can only hold their breath for a very long time.

00:32:08 Only one species of bird can fly backwards.

00:32:11 These are hummingbirds.

00:32:12 So let's talk about moths.

00:32:14 These little birds can also flap their wings up to 80 times per second.

00:32:18 Despite the appearance of hummingbirds,

00:32:21 these little animals are more closely related to elephants than to moths.

00:32:25 Maybe that's why they have such a nasal appendage.

00:32:28 Elephant moths use it to nibble on insects.

00:32:32 Cats and other felines can't taste sweet foods.

00:32:36 They don't have the necessary taste buds for that.

00:32:39 Too bad, it's more for me.

00:32:41 Pink flames can only eat with their head down.

00:32:45 That's why the lower part of their beak is massive,

00:32:48 while the upper part is mobile.

00:32:51 Such a disposition is perfect for feeding the head down.

00:32:55 But it's the opposite of what other birds have.

00:32:58 It's not easy to be pink.

00:33:00 Tiger skins are as striped as their fur.

00:33:03 That's all I have to say about that.

00:33:05 When the toucans sleep, they curl up into pretty tight balls.

00:33:09 These birds turn their heads so that their tails cover their heads

00:33:13 and their beaks rest on their backs.

00:33:15 So yes, they curl up into balls.

00:33:17 Ostriches have the largest eyes in the animal kingdom.

00:33:20 They are more massive than a bird's brain.

00:33:23 Each eye is as big as a billiard ball.

00:33:26 All clown fish are born male.

00:33:28 But in some circumstances, they can turn into females.

00:33:32 This change is irreversible.

00:33:34 Unlike most fish,

00:33:36 when hippos mate, they do it for life.

00:33:39 Even cuter, when their mates travel, they move side by side

00:33:43 and often hang on to each other's tails.

00:33:45 The male usually ends up carrying the luggage.

00:33:48 Termites never sleep.

00:33:50 They don't need to recharge their batteries.

00:33:52 But they can eat 24/7, 7 days a week.

00:33:55 And they eat at home.

00:33:57 The lazy one needs up to two weeks to digest its food.

00:34:01 Hey, take your time.

00:34:03 No rush. There's nothing planned.

00:34:06 Dog's nasal marks can be used for identification.

00:34:10 They are similar to human fingerprints

00:34:12 and unique to each animal.

00:34:14 Hippos don't have eyeballs.

00:34:16 Instead, they have eye tubes that don't move in their orbits.

00:34:20 Penguins don't have external ears.

00:34:22 But their oars are exceptionally thin,

00:34:25 especially when they are in the presence of polar bears.

00:34:28 Jellyfish are 98% water-based.

00:34:31 That's why when they are thrown onto the shore,

00:34:34 their bodies can evaporate in the air after a few hours.

00:34:38 If a bottle-up occurs underwater,

00:34:40 an alligator will always give way to a llamas.

00:34:43 There you have it.

00:34:45 Grizzlies have such a powerful bite

00:34:48 that they can crush a bowling ball.

00:34:51 So it's better to let them win.

00:34:53 Giant pandas are not complicated when it comes to where they sleep.

00:34:57 They usually sleep where they are.

00:35:00 In most cases, on the ground of the forest.

00:35:03 The giant panda's newborns are tiny.

00:35:06 They weigh as much as a small cup of coffee

00:35:08 and are smaller than a mouse.

00:35:10 The red-handed fish can walk on the bottom of the ocean

00:35:13 using its plushies.

00:35:15 But of course, they are not really hands,

00:35:17 but evolved fins.

00:35:19 Really.

00:35:20 Cats are not used to meowing among themselves.

00:35:22 A study has shown that felines use this mode of communication

00:35:26 especially to attract our attention, us humans.

00:35:29 And it works.

00:35:31 The lazy ones can't meow.

00:35:33 It's not because they are too busy eating their two-week old meal.

00:35:37 Their fur is sometimes covered with algae.

00:35:40 And when they are too hot or too cold,

00:35:42 their metabolism stops.

00:35:44 During difficult periods,

00:35:46 the immortal jellyfish transform to regain their prime youth.

00:35:50 Once they have reached the stage

00:35:52 where they are just a pile of soft tissue,

00:35:55 a bit like me,

00:35:56 these creatures begin to grow.

00:35:58 And this process can apparently repeat itself over and over again.

00:36:01 The closest living relatives of the T-Rex

00:36:03 are chickens and ostriches.

00:36:05 Don't turn around!

00:36:07 The muren has another series of jaws

00:36:09 that can come out of its throat.

00:36:11 First, the main jaws close

00:36:13 around an unlucky marine creature.

00:36:15 Then, the additional jaw

00:36:17 grabs the future meal of the eel

00:36:19 with its teeth pointing backwards

00:36:21 and sharp as razors.

00:36:23 And after that, the captured animal

00:36:25 is brought back into the muren's throat.

00:36:27 I just lost my appetite.

00:36:29 Some species of snails have a hairy shell.

00:36:32 Thanks to these hairs,

00:36:34 snails can better adhere to wet surfaces.

00:36:36 When the jellyfish hunt,

00:36:38 they often gather in groups

00:36:40 and apply a tactic of threading in bubbles

00:36:42 to catch their food.

00:36:44 The bubbles do not let the fish's bands escape.

00:36:47 Snow leopards cannot roar

00:36:49 like other large felines.

00:36:51 This is due to their less developed vocal cords.

00:36:54 But these animals can howl,

00:36:56 grunt, whistle and even purr.

00:36:58 To stay away from their group

00:37:00 during nap time,

00:37:02 sea otters hold hands.

00:37:04 They can also get involved

00:37:06 in giant algae in the same bubble.

00:37:08 Lions are often called

00:37:10 the kings of the savannah.

00:37:12 I thought they were the king of the jungle.

00:37:14 Yet, up to 90% of the troop's hunting

00:37:16 is carried out by females.

00:37:18 Eels are in charge of protecting

00:37:20 the territory and the troop's members.

00:37:22 And they make a delicious potato salad

00:37:24 known as...

00:37:26 Hakuna Matata!

00:37:28 Cats are famous for their amazing ability

00:37:30 to move their ears.

00:37:32 All because cats have 32 muscles

00:37:34 in each external ear.

00:37:36 Some species of sharks can shine in the dark.

00:37:38 Unfortunately, only other sharks

00:37:40 can see this greenish glow.

00:37:42 You have up to 8,000 taste buds,

00:37:44 but your dog only has a little over 1,500.

00:37:46 Blue Jay can imitate other birds.

00:37:48 His favorite is the cry of the seal.

00:37:50 He can also be a great singer.

00:37:52 Blue Jay is used to make other birds

00:37:54 flee from his territory.

00:37:56 Luries are incredibly cute

00:37:58 and just as perverse.

00:38:00 They are the only venomous primates known.

00:38:02 They have a gland in the hollow of their arms.

00:38:04 They secrete toxins that can have

00:38:06 very unpleasant consequences

00:38:08 in humans.

00:38:10 Bubales have an amazing escape tactic.

00:38:12 To escape other animals,

00:38:14 they move in a zigzag.

00:38:16 Dolphins have names for their congeners.

00:38:18 They are specific whistles.

00:38:20 Hey Bob! Hey Charlie! Hey Donny!

00:38:22 Hi guys, and thanks for the fish!

00:38:24 Giraffes have a long black tongue.

00:38:26 Scientists suppose that this color

00:38:28 could protect the tongue from sunburns.

00:38:30 Well, that's all I have for today.

00:38:32 See you soon!

00:38:34 With selfies that invade social networks,

00:38:36 phone manufacturers had to adapt

00:38:38 to the way people hold their phones

00:38:40 and use their cameras.

00:38:42 Apparently, most users tilt their heads

00:38:44 slightly to the right when taking selfies.

00:38:46 Great! This allows you to get a more natural look,

00:38:48 which makes the image more beautiful

00:38:50 so that you feel better.

00:38:52 The cameras at the back of most phones

00:38:54 are also on the left side.

00:38:56 Sorry for the lefties,

00:38:58 this was designed for righties.

00:39:00 But it's not the only thing that's different.

00:39:02 The Everest mountain may attract

00:39:04 all the attention, but Mauna Kea,

00:39:06 in Hawaii, is technically

00:39:08 the highest mountain in the world.

00:39:10 Measuring more than 10 km from its base

00:39:12 to its top, the only thing that prevents

00:39:14 Mauna Kea from winning the title

00:39:16 is that it is largely underwater.

00:39:18 Australia is larger than the moon.

00:39:20 The moon has a diameter of more than 3,400 km,

00:39:22 while the width of Australia,

00:39:24 from one coast to the other,

00:39:26 is almost 4,000 km.

00:39:28 Although it is smaller,

00:39:30 it is still on the surface,

00:39:32 with more than 38 million km2.

00:39:34 Anatheda's phobia is the fear

00:39:36 that at any time, somewhere in the world,

00:39:38 a duck or a gull can watch you.

00:39:40 The person who suffers from it is not necessarily

00:39:42 afraid that the duck or the gull

00:39:44 is too close to it, or even that it touches it.

00:39:46 It just doesn't like the feeling of being watched.

00:39:48 This phobia was described for the first time

00:39:50 in a cartoon to show that

00:39:52 everyone can be afraid of anything.

00:39:54 Anything can become a phobia.

00:39:56 It is true that a duck watching

00:39:58 a crow is not afraid of anything.

00:40:00 But it is not a phobia.

00:40:02 It is a fear of being watched.

00:40:04 It is a fear of being watched.

00:40:06 It is a fear of being watched.

00:40:08 It is a fear of being watched.

00:40:10 It is a fear of being watched.

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00:47:16 It is a fear of being watched.

00:47:18 It is a fear of being watched.

00:47:20 It is a fear of being watched.

00:47:22 It is a fear of being watched.

00:47:24 It is a fear of being watched.

00:47:26 The star formation, or starburst galaxy,

00:47:28 is a galaxy that forms tons of new stars

00:47:30 at a lightning-fast speed.

00:47:32 This usually happens after the fusion

00:47:34 of two galaxies in one.

00:47:36 of two galaxies in one.

00:47:38 While Earth has only one natural satellite,

00:47:40 Jupiter is surrounded by at least 79 moons.

00:47:42 Jupiter is surrounded by at least 79 moons.

00:47:44 In the universe, there are not only dwarf planets,

00:47:46 but also dwarf galaxies.

00:47:48 They count from a thousand to a few billion stars.

00:47:50 They count from a thousand to a few billion stars.

00:47:52 For comparison, our galaxy, the Milky Way,

00:47:54 is composed of 250 to 400 billion stars.

00:47:56 is composed of 250 to 400 billion stars.

00:47:58 A supermassive black hole,

00:48:00 located 250 million light-years away from Earth,

00:48:02 emits the most serious sound

00:48:04 ever detected

00:48:06 by any object in the universe.

00:48:08 It is one billion,

00:48:10 that is, one with 15 zeros,

00:48:12 two times deeper than what the human ear can perceive.

00:48:14 that is, one with 15 zeros, two times deeper than what the human ear can perceive.

00:48:16 The planet Kelt 9b

00:48:18 is located 670 light-years away from Earth.

00:48:20 is located 670 light-years away from Earth.

00:48:22 It is an ultra-hot Jupiter,

00:48:24 that is, a giant planet

00:48:26 at unbearable temperature

00:48:28 and with a mass similar to that of Jupiter.

00:48:30 and with a mass similar to that of Jupiter.

00:48:32 On Kelt 9b, the heat is so high

00:48:34 on the illuminated side of the planet

00:48:36 that it tears the molecules.

00:48:38 All liquid floating in space

00:48:40 turns into a sphere.

00:48:42 This also happens in low Earth orbit.

00:48:44 This also happens in low Earth orbit.

00:48:46 Our original galaxy, the Milky Way,

00:48:48 has more than 105,000 light-years in diameter.

00:48:50 All the planets of the Solar System

00:48:52 could hold between Earth and the Moon

00:48:54 with a little space in reserve.

00:48:56 with a little space in reserve.

00:48:58 Black holes spaghettize objects.

00:49:00 This happens when an object

00:49:02 exceeds the point of no return.

00:49:04 The gravitational force of the black hole

00:49:06 then begins to stretch this object in one direction

00:49:08 and compress it in another.

00:49:10 and compress it in another.

00:49:12 The first celestial body

00:49:14 that astronomers have identified as a spiral

00:49:16 is the galaxy Whirlpool.

00:49:18 Its long arms are made of gas and stars

00:49:20 and the whole is sprinkled with fine space dust.

00:49:22 and the whole is sprinkled with fine space dust.

00:49:24 When you are on Earth,

00:49:26 you can only see 5% of the Universe.

