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En este fascinante video, el presentador Derek Muller nos lleva al corazón físico de Internet, donde se gestaron las bases de la comunicación digital moderna. A través de su narrativa envolvente, descubrimos cómo el profesor Leonard Kleinrock, pionero de UCLA, envió el primer mensaje por la red, marcando el inicio de una revolución tecnológica. Además, Muller examina el trabajo de Vint Cerf y Bob Kahn, los co-creadores de Internet, quienes desarrollaron un lenguaje de comunicación que transformó la manera en que nos conectamos.
Este video no solo es una exploración de los hitos técnicos, sino también una reflexión sobre el impacto cultural y social que Internet ha tenido en nuestras vidas. Desde el primer "Hola" enviado a través de ARPANET hasta la vastedad de la web que conocemos hoy, este contenido destaca la evolución y el crecimiento de un medio que ha cambiado la forma en que interactuamos, trabajamos y aprendemos. Si eres un amante de la tecnología o simplemente curioso acerca de cómo comenzó todo, este video es una fuente invaluable de información.
No te pierdas la oportunidad de entender mejor el backbone de nuestra sociedad digital. Acompáñanos en este viaje a los inicios del Internet y descubre las historias ocultas detrás de su creación.
#InternetHistoria, #Tecnología, #Inovación
Keywords: Internet, Derek Muller, primer mensaje, Leonard Kleinrock, Vint Cerf, Bob Kahn, ARPANET, comunicación digital, innovación tecnológica, evolución de Internet.
En este fascinante video, el presentador Derek Muller nos lleva al corazón físico de Internet, donde se gestaron las bases de la comunicación digital moderna. A través de su narrativa envolvente, descubrimos cómo el profesor Leonard Kleinrock, pionero de UCLA, envió el primer mensaje por la red, marcando el inicio de una revolución tecnológica. Además, Muller examina el trabajo de Vint Cerf y Bob Kahn, los co-creadores de Internet, quienes desarrollaron un lenguaje de comunicación que transformó la manera en que nos conectamos.
Este video no solo es una exploración de los hitos técnicos, sino también una reflexión sobre el impacto cultural y social que Internet ha tenido en nuestras vidas. Desde el primer "Hola" enviado a través de ARPANET hasta la vastedad de la web que conocemos hoy, este contenido destaca la evolución y el crecimiento de un medio que ha cambiado la forma en que interactuamos, trabajamos y aprendemos. Si eres un amante de la tecnología o simplemente curioso acerca de cómo comenzó todo, este video es una fuente invaluable de información.
No te pierdas la oportunidad de entender mejor el backbone de nuestra sociedad digital. Acompáñanos en este viaje a los inicios del Internet y descubre las historias ocultas detrás de su creación.
#InternetHistoria, #Tecnología, #Inovación
Keywords: Internet, Derek Muller, primer mensaje, Leonard Kleinrock, Vint Cerf, Bob Kahn, ARPANET, comunicación digital, innovación tecnológica, evolución de Internet.
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00:00In the history of the Internet, we have had many surprises.
00:07When we look at the Internet now, where it came from, where it has arrived and where it is headed,
00:15I think it is quite clear that the engineers were not aware of how much this was going to change things.
00:25It was like crazy. The Internet was not as important to us as the telephone or television.
00:39In this series we will travel through the past, the present and the future of that revolution that we call the Internet.
00:46We will see the most inaccessible places, practices and people who make the network vibrate.
00:52And we will ask ourselves why we are passionate about it.
01:05This is the Internet. Literally.
01:10We usually think that it is invisible, that it is somewhere in the cloud.
01:14But this is where the invisible becomes visible, where the intangible becomes concrete.
01:20I'm Derek Muller, and I'm in an Internet exchange point,
01:24one of hundreds of places around the world where computers are interconnected to form the global Internet.
01:32What's happening here is that routers and routers are receiving data from one network
01:38and they are being transmitted to another one by real physical cables.
01:42So it is a network of networks, all interconnected.
01:47That's why we call it the Internet.
01:50And here is where we can touch it physically.
