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Transcript
00:00Hello and welcome back to Hardware Architecture.
00:06Now you might ask, you know, why do I tell you about hardware architecture?
00:12Probably you're not going to build any hardware, although it's fun stuff to do and if you're
00:16going to become a computer scientist, which most of you won't want to be, it's a great
00:21thing to study and those who build our hardware are amazingly talented individuals and it's
00:26a really rewarding job.
00:29The reason I like talking to you about hardware is because I want to be able to use words
00:34at some point and say, oh, secondary storage or central processing unit or random access
00:39memory or peripherals, you know, input devices and I want to be able to say those words and
00:45I want you to be able to understand them.
00:47And so I'll start with a little piece of hardware called the Raspberry Pi and the Raspberry
00:51Pi is a cute little single board computer.
00:55As we go forward, these things are smaller and smaller and smaller and the interesting
01:00thing is that the architecture of these stays the same but the number of components drops.
01:05So I'm going to start and give you a block diagram of sort of a generic computer and
01:12tell you the major parts of it.
01:14Now I'm going to show you some really old hardware, some really new hardware and then
01:21some hardware that is of medium age and the medium age hardware is probably the easiest
01:26one to see.
01:27The architecture is the same, okay?
01:30And so the basic block diagram is that the brain, if there are brains in computers, which
01:38there really aren't, the software is the closest thing computers have to brains, but in hardware
01:42the closest brain the computer has is this called a microprocessing unit or a central
01:47processor unit.
01:49And this is designed, you know, three billion times a second to ask the question, what do
01:57you want me to do next?
01:58And these little pins on the back are instructions, like 32 or 64 of these pins, three billion
02:05times a second we send an instruction into these things.
02:09Now, we can't sit there and talk to it, we can't, and so the instructions we store in
02:15what's called the main memory and this memory is really fast and the memory sort of feeds
02:21this and so every time the CPU needs a new instruction, it asks the memory where that
02:26instruction is and so the memory feeds the instruction CPU, the CPU does it, says give
02:30me another instruction, CPU does it, gives me another instruction and that is the basic
02:36essence of programming.
02:38This asks what's next and this is where your program is stored or a program you purchased
02:43or came with your hardware, where that's all stored and those are your places and so
02:48you end up inside, your programs end up inside this memory.
02:54So then there's a, I mean, and so in software you tend to program the CPU and if you had
03:01bought a desktop computer a number of years back, it would have this thing called the
03:06motherboard and the motherboard is called this because it kind of connects all the components
03:11together and so if you buy memory by itself, it does nothing but it has a place to plug
03:16into the motherboard and if you buy a microprocessor, it has a place to plug into the motherboard
03:24and if you buy a hard drive, this is a really old hard drive, it has a place to plug in
03:32on the motherboard and so the motherboard sort of connects everything together.
03:36The hard drive is secondary storage.
03:38Now the way, how secondary storage is different than the main memory, which, there it is,
03:47un-pile this stuff, so this main memory is really fast but as soon as you turn the power
03:54off of this memory, it sort of vanishes and so to store files like word processing files
03:59or text files or whatever, you've got to store it on something that lasts a little bit longer
04:05and so that's the purpose of the secondary storage, it's permanent.
04:10When the power's off, it stores it.
04:12Now this one here is in such bad shape that it isn't probably storing anything but it's
04:17got these little heads and it spins around and goes in and out and we'll have a video
04:23later that shows you one of these things that's not quite in as bad a shape.
04:27If you look, this has four different platters that are all spinning around and so this is
04:32just using magnetic material and electronics that sort of magnetize and demagnetize this
04:38stuff and if you look at a disk, they're often rated, physical disks are rated in revolutions
04:43per minute and that's how many times this thing spins around and if you've got an old
04:47desktop and you hear it spin up, this is the thing that's spinning and it's the place that
04:52your operating system lives, your files live, your applications live while they're stored
04:57and while the computer's turned off and then they're loaded into this while they're running
05:02and then this CPU takes the data from the main memory
05:14and your program runs at three billion operations per second.
05:19So let's talk a little bit about something that this is probably from the 1960s or 70s.
05:28This actually has, if you're an electrical person, it has capacitors, those little silver
05:35things are capacitors, these little colored things are resistors and that's more capacitors
05:41and then there's wires and wires move everything and so when you say like this has millions
05:47of transistors, oh wait, that isn't a capacitor, that's a transistor, that's a transistor.
05:53When you say that this here has etched and if you look closely at this, go look at a
05:57picture of a microprocessor online, you will see that it has millions of these and so the
06:02difference between 1960 and today is this circuitry of capacitors, resistors and transistors
06:15has been microized and put onto this.