00:49:28 A star that approaches too close to a black hole

00:49:30 can be torn apart by its gravitational force.

00:49:32 can be torn apart by its gravitational force.

00:49:34 WASP-12b is a giant planet

00:49:36 located 1,400 light-years from Earth.

00:49:38 located 1,400 light-years from Earth.

00:49:40 It is mainly made up of gas.

00:49:42 Unfortunately, the planet is doomed.

00:49:44 It orbits too close to its star.

00:49:46 It orbits too close to its star.

00:49:48 In about 10 million years,

00:49:50 WASP-12b will be swallowed up by its sun.

00:49:52 WASP-12b will be swallowed up by its sun.

00:49:54 Our galaxy, the Milky Way,

00:49:56 and the Andromeda galaxy,

00:49:58 its closest neighbor,

00:50:00 will meet in a little less than 4 billion years.

00:50:02 When they collide,

00:50:04 they will form a huge elliptical galaxy.

00:50:06 One of Saturn's smallest moons,

00:50:08 Encelade,

00:50:10 reflects almost 90% of the Sun's light.

00:50:12 reflects almost 90% of the Sun's light.

00:50:14 It is one of the brightest objects in the Solar System.

00:50:16 It is one of the brightest objects in the Solar System.

00:50:18 But as it reflects the Sun's light instead of absorbing it,

00:50:20 the temperatures on Encelade's icy surface

00:50:22 the temperatures on Encelade's icy surface

00:50:24 fall to less than 200°C.

00:50:26 The highest mountain in the Solar System

00:50:28 is Olympus Mons on Mars.

00:50:30 It is three times higher than Mount Everest.

00:50:32 If you were at the top of Olympus Mons,

00:50:34 If you were at the top of Olympus Mons,

00:50:36 its slopes would be hidden by the curvature of the planet.

00:50:38 its slopes would be hidden by the curvature of the planet.

00:50:40 In our Solar System, Mercury and Venus

00:50:42 are the only two planets without a moon.

00:50:44 Scientists who plan to send robots to Mars

00:50:46 Scientists who plan to send robots to Mars

00:50:48 want to load the machines with a lot of heavy equipment.

00:50:50 Robots will also be built with more resistant materials.

00:50:52 Robots will also be built with more resistant materials.

00:50:54 All this because of the relatively low gravity of the Red Planet.

00:50:56 All this because of the relatively low gravity of the Red Planet.

00:50:58 Everything on Mars is almost three times lighter than on Earth.

00:51:00 Everything on Mars is almost three times lighter than on Earth.

00:51:02 Pluto's largest moon

00:51:04 is half the size of the planet itself.

00:51:06 is half the size of the planet itself.

00:51:08 It is called Charon,

00:51:10 the largest known satellite

00:51:12 compared to the size of its mother planet.

00:51:14 There are golf balls on the moon.

00:51:16 They were launched during the Apollo 14 mission.

00:51:18 They were launched during the Apollo 14 mission.

00:51:20 Mathematicians claim that white holes could exist,

00:51:22 Mathematicians claim that white holes could exist,

00:51:24 even if scientists have not yet found any.

00:51:26 even if scientists have not yet found any.

00:51:28 If you fell into a white hole,

00:51:30 you could not enter it from the outside,

00:51:32 but you would see the light and matter escaping from the inside.

00:51:34 On our planet,

00:51:36 a complete rotation takes a day,

00:51:38 but the Sun is so huge

00:51:40 that it takes 25 to 35 Earth days

00:51:42 to complete a complete rotation.

00:51:44 to complete a complete rotation.

00:51:46 The Moon is not a perfect sphere.

00:51:48 It is more like an egg

00:51:50 because of the gravity of the Earth.

00:51:52 Space suits protect astronauts

00:51:54 from huge temperature differences

00:51:56 during spacewalks,

00:51:58 from -160 ° C to +120 ° C.

00:52:00 from -160 ° C to +120 ° C.

00:52:02 A neutron star is born

00:52:04 after the collapse of a supernova.

00:52:06 After birth, it rotates extremely fast,

00:52:08 about 60 times per second.

00:52:10 But this rhythm can sometimes reach

00:52:12 600 revolutions per second.

00:52:14 In 2007, astronomers

00:52:16 began to receive ultra-bright

00:52:18 and ultra-strong radio signals.

00:52:20 Called "fast radio speakers",

00:52:22 they came from a place

00:52:24 located billions of light years away.

00:52:26 When astronauts are in space,

00:52:28 they often see

00:52:30 random light flashes.

00:52:32 They occur when cosmic rays

00:52:34 hit the optic nerve of the eye.

00:52:36 If you traveled around

00:52:38 the Pluto equator,

00:52:40 the distance traveled would be

00:52:42 the same as if you walked

00:52:44 from Rome to New York.

00:52:46 If you visited GJ 504b,

00:52:48 a planet located only

00:52:50 57 light years from Earth,

00:52:52 you would see that the planet shines.

00:52:54 It is because of the heat

00:52:56 that remained after its formation.

00:52:58 The color of the planet is a dark red,

00:53:00 like a dark cherry blossom.

00:53:02 Venus is the most important planet

00:53:04 in the solar system.

00:53:06 It is the most important planet

00:53:08 in the solar system.

00:53:10 It is the most important planet

00:53:12 in the solar system.

00:53:14 It is the most important planet

00:53:16 in the solar system.

00:53:18 It is the most important planet

00:53:20 in the solar system.

00:53:22 It is the most important planet

00:53:24 in the solar system.

00:53:26 It is the most important planet

00:53:28 in the solar system.

00:53:30 It is the most important planet

00:53:32 in the solar system.

00:53:34 It is the most important planet

00:53:36 in the solar system.

00:53:38 It is the most important planet

00:53:40 in the solar system.

00:53:42 It is the most important planet

00:53:44 in the solar system.

00:53:46 It is the most important planet

00:53:48 in the solar system.

00:53:50 It is the most important planet

00:53:52 in the solar system.

00:53:54 It is the most important planet

00:53:56 in the solar system.

00:53:58 It is the most important planet

00:54:00 in the solar system.

00:54:02 It is the most important planet

00:54:04 in the solar system.

00:54:06 It is the most important planet

00:54:08 in the solar system.

00:54:10 It is the most important planet

00:54:12 in the solar system.

00:54:14 It is the most important planet

00:54:16 in the solar system.

00:54:18 It is the most important planet

00:54:20 in the solar system.

00:54:22 It is the most important planet

00:54:24 in the solar system.

00:54:26 It is the most important planet

00:54:28 in the solar system.

00:54:30 It is the most important planet

00:54:32 in the solar system.

00:54:34 It is the most important planet

00:54:36 in the solar system.

00:54:38 It is the most important planet

00:54:40 in the solar system.

00:54:42 It is the most important planet

00:54:44 in the solar system.

00:54:46 It is the most important planet

00:54:48 in the solar system.

00:54:50 It is the most important planet

00:54:52 in the solar system.

00:54:54 The planet is as massive as Saturn,

00:54:56 but has a higher density.

00:54:58 It takes 45 minutes

00:55:00 to put on a space suit.

00:55:02 Once it's done, an astronaut

00:55:04 needs an extra hour to adapt

00:55:06 to the new conditions.

00:55:08 The fireballs that swirl the Earth

00:55:10 are bright meteors that enter

00:55:12 the Earth's atmosphere, but then

00:55:14 go out. Triton, one of the moons

00:55:16 of Neptune, rotates in the opposite direction

00:55:18 around its planet.

00:55:20 It is the only big moon of all the known planets

00:55:22 in the solar system.

00:55:24 Triton is also getting closer to Neptune.

00:55:26 Experts think the moon will eventually

00:55:28 disintegrate under the effect of Neptune's gravity.

00:55:30 It will then form a ring

00:55:32 around the gas giant.

00:55:34 The planet Aumea,

00:55:36 which is further away from the Earth

00:55:38 than Neptune, is really weird.

00:55:40 It is in orbit in the belt of Kuiper.

00:55:42 A ring in the shape of a pendulum

00:55:44 is made up of ice objects

00:55:46 that revolve around the Sun.

00:55:48 Aumea has two moons,

00:55:50 one long and one short,

00:55:52 lasting 4 Earth hours.

00:55:54 But the most amazing thing is that

00:55:56 the dwarf planet is surrounded by incredibly thin rings.

00:55:58 They are probably the result

00:56:00 of an old collision.

00:56:02 It takes Neptune nearly 165 Earth years

00:56:04 to complete a complete orbit

00:56:06 around the Sun.

00:56:08 In other words, since the gas giant

00:56:10 was discovered in 1846,

00:56:12 it has only gone around the Sun once.

00:56:14 You need a drop of liquid,

00:56:18 a super-quality 3D printer,

00:56:20 and about 2 hours of work

00:56:22 to make a tiny fidget spinner.

00:56:24 It will be less than a strand of hair.

00:56:26 This is what researchers

00:56:28 at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory

00:56:30 have managed to achieve.

00:56:32 In reality,

00:56:34 double-cream Oreos are not

00:56:36 double-stuffed.

00:56:38 A math teacher weighed 10 classic Oreos,

00:56:40 10 double-cream Oreos, and 10 mega-stuffed Oreos.

00:56:42 Double-cream Oreos

00:56:44 only weigh 1.86 times

00:56:46 the weight of classic Oreos.

00:56:48 Chipotle are not peppers of a particular variety.

00:56:52 They are simply dried

00:56:54 and smoked jalapeños.

00:56:56 In their gas form,

00:57:00 oxygen has no smell or color.

00:57:02 But when it is liquid

00:57:04 or solid, it is light blue.

00:57:06 The stars caught by black holes

00:57:10 are destroyed by their enormous gravitational force.

00:57:14 Pieces of these stars are sucked

00:57:16 by the black hole.

00:57:18 The rest, in the form of plasma jets,

00:57:20 is ejected with such force

00:57:22 that it travels light years away.

00:57:24 Recently, researchers decided

00:57:28 to redraw the genealogical tree

00:57:30 of dinosaurs for the first time in 130 years.

00:57:32 It would seem that

00:57:36 two species of dinosaurs should have been

00:57:38 grouped from the beginning.

00:57:40 These are carnivorous dinosaurs

00:57:42 and reptile dinosaurs,

00:57:44 such as the T-rex,

00:57:46 and bird-bathing vegetarian dinosaurs,

00:57:48 such as the stegosaur.

00:57:50 A camel can drink up to 113 liters of water

00:57:52 in just over 10 minutes.

00:57:54 This water is stored in the animal's blood system.

00:57:56 As for its bone,

00:57:58 it is a reserve of fat for periods of food deficiency.

00:58:00 Some marine animals,

00:58:04 such as salmon and turtles,

00:58:06 use terrestrial magnetic fields to locate themselves.

00:58:10 They also produce red blood cells.

00:58:12 These are the cells responsible for coagulation.

00:58:14 The lungs produce more than 10 million

00:58:18 of these small cells per hour.

00:58:20 There are only two letters

00:58:24 that never appear on the periodic table.

00:58:26 The J and the Q.

00:58:28 If you shoot a bullet at yourself

00:58:32 while you throw it, it will fly.

00:58:34 This is the Magnus effect.

00:58:38 You can see this phenomenon in several sports,

00:58:40 such as tennis or baseball.

00:58:42 Anathedaophobia is the fear

00:58:46 that at any time, anywhere in the world,

00:58:48 a duck or a goat

00:58:50 can observe the person suffering from the phobia.

00:58:52 I'm watching you.

00:58:54 The person is not necessarily afraid

00:58:56 that the duck or the goat will come closer

00:58:58 or to come into contact with the animal.

00:59:00 It's just the fear of being observed.

00:59:02 This phobia was first described in a comic

00:59:06 to show that everyone can be afraid of something.

00:59:08 Everything can become a phobia.

00:59:10 A duck that would constantly observe me

00:59:12 would certainly give me chicken skin.

00:59:14 Your favorite fruit candies are shiny

00:59:20 because they are probably covered with carnauba wax.

00:59:22 We sometimes use this wax on fruits like apples.

00:59:26 It makes candies and fruits shine,

00:59:30 but also cars.

00:59:32 Fishes and nectarines

00:59:34 seem different,

00:59:36 but in reality,

00:59:38 they are the same fruit.

00:59:40 The soft gene is dominant in fish,

00:59:42 while if it is not,

00:59:44 you get smooth nectarines.

00:59:46 Crows are good at recognizing people's faces

00:59:50 and they remember it for a long time.

00:59:52 It can be a good or a bad thing

00:59:56 depending on your behavior with them.

00:59:58 It is better not to meet a crow

01:00:00 that has one after you.