01:55Everything we have recorded, written or sent,
01:59passes through these global exchange points.
02:04It is a cosmic journey that Newton, Tesla or Einstein could not have imagined.
02:10A journey at the speed of light.
02:14I spend most of my working hours here on the Internet.
02:19That may sound a little bit freaky, but the truth is that I really enjoy it.
02:25I create and present an online scientific channel called Veritasium, which means the element of truth.
02:31It is the work of my dreams, because I am passionate about science,
02:34and now I can research topics that have always interested me.
02:37Isn't that cool?
02:39And show my scientific world to a huge international audience.
02:44I am capitalizing on the reach of the Internet.
02:46For example, some time ago I uploaded a video called
02:49The amazing application of the Magnus effect.
02:51Oh, look at that!
02:56It has already been seen by more than 50 million people around the world.
03:00It is not bad to be a movie about a dynamic effect of fluids.
03:04As a species, we have an innate need to connect with others,
03:08to communicate and share our stories.
03:12In essence, to create community.
03:14And the Internet allows us to do it in ways that we would never have imagined.
03:19In 1969, the same year that the man stepped on the moon,
03:23Leonard Kleinrock headed a team of computer scientists
03:27who would be considered the fathers of the Internet.
03:30And it all started in a room like this one.
03:33The interesting thing is that even if none of us were born,
03:37today we would also have the Internet.
03:39It was something that had to happen.
03:43The inspiration to create a new network
03:45came from an agency of the US Department of Defense called ARPA,
03:49the Advanced Research Projects Agency.
03:54ARPA was created as a response to the launch of the Sputnik by the Russians in 1957.
04:00We were caught with our pants down.
04:03We were left behind in technology.
04:06Computers were very large, very expensive,
04:09and they were separated by great distances.
04:11If a user wanted to use multiple programs,
04:14he had to travel to different places.
04:17Computers needed to communicate,
04:20and there was no way to do it efficiently.
04:23The problem was, if you were trying to send files or messages
04:28through a network, you had to send them one by one.
04:32So each message had to wait its turn.
04:35And if one of those messages was too big,
04:38it would take a long time to get through.
04:41The solution that Kleinrock and his team of pioneers came up with
04:45is still one of the pillars of the network.
04:48It's called package mutation,
04:50and it consists of dividing all the messages
04:53into blocks of the same size called packages.
04:56Then those packages can travel separately through the network,
04:59optimizing the use of the available space.
05:02So the small message packages take advantage of the spaces
05:05between the large message packages,
05:07avoiding a long wait.
05:09And once all the packages have reached their destination,
05:12they regroup, forming the original messages.
05:15To do all the chopping and reconstruction work,
05:18a special device would connect the computers to the network.
05:21This is the first internet device that existed.
05:24This is where the internet really started.
05:27It's the interface for the processor,
05:30and it's made out of a very hard machine
05:33for the Department of Defense.
05:36Inside, notice, it is so ugly, it's beautiful.
05:41It's my friend. It has a unique odor.
05:45And it's really old equipment,
05:48but this is where the internet started, right here.
05:53We are in 1969.
05:56Richard Nixon is the invested president of the United States.
05:59More than a million people gather in Woodstock
06:02to celebrate sex, drugs, and rock and roll.
06:05And on October 29, the Kleinrock team
06:08at the University of Los Angeles
06:10connected to a computer from the Stanford Research Institute.
06:14Now, to make sure that it worked,
06:17because it was the first time that these two computers
06:20could log in remotely,
06:23we had a telephone connection, just to be sure.
06:27Now, to log in, you have to type L-O-G.
06:32So, Charlie types down and says to Bill,
06:37do you see the L?
06:39Bill says, I see it.
06:42Do you see the O?
06:44Got the O. Got the G.
06:46Crash.
06:48The system went down.
06:51The first message sent by the internet was LOW,
06:55as in going here.
06:58Samuel Morse said on the first telegram,
07:01what has God brought us?
07:03He prepared it. He had it in the press, in the media.
07:06Alexander Graham Bell with the telephone,
07:09come here, Watson, I need you.
