Saviez-vous que les coordonnées de la Grande Pyramide de Gizeh correspondent presque à la vitesse de la lumière ? C'est l'un de ces secrets des pyramides stupéfiants qui vous fait vous demander si les Anciens Égyptiens savaient quelque chose que nous ignorons. De plus, il y a plein d'autres mystères, comme des chambres cachées et leur alignement avec les étoiles. Certains pensent même qu'elle pourrait renfermer la clé d'une technologie perdue. Plongez dans ces secrets des pyramides et préparez-vous à être ébloui par ce que vous découvrirez ! Animation créée par Sympa.
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FunTranscript
00:00We know that the ancient Egyptians were quite talented to build buildings as grandiose as the pyramids,
00:07but were they smart enough to measure the speed of light?
00:12A theory circulating online suggests it.
00:15If you compare these two figures, you will see that they correspond perfectly.
00:19The first is the speed of light in the vacuum of a meter per second,
00:23and the second is the latitude of the Great Pyramid of Giza.
00:27So, was it intentional, or was it just a coincidence?
00:32Fortunately, we can assure you that it is simply a coincidence,
00:36and not another conspiracy theory.
00:39The Great Pyramid is just one of the many places on Earth sharing this latitude.
00:44Moreover, even if the Egyptians had managed to measure the speed of light
00:49and had decided to keep it secret, they would not have used meters to express it.
00:54It was only defined at the end of the 18th century.
00:57The builders of the pyramids used another unit of measurement, called the elbow.
01:02An elbow is equivalent to a foot and a half, or 45 cm.
01:06This unit, based on the length of the forearm from the elbow to the tip of the thumb,
01:11was widespread in Antiquity.
01:13Thus, if they had wanted to amaze everyone by positioning their pyramids
01:17at a latitude corresponding to the speed of light in an elbow,
01:21they would have had to build their emblematic buildings somewhere in Europe.
01:25Moreover, the Danish astronomer Ole Römer,
01:29who measured the speed of light for the first time in 1676,
01:33would have been quite opposed to discovering that someone had done it centuries before him.
01:38Although the Egyptians had been ahead of their time in many respects,
01:42they never measured the speed of light,
01:45nor used latitude and longitude coordinates for their construction.
01:49The base of the Great Pyramid of Giza may seem to be a perfect square,
01:53but it is actually an eight-sided structure, not four.
01:57Each of these four sides has a slight concave indentation
02:01that uniformly divides them from the base at the top.
02:04The official version would be that a British pilot named Groves
02:07was the first to notice it in 1940, when he was flying over the pyramid.
02:12He took a photograph showing the shadows that underlined these indentations.
02:17Some believe that these lines are only visible from the air
02:20and can be best observed at dawn and dusk,
02:23during the equinoxes of spring and autumn.
02:26This led to a strange theory according to which the ancient Egyptians
02:29could have designed these pyramids to communicate with celestial visitors.
02:33The Pyramid of Cheops is one of the only three pyramids
02:36that once had a rotating door.
02:39This door, weighing about 20 tons, could be easily opened from the inside.
02:44Its precise adjustment made it almost invisible from the outside.
02:48Without a latch or visible handle,
02:50only very slight roughness in the outer wall denoted the opening.
02:54The other two pyramids with similar doors
02:56respectively belonged to Cheops' father and grandfather.
03:00The Great Pyramid also contains a hidden void at least 30 meters long,
03:05discovered in 2017.
03:07We still do not know what is inside this space,
03:11its exact function, or if it is the only one of this type.
03:14Researchers have used a technology
03:16to see through the walls of cathedrals,
03:18Mayan pyramids and even volcanoes,
03:21resting on a natural rain of subatomic particles called muons.
03:25These particles pass through empty spaces more easily than solid materials.
03:30By placing several muon detectors around a structure,
03:33scientists can map these solid elements and these empty areas.
03:37A team placed muon detectors inside the Cheops Pyramid,
03:41collecting data over the months.
03:44Scientists have analyzed many times
03:46samples of the mortar used to build the pyramids.
03:50Although we know the composition,
03:52modern technology still cannot reproduce it.
03:56This mortar, mainly composed of treated gypsum,
03:59was not used as the current cement of our bricks,
04:02but was used to support the joints between these massive stones
04:05during their installation.