01:00:02 You probably can't tell a crow

01:00:04 from another crow,

01:00:06 so it's better to say hello to everyone.

01:00:08 In the city of Yoro,

01:00:14 in Central America,

01:00:16 fish rains fall every year.

01:00:18 Residents have no choice.

01:00:22 Every year, in May or June,

01:00:24 a torrential rain crosses the city

01:00:26 leaving fish agonizing in the street.

01:00:28 It seems that the phenomenon

01:00:30 is caused by water drops or tornadoes

01:00:32 that would transport the fish.

01:00:34 Delivery express in seafood.

01:00:36 Oh yeah!

01:00:38 A single strand of spaghetti

01:00:42 is called a spaghetto.

01:00:44 In Italian, the "i" at the end of the word

01:00:48 marks the plural.

01:00:50 And the "o" is a mark of the singular.

01:00:52 It is valid for everything.

01:00:54 We say "gnocco" for a single gnocco

01:00:56 "tortellino" for a single tortellini

01:00:58 and "raviolo" for a single bite of this delight.

01:01:00 Water can freeze and boil at the same time.

01:01:04 It's called the triple point.

01:01:06 It's the moment when a substance

01:01:08 can be solid, liquid and gaseous

01:01:10 at the same time.

01:01:12 It is closely related to pressure

01:01:14 and temperature.

01:01:16 We are used to having a white sauce

01:01:20 but in reality,

01:01:22 it is a sauce with a lot of water.

01:01:24 We are used to having a white sauce

01:01:26 but in reality,

01:01:28 producers generally add titanium dioxide

01:01:30 to make it as white as our sunscreens.

01:01:32 Ah! Sunscreen producers also add

01:01:34 titanium dioxide to their products.

01:01:36 It is also valid for the Caesar sauce

01:01:38 and the blue cheese sauce.

01:01:40 Our moon had an atmosphere.

01:01:42 About 4 billion years ago,

01:01:44 volcanic eruptions

01:01:46 were verified on our satellite.

01:01:48 They released huge volumes of gas

01:01:50 thousands of billions of tons.

01:01:52 These volumes were so huge

01:01:54 that they did not have time to escape

01:01:56 into space.

01:01:58 This is how this atmosphere was formed.

01:02:00 Cold water heats up faster than hot water.

01:02:02 The speed of this process

01:02:04 depends on the temperature difference

01:02:06 between the liquid and its environment.

01:02:08 That's why cold water needs less time

01:02:10 to absorb heat.

01:02:12 But that doesn't mean it will boil faster

01:02:14 than hot water.

01:02:16 Zealandia is a subterranean continental block

01:02:18 in the Pacific Ocean.

01:02:20 It is often described as a fragment

01:02:22 or a microcontinent.

01:02:24 It measures almost 2 million square meters,

01:02:26 which is half of the United States.

01:02:28 It was submerged about 23 million years ago.

01:02:32 New Zealand and most of Zealandia

01:02:36 are still on the surface.

01:02:38 Human beings are still evolving.

01:02:40 Researchers have found

01:02:42 several million human anomalies.

01:02:44 It turns out that some dangerous genes

01:02:46 are gradually eliminated

01:02:48 from DNA.

01:02:50 Stars sparkle

01:02:54 because of the turbulence

01:02:56 in the Earth's atmosphere.

01:02:58 They deflect the light from the stars

01:03:00 before they reach your eyes.

01:03:02 It gives this sparkling effect.

01:03:04 Water travels the world

01:03:08 in a thousand years.

01:03:10 This phenomenon is called the thermohaline loop.

01:03:16 The bismuth is a white metal

01:03:18 and fragile with a pink hue.

01:03:20 If you melt it and let it cool

01:03:22 very slowly,

01:03:24 it forms iridescent cubic crystals.

01:03:26 Skittles and M&Ms

01:03:30 are colored with

01:03:32 colleopters.

01:03:34 The red food coloring

01:03:36 is made from carmine from cochineal.

01:03:38 Red lipstick

01:03:40 is also made from cochineal.

01:03:42 Stones, metals

01:03:44 and other minerals

01:03:46 are not evenly distributed on the planet.

01:03:48 This has several consequences,

01:03:54 including the variation of gravity

01:03:56 depending on where you are.

01:03:58 The altitude also has an effect.

01:04:00 When you are at the top of Mount Everest,

01:04:02 you weigh slightly less.

01:04:04 Don't look down!

01:04:06 According to a researcher,

01:04:10 there was a substance in the ancient microbes

01:04:12 called cochineal.

01:04:14 It is the substance that makes

01:04:16 green plants on Earth.

01:04:18 This substance reflected the sun's light

01:04:20 in red and purple,

01:04:22 giving it a bright purple.

01:04:24 If this hypothesis was true,

01:04:26 the Earth would have been full of

01:04:28 purple animals before the arrival

01:04:30 of greenery.

01:04:32 Apples have a better taste

01:04:34 when they are cut,

01:04:36 because they are exposed to oxygen.

01:04:38 Oxygen activates an enzyme

01:04:40 that makes the fruit ripen.

01:04:42 This phenomenon also occurs

01:04:44 when you hit an apple.

01:04:46 Oxygen enters through small cracks

01:04:48 caused by the impact

01:04:50 and the fruit begins to ripen.

01:04:52 Do you like white chocolate?

01:04:54 Well, it's not chocolate at all.

01:04:56 It's a mixture of sugar,

01:04:58 milk, vanilla

01:05:00 and cocoa butter.

01:05:02 Cocoa butter is not enough

01:05:04 to make chocolate.

01:05:06 It lacks powder

01:05:08 and contains a lot of sugar.

01:05:10 Bacteria that cause food deterioration

01:05:12 do not survive in honey.

01:05:14 If two pieces of metal

01:05:16 touch each other in space,

01:05:18 they join and fuse.

01:05:20 This does not happen on Earth,

01:05:22 because water and air separate food.

01:05:24 People would be more honest

01:05:28 when they are tired.

01:05:30 It is assumed that this is why

01:05:32 confessions are usually made late at night.

01:05:34 Firefighters extinguish fire

01:05:36 with wet water.

01:05:38 It is water mixed with wet agents.

01:05:40 It is a chemical

01:05:42 that helps water to soak objects

01:05:44 and spread more easily.

01:05:46 The sun is an average star.

01:05:50 However, it is 1,300,000 times

01:05:52 the size of the Earth

01:05:54 and weighs 333,000 times more.

01:05:56 We can dictate our e-mails

01:06:02 in bitter since 2004.

01:06:04 This date corresponds

01:06:06 to the date of codification

01:06:08 of the @ symbol.

01:06:10 The @ is also called comate

01:06:12 for commercial A

01:06:14 and corresponds to the letters A and C combined.

01:06:16 You have already wondered

01:06:18 why some chips are so...

01:06:20 yum...

01:06:22 deliciously wavy?

01:06:24 Imagine you are with friends

01:06:26 watching a movie

01:06:28 and you eat chips.

01:06:30 Would you rather dip a smooth chip

01:06:32 in the sauce or a wavy chip?

01:06:34 Smooth chips cannot stand

01:06:36 the weight of the sauce

01:06:38 and they break.

01:06:40 Bam! You end up with lots of sauce

01:06:42 on your white t-shirt.

01:06:44 They are also better in taste.

01:06:46 Smooth chips have a very strong

01:06:48 oily taste that covers

01:06:50 the taste of potatoes.

01:06:52 And when you eat them,

01:06:54 your fingers are all oily.

01:06:56 It's not really fun, is it?

01:06:58 So, which do you prefer?

01:07:00 Smooth chips or wavy chips?

01:07:02 Bar codes have made our life

01:07:04 so much easier.

01:07:06 But do you know how they work?

01:07:08 The key is the stripes.

01:07:10 Bar codes are read by a scanner.

01:07:12 The scanner has a laser

01:07:14 that detects the pattern

01:07:16 and reads the bar code.

01:07:18 The bar code absorbs light

01:07:20 and the rest is reflected.

01:07:22 The computer gives a point to the lines

01:07:24 and the number of the bar code.

01:07:26 Think of black and white lines

01:07:28 as if they were 1s and 0s.

01:07:30 Black absorbs light

01:07:32 and white reflects it.

01:07:34 Black parts correspond to 1s

01:07:36 and white parts that reflect light

01:07:38 correspond to 0s.

01:07:40 The bar codes are there to remind us

01:07:42 to go to the dentist

01:07:44 or to schedule an appointment.

01:07:46 Make sure to stick them to the wall.

01:07:48 We never used the bar codes

01:07:50 as they should be.

01:07:52 You shouldn't detach them from the package

01:07:54 by pulling them from the bottom up.

01:07:56 It folds the paper and the glue

01:07:58 won't last long.

01:08:00 You have to detach them by taking them

01:08:02 on one side. The glue will last better.

01:08:04 A delicious sweet cloud.

01:08:06 It's the only one, the Bar Bapapa.

01:08:08 An irresistible confectionery

01:08:10 especially for the little ones.

01:08:12 Sugar is bad for the teeth.

01:08:14 Everyone heard their dentist

01:08:16 say that. But surprise!

01:08:18 The inventor of the Bar Bapapa

01:08:20 is a dentist himself.

01:08:22 It was created in 1895

01:08:24 by John C. Wharton,

01:08:26 a confectioner,

01:08:28 and William Morrison, a dentist.

01:08:30 The product was then called

01:08:32 "File de fée". It's a very cool name

01:08:34 by the way.

01:08:36 Thousands of Bar Bapapa were sold

01:08:38 at the Saint Louis Universal Exhibition

01:08:40 in 1904.

01:08:42 The Bar Bapapa is still there.

01:08:44 It's often found in amusement parks.

01:08:46 Dentists continue to treat

01:08:48 sick teeth. Some things

01:08:50 will never change.

01:08:52 Do you like lollipops?

01:08:54 Why are there holes in the stem?

01:08:56 These two little holes can actually

01:08:58 turn the stem into a whistle.

01:09:00 But they're actually used to hold the candy in place.

01:09:02 You dip the stem in liquid syrup

01:09:04 that fills the holes,

01:09:06 solidifies, and then you wrap it up.

01:09:08 The fridge is an invention

01:09:10 that changed our lives.

01:09:12 But not everyone knows

01:09:14 that it hides a big secret.

01:09:16 In August 1956,

01:09:18 a law called

01:09:20 "Refrigerator Safety Act" was adopted.

01:09:22 It was about preventing children

01:09:24 from being locked in a fridge.

01:09:26 These devices were built with a kind of lock

01:09:28 that prevented the fridge from being

01:09:30 open from the inside. Relax!

01:09:32 After the adoption of this law,

01:09:34 all home fridges can open from the inside.

01:09:36 We go from

01:09:38 kitchen to toilet.

01:09:40 It's a habit now to go to the toilet

01:09:42 by looking at Instagram on your phone.

01:09:44 Guess what?

01:09:46 There are more people in the world with a phone

01:09:48 than people who have access to the toilet.

01:09:50 According to a report from the United Nations,

01:09:52 many people

01:09:54 have no access to the toilet,

01:09:56 especially in some areas of South Asia

01:09:58 and sub-Saharan Africa.

01:10:00 The number of people with a phone

01:10:02 exceeds the number of people

01:10:04 with access to clean and viable toilets.

01:10:06 Scientists have also shown

01:10:08 that there are 10 times more germs

01:10:10 on mobile phones

01:10:12 than on most toilet bowls.

01:10:14 So yes, you can disinfect your phone

01:10:16 after watching this video.

01:10:18 You use Skype or FaceTime

01:10:20 to talk to your friends

01:10:22 at the other end of the world.

01:10:24 You just want to chat

01:10:26 or for a meeting, maybe.

01:10:28 The webcam was created

01:10:30 for a very specific reason.

01:10:32 In 1993, researchers

01:10:34 from the Computer Science Department

01:10:36 at the University of Cambridge

01:10:38 set up a system to see

01:10:40 if the coffee maker was full or empty.

01:10:42 Yes, you heard right.

01:10:44 These researchers needed coffee as fuel,

01:10:46 like many of us.

01:10:48 They got out of their chairs,

01:10:50 went to the coffee maker and found it empty.

01:10:52 Instead of making sure someone else

01:10:54 was still making coffee,

01:10:56 they used a system that broadcasted

01:10:58 the image of the room

01:11:00 where the coffee maker was.

01:11:02 At the time, this system broadcasted

01:11:04 three images per minute.

01:11:06 That's enough to understand

01:11:08 if there was any coffee left.

01:11:10 Thank them for not getting up.

01:11:12 And thank you for this great idea.

01:11:14 Do you buy white or brown eggs?

01:11:16 What's the difference between the two,

01:11:18 except for the color?