06:18It's using a photographic process and they're tinier and tinier and putting more and more
06:23on and if you think going from millions of these to one of these is crazy, the thing
06:30that's happening now and the reason we have whole computers inside our pocket is that
06:35everything, all of this, this whole thing, CPU, memory, everything, all of it connected
06:42and the storage is being made smaller and smaller and so this little single board computer
06:47called a Raspberry Pi has one thing in it and it has the main memory and it has the
06:52CPU, it has connections for things like peripherals, like keyboards and stuff, now it doesn't yet
06:58have secondary storage on it, the secondary storage gets plugged in right here via USB
07:04and then if you take it one step farther to my phone, it's got the secondary storage built
07:09right in and so this picture goes from the size of cabinets in the old days all the way
07:16down to really tiny but at the end of the day, inside it is a highly sophisticated piece
07:23of circuitry that asks for instructions one at a time and main memory that holds the instructions
07:30and feeds them, okay?
07:32Central processor does the thinking, take a look here, central processor does the thinking,
07:36it runs the program, it's asking what's next, it's not really smart but it's really fast
07:42and so we compensate for the lack of intelligence of this thing by us writing really good software
07:49that runs really fast and so voice recognition on things like phones is possible because
07:55computers have so much storage and they run so fast and the algorithms that do voice recognition
08:01are finally starting to work.
08:03Input devices like keyboards and mice and pens and whatever, they come in, output devices
08:09are like the screens that we see, the main memory is the fast part of the computer that
08:14stores all the programs and the secondary memory is the permanent storage.
08:19Increasingly, secondary memory, do I have any USB sticks in here?
08:25I don't.
08:26Well, increasingly, secondary memory is flash RAM or static RAM with no moving parts and
08:36so in a few years, you'll not even be able to see secondary memory with moving parts
08:42but that's okay, it's still secondary memory, it's still memory that lasts.
08:48And so you and where your place is in here is you live in the main memory, this is you,
08:54you are here and so in a sense, when the CPU asks the question what next, it is your job
09:00to answer that and you answer that by writing Python code and so your Python code, you'll
09:05write a file in Python code, blah, blah, blah, blah, blah, blah, blah and then that
09:08Python code sort of gets loaded into main memory, there's a magic translation process
09:13that happens and then your code is actually answering this question three billion times
09:19a second.
09:20Three billion times a second, you're sitting there but this is you, you're really out here
09:25but you then write a file and the file's loaded in and then the file runs and that's how things
09:29are at and that's your place in the world.
09:33Now, what's actually running is not Python code, there is, as I said, a translation process,
09:39you write a Python file and then Python itself translates this into the actual language known
09:46by the microprocessor which is a series of zeros and ones called machine language.
09:51Someday I would love to teach you a class on machine language but for now, we're gonna
09:55teach you Python and we're gonna use Python as a crutch, we don't have to talk machine
09:59language, we don't have to talk Python, we don't have to talk Python, we don't have to
10:04talk Python, we don't have to talk Python, we don't have to talk Python, we don't have
10:08to talk Python, we don't have to talk Python, we don't have to talk Python, we don't have
10:12to talk Python, we don't have to talk Python, we don't have to talk Python, we don't have
10:16to talk Python, we don't have to talk Python, we don't have to talk Python, we don't have
10:20to talk Python, we don't have to talk Python, we don't have to talk Python, we don't have
10:24to talk Python, we don't have to talk Python, we don't have to talk Python, we don't have
10:54to talk Python, we don't have to talk Python, we don't have to talk Python, we don't have
11:24to talk Python, we don't have to talk Python, we don't have to talk Python.
11:55Something like this hard disk that I have, except that it works and they turn the power
12:00on.
12:01Some of them last for a few seconds, some of them last for a few minutes, it's never
12:06a, I must be allergic to this hard drive, or maybe it's because there's dust in this
12:16hard drive and I keep spinning it and I sneeze, but basically some of them last for a few
12:23seconds, some of them last for a few minutes, it's not a good idea to open them up, but
12:27I'm glad somebody opened it up and then did what they did and then recorded it so we can
12:31all enjoy what it is that they're capable of doing.
12:36So that's a quick introduction to hardware, mostly so that I can use those words going
12:41forward.
12:42Now what we're going to talk about next is communicating in the language Python, that
12:47is, writing code and putting it into the computer so that that can execute.
13:09Hello and welcome back to Hardware Architect.
13:17Now what we're going to talk about next is communicating in the language Python, that