Tętno pierwotnej puszczy cz. 4 - Nie tylko kły i pazury
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00:00In the middle of the old continent, on the eastern borders of Poland and the western borders of Belarus,
00:18there is a pulse of the original forest, uninterrupted for several thousand years.
00:24The only remnant of the original forests, which once covered the European lowlands.
00:32The biosphere reserve and the heritage of humanity.
00:37The Bialowieza Forest.
00:54The Bialowieza Forest.
01:24The Bialowieza Forest.
01:40We have already presented the Great Bush House and some of its inhabitants,
01:45plants and herbivores, i.e. the first two fire chains of the change of matter.
01:50Now to the third fire.
01:54The Bialowieza Forest.
02:00A good sense of smell, strong muscles, claws, fangs or a curved beak.
02:05This is how we used to describe the features of typical predators,
02:08and necessarily large, four-legged or winged.
02:11Meanwhile, in the original forest, the world of predators is far from this stereotype.
02:25The Bialowieza Forest.
02:36Can this little thing be the identity of the soul of the original forest?
02:41For us, it certainly is.
02:47The smallest heron in the Bialowieza Forest, the tiny heron,
02:51is looking for food with the method of sparing.
02:55It nests and feeds until the prey is caught.
03:00It suffers from eternal hunger.
03:03During the day, it can eat much more insects and other small prey than it weighs by itself.
03:22A few-hour fast is enough to kill it.
03:26In its several-month life, it does not waste a moment for something that is not food.
03:51The Bialowieza Forest.
04:22If in the summer it is relatively easy to satisfy your hunger without interruption,
04:30what to do in minus 10 or even minus 30 degrees Celsius?
04:39And what to do when in winter, like now,
04:41the snowfalls are steep and there is no thick layer of snow
04:44to isolate the heron from the deadly frost?
04:51The Bialowieza Forest.
04:56The herons have a way to do it.
04:59Here I have three prepared heron's skulls.
05:03This one fell in June, it was only a month old.
05:07This one in February.
05:09And this one in the summer, after a year of life.
05:14The brain capacity of this February heron is significantly lower, almost by a millimeter.
05:21What does it mean?
05:27In winter, the heron's body mass decreases and it shrinks by almost a centimeter.
05:32The brain shrinks, the skull flattens.
05:35The edges of the cement bones and the potelic bone are absorbed by the spleen.
05:41In spring, the brain grows again and the skull crumbles.
05:45The rest of the organs undergo a similar change.
05:48If I could do it, in winter I would be at least a head shorter.
05:55In autumn, I would weigh, for example, 70 kilograms.
06:00Now I would be only 55.
06:03And in the summer of the next year, up to 110 kilograms.
06:18In the face of hunger, every food is good, no matter how much it is.
06:23Even if it is a dead individual of its own kind.
06:40Cannibalism is widespread in the Middle East.
06:44Cannibalism is more widespread in nature than it is generally thought of.
06:49We learn economics from nature.
06:52Nothing can go to waste.
06:55If herons have a chance to find food in a haystack,
06:59what are their relatives, herons, who are by nature terrestrial animals, supposed to do?
07:05Sometimes you can catch a lot of prey when it's wet,
07:10but every day you have to hunt like herons.
07:13Hunting in a haystack, in the ground and under the roots.
07:44In the summer, water is a vital ingredient of predators.
07:48The water is a source of food for them.
07:52It is the source of their life.
07:55It is the source of their life,
07:57their source of food.
07:59In the summer, water is the source of their life,
08:04their source of food,
08:08their source of life,
08:10The water becomes the prey of the predators.
08:13They hunt for small invertebrates in it,
08:15but they can also successfully catch large frogs.
08:18Now they are much more active than they were in the winter.
08:22The venom that the predator produces in the gullets
08:25and releases by biting the victim
08:27paralyzes even large prey.
08:40The venomous gullets are usually satisfied with a smaller prey.
08:50They catch soft larvae,
08:52codfish,
08:53crickets,
08:54mussels,
08:55snails,
08:56and even a few-centimeter fish.
09:04The gulls inhabit larger desert rivers,
09:07although they prefer to penetrate smaller shallow streams
09:10that are overgrown with aquatic plants in the summer.
09:14Therefore, not fish, but frogs are the main food of the gulls.
09:19If they catch fish,
09:20they are primarily species that live in a free-flowing,
09:23poor-oxygen water.
09:25They also eat a lot of aquatic insects.
09:28This seemingly unusual diet
09:30is very characteristic of small,
09:33clean rivers,
09:34like there are fewer and fewer of them in Europe.
10:04The Gulls
10:08The Gulls
10:13The Gulls
10:18The Gulls
10:23The Gulls
10:28The Gulls
10:33The Gulls
10:38The Gulls
10:43The Gulls
10:48The Gulls
10:53The Gulls
10:58The Gulls
11:03The Gulls
11:08The Gulls
11:13The Gulls
11:18The Gulls
11:23The Gulls
11:28The Gulls
11:33The Gulls
11:38The Gulls
11:43The Gulls
11:48The Gulls
11:53The Gulls
11:58The Gulls
12:03The Gulls
12:08The Gulls
12:13The Gulls
12:18The Gulls
12:23The Gulls
12:28Many attacks end in failure.