01:11:20 Since brown eggs are a bit more expensive,

01:11:22 you might think they have something

01:11:24 to do with the price.

01:11:26 But no, the color of the shell

01:11:28 has no effect on nutritional value

01:11:30 or quality of the egg.

01:11:32 Both types of eggs are perfectly healthy.

01:11:34 Brown eggs are more expensive

01:11:36 because the chickens that lay them

01:11:38 need more food.

01:11:40 They cost more to raise

01:11:42 than the chickens that lay the white eggs.

01:11:44 This cost affects the consumer.

01:11:46 There's a hole in the handles

01:11:48 of some pans and some pans.

01:11:50 Most of us use this hole

01:11:52 to hang the pans on the wall.

01:11:54 But it's also used for something else.

01:11:56 Imagine you're making a feast

01:11:58 for your whole family.

01:12:00 The kitchen counter is full of utensils.

01:12:02 You don't know where to put

01:12:04 the wooden spoon of the sauce.

01:12:06 You can put it in the hole

01:12:08 in the handle of the pan.

01:12:10 It won't move until someone

01:12:12 decides to stir the sauce.

01:12:14 All spoons don't go in the hole,

01:12:16 but you have to avoid it from falling.

01:12:18 It's better to test that it holds

01:12:20 and that it's clean.

01:12:22 Imagine you're buying noodles

01:12:24 with extra toppings to take

01:12:26 while you're home.

01:12:28 You've moved recently

01:12:30 and all the plates are still in the boxes.

01:12:32 You can't get them out with your noodle box.

01:12:34 All the toppings are at the bottom

01:12:36 of the box and the sauce doesn't mix.

01:12:38 We've never really known how to

01:12:40 use noodle boxes to take.

01:12:42 They can flatten and be used

01:12:44 like plates.

01:12:46 You just have to pull on the noodles

01:12:48 and you have your plate.

01:12:50 The best part is that you don't

01:12:52 have to do the dishes afterwards.

01:12:54 You know that tomatoes aren't vegetables

01:12:56 but fruits? Avocados too.

01:12:58 Watermelons are a berry,

01:13:00 but that's not all.

01:13:02 Peanuts aren't part of the family

01:13:04 of peanuts. They're not like almonds

01:13:06 and cashews. Peanuts grow underground.

01:13:08 Their stalks look like

01:13:10 potatoes. The visible part

01:13:12 of the plant looks like a bush.

01:13:14 Peanuts aren't considered

01:13:16 as fruit because they don't

01:13:18 grow on trees. They work

01:13:20 like carrots. The next time

01:13:22 you eat peanuts with friends,

01:13:24 you can tell them this story

01:13:26 or start a conversation

01:13:28 with someone who eats them.

01:13:30 The classification of fruits and vegetables

01:13:32 isn't that simple.

01:13:34 Who invented t-shirts?

01:13:36 In 1904, the Cooper

01:13:38 Underwear Company launched

01:13:40 an ad for this new product

01:13:42 showing pictures of a before and after.

01:13:44 At first, it was

01:13:46 body armor. The slogan was

01:13:48 "No pin, no button,

01:13:50 no needle, no thread."

01:13:52 As the name suggested,

01:13:54 it was clothing that

01:13:56 had to be worn under a shirt.

01:13:58 It was decided that sailors

01:14:00 would wear these body armor

01:14:02 without buttons under their uniforms.

01:14:04 Love for t-shirts spread

01:14:06 at the speed of light.

01:14:08 Very quickly, thousands of people

01:14:10 started wearing them.

01:14:12 The 19th century was a time

01:14:14 when we couldn't live without them.

01:14:16 Do you wear t-shirts like sailors?

01:14:18 The Empire State Building

01:14:22 was designed to serve as a

01:14:24 reception station for the managers.

01:14:26 At the time, people thought

01:14:28 these machines would become

01:14:30 the main means of transport in the future.

01:14:32 The project included bridges,

01:14:34 recording offices, customs

01:14:36 and other infrastructure.

01:14:38 But the engineers realized that the wind

01:14:40 was too strong for their plans.

01:14:42 They gave up.

01:14:44 The Salt Orangel, the highest

01:14:46 uninterrupted waterfall on the planet,

01:14:48 is more than twice as high as

01:14:50 the Empire State Building.

01:14:52 During the dry season, the water

01:14:54 sometimes evaporates before

01:14:56 reaching the ground.

01:14:58 The Bloop is one of the most mysterious

01:15:00 sounds ever heard on Earth.

01:15:02 It was produced in 1997 and

01:15:04 sounded like the sounds of marine animals.

01:15:06 But the volume was too large

01:15:08 to be heard by a living creature.

01:15:10 The Bloop continued for a minute.

01:15:12 It started with a deafening sound

01:15:14 and then increased in frequency.

01:15:16 Antarctica may look like a huge

01:15:18 ice field, but there is actually

01:15:20 a huge continent below.

01:15:22 This means that there are volcanoes,

01:15:24 mountains and valleys,

01:15:26 like on any other continent.

01:15:28 Scientists have recently discovered

01:15:30 that the continental mass of Antarctica

01:15:32 had the lowest point on the planet

01:15:34 outside the oceans,

01:15:36 with a huge mountain range.

01:15:38 If one of these volcanoes erupted,

01:15:40 it would melt a huge part of the

01:15:42 surface ice and increase the

01:15:44 ice flow in the ocean.

01:15:46 The sea level would increase

01:15:48 and flood the coastal areas

01:15:50 of the entire world.

01:15:52 The oceans would also be disturbed,

01:15:54 putting marine life at risk.

01:15:56 Fortunately, all these volcanoes

01:15:58 are asleep for now.

01:16:00 A day at the South Pole lasts

01:16:02 six months on this continent.

01:16:04 It's the only sunset and sunrise

01:16:06 on an entire year.

01:16:08 Primitive Earth could have been

01:16:10 purple and not green.

01:16:12 There is a theory that

01:16:14 ancient microbes used

01:16:16 molecules other than chlorophyll

01:16:18 to absorb sunlight.

01:16:20 These molecules probably gave

01:16:22 living organisms a purple hue.

01:16:24 At the Stone Age,

01:16:26 the total population of Central Europe

01:16:28 was about 1,500 people,

01:16:30 which means that they could have

01:16:32 been on a modern medium-sized

01:16:34 cruise ship.

01:16:36 Astronomers have discovered

01:16:38 that the Milky Way weighed

01:16:40 about 1,500 billion solar masses.

01:16:42 A solar mass is the mass

01:16:44 of our Sun. A very small part

01:16:46 of this weight is made up of

01:16:48 a supermassive black hole.

01:16:50 In the centre of the galaxy,

01:16:52 4 million solar masses and 200 billion stars.

01:16:54 The rest is black,

01:16:56 mysterious and invisible matter.

01:16:58 If all the layers of ice

01:17:00 and glaciers in the Arctic were founded

01:17:02 at the same time, the sea level would rise

01:17:04 to the height of a 26-storey building.

01:17:06 Under the black light,

01:17:08 where bananas ripen,

01:17:10 the green grass is green.

01:17:12 This is because of the chlorophyll

01:17:14 that breaks down when the fruit ripens.

01:17:16 Because of the movement of tectonic plates,

01:17:18 the Pacific Ocean shrinks every year

01:17:20 and the Atlantic Ocean

01:17:22 increases in proportion.

01:17:24 Today, there are only

01:17:26 two glacial caps in the world

01:17:28 from the last glacial period

01:17:30 of the planet.

01:17:32 The first is the Gwennland Glacier Cap.

01:17:34 The second, huge,

01:17:36 is that of the Antarctic.

01:17:38 It is the size of Mexico and the United States.

01:17:40 Tsunami waves often pass

01:17:42 unnoticed in the middle of the sea.

01:17:44 They do not rise to more than a few centimetres

01:17:46 above the surface until they reach

01:17:48 shallow waters.

01:17:50 But when the ocean is deep,

01:17:52 they can travel as fast as a long-haul

01:17:54 airline.

01:17:56 Corals that live in shallow waters

01:17:58 produce their own protection against the sun.

01:18:00 In this way, the sunlight would harm

01:18:02 the algae that live inside them.

01:18:04 To protect these algae,

01:18:06 which are the main source of food for corals,

01:18:08 they become fluorescent.

01:18:10 This process allows the production of proteins

01:18:12 that act like a solar screen.

01:18:14 Nearly 90%

01:18:16 of all volcanic activity on Earth

01:18:18 occurs in the oceans.

01:18:20 The South Pacific has the largest

01:18:22 concentration of volcanoes

01:18:24 we know. A group of volcanoes

01:18:26 in particular has 1,133

01:18:28 volcanic cones. They are all active

01:18:30 and enclosed in an area the size

01:18:32 of New York State.

01:18:34 The Zemschug Canyon, in the middle of

01:18:36 the Bering Sea, is the largest

01:18:38 underwater canyon ever discovered.

01:18:40 There are more treasures and artifacts

01:18:42 at the bottom of the ocean than in

01:18:44 all the museums of the world combined.

01:18:46 In 1900, one of the biggest

01:18:48 hurricanes that hit

01:18:50 Central America was in the Gulf of Mexico.

01:18:52 It then continued its course

01:18:54 to Florida and Texas.

01:18:56 It is considered the most devastating

01:18:58 hurricane in the history of the United States.

01:19:00 It was detected for the first time

01:19:02 on August 27 and lasted several days.

01:19:04 When it reached the Texas coast,

01:19:06 the storm turned into a hurricane

01:19:08 of category 4.

01:19:10 Hurricanes are classified according to

01:19:12 the speed and intensity of the winds

01:19:14 using a scale called "Safir-Simpson".

01:19:16 There are five categories,

01:19:18 ranging from 1 to 5,

01:19:20 with 4 being the weakest and 5 the strongest.

01:19:22 The inhabitants of Galveston

01:19:24 had less than 4 days to prepare

01:19:26 for the arrival of the hurricane

01:19:28 which even reached Oklahoma and Kansas.

01:19:30 The great hurricane then headed

01:19:32 to the Great Plains and

01:19:34 swept to the Great Lakes,

01:19:36 New England and reached

01:19:38 southeast Canada.

01:19:40 The storm was so violent that more

01:19:42 than 3,600 houses were damaged,

01:19:44 even if they were strong enough to resist.

01:19:46 Given the population of the time,

01:19:48 this is equivalent to hundreds of thousands

01:19:50 of houses destroyed,

01:19:52 even millions.

01:19:54 Spotted Lake is often considered

01:19:56 the most magical place in Canada.

01:19:58 In winter and spring,

01:20:00 it's just an ordinary lake

01:20:02 that looks like any other.

01:20:04 But try to go there in summer,

01:20:06 when the water starts to evaporate.

01:20:08 You will feel like you are entering

01:20:10 another world, a woodland

01:20:12 with blue, green and yellow spots.

01:20:14 During the summer, there are more than

01:20:16 100 species of plants,

01:20:18 and they all look magical.

01:20:20 Over the centuries, people have believed

01:20:22 that each of them had different

01:20:24 curative properties.

01:20:26 The explanation of these sparkling

01:20:28 colors is pure science.

01:20:30 Each of them has a high concentration

01:20:32 of different minerals.

01:20:34 We live in the sun.

01:20:36 Its atmosphere extends well beyond

01:20:38 its visible surface.

01:20:40 And even if the Earth is

01:20:42 150 million kilometers from the star,

01:20:44 the sun's rays are captured

01:20:46 by the Earth's magnetic field

01:20:48 and crash into the high atmosphere

01:20:50 near the poles.

01:20:52 The rotation speed of our planet

01:20:54 is gradually decreasing.

01:20:56 It happens at a calm rate of 17 milliseconds

01:20:58 per slice of 100 years.

01:21:00 Because of this, our days are

01:21:02 getting longer and longer.

01:21:04 And yet, after 140 million years,

01:21:06 a day on Earth will last 25 hours.

01:21:08 Antarctica, the southernmost

01:21:10 continent of the Earth,

01:21:12 is the fifth largest,

01:21:14 but it contains nearly 70% of all

01:21:16 the planet's fresh water

01:21:18 and 90% of the world's ice.

01:21:20 Antarctica is also considered

01:21:22 a desert.

01:21:24 Many rocks on Earth

01:21:26 have a Martian origin.

01:21:28 Scientists have analyzed the chemical content

01:21:30 of some meteorites found

01:21:32 in the Sahara Desert,

01:21:34 Antarctica and other places.

01:21:36 And it turned out that these rocks

01:21:38 came from the Red Planet.

01:21:40 The Red Planet is located in Denmark.

01:21:42 The 30 sculptors who created it

01:21:44 used more than 5,000 tons of sand.