04:07About half a million tons of this mortar
04:10would have been necessary to build the Great Pyramid of Cheops.
04:14This gypsum mortar is more robust than the stones themselves
04:17and has resisted for millennia.
04:20The four sides of the Pyramid of Cheops are aligned with the cardinal points,
04:25North, South, East and West.
04:29According to archaeologist and engineer Glenn Dash,
04:32this alignment is accurate to 4 minutes of arc,
04:35or a 15th of a degree.
04:37Architects have achieved this without modern tools
04:40such as drones or computers.
04:42Many researchers have tried to explain this architecture prodigy.
04:46Could they have used the Polar Star or the Shadow of the Sun?
04:50Dash recently proposed a new and simpler idea.
04:53Egyptians could have used autumn equinoxes to align the pyramids.
04:58This happens twice a year,
05:00when the sun crosses the Earth's equatorial plane,
05:03making the day and the night almost equal in duration.
05:06To prove his theory,
05:08Glenn Dash conducted an experiment on September 22, 2016,
05:12the first day of the autumn equinox.
05:14He used a special rod called gnomon,
05:17which the Egyptians had to project a shadow.
05:21Then he followed the point at regular intervals,
05:24forming a regular curve.
05:26By connecting two points of the curve with a stretched rope,
05:29he created an almost perfect line from East to West.
05:32Dash observed that during the equinox,
05:34the point of the shadow was moving in a straight line,
05:37almost perfectly following the East-West direction,
05:40with a slight deviation in the anti-clockwise direction,
05:43similar to the one observed in the pyramids.
05:45Although the experiment was conducted in Connecticut,
05:48Glenn Dash believes that the same method would work in Egypt.
05:52All the Egyptians needed
05:54was a clear and sunny day.
05:57They could determine the autumn equinox
05:59by counting 91 days from the summer solstice.
06:02However, they left us few clues,
06:05and no engineering document has been found
06:08that explains their method.
06:10So, although they could use shadows to locate themselves,
06:14nothing is less certain.
06:16Scientists have long wondered
06:18how these heavy blocks of stone
06:20were sent to the sites of the pyramids,
06:22and they could finally have the answer.
06:24A team of researchers from the University of North Carolina in Wilmington
06:28discovered that 31 pyramids
06:30had probably been built along an old arm of an island.
06:34This arm is now buried under the desert
06:37and agricultural lands.
06:39For years, archaeologists have thought
06:41that the ancient Egyptians
06:43had to use a waterway nearby
06:45to transport materials, equipment, people,
06:49and everything they needed to build the pyramids.
06:52But until now,
06:53they were not sure of the location,
06:55shape, size,
06:57or proximity of this waterway
06:59to the construction site.
07:01The research team used satellite radar imagery,
07:05historical maps,
07:06geophysical prospection,
07:08and sediment carvings
07:09to map this part of the river.
07:12They think it was buried
07:14following a great drought
07:16and sandstorms thousands of years ago.
07:19The team managed to dive under the sandy surface
07:22and obtain images of certain characteristics
07:25hidden thanks to radar technology.
07:27They discovered hidden rivers
07:29and ancient structures located at the foot of the hills,
07:32where most of the Egyptian pyramids are located.
07:35The discovery of this disappeared riverbed
07:37helps to explain the strong density of pyramids
07:40between Gizeh and Lisht,
07:41in what is now an inhospitable area of the Sahara.
07:45Egypt is not the country with the largest number of pyramids in the world.
07:49This title is due to its southern neighbor,
07:51Sudan,
07:52which has between 200 and 255 pyramids,
07:54compared to the modest 138 pyramids of Egypt.
07:57These Sudanese pyramids
07:59were built by the inhabitants of the Kingdom of Kush,
08:02an ancient civilization that reigned on the lands upstream of the Nile
08:05several centuries ago.
08:07They began to build pyramids
08:09about 500 years after the Egyptians stopped doing so.
08:13Although their pyramids are much smaller than those of Egypt,
08:16from 6 to 30 meters,
08:18compared to 138 meters for those of Cheops,
08:20they were built for similar purposes.
08:23Archaeologists continue to work
08:25to understand how the Sudanese pyramids were built,
08:29how long it took to complete them,
08:31and what happened to this civilization.