07:11Neil Armstrong, a great step for humanity.
07:14But it turns out that the message we sent
07:17was about as short, as prophetic and powerful
07:20as you could imagine.
07:22LOW, by accident.
07:30Our vision in those early days
07:32was machine to machine or person to person.
07:35What I missed totally was that it was not computers
07:38talking to each other,
07:40it was people communicating with each other.
07:43At the end of 1969,
07:45there were only a few computers connected to ARPANET,
07:48but the network grew non-stop during the 1970s.
07:52And as they multiplied,
07:54it became increasingly difficult to integrate them
07:57into a global system,
07:59and the desire to access the data of others was enormous.
08:03In the 1970s, there was not a single global internet
08:06like the one we have today.
08:08There were many different networks,
08:10like the government's big ARPANET,
08:12satellite networks and small community networks,
08:15but they all had different formats
08:18and they were interconnected in different ways.
08:21In short, if you were not already in a network,
08:24it was very difficult to get to it.
08:26It was like a Babel tower.
08:28We needed a common language,
08:30standard protocols that allowed
08:32all those networks to communicate with each other.
08:36The internet got the common language it needed
08:39thanks to two pioneering scientists
08:42and this humble delivery truck.
08:45Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn worked for years
08:48to solve the problem of connectivity.
08:51Bob came to my office in Stanford in 1973
08:54and said, we have a problem.
08:56And I said, what do you mean we have a problem?
08:59And he said, I'm trying to interconnect these networks
09:02and I don't know how to do it.
09:04Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn installed in this vehicle
09:07a computer and a radio transmission equipment
09:10and traveled through the streets of the Bay Area of San Francisco.
09:14On November 22, 1977,
09:16they managed to transmit a message to Los Angeles,
09:19about 650 kilometers south,
09:22but they did it using three networks.
09:27Between the two, they developed a system
09:29for all networks to communicate.
09:31It has been described as the greeting
09:33with which two computers are presented.
09:36And they also invented a new word
09:38for what they were doing.
09:40Bob Kahn and I wrote a first work
09:42describing a protocol for the intercommunication
09:45of packages in networks.
09:47So, internetworking was the term we coined,
09:51but it was very long.
09:53Bob Kahn called the project Internetting
09:57and in the end we started to call it the Internet.
10:02The computers were still very large,
10:04more or less the size of an industrial refrigerator.
10:07The only ones that could afford them
10:09were large corporations, universities and the army.
10:13But as its size was reduced,
10:15personal computers began to take off
10:18and the same happened with the connections
10:20to the internet for domestic users.
10:23In 1981, I bought a PC
10:26and tried to connect it to a modem
10:29and it was very complicated, very difficult.
10:32But even so, there was something magical
10:34in the idea that I was sitting in front of a computer
10:37connecting with people and ideas from all over the world.
10:44The standard connection speed was 56 kilobits per second,
10:48so downloading a video or even a photo
10:50was an endless operation.
10:53People complained, it was too slow
10:55and we fixed it with the modem cable.
10:58Jim Phillips was an executive of Motorola in the 90s
11:01when they developed a system to increase the speed.
11:05We saw those cable television companies
11:07and they had a way of communicating
11:09through coaxial fiber hybrid.
11:13Back then it was called telecable
11:15and that gave us a great speed,
11:18something that we had not experienced until then.
11:21And the best of all, no more telephone lines.
11:25Suddenly you could download audio,
11:27even download video.
11:30Once you were connected,
11:31you could also join discussion groups
11:33and send e-mails.
11:40A dial-up connection service
11:43was launched on everyone else,
11:45AOL, America Online.
11:47Welcome, you got mail.
11:50It connected millions of Americans to the network for the first time.
11:53The mission of AOL in the early days
11:56was to create an easy-to-use and affordable service.
11:59But the broader mission in the long term
12:01was that we believed that the Internet
12:03could be as important for people's lives
12:05as the telephone or television,
12:07but providing much more value.
12:10To attract new customers,
12:12AOL used a brilliant marketing strategy.
12:15Honey!