01:21:46 To make it more durable,

01:21:48 they added 10% clay

01:21:50 and a layer of glue.

01:21:52 They built it to resist long and stormy winters.

01:21:54 Some photons that are not absorbed

01:21:56 are re-emitted,

01:21:58 and their wavelength determines

01:22:00 the color we see.

01:22:02 When you expose a material to sunlight

01:22:04 or to photons of higher energy,

01:22:06 it can damage its chromophores.

01:22:08 This is why they cannot emit photons

01:22:10 with certain wavelengths.

01:22:12 Red materials are most sensitive

01:22:14 to sunlight.

01:22:16 Their chromophores emit red light

01:22:18 to absorb photons

01:22:20 of other wavelengths.

01:22:22 Every day, between 60 and 100 tons

01:22:24 of space dust

01:22:26 drift to the surface of our planet.

01:22:28 These tiny cosmic particles

01:22:30 are mainly released by comets,

01:22:32 which are generally composed

01:22:34 of dust and ice.

01:22:36 When the sun turns this ice into steam,

01:22:38 the remaining dust

01:22:40 descends to Earth.

01:22:42 There are always two sides

01:22:44 to each story.

01:22:46 Just like a classic cotton disc.

01:22:48 Two different textures

01:22:50 to be more precise.

01:22:52 One is smooth, and you are supposed to use it

01:22:54 for the most sensitive areas of your face,

01:22:56 for example, the eyes.

01:22:58 The rougher side can help you

01:23:00 to remove makeup and clean your face

01:23:02 in less sensitive areas,

01:23:04 like the nose.

01:23:06 If you like to have plants in your house,

01:23:08 you probably noticed that flower pots

01:23:10 have holes in the bottom.

01:23:12 These holes are the reason

01:23:14 why your plant friends lead a happy life.

01:23:16 They are extremely important

01:23:18 for water evacuation.

01:23:20 Thanks to these holes,

01:23:22 you will avoid stagnant water accumulations

01:23:24 that can possibly harm your plant.

01:23:26 In addition, thanks to the holes,

01:23:28 the roots can develop and extend

01:23:30 beyond the limits of your pot.

01:23:32 Have you noticed that aviator sunglasses

01:23:34 often have green glasses?

01:23:36 This has something to do

01:23:38 with their origin.

01:23:40 They appeared in the 1930s.

01:23:42 Before that, pilots had

01:23:44 protective glasses to protect their eyes

01:23:46 when they were flying.

01:23:48 High altitudes, dazzling sun

01:23:50 and negative temperatures

01:23:52 were a real test for their eyes.

01:23:54 The glasses helped them

01:23:56 to solve these problems,

01:23:58 but there was another one.

01:24:00 Because the outer and inner

01:24:02 glasses were important,

01:24:04 the lenses were fogging up

01:24:06 and obscuring the pilot's view.

01:24:08 The company Bausch & Lomb

01:24:10 designed lenses in the shape

01:24:12 of drops of water surrounded

01:24:14 by a light metal frame.

01:24:16 The lenses were dark green

01:24:18 because this shade eliminates

01:24:20 blue light, which is also a problem

01:24:22 for pilots when they fly

01:24:24 above the cloud line.

01:24:26 In addition, green glasses reduce reflections

01:24:28 on the outside of the glasses.

01:24:30 But there are holes on the side

01:24:32 of your Converse sneakers.

01:24:34 Are they really necessary?

01:24:36 Well, they allow air to enter

01:24:38 your shoes so that your feet

01:24:40 stay cool.

01:24:42 You can also use them to give

01:24:44 style to your sneakers

01:24:46 and attach them in different ways.

01:24:48 There are two reasons why plastic

01:24:50 bottles have streaks.

01:24:52 First, if you drink water

01:24:54 and it's hot outside,

01:24:56 or if you do sports

01:24:58 or exercise.

01:25:00 Your hands are wet and if the bottle

01:25:02 had a smooth surface, it would be

01:25:04 more difficult to grab it.

01:25:06 The streaks are there to improve

01:25:08 your grip.

01:25:10 The second reason is that thanks

01:25:12 to these streaks, manufacturers

01:25:14 can use a thinner plastic.

01:25:16 This means that they need less

01:25:18 material in the total production

01:25:20 and this plastic remains firm enough

01:25:22 for the bottle to retain its shape.

01:25:24 Wooden coat hangers are not

01:25:26 only there to look good.

01:25:28 As they are made of cedar wood,

01:25:30 they bring a pleasant scent to your closet.

01:25:32 In addition, they repel insects.

01:25:34 They are also super hard, which is

01:25:36 convenient for heavy clothes like jackets.

01:25:38 And as it is difficult to damage them,

01:25:40 they will last longer.

01:25:42 You may have noticed

01:25:44 that there is a square of colors

01:25:46 at the bottom of your toothpaste.

01:25:48 These blocks are generally

01:25:50 blue, red, iron and black.

01:25:52 They are kind of markers

01:25:54 because they help the machines

01:25:56 of the assembly line to recognize

01:25:58 where and when to cut the toothpaste

01:26:00 and seal the end of the tube.

01:26:02 Some boots have loops

01:26:06 on the top and on the back.

01:26:08 This may seem like a fashion effect,

01:26:10 or maybe it's something that

01:26:12 manufacturers add for fun.

01:26:14 But these loops are actually useful.

01:26:16 They allow you to pull the shoe

01:26:18 when you try to put it on.

01:26:20 You can easily hang them

01:26:22 or use the loop to better hold the laces.

01:26:24 Time for confessions.

01:26:26 Do you remember the accessories

01:26:28 provided with your vacuum cleaner?

01:26:30 You also put them aside

01:26:32 and never used them again?

01:26:34 They are actually very useful

01:26:36 when you clean the house

01:26:38 because you can use them in particular areas

01:26:40 that are sometimes difficult to reach

01:26:42 with the normal accessory.

01:26:44 We all know what a savings is for.

01:26:46 But in addition to peeling the skin

01:26:48 you can also use it for the onions.

01:26:50 It may be faster than doing it

01:26:52 with a knife and it will save you

01:26:54 a few tears.

01:26:56 Some sweaters have something

01:26:58 quite special about the neck.

01:27:00 A V-shaped seam

01:27:02 that you can see in the middle of the collar.

01:27:04 This V-shaped element,

01:27:06 similar to the edges of the hem and sleeves,

01:27:08 will allow the owner

01:27:10 to put on the clothes more easily.

01:27:12 And this one won't even lose its shape.

01:27:14 The V-shaped piece is extendable

01:27:16 so that the person wearing the sweater

01:27:18 can pass his head through the collar.

01:27:20 Its purpose is also to absorb sweat.

01:27:22 In its first versions,

01:27:24 the green sweater had a collar

01:27:26 at the front and at the back.

01:27:28 Over time, they lost the back

01:27:30 and this V-shaped piece became

01:27:32 something decorative

01:27:34 because the manufacturers

01:27:36 started to sew a V-shaped collar

01:27:38 without using the collar fabric

01:27:40 they added before.

01:27:42 The squares or the shiny colored circles

01:27:44 are not a secret code

01:27:46 that consumers are supposed to decipher.

01:27:48 It's actually for the engineers

01:27:50 in the printing house.

01:27:52 They are called alignment markers.

01:27:54 During the printing process

01:27:56 of the food packaging,

01:27:58 the manufacturers use

01:28:00 these color blocks

01:28:02 to check if the printing ink

01:28:04 is correct.

01:28:06 They compare the color of the blocks

01:28:08 they print to ensure the brand

01:28:10 they work for a constant quality

01:28:12 in the whole world.

01:28:14 Most printers

01:28:16 only use 4 colors

01:28:18 yellow, magenta, cyan and black.

01:28:20 Some printers have

01:28:22 additional colors like green,

01:28:24 orange and purple.

01:28:26 That's why you sometimes see

01:28:28 several circles on some packaging.

01:28:30 They test each color of ink.

01:28:32 The margins in the notebooks.

01:28:34 They are not there

01:28:36 as a kind of guide to take notes

01:28:38 and write.

01:28:40 They are a potential solution

01:28:42 to protect the written work

01:28:44 against rats.

01:28:46 They used to be common

01:28:48 in people's homes.

01:28:50 They are known for their diet

01:28:52 that includes everything,

01:28:54 including paper.

01:28:56 People started to add

01:28:58 large margins like in Musgul

01:29:00 which was supposed to satisfy the rats.

01:29:02 So they couldn't reach

01:29:04 the main dish, the written pages.

01:29:06 The costumes have a buttonhole

01:29:08 to prevent you from opening

01:29:10 the costume without damaging it.

01:29:12 When you compare it to the other side

01:29:14 you see that this one is completely smooth

01:29:16 without any trace.

01:29:18 You won't find a buttonhole

01:29:20 as little as this one on a suit.

01:29:22 Sportswear shirts,

01:29:24 jackets and other clothes

01:29:26 also have one.

01:29:28 And that's linked to the history of the side.

01:29:30 The first side buttons

01:29:32 appeared in the early 19th century.

01:29:34 Men used to wear

01:29:36 high-heeled shirts.

01:29:38 They buttoned them up.

01:29:40 During the hot days,

01:29:42 they loosened the buttons,

01:29:44 lowered the collar and left the upper button.

01:29:46 It was a way to relieve the heat

01:29:48 and their folded side was symmetrical

01:29:50 to the chest.

01:29:52 Today we identify it as a side.

01:29:54 People stopped using

01:29:56 this side buttonhole

01:29:58 after the side appeared,

01:30:00 except for certain formal occasions

01:30:02 like when you wanted to put a flower on it.

01:30:04 That's why seamstresses

01:30:06 left it as a fashion item.

01:30:08 Let's talk about tea bags.

01:30:10 It's easy to guess what they're for

01:30:12 but they can also be useful

01:30:14 if your feet smell bad

01:30:16 after a long day in your shoes.

01:30:18 You just need to put new tea bags

01:30:20 in your shoes at night.

01:30:22 When you wake up,

01:30:24 the tea bags will have absorbed

01:30:26 all the unwanted smells.

01:30:28 But don't forget to sanitize

01:30:30 afterwards.

01:30:32 It's the same for tea bags.

01:30:34 If your favorite bracelet breaks

01:30:36 and you're looking for a way

01:30:38 to keep it,

01:30:40 a tea bag can help.

01:30:42 Just hang one on each end

01:30:44 of the bracelet and twist it tightly

01:30:46 and it's ready to go.

01:30:48 Why do we think so commonly

01:30:50 that dogs are Daltonian?

01:30:52 They can see colors,

01:30:54 even if their spectrum is more limited

01:30:56 than ours.

01:30:58 They can distinguish blue, yellow and purple.

01:31:00 It's easy to tell the difference

01:31:02 between orange, red and green.

01:31:04 So if you want to redecorate your dog's house,

01:31:06 you should use purple and blue.

01:31:08 Animals, plants and humans,

01:31:10 we are all connected

01:31:12 and have common traits

01:31:14 because we all evolved

01:31:16 from the same micro-ancestor.

01:31:18 It's the original ancestor

01:31:20 of our planet, Lucca.

01:31:22 This organism, 3.8 billion years old,

01:31:24 is our last universal common ancestor.

01:31:28 Closing your eyes

01:31:30 can improve your memory.

01:31:32 Let's say you want to listen to a story

01:31:34 and see how long you can remember.

01:31:36 Studies have shown that if you close your eyes

01:31:38 and rest for 15 minutes,

01:31:40 you'll remember better.

01:31:42 It's a good technique when you study

01:31:44 or try to remember painful information.

01:31:46 The pink corner of your eye

01:31:48 is actually the vestige

01:31:50 of the third eye.

01:31:52 We all have this mysterious membrane.

01:31:54 The third eye is much more important

01:31:56 than the other eye.

01:31:58 It protects our eyes from dust.

01:32:00 But for humans,

01:32:02 this membrane has no particular function.

01:32:04 Scientists think we'll end up losing it.

01:32:06 When potatoes are exposed to too much light,

01:32:10 they usually turn green,

01:32:12 which means they are in a factory,

01:32:14 a warehouse or a field.

01:32:16 This happens because they start to form chlorophyll,

01:32:18 a pigment that gives plants their green color.

01:32:20 So when you see green chips,

01:32:22 it means they were made

01:32:24 from a potato that was exposed

01:32:26 to light for a long time.

01:32:28 But it's not because there are

01:32:30 some in your packet that you should eat them.

01:32:32 It turns out that the green areas

01:32:34 on potatoes and chips

01:32:36 are not good for you.

01:32:38 Nothing will happen if you eat one or two,

01:32:40 but if you eat too many,

01:32:42 you may feel a certain discomfort.