12:31Hunting is a great effort for every predator.
12:35Birds often become prey for the Gulls,
12:38just like the Gulls.
12:39They often manage to catch a hare.
12:41The Gulls in the desert
12:43hunt the deer
12:45of the right size,
12:47less likely the deer antlers.
12:51If you don't count the young gulls,
12:54the Gulls are loners
12:56and don't tolerate rivals on their territory,
12:58especially males.
13:00The adult male has to take care
13:02not only of the size of his food,
13:05but also of the female,
13:07the potential mother of his offspring.
13:10The female is usually smaller.
13:13One Gull needs
13:15an average of almost 100 square kilometers.
13:18Yes, 100 square kilometers
13:20of living space.
13:22No wonder that
13:24only about 40 Gulls
13:26live in the entire Białowieża Forest.
13:28Day after day,
13:30each of them travels long distances
13:33to make sure that
13:35no intruder has sneaked into his territory.
13:55What do these larvae have in common with the predators?
13:59They can, and that's a lot.
14:01These are mosquito larvae,
14:03the largest parasites
14:05in the Białowieża Forest.
14:08There are as many as 27 species here,
14:11and each of them
14:13is estimated at billions of individuals.
14:16This incredible number
14:18is the power of parasites,
14:20a huge mass,
14:22certainly much more predatory
14:24than all the lynxes, wolves
14:26and other large predators
14:28in the Białowieża Forest.
14:30On the one hand,
14:32mosquito larvae are directly dependent on plants,
14:34which feed on their innumerable victims,
14:37although they do not feed on large predators either.
14:40On the other hand,
14:42thousands of carnivorous animals
14:44feed on them.
14:46A full stomach
14:48is a guarantee
14:50that the previously fertilized eggs
14:52will mature.
14:54One female lays more than 200 eggs.
14:58How many of them can fit
15:00the waters of the Puszczański Bagin and Ols?
15:02It's scary to think about.
15:04In addition,
15:06even five generations
15:08can develop during the year.
15:11The larvae stage
15:13lasts only a dozen days.
15:15The shallow, sunny, warm water
15:18is the perfect environment
15:20for a dream food,
15:22decomposing from organic particles.
15:29Unfortunately, not all larvae will survive.
15:32A large part of them
15:34is affected by the parasitic mermitidae.
15:36Larvae ate their eggs
15:38along with organic matter particles.
15:40The mermitidae, twisted in a spiral,
15:42overgrow the larvae,
15:44destroying their tissues.
15:46The fate of the victims is doomed.
15:53The Puszczański Bagin and Ols
16:05After two or three weeks
16:07of laying eggs,
16:09the larvae reproduce.
16:11After another week,
16:13the Puszczański Bagin and Ols
16:15become a gigantic breeding ground.
16:22The Puszczański Bagin and Ols
16:26are the largest breeding ground
16:28in the world.
16:30The Puszczański Bagin and Ols
16:32are the largest breeding ground
16:34in the world.
16:36The Puszczański Bagin and Ols
16:38are the largest breeding ground
16:40in the world.
16:42The Puszczański Bagin and Ols
16:44are the largest breeding ground
16:46in the world.
16:48The Puszczański Bagin and Ols
16:50are the largest breeding ground
16:52in the world.
16:54The Puszczański Bagin and Ols
16:56are the largest breeding ground
16:58in the world.
17:00In a real desert,
17:02it's impossible to avoid
17:04the most dangerous parasites,
17:06especially ticks.
17:08In various stages of development,
17:10they sneeze on the predators,
17:12sensitive to every movement,
17:14every twitch.
17:16If they manage to attach it
17:18to a passing animal,
17:20cut its skin with its jaws
17:22and immerse a tube-like hypostome
17:24in it,
17:26they have a chance to suck out
17:28enough blood from it
17:30to expand the body
17:32or lay eggs.
17:38At the same time,
17:40they infect the victim
17:42with dozens of pathogenic viruses,
17:44bacteria and fungi.
17:46Not to mention the possibility
17:48of poisoning with toxins
17:50or even paralysis.
18:10These are also very specialized predators.
18:12These are also very specialized predators.
18:14Not sloths, of course,
18:16but parasites in their beaks.
18:18not sloths, of course,
18:20but parasites in their beaks.
18:22What moves inside
18:24is the second larval form,
18:26that is, a sporocyst,
18:28a rare species of leucochlorid
18:30paradoxum.
18:32A pulsating signal
18:34is supposed to attract a bird,
18:36e.g. a cicada,
18:38a butterfly
18:40or another small predator.
18:44If a bird swallows such a prey,
18:46it will unconsciously
18:48become another predator
18:50and will enable
18:52further development.
18:58The cuckoo doesn't differ
19:00in the way it feeds
19:02from other parasites.