12:17The new disc of AOL has arrived.
12:20Do you remember this?
12:22AOL gave it to people
12:24so that they could download the software
12:26and connect to the network.
12:28Millions of new users were registered.
12:30In a given moment in the 90s,
12:32half of the CDs produced in the world were from AOL,
12:35and users discovered new ways to meet.
12:40For us, the community was everything.
12:43We wanted to create tools,
12:45and we started with e-mail.
12:47There were also ads and forums,
12:49and since communication in real time was important,
12:52we launched a kind of chat room
12:54and created instant messaging.
12:57AOL provided meeting points
12:59for groups of people with shared interests.
13:02The traffic of numerous communities was developed online.
13:05iVillage for women,
13:07Blackberry Creek for children,
13:09NetNoir for African-Americans,
13:11Planet Out for the LGTB community.
13:14More than two-thirds of their traffic
13:16was people talking on their platforms,
13:18chat rooms, ad boards, etc.
13:22I used to say, as a joke,
13:24that I was like the mayor of the community.
13:26In 2004, we asked many experts
13:28what was the most surprising thing
13:30about the growth of the Internet,
13:32and they all said that the network
13:34was the most surprising thing.
13:36That so many people had so much to say.
13:39Of course, among all that,
13:41there are many videos of cats and photos of cats.
13:44Kittens! Inspired by kittens!
13:49But there is also a deep desire to share.
13:51This shirt plays with the boxes in the background.
13:54I'll change. That's better.
13:56If I unbutton a button... No.
13:58Hi!
13:59One of the most famous people
14:01who has uploaded his life to the Internet is John Green.
14:04John wrote a bestseller, under the same star,
14:06about which a movie was made,
14:08but millions of people almost know him personally
14:11from his YouTube channel.
14:13You're very tall.
14:15What I am is very white in this picture.
14:17Which includes this incredibly popular video
14:20about meeting his brother Hank.
14:22From January 1 to December 31, 2007,
14:25John Green and his brother Hank
14:27made a video blog project
14:29called Brotherhood 2.0.
14:31Every day of the year,
14:33the brothers sent each other a video.
14:35Don't you know that everyone
14:37has already booked their copy on Amazon?
14:40How many more books can you sell?
14:43I've managed to meet John
14:45and we've contacted Hank.
14:47And good morning, Hank.
14:49It's Thursday.
14:51Oh, no.
14:53All right, one more time.
14:55Yeah, one, two, three.
14:57Good morning, Hank.
14:59It's Thursday, May 5th.
15:01It's your birthday.
15:03Happy birthday.
15:05Cool.
15:07I am rolling.
15:09Do you like that?
15:11All right.
15:13So, tell me how you decided
15:15to start a blog project.
15:17My brother and I were talking
15:19via the AOL Instant Messenger
15:21at the end of 2006.
15:23We were talking about
15:25how we weren't actually talking
15:27on the phone.
15:29We were never talking on the phone.
15:31We were just communicating
15:33textually and we got this
15:35idea via Instant Messenger
15:37to stop communicating textually
15:39and only to communicate
15:41via the video that we were
15:43No, no.
15:45What expectations did you have for the projector?
15:47When Hank uploaded the first video and a couple of days later we had 450 followers, I thought,
15:54where did all those people come from?
15:57They looked like a lot of people.
15:58It was hard for me to believe that you could reach people so directly.
16:02At the state fair, the turkey legs were delicious.
16:05Will the speeders be good?
16:07Good morning, it's Tuesday.
16:08This video doesn't look like anything you bought on Ikea.
16:10It only has two parts.
16:12The daily videos of the Green brothers began to attract a huge audience
16:16and his was one of the first big YouTube channels to prepare the ground for the birth of the YouTube nation.
16:27I love you, I mean, follow my channel.
16:31They also did a race of memorable virtual moments.
16:39What are you doing?
16:40That hurts a lot!
16:42You can do it.
16:46Hi guys.
16:48Well, this is my first video blog.
16:51When the term social media was coined,
16:54So I'm going to do this.