01:32:44 Despite their name,

01:32:48 some oranges are not orange.

01:32:50 Some initially contain

01:32:52 large amounts of chlorophyll,

01:32:54 which gives this citrus

01:32:56 its green color.

01:32:58 As it ripens,

01:33:00 the chlorophyll slowly disappears

01:33:02 when the fruit is exposed to cool temperatures.

01:33:04 That's when it takes its orange color.

01:33:06 But that's also why

01:33:08 in the hottest regions of the world,

01:33:10 oranges remain green.

01:33:12 If you ordered something small

01:33:14 on Amazon,

01:33:16 like a pen, a simple book or something else,

01:33:18 you may have received it in a box

01:33:20 that seemed way too big for your item.

01:33:22 And it's not an accident or a coincidence.

01:33:24 It comes from their complex

01:33:26 shipping algorithm.

01:33:28 It takes into account the size of the other packages

01:33:30 destined for the same place

01:33:32 as well as the size of the vehicle.

01:33:34 The small item receives a box

01:33:36 whose size corresponds to the space

01:33:38 available inside the vehicle

01:33:40 with the other packages and prevents the boxes from sliding.

01:33:42 The physicist and inventor Percy Spencer

01:33:46 discovered microwaves by accident.

01:33:48 He was building a magnetron

01:33:50 for some of his radar equipment.

01:33:52 At some point,

01:33:54 he realized that the chocolate bar

01:33:56 he had in his pocket

01:33:58 had started to melt.

01:34:00 Out of curiosity,

01:34:02 he directed the microwaves towards

01:34:04 exploded eggs and popcorn.

01:34:06 That's how he discovered

01:34:08 a great tool for heating food

01:34:10 that uses less energy than a conventional oven.

01:34:12 In its original version,

01:34:16 the "paste" substance we call "Play-Doh"

01:34:18 was a cleaning product for paper.

01:34:20 It was invented and sold

01:34:22 to remove the dust from the paper.

01:34:24 When it first appeared on the market,

01:34:26 it was only found in a broken white color.

01:34:28 But later,

01:34:30 when they started selling it as a toy,

01:34:32 this substance was produced

01:34:34 in yellow, blue and red.

01:34:36 Today, it exists in more than 50 different colors.

01:34:38 Bubble wrap had a slightly different purpose

01:34:42 at first.

01:34:44 It was supposed to be paper.

01:34:46 In the 1950s,

01:34:48 when it first appeared,

01:34:50 two engineers decided to glue

01:34:52 two shower curtains together.

01:34:54 That's how they trapped small air bubbles between them.

01:34:56 They tried to create a kind of paper

01:34:58 with a texture, but it didn't work.

01:35:00 A few years later,

01:35:02 IBM had to send data processors

01:35:04 and needed something to protect them.

01:35:06 That's when the bubble wrap phenomenon

01:35:08 appeared.

01:35:10 A study showed that a single minute spent

01:35:12 on a bubble wrap is as relaxing

01:35:14 as a 30-minute massage.

01:35:16 Why don't electric fans cool the air?

01:35:18 You just need to place a thermometer

01:35:20 in front of the device

01:35:22 and choose turbo mode

01:35:24 so that the temperature doesn't drop.

01:35:26 In fact, the temperature could even increase

01:35:28 if you leave the thermometer next to the fan

01:35:30 thanks to the electric current.

01:35:32 A fan doesn't cool the air,

01:35:34 but it cools you or any other object

01:35:36 containing water.

01:35:38 An electric fan improves air circulation

01:35:40 in a closed space and accelerates evaporation,

01:35:42 which cools liquids,

01:35:44 including your skin's sweat.

01:35:46 Have you noticed that the pen caps

01:35:50 have little holes at the top?

01:35:52 It may seem strange at first,

01:35:54 but it's to save your life.

01:35:56 If you accidentally swallow this cap,

01:35:58 the hole allows you to continue breathing

01:36:00 because the cap doesn't completely block

01:36:02 the airways.

01:36:04 If you look closely at the night sky,

01:36:06 you'll see that the stars

01:36:08 have different shapes and sizes.

01:36:10 White is the most common color,

01:36:12 but it's also seen in shades

01:36:14 of red, blue and yellow.

01:36:16 But you'll never see green stars.

01:36:18 It's not that stars don't emit green light,

01:36:20 it's just that our eyes

01:36:22 don't see it that way.

01:36:24 Stars have different colors

01:36:26 when they burn at different temperatures.

01:36:28 The hottest stars are blue,

01:36:30 while the coldest stars seem to burn

01:36:32 in red tones, but they all shine

01:36:34 in different colors.

01:36:36 The brightest star is the brightest

01:36:38 star, and it's the brightest star

01:36:40 that represents different parts

01:36:42 of the spectrum of colors.

01:36:44 We can't see all these wavelengths

01:36:46 separately. We only see the main

01:36:48 luminous wavelength, the predominant

01:36:50 color. Thus, medium-temperature stars

01:36:52 emit green photons in most cases,

01:36:54 but they don't seem green to us.

01:36:56 When we try to treat an object

01:36:58 that generates many red, green,

01:37:00 blue and yellow photons at the same time,

01:37:02 our eyes see it as white.

01:37:04 But when we try to treat a medium-temperature star,

01:37:06 like our sun, it appears white.

01:37:08 Why do we blink?

01:37:10 Well, to moisten

01:37:12 and clean the eye.

01:37:14 Every time you close your eyes,

01:37:16 the tear glands secrete a salty substance

01:37:18 that sweeps the surface of your eye.

01:37:20 It then removes all these tiny

01:37:22 particles of dust and also

01:37:24 lubricates the exposed parts

01:37:26 of your eyeball.

01:37:28 We usually blink every 4 to 6 seconds,

01:37:30 except if the eyes are more irritated.

01:37:32 In this case, we blink more often

01:37:34 to keep them moist and clean.

01:37:36 But that's not all.

01:37:38 Blinking also helps our brain to rest.

01:37:40 It must treat so many things

01:37:42 all the time that it's normal to

01:37:44 give it a break from time to time.

01:37:46 Thus, blinking helps our brain

01:37:48 run about 15 to 20 times per minute.

01:37:50 When we close our eyes,

01:37:52 we help our brain to relax

01:37:54 and take a very short mental break

01:37:56 that is nevertheless effective.

01:37:58 That's why we blink more often

01:38:00 than we do every day.

01:38:02 Why do we have nails?

01:38:04 They are generally made of a specific type

01:38:06 of protein found in fur,

01:38:08 hair, claws and shoes.

01:38:10 It's keratin.

01:38:12 And unlike claws,

01:38:14 nails are flat and wide,

01:38:16 which makes them more effective

01:38:18 to protect the tips of toes

01:38:20 and fingers against potential injuries.

01:38:22 Not only do nails protect sensitive areas,

01:38:24 but they also make a rigid support

01:38:26 that allows you to take and separate

01:38:28 small objects more easily.

01:38:30 How could you take a simple piece of jigsaw

01:38:32 or take off a sticker

01:38:34 from its support without nails?

01:38:36 It would be almost impossible

01:38:38 without additional tools.

01:38:40 Great apes and chimpanzees

01:38:42 also use their feet for these delicate tasks.

01:38:44 Primates probably developed nails

01:38:46 because they needed help

01:38:48 with simple tasks like

01:38:50 firmly grasping branches or removing ticks.

01:38:52 Raspberries, walnuts, strawberries

01:38:54 and cherries are not berries.

01:38:56 To be classified among berries,

01:38:58 they must have three layers.

01:39:00 An outer protective layer,

01:39:02 a fleshy layer in the middle

01:39:04 and finally an inner layer with seeds.

01:39:06 In addition, a plant must come from

01:39:08 a flower with only one green

01:39:10 and have two seeds or more.

01:39:12 Thus, according to this criterion,

01:39:14 raspberries and cherries are berries.

01:39:16 There are also other plants

01:39:18 that we did not expect to find

01:39:20 in this category.

01:39:22 Kiwis, bananas, watermelon,

01:39:24 eggplants and even peppers.

01:39:26 You have probably heard that

01:39:28 your ears and nose are the parts

01:39:30 of the body that never stop growing.

01:39:32 This is due to the effects of skin change

01:39:34 and gravity.

01:39:36 Other parts of your body change

01:39:38 in the same way, but you can't see it

01:39:40 as well as you can see what's going on

01:39:42 with your nose and ears.

01:39:44 If you were asked where your stomach was,

01:39:46 you would probably point to your belly.

01:39:48 Sorry, but it's wrong.

01:39:50 In fact, it is higher,

01:39:52 hidden behind your ribs.

01:39:54 Your stomach has an incredible capacity,

01:39:56 being able to contain up to 2 liters of liquid,

01:39:58 which is the equivalent of a large

01:40:00 bottle of Coca-Cola.

01:40:02 It is quite difficult to estimate

01:40:04 the amount of solid food you can ingest

01:40:06 because they are treated by your teeth

01:40:08 before they reach your stomach.

01:40:10 There is certainly not enough room for a turkey,

01:40:12 but a good-sized chicken would probably fit.

01:40:14 Speaking of organs,

01:40:16 scientists think that the appendix

01:40:18 will eventually disappear.

01:40:20 No one really knows why we need it,

01:40:22 but some researchers say

01:40:24 it could have existed to help our ancestors

01:40:26 digest the bark of trees.

01:40:28 As it is no longer part of our daily diet,

01:40:30 the appendix is no longer necessary

01:40:32 and can disappear from our body

01:40:34 without any consequences.

01:40:36 The appendix is not the only

01:40:38 obsolete part of our body.

01:40:40 Wisdom teeth are no longer very useful either.

01:40:42 They were when our ancestors

01:40:44 lost some of their teeth.

01:40:46 But the only thing they help us lose now

01:40:48 is the money we spend on

01:40:50 their removal.

01:40:52 You can easily survive without your appendix,

01:40:54 but also without your stomach,

01:40:56 kidney or lung.

01:40:58 In this case, it is good to know

01:41:00 that we have spare parts.

01:41:02 If you never knew you had a personal bodyguard,

01:41:04 look inside your body.

01:41:06 Your liver is a security agent

01:41:08 that you protect from toxins

01:41:10 and many other things

01:41:12 you don't want to keep inside you.

01:41:14 It is almost indestructible

01:41:16 and can regenerate.

01:41:18 Your liver is a very important organ

01:41:20 that works a lot and is responsible

01:41:22 for 500 individual functions.

01:41:24 Up to 10% of its content is made up of fat

01:41:26 and it can grow back.

01:41:28 Even if you only have less than half of your liver left,

01:41:30 it can still regenerate

01:41:32 to find its initial size.

01:41:34 On average, your heart is as big

01:41:36 as your fist.

01:41:38 It beats 115,000 times

01:41:40 and pumps about 7,500 liters of blood per day.

01:41:42 The right lung is bigger than the left

01:41:44 because your body has to make room for the heart.

01:41:46 You inhale many different types of debris,

01:41:48 including 700,000 of your own skin squam,

01:41:50 and that's only one day.

01:41:52 The stomach is the most important defender

01:41:54 of the immune system.

01:41:56 The chlorhydric acid present in our stomach

01:41:58 kills the dangerous food toxins,

01:42:00 viruses and bacteria

01:42:02 that are in the food you eat.

01:42:04 This acid could digest the stomach itself,

01:42:06 but the mucous protects it.

01:42:08 You can burn calories

01:42:10 when you take a hot bath,

01:42:12 as much as if you were walking for half an hour.

01:42:14 You burn between 100 and 200 calories per hour

01:42:16 while standing.

01:42:18 The sitting position burns

01:42:20 60 to 130 calories,

01:42:22 depending on your size, weight,

01:42:24 sex and age.

01:42:26 It is your own body that inflates and eats

01:42:28 mosquito bites.

01:42:30 A mosquito pierces your skin,

01:42:32 your immune system perceives the saliva of the insect

01:42:34 as a foreign substance.

01:42:36 It triggers a special reaction

01:42:38 to expel the intruder from your body.

01:42:40 The blood produced by the immune system,

01:42:42 called histamine,

01:42:44 circulates the blood faster

01:42:46 around the stung area,

01:42:48 and this causes swelling.

01:42:50 Histamine also sends a signal to the nearest nerves,

01:42:52 which causes damage

01:42:54 to the bite.

01:42:56 Airplane food

01:42:58 tastes slightly different from ground-based food.

01:43:00 It's because you lose up to 30%

01:43:02 of the sensitivity of your gums

01:43:04 because of the air's dryness

01:43:06 and the pressure in the cabin.

01:43:08 This is particularly true

01:43:10 for salty and sweet foods.