19:04A few days ago,
19:06when it was still blind,
19:08it threw out
19:10four chicks from its beak.
19:12Life for life.
19:38By swallowing its prey,
19:40the predators
19:42can hunt from behind the net.
19:44The cuckoo
19:46overwhelms the prey even more
19:48and strengthens the release
19:50of a deadly slug of leaf bugs.
19:52Over time, the insects
19:54will get even stronger.
19:56In a few hours,
19:58their bodies will dissolve
20:00sticky enzymes,
20:02after which the leaves
20:04will absorb nutrients
20:06full of protein.
20:10The cuckoo's wings
20:12will pop open
20:14and the insects
20:16will be able to fly.
20:22The cuckoo's wings
20:24will pop open
20:26and the insects
20:28will be able to fly.
20:30These funnel-like holes are traps.
20:42Here hunters also hunt, chatting from behind a net.
20:46There is.
20:51Maybe a little bit already spotted, but what a beauty.
20:55From the position of hunger.
20:59It's an ant larva.
21:02Completely unlike a mature insect.
21:05Here is the ideal of a hunter, who hunts chatting.
21:09The body is like a bag of supplies for lean days.
21:14The head is flat like a drawer.
21:17The jaws are like the best prices.
21:28Sometimes you have to wait a few days to catch it.
21:41Or even a few weeks.
21:58The murderous ticks are already injecting poison and will soon begin to suck out the victims.
22:17Here is death again.
22:20In the first movement, it's a murderous storm.
22:23But in nature, no death is evil or sad.
22:28It is logical and purposeful in the constant circulation of matter.
22:32It's just like a dot.
22:35Does the dot make sense of the story written by nature?
22:51The next day.
23:07Another hunter hunting from behind a net.
23:10The basket is usually a plant-eating plant.
23:13It hunts for flies.
23:15The opportunity has come.
23:17The cloud of flies has reduced the rotten smell of the hunter's mushroom.
23:31But flies also learn quickly.
23:45You can imagine that this tiny, delicate, woodpecker is a predator.
23:54In addition, the predator is very active, very efficient and specialized.
24:01If it is difficult to catch it, just look carefully at what disappears in its stomachs.
24:08A caterpillar?
24:10A spider?
24:11Darkness.
24:13A mosquito?
24:15So it's an animal protein, meat.
24:20Caterpillars are no exception.
24:28Most of the small bush birds, at least in spring and summer, feed on animal protein.
24:35During the feeding period, they catch an unimaginable amount, literally tons of insects,
24:40flies, spiders, scorpions, slugs and ringworms.
24:44In short, tons of invertebrates, mainly plant-eating, but also predatory and parasitic.
24:51These are not large animals armed with fangs and claws,
24:54but they, along with other small animals,
24:57make up the real power among predators with their numbers and activity.
25:11In a natural bush, everyone has their own predator.
25:16Predatory caterpillars are specialized in hunting smaller predators,
25:21such as small ovarian birds.
25:23They also catch lichens.
25:25An ordinary male provides a prey near the nest,
25:29while a female separates it from the nest.
25:41In a natural forest, night owls are complemented by day owls.
25:46The smallest European owl, the owl, prefers to hunt during the day.
25:54This is a female.
25:57In the feeding period, when the chicks are still small, like in the case of kroguls,
26:02the male usually hunts and brings the female prey near the nest.
26:07This one hunted a griffin.
26:16Owls hunt primarily on small birds,
26:20and for more than 30 days, their parents can harvest chicks.
26:25Finally, the time comes when the female has no one to feed in the nest.
26:30The hungry young ones are waiting outside.
26:51In the wild, the male is far behind.
26:56This is not a problem for the owl.
27:00It is a matter of time before the female is able to attack the male.
27:05The male is already in the nest.
27:08So the owl is in the nest.
27:11She can not leave the nest.
27:14She has to wait for the female to come to her.
27:18Puchacz, największa europejska sowa, tak jak inne duże drapieżniki, potrzebuje
27:36do życia wielkich przestrzeni.
27:38Nawet w rozległej puszczy białowieskiej żyje zaledwie kilka par puchaczy.
27:43Polują na niewielkie ssaki, średniej wielkości ptaki, płazy, gady, a nawet owady, ale zwykle wybierają zdobyczniej, łatwiej dostępną.
27:52Ofiarami leśnych drapieżników są najczęściej osobniki stare, chore lub małosprawne.
28:18Te właśnie gorsze elementy są szybko i bezwzględnie eliminowane.
28:22Stąd nasze wrażenie doskonałości przyrody.
28:25Dzięki drapieżnikom i pasożytom, liczba roślinożerców i innych zwierząt nie wzrasta ponad możliwości puszczy.
28:32Jak zawsze, coś za coś, życie za życie.
28:36Dziś zginął jeż, jutro może zginąć puchacz.
28:39Wszystko przemija i w końcu już tylko jako materia organiczna wraca do gleby.
28:44Ale o tym w ostatniej części.
29:14Napisy stworzone przez społeczność Amara.org