16:56it was clear that we were living in a world where the internet was a tool for the people,
17:03for the people,
17:06Hi everyone.
17:07and for the people.
17:08We work to make this an incredible year for others.
17:11This is your time.
17:12My time.
17:13Our time.
17:14Let's do it.
17:15Let's work.
17:18And the year 2014 came.
17:20The news talked about Ebola daily.
17:23And almost 3 billion people were connected to the internet.
17:28At the same time, the challenge of the ice cube by the ELA was spreading through the network at the speed of vertigo.
17:34We have accepted the challenge of the ice cube.
17:39The famous online campaign was more or less like this.
17:44I have accepted the challenge of the ice cube by the ELA.
17:48You threw yourself or someone threw you an ice cube on top,
17:52and then you made a donation for the investigation of the ELA
17:57and nominated another person to do the same.
18:00The ice cube.
18:01I accept the challenge.
18:02Challenge accepted.
18:04This viral campaign was an effort to eradicate the amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
18:12But it may also have made manifest the culture of narcissism that had begun to emerge online.
18:19More than 2 million people posted their videos accepting the challenge.
18:25The challenge of the ice cube raised more than 115 million dollars in just 6 weeks.
18:31It was and continues to be the pinnacle of the use of social networks in favor of a cause.
18:40Every month, almost 2 billion people enter Facebook.
18:44Its founder, Mark Zuckerberg, got tired of waiting for the creation of an official website of Harvard when he was studying,
18:51and he and some friends decided to take action on the matter.
18:55Zuckerberg launched FaceMash only for Harvard students.
18:58From there, it spread to other universities, and on February 4, 2004, his Facebook website was launched nationally.
19:06Just four years later, the company was valued at almost 4 billion dollars.
19:14It is already difficult to remember what life was like before,
19:18when we smiled at someone if we liked something,
19:21and tagging was something that was done in stores.
19:23The new online platform made us go from communicating by email to retransmitting the content of our lives.
19:30And even if it disappeared tomorrow, our way of communicating has already changed forever.
19:35Facebook continued experimenting with the ways in which users could make webcasts,
19:41and when Facebook Live appeared, its users were able to broadcast live whatever they were doing from wherever they were, by pressing a button.
19:48This is how we have been able to see everything.
19:52Let's go there.
19:57From the viral sensation of the chihuahua mom,
20:02to the opposite extreme, the live transmission of the murder of Minnesota.
20:07I told him not to take it and to take his hands off.
20:10He told him to identify himself, to take out his documentation.
20:14Oh my God, don't tell me he's dead.
20:16Please don't tell me he's dead.
20:19Please don't tell me my boyfriend died like that.
20:22Diamond Reynolds broadcast the following moments of his partner's death.
20:27He was just taking out his documentation and papers.
20:33The Internet through Facebook, Twitter, Pinterest and many other platforms has become the place where we are going to look for everything.
20:41Breaking news,
20:43social movements,
20:47or a fun moment to take a break on a horrible day.
20:59These counters show us in real time the enormity of the activity of the network at any time of the day.
21:06Right now, every second, 6,000 tweets are sent,
21:1141,000 state updates are made on Facebook,
21:14and Google processes 100,000 million searches a month.
21:19I think it's fair to say there's no judgment on where we're going in this world.
21:24Everybody's being imaged.
21:26I have to teach my four-year-old kids that if they do something that's viewed on Facebook, it's there forever.
21:32So, ultimately, it's going to facilitate it.
21:35The participation of the audience made the Internet very powerful,
21:39but its expansion accelerated with the appearance of the online game giant.
21:44It's a global industry of almost 100,000 million dollars.
21:49In the United States, 155 million Americans play the console online regularly.
21:57Very good. In Koopa Troopa, we play...
22:00We play Veritasium.
22:02Did I say it right? Veritasium?
22:04For some, playing online is a full-time job, and others pay to see it.
22:09I stayed for a game with the streamer Josh Peters, a.k.a. Koopa Troopa 787.
22:15Ugh, I hate that.
22:18He's clearly in another league.
22:21Tell me about the journey from, you know, do we get to be fun to do it in real life?