01:43:12 You wouldn't be able to taste food

01:43:14 without saliva.

01:43:16 Your gums are endowed with

01:43:18 receptors that recognize different flavors,

01:43:20 but they need a liquid

01:43:22 to bind these flavors

01:43:24 to their molecules.

01:43:26 In addition, you can't taste things

01:43:28 that saliva doesn't dissolve.

01:43:30 You can always eat a dessert,

01:43:32 whatever the amount of salad,

01:43:34 soup or meat you've eaten before.

01:43:36 But when you see and feel

01:43:38 something sweet,

01:43:40 like ice cream, cakes or chocolate,

01:43:42 your brain gets excited.

01:43:44 It sends out all the signs of satiety

01:43:46 to promote pleasure.

01:43:48 In addition, your stomach is a flexible organ,

01:43:50 and sugar helps it relax

01:43:52 and make room for dessert.

01:43:54 The tongue is one of the most powerful

01:43:56 muscles in your body.

01:43:58 This organ contains more than

01:44:00 10,000 taste buds,

01:44:02 and each bud is endowed

01:44:04 with a microscopic sensor.

01:44:06 Their job is to sense your food,

01:44:08 to distinguish flavors,

01:44:10 and to send information to your brain

01:44:12 to launch the appropriate digestion process.

01:44:14 Throughout your life,

01:44:16 all these little bumps and ridges

01:44:18 on your tongue create a special

01:44:20 individual pattern.

01:44:22 That's why experts say that tongue

01:44:24 prints are as unique as digital prints.

01:44:26 In fact, your tongue doesn't have

01:44:28 a separate section for the bitter,

01:44:30 sweet, sour or salty.

01:44:32 The palate and even the throat

01:44:34 can detect all the tastes

01:44:36 of the 10,000 taste buds

01:44:38 on your tongue.

01:44:40 For some people,

01:44:42 coriander tastes like soap

01:44:44 because the plant contains a chemical

01:44:46 used in the soap's production.

01:44:48 But only 4 to 14% of the world's population

01:44:50 have special genes that can detect it.

01:44:52 The masseter is the strongest muscle

01:44:54 you have,

01:44:56 in terms of weight.

01:44:58 With the rest of the muscle of the jaw,

01:45:00 you have 90 kg on the molar,

01:45:02 and 25 kg on the incisors.

01:45:04 Your spine has a huge memory.

01:45:06 It remembers your posture,

01:45:08 which makes it so difficult

01:45:10 to improve it.

01:45:12 You owe the flesh of your ancestors' chickens

01:45:14 a long time ago.

01:45:16 Their hair stood up to make them

01:45:18 look bigger and more frightening

01:45:20 to their enemies.

01:45:22 Cats whistle and bark their backs

01:45:24 for the same reason.

01:45:26 Only 43% of what makes you up

01:45:28 is your body's DNA.

01:45:30 More than 50% of your body's cells

01:45:32 belong to tiny creatures

01:45:34 that live mainly in your gut.

01:45:36 Yet even if your own cells

01:45:38 are less numerous than the cells of a microbial,

01:45:40 there are on average

01:45:42 about 100 trillion in your body.

01:45:44 So you're never really alone.

01:45:46 Keeping that in mind,

01:45:48 your own genes represent less than half

01:45:50 of what you're really made of.

01:45:52 If you take all the microbes

01:45:54 that live in your body

01:45:56 you'll have between 2 and 20 million.

01:45:58 Our size, the shape of our body

01:46:00 and the color of our skin

01:46:02 depend a lot on where our ancestors lived.

01:46:04 But we can adapt to new conditions

01:46:06 even during our own life.

01:46:08 For example, if you go from plains to mountains,

01:46:10 you'll end up developing

01:46:12 more red blood cells

01:46:14 to compensate for the lack of oxygen.

01:46:16 And naturally, if you go from a colder climate

01:46:18 to a warmer and more sunny climate,

01:46:20 your skin will become darker to adapt.

01:46:22 Our lifespan is programmed

01:46:24 in our cells.

01:46:26 They renew and divide constantly,

01:46:28 but they have a sort of

01:46:30 internal timer that stops at a given moment.

01:46:32 Some cells also stop

01:46:34 reproducing earlier than others.

01:46:36 On average, cells stop dividing

01:46:38 when we reach the age of 100.

01:46:40 If we're lucky,

01:46:42 that means that if we could find

01:46:44 a way to deceive our cells

01:46:46 so that they stop the timer,

01:46:48 we could potentially live forever.

01:46:50 A human mouth is quite unique.

01:46:52 You won't find two identical series of teeth,

01:46:54 even in real twins.

01:46:56 It's because the shape of the mouth

01:46:58 depends on the way each person

01:47:00 uses their jaw.

01:47:02 Even the smallest habits you had

01:47:04 several years ago, like biting your lips,

01:47:06 affect the formation of your teeth

01:47:08 and the unique character of your dental imprint.

01:47:10 You probably noticed that the red lip imprints

01:47:12 on a napkin or mirror

01:47:14 are always slightly different

01:47:16 depending on the person who left them.

01:47:18 Studies on women and men

01:47:20 have shown that the lip imprints

01:47:22 on each individual are unique.

01:47:24 They haven't shown any particular features

01:47:26 based on the sex factor.

01:47:28 The lower jaw or jaw is the only bone

01:47:30 in the skull that isn't attached to the surrounding bone.

01:47:32 It's attached to the subjunctive tissues

01:47:34 and muscles, which makes it so mobile.

01:47:36 You can move it in the direction you want.

01:47:38 There are groups of sensory cells

01:47:40 in your tongue.

01:47:42 The papillae, which are closer to the surface,

01:47:44 are more ephemeral.

01:47:46 That's why you shouldn't wait

01:47:48 too long to taste again

01:47:50 after you've burned your tongue.

01:47:52 The tip of your fingers is sensitive,

01:47:54 but hundreds of times less than your lips.

01:47:56 There are more nerve cells and connections

01:48:02 in your brain than there are stars

01:48:04 in the Milky Way.

01:48:06 If you decided to count them all,

01:48:08 it would take you 3,000 years.

01:48:10 To make your job easier,

01:48:12 know that you have about 100 billion neurons

01:48:14 inside your cranial box.

01:48:16 The brain can't really feel pain.

01:48:18 It does have a pain center,

01:48:20 but it doesn't have a pain receptor.

01:48:22 When your head hurts,

01:48:24 you can feel it through the nerves,

01:48:26 tissues and blood vessels

01:48:28 surrounding your brain.

01:48:30 Your living memory or working memory

01:48:32 is an essential thing you need

01:48:34 to do almost all your daily activities,

01:48:36 including basic conversations,

01:48:38 surfing the Internet

01:48:40 and even petting your dog.

01:48:42 Our strongest memories are often wrong.

01:48:44 Our central memory gives us the confidence

01:48:46 to believe that we remember everything,

01:48:48 even if most of the details

01:48:50 are actually invented by our mind.

01:48:52 When we laugh, think,

01:48:54 look at something, dream,

01:48:56 move or do any other activity

01:48:58 with our body,

01:49:00 small electrical and chemical signals

01:49:02 circulate between neurons

01:49:04 along the connections.

01:49:06 And thanks to that, our neurons produce

01:49:08 and send more information

01:49:10 than all the phones in the world.

01:49:12 Imagine you're sitting somewhere outside

01:49:14 and an insect lands on your leg.

01:49:16 Your skin has sensory neurons

01:49:18 and they send the message to your brain

01:49:20 at an impressive speed

01:49:22 of 193 km/h.

01:49:24 The brain sends the message

01:49:26 to your leg so that it shakes

01:49:28 the insect very quickly.

01:49:30 And the speed at which the information

01:49:32 travels back is even faster,

01:49:34 320 km/h.

01:49:36 Our brain can only store

01:49:38 one octet in its short-term memory.

01:49:40 Don't even think about comparing

01:49:42 your brain to the capacity of a phone,

01:49:44 not even the one you had in 2005.

01:49:46 That's why you have trouble

01:49:48 learning a simple phone number by heart.

01:49:50 Our short-term memory

01:49:52 works like a blackboard.

01:49:54 You can store some information

01:49:56 but sooner or later you run out of space.

01:49:58 To check the capacity of your work memory,

01:50:00 do this test.

01:50:02 Ask a friend to write a list

01:50:04 of 10 words and read it to you.

01:50:06 Most people remember

01:50:08 7 words from the list.

01:50:10 Synesthesia is a special and rare ability

01:50:12 that allows people to taste music

01:50:14 or hear colors.

01:50:16 Only 1 person out of 2000

01:50:18 has this ability.

01:50:20 Besides, the 5 basic senses are

01:50:22 taste, touch, sight, sound and smell.

01:50:24 But people have more senses than that.

01:50:26 For example,

01:50:28 proprioception is the ability

01:50:30 to be aware of parts of your body

01:50:32 and their position,

01:50:34 even if you don't see them.

01:50:36 For example, if your arm is behind your back,

01:50:38 you know it's there.

01:50:40 If you were a peacock, you wouldn't know it

01:50:42 because these creatures don't know

01:50:44 that their arms exist if they don't see them.

01:50:46 Thermoception is your ability

01:50:48 to perceive temperature.

01:50:50 Equilibrioception is the sense of balance.

01:50:52 There is also noniception,

01:50:54 which means you can feel pain.

01:50:56 Or chronoception,

01:50:58 which is the way you can perceive

01:51:00 the passing of time.

01:51:02 And in animal kingdom,

01:51:04 you can perceive the senses humans don't have.

01:51:06 You can't remember an isolated memory

01:51:08 when you try to think of a detail.

01:51:10 Like the color of the t-shirt

01:51:12 your friend wore last week,

01:51:14 you will also remember other details.

01:51:16 For example, the place where you saw it

01:51:18 or the things you talked about.

01:51:20 Hippocampus is the area of your brain

01:51:22 that stores memories.

01:51:24 It compresses them together,

01:51:26 including multiple little details.

01:51:28 On average,

01:51:30 digestive papillomaviruses last 10 days.

01:51:32 Scientists say that the déjà vu

01:51:34 is a kind of lag in the brain's processing.

01:51:36 Scientists think it can happen

01:51:38 when your brain transfers information

01:51:40 from one side to the other

01:51:42 and there is a delay of a fraction of a second

01:51:44 in this process.

01:51:46 This means that your brain

01:51:48 receives the same information twice

01:51:50 and processes it like the event

01:51:52 that happened before.

01:51:54 You can physically see your nose,

01:51:56 but your brain chooses to ignore it.

01:51:58 Otherwise, it would be an obstacle to your vision

01:52:00 and you would not be able to see clearly.

01:52:02 Brain freeze is a headache

01:52:04 caused by the ice cream.

01:52:06 It's the way your brain tells you to slow down

01:52:08 or maybe even stop eating

01:52:10 something so cold.

01:52:12 People usually need 7 minutes

01:52:14 to fall asleep.

01:52:16 This time is shorter if you just ate a meal.

01:52:18 In the past, people dreamed

01:52:20 much more in black and white than today.

01:52:22 It's because they watched TV in black and white.

01:52:24 About 12% of people can't dream in color

01:52:26 nowadays.

01:52:28 When you fall asleep, all your muscles relax at the same time.

01:52:30 Your brain thinks you are about to fall

01:52:32 and sends signals to all your muscles

01:52:34 to wake them up.

01:52:36 That's why you sometimes feel like you are falling.

01:52:38 Hypnic shake is also

01:52:40 a sudden jump you can feel while you are sleeping.

01:52:42 It's a sudden muscle movement

01:52:44 that occurs during the non-REM sleep phase.

01:52:46 If you sleep,

01:52:48 it doesn't mean that your whole body is sleeping.

01:52:50 In fact, it happens that your brain

01:52:52 has to work even harder when you fall asleep.

01:52:54 It has to process tons of information

01:52:56 and reports usually take a lot of time.

01:52:58 When you wake up,

01:53:00 you will have forgotten 50% of your last dream.

01:53:02 After 10 minutes,

01:53:04 you will have forgotten 90%.

01:53:06 When you blush,

01:53:08 the wall of your stomach blushes at the same time as your face.

01:53:10 It happens because

01:53:12 your sympathetic nervous system

01:53:14 causes an increase in blood flow

01:53:16 throughout the body.

01:53:18 The follicles of your hair have the same receptors

01:53:20 as your nasal voices.

01:53:22 That's why your hair can also detect perfumes.

01:53:24 The scent of the wood can help you develop this super power.

01:53:26 Your nose rests while you sleep.

01:53:28 Surprisingly,

01:53:30 your smell goes away during the night.

01:53:32 You wouldn't even be bothered

01:53:34 if there was a really bad smell in your room.

01:53:36 When you get older,

01:53:38 the size of your brain gradually decreases.

01:53:40 At 75, it is much smaller than at 30.

01:53:42 And it starts to shrink

01:53:44 from the age of 40.

01:53:46 It happens to everyone

01:53:48 and doesn't affect your mental abilities.

01:53:50 You may have tried,

01:53:52 but you can't tickle yourself.

01:53:54 It's because your brain prepares your body for tickling

01:53:56 and helps you avoid the typical reaction of laughter.

01:53:58 We only recognize

01:54:00 blue, green,

01:54:02 and red.

01:54:04 Everything else is a combination of these three colors.

01:54:06 It is impossible to calculate

01:54:08 the number of these combinations that the human eye perceives.

01:54:10 Because each person has slight differences in vision.

01:54:12 But it's about

01:54:14 a million combinations on average.

01:54:16 Be careful, your skull is not made of one bone.

01:54:18 It is actually made up of

01:54:20 28 different bones,

01:54:22 many of which are welded together

01:54:24 to protect your brain.

01:54:26 The strongest muscles of your body

01:54:28 are not in your arms or legs.

01:54:30 They are in your head.

01:54:32 The masseter is the main muscle responsible for chewing.

01:54:34 And it must be very powerful

01:54:36 so that you can eat normally.

01:54:38 And these famous muscles that allow you to move your ears?

01:54:40 They are temporal muscles,

01:54:42 located above your temples.

01:54:44 They also help chew your food.

01:54:46 Now we have two very fast muscles.

01:54:48 The first is the closing of the eyelids.

01:54:50 These are the fastest muscles of our body.

01:54:52 The eyes are fragile and need to be protected.

01:54:54 So the reflex that protects them

01:54:56 must be as fast as lightning.

01:54:58 These muscles can close your eyelids

01:55:00 in less than a tenth of a second.

01:55:02 Our body is made of star dust.

01:55:04 The most complex elements of our body

01:55:06 could only appear thanks to supernovas.

01:55:08 The first stars were

01:55:10 only gaseous amas

01:55:12 that were gathered and at one point

01:55:14 started a combustion process.

01:55:16 This finally led to a nuclear reaction

01:55:18 in their center.

01:55:20 The stars that were there just after the Big Bang

01:55:22 were more than 50 times bigger than our current sun.

01:55:24 Inside them,

01:55:26 there was a constant process

01:55:28 of element manufacturing

01:55:30 and these big stars burned their fuel faster.

01:55:32 Most of the elements of the human body

01:55:34 were formed in these stars

01:55:36 over billions of years.

01:55:38 So we can say

01:55:40 realistically that part of you

01:55:42 is immortal.

01:55:44 Cool, isn't it?

01:55:46 How can spiders survive

01:55:48 when they lose a leg?

01:55:50 When they are in a dangerous situation

01:55:52 and try to escape,

01:55:54 they can lose legs

01:55:56 and be repulsed only a few months later.

01:55:58 They will survive without any problem

01:56:00 because most of the time

01:56:02 their legs detach at the point of rupture.

01:56:04 These are joints that contain muscles

01:56:06 that contract, which helps spiders

01:56:08 to minimize blood loss.

01:56:10 If they lose a leg at the level of the part

01:56:12 that precedes the point of rupture,

01:56:14 they will lose more blood

01:56:16 and it will be more difficult for them to heal.

01:56:18 Speaking of spiders,

01:56:20 have you noticed that they sometimes remain immobile

01:56:22 for a long time?

01:56:24 They freeze while waiting for a potential prey

01:56:26 to land on their web.

01:56:28 If a spider moves,

01:56:30 it wastes energy and unnecessarily attracts attention

01:56:32 on it.

01:56:34 Either a hungry bird in search of a food waste will see it,

01:56:36 or the spider will remain hungry

01:56:38 because the flies will have less tendency to approach the web.

01:56:40 When it passes a web,

01:56:42 it also spends a lot of energy.

01:56:44 Even when the web is over,

01:56:46 a spider can have to wait days

01:56:48 or weeks before catching something.

01:56:50 It is therefore important to save

01:56:52 as much energy as possible.

01:56:54 Hunting spiders are much more active,

01:56:56 but most of them

01:56:58 are nocturnal predators.

01:57:00 They spend their day resting,

01:57:02 hidden under a rock or in a bed.

01:57:04 Roasted potatoes

01:57:06 can remain hot for a very long time

01:57:08 and this is due to the fatty and starchy crust

01:57:10 which acts as a kind of insulating layer.

01:57:12 When you boil a potato,

01:57:14 its starch granules

01:57:16 absorb water and swell

01:57:18 until the carbon molecules escape

01:57:20 to produce a kind of thick gel.

01:57:22 If you then put the potato in the oven,

01:57:24 the high temperature

01:57:26 drives away the humidity.

01:57:28 The gelatinized starch

01:57:30 then finds itself outside the potato

01:57:32 and creates a crispy crust

01:57:34 that imprisons the heat inside.

01:57:36 The fat from the cooking plate

01:57:38 also accumulates in the cracks

01:57:40 and the structure that keeps the heat

01:57:42 remains solid.

01:57:44 Birds do not electrocute

01:57:46 by landing on electric lines

01:57:48 because it is not the voltage

01:57:50 that can harm them,

01:57:52 but the difference in voltage

01:57:54 without which electricity would not circulate.

01:57:56 So if a bird lands on a single electric line

01:57:58 at 35,000 volts,

01:58:00 for example, the absence of voltage difference

01:58:02 allows the animal to remain safe.

01:58:04 But if it accidentally stretches its wings

01:58:06 and touches another electric line

01:58:08 which has a different voltage,

01:58:10 it will not end well for it.

01:58:12 This is why electric companies

01:58:14 make sure that there is a lot of space

01:58:16 between the cables.

01:58:18 You have already wondered

01:58:20 why aircraft pilots do not try

01:58:22 to land on the grass

01:58:24 when the landing gear is blocked.

01:58:26 The grass may seem like a good option

01:58:28 because it is soft,

01:58:30 but this surface is neither smooth nor regular.

01:58:32 The fact that the landing gear is blocked

01:58:34 on the grass can cause unpredictable movements

01:58:36 and cause problems such as

01:58:38 the formation of structures

01:58:40 which occurs due to bounces

01:58:42 and unequal pressure.

01:58:44 This can even lead to a leak of fuel

01:58:46 and prevent the doors from opening.

01:58:48 Hedgehogs tend to be shiny

01:58:50 while elsewhere on the human body

01:58:52 the skin is not.

01:58:54 Most of our skin is covered

01:58:56 with tiny hairs

01:58:58 which give it a kind of velvety look,

01:59:00 while on the other hand,

01:59:02 the hair follicles tend to shrink

01:59:04 and turn into skin cells

01:59:06 which means that there is no hair at all.

01:59:08 The scalp is particularly shiny

01:59:10 thanks to the sebaceous glands.

01:59:12 They produce and secrete

01:59:14 a kind of oily substance

01:59:16 that protects our skin.

01:59:18 The sebaceous glands are located

01:59:20 all over our skin

01:59:22 but the scalp is much more important.

01:59:24 This oil therefore covers the skin

01:59:26 which transforms it into a more reflective surface.

01:59:28 Hedgehogs are not very friendly to each other

01:59:30 but they become noisy with humans

01:59:32 and this could be linked to domestication.

01:59:34 The process of cat's adoption

01:59:36 began about 10,000 years ago.

01:59:38 Before that, cats were rather lonely.

01:59:40 They rarely met other cats.

01:59:42 They did not need to use their voices

01:59:44 to communicate with each other.

01:59:46 Instead, they communicated

01:59:48 thanks to their odour

01:59:50 which included things like rubbing

01:59:52 against a certain object,

01:59:54 for example a tree.

01:59:56 They also used other members of their species

01:59:58 to send a message.

02:00:00 This is also how they communicate today.

02:00:02 But humans do not have as good an odour

02:00:04 as cats do.

02:00:06 So these intelligent creatures

02:00:08 had to find a way to send us messages

02:00:10 while getting what they wanted from us.

02:00:12 This turned out to be meowing.

02:00:14 If you plan a day's excursion

02:00:18 in a desert, for example the Sahara

02:00:20 in North Africa,

02:00:22 you will want to bring a good sunscreen

02:00:24 and a well-packed sleeping bag

02:00:26 if you plan to spend the night there.

02:00:28 Deserts become very cold during the night.

02:00:30 In the Sahara,

02:00:32 temperatures go from

02:00:34 an average of 38°C during the day

02:00:36 to -4°C during the night.

02:00:38 This spectacular variation

02:00:40 occurs due to two main factors

02:00:42 humidity and sand.

02:00:44 Sand does not hold the heat very well.

02:00:46 When the light and heat of the sun

02:00:48 reach a desert,

02:00:50 the grains of sand from the upper layer

02:00:52 absorb the heat,

02:00:54 but they throw it back into the air quite quickly.

02:00:56 During the day, the sand

02:00:58 radiates the energy from the sun,

02:01:00 which ends up heating the air

02:01:02 and causing extremely high temperatures.

02:01:04 But during the night,

02:01:06 the sand quickly loses heat again.

02:01:08 And this time, there is no sunlight

02:01:10 warming the desert.

02:01:12 This makes the sand even colder

02:01:14 and leads to a very low temperature.

02:01:16 In the arid deserts of Atacama or Chile

02:01:18 and the Sahara,

02:01:20 the amount of water vapor

02:01:22 in the air is almost zero.

02:01:24 But unlike sand,

02:01:26 water holds the heat well.

02:01:28 Water vapor in the air

02:01:30 traps heat near the ground.

02:01:32 It's as if you were covering

02:01:34 the ground with a huge blanket.

02:01:36 This prevents it from dissipating in the atmosphere.

02:01:38 In addition, when the air

02:01:40 has a high humidity level,

02:01:42 it needs more energy to warm up.

02:01:44 This means that it takes more time

02:01:46 for this same energy to disappear

02:01:48 and for the environment to cool down.

02:01:50 Since there is almost no humidity

02:01:52 in the deserts,

02:01:54 these areas can both warm up

02:01:56 and cool down quickly.

02:01:58 If you heat the water

02:02:00 in your microwave,

02:02:02 it will taste less good

02:02:04 than when it is prepared with a kettle.

02:02:06 This is because the temperature of the liquid

02:02:08 is the main factor of a good tea.

02:02:10 The water must reach boiling point

02:02:12 for a while before you pour it

02:02:14 on the tea leaves,

02:02:16 or in a sachet.

02:02:18 It's easier to do with a kettle,

02:02:20 whether it's electric or on the stove.

02:02:22 When the kettle or the electric heating element

02:02:24 is on,

02:02:26 the water at the bottom of the container

02:02:28 warms up.

02:02:30 And as it warms up,

02:02:32 the water in the rest of the kettle

02:02:34 reaches the boiling point.

02:02:36 Conversely, a microwave does not heat

02:02:38 from the bottom up.

02:02:40 It creates electromagnetic waves

02:02:42 that jump randomly around the oven.

02:02:44 They end up being partially cold

02:02:46 in some places and very hot in others.

02:02:48 The same thing happens with water

02:02:50 because it is difficult to control

02:02:52 the energy of the microwaves.

02:02:54 A liquid that is too hot is not good

02:02:56 for tea either.

02:02:58 When the water exceeds 100°C,

02:03:00 which is its boiling point,

02:03:02 it can destroy the compounds

02:03:04 that give a tea its specific flavour.

02:03:06 Have you ever wondered

02:03:08 why American electric tiles

02:03:10 have holes in the brushes?

02:03:12 It all began in the early 20th century

02:03:14 when Harvey Hubbell Jr.

02:03:16 invented different types of electric tiles.

02:03:18 He started with the detachable electric tile,

02:03:20 which was the very first of its kind.

02:03:22 Some of its designs

02:03:24 had brushes with notches

02:03:26 that aligned with the small bumps

02:03:28 inside the electric outlets.

02:03:30 This notching system

02:03:32 and two bumps

02:03:34 kept the brushes in place

02:03:36 when people inserted a tile into an outlet.

02:03:38 At one point,

02:03:40 there were holes

02:03:42 that worked the same way,

02:03:44 but that's just part of the story.

02:03:46 Most modern outlets

02:03:48 no longer have notches.

02:03:50 They prevent the outlets

02:03:52 from falling off the wall

02:03:54 by using friction and pressure.

02:03:56 Today, some manufacturers

02:03:58 insert a tile into all the holes

02:04:00 of a line of forks.

02:04:02 This keeps them in place

02:04:04 while wrapping them in plastic.

02:04:06 Some also say that the holes

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