22:27After a week of doing it, without trying to make money with it,
22:31by the start of the week, I was making more money than I was at my full-time job.
22:35For the first time in my life, I thought I could do something I liked, but I was making a living out of it.
22:43And sometimes I think I forget.
22:46I know it's a very difficult question for me,
22:49but do you feel like the Internet has made a life possible for you
22:54that otherwise would have been impossible? What do you think about that?
22:58I've had up to 57,000 people watching me play a mobile game at the same time,
23:03and that's the equivalent of a stadium full of people watching me play a game on my tablet,
23:10in my home office.
23:13That's not possible without the Internet.
23:17All right, he's dead, he falls to the ground. Now I'm going to try to talk to the kid again.
23:21Josh doesn't know where he's been watching all those people or who they are.
23:25The audience is dead, you and your father are in the shadows.
23:28His fan base is completely anonymous.
23:31Apps like Whisper, Secret or JikJak
23:35began to saturate the market for the capitalization of the invisibility that gives anonymity.
23:40JikJak was the creation of two friends from the University, Tyler Droll and Brooks Buffington.
23:45Their goal was to create a more democratic social network,
23:49where users did not need a large number of followers to have a virtual voice,
23:53and for this they allowed people to publish comments anonymously.
23:57JikJak has 1,800,000 faceless users who share thousands of Jaks daily.
24:03It all started very innocently with messages like...
24:06A greeting to the girl in the red sweater on the stairs of the library. Impressive.
24:12I hate when my phone says, looking, but then I squeeze it against my heart and whisper,
24:17me too, phone, me too.
24:20Good morning, the app for smartphones JikJak came out in December, but it's crashing.
24:25JikJak is for college students, but younger people also use it.
24:29But it can also be dangerous, it's called JikJak.
24:33It did not take long to change the tone, giving way to shameful and obsessive messages or Jaks, as they are known.
24:40Students at Mary Washington University were threatened with rape and other types of abuse.
24:46In Fredericksburg, a man has been arrested for the murder of his roommate at the university.
24:53A user was murdered. His friends and family say it was partly due to the tension caused by the app.
25:00In Falls Church, the funeral of Grace Mann has been celebrated.
25:04There were incidents in dozens of universities.
25:07The founders of JikJak say they have made changes in response to the complaints they have received,
25:12such as adding filters to detect offensive words or geo-barriers
25:16in about 85% of high schools and high schools in the United States.
25:23Anonymity gives you the freedom to speak or explore different thoughts, ideas, possibilities
25:30that may be outside the boundaries of your normal social environment or your physical setting or whatever.
25:37But how do you balance the need for anonymity in very real situations,
25:42those of political dissidents, victims of abuse,
25:45versus the growing trend of just intolerant speech online?
25:52The success of social networks depends on companies controlling their platforms
25:57so that racists, criminals, trolls and abusers cannot make their presence known.
26:04The amount of malicious things that people say is just mind-boggling. Mind-boggling.
26:12Content moderators like Alex Krum patrol the cyber-border.
26:17His job is to eliminate offensive material from social networks.
26:20For these moderators, the working day is hard and the high abandonment rate.
26:26When you say something offensive to someone online, you can't see their physical reaction,
26:31you can't see how hurt they are, there is no human component
26:36and it seems that your actions have no consequences.
26:40We desensitize when we connect, we don't look at each other.
26:45And empathy is born from the gaze, the visual contact, the faces.
26:49Sherry Turkel has been studying the psychology of people's relationships with technology for 30 years.
26:56There has been a 40% drop in the capacity of young university students
27:03in the last 20 years and the biggest drop has been in the last 10 years.
27:08Content moderation requires a human touch.
27:12There are no programs or algorithms that can do it, especially when it comes to images.
27:17A lot of the images that are published are sexually explicit,
27:23some sexually violent or very unpleasant.
27:27The constant flow of offensive words and images has a price.
27:32Content moderators can hold for about six months before leaving it.
27:36Some have had post-traumatic stress.
27:40You leave work feeling a little down, a little depressed,
27:44somehow you lose faith in humanity.
27:47My mantra for moderators is moderate with moderation.
27:53If it's what you do all day, whether it's images, content or videos,
28:00you're going to feel like your whole world is full of negativity.
28:05This part of the business is intentionally kept in the shadows.
28:09The big companies that hire these moderators
28:13don't say that half of their team is dedicated to this type of work.
28:17They don't want users to know that there is a huge need to monitor their platforms.
28:22Most people don't know this other side of the internet
28:26where there are people working to prevent us from seeing
28:29some of the most negative things that are published online,
28:33which there are a lot of.
28:35I don't think we'll ever get rid of the dark corners of the internet
28:40where the seedy people are going to do what they always do.
28:44I think it's inevitable, it's part of human nature
28:48and it's going to be part of the internet as long as it exists.
28:52Some governments have also taken steps to control the internet.
28:57China has built the Great Firewall,
29:00a sophisticated battery of filters that prevents Chinese internet users
29:03from accessing anything that the government considers negative.
29:07So if you're in China and you're looking for the word persecution,
29:11you'll see a blank screen that says unavailable page,
29:14or if you're looking for independence from Tibet or democratic movements.
29:18The pages of the New York Times, Time magazine, YouTube, Facebook, Twitter
29:23and most of Google are also blocked.
29:26It's undeniable that there's always someone watching you.
29:34There's a very controversial surveillance system
29:37called the Golden Shield Project,
29:40which uses facial and voice recognition,
29:43closed television circuits and other surveillance technologies based on the internet.
29:47The Chinese government's goal is to create a gigantic online base
29:51with the data of all its citizens.
29:54And several years ago, China pressured Yahoo
29:57to deliver account information that served the government
30:00to detain and imprison journalists,
30:03who were sentenced to 10 years in prison.
30:07The US Congress held a hearing
30:10where an outraged congressman said to the executives of Yahoo,
30:14Although technologically and economically you are giants,
30:19morally you are pygmies.
30:22Yahoo apologized for the incident.
30:27Censorship has become global.
30:30France and Germany have laws that prohibit Nazi propaganda.
30:33And in Australia, laws have been proposed
30:36to block pirated materials and protect children.
30:39Those are very respectable goals,
30:42but I wonder where this is taking us.
30:46What we're seeing more and more
30:49is how different political and economic forces
30:52are making the internet less free than we expected.
30:56Some governments on platforms like Twitter and Facebook say,
30:59What are you going to do to limit this jihadist discourse?
31:03What are you going to do to limit it?
31:06And what are you going to do to get rid of it?
31:09Are you going to help us find out who is interested in this ideology?
31:13Last hour.
31:15Last hour.
31:17Last hour.
31:19The 29-year-old man who has leaked the secret details
31:22of the government's massive surveillance program
31:25has come forward.
31:26Snowden's revelations have caused an expansive wave
31:29that is still traveling through the digital world.
31:32Leaked documents suggest that the NSA
31:35was directly intervening in business services
31:38like Google, Facebook and Apple.
31:40Apparently, it's a top-secret program
31:43that's been going on for years.
31:45The public has to decide
31:47if the policies promoted by these programs are correct.
31:49Snowden worked for the National Security Agency
31:52and leaked thousands of classified documents
31:54that revealed that the government was intervening
31:57in the communications records of ordinary people
31:59like you and me.
32:01He was spying on millions of Americans.
32:04We were able to talk to him in Russia, where he is refugee.
32:08And he told us that we should consider
32:11how far the government is willing to go with this information.
32:14One of the questions people ask
32:17when they think about the surveillance problem,
32:20when they think about all the data
32:22that corporations and governments are collecting,
32:25why do people get so angry
32:28when spies do it, when the government does it,
32:31when they say they do what they do just to save lives?
32:36The answer, as far as we know right now,
32:40is that the collaboration with these private companies
32:43is largely voluntary.
32:45You register on Facebook,
32:47you open an account on Google,
32:49you accept the terms of service on Twitter,
32:52and there are also differences in the level of power
32:56that these different groups of actors can apply.
33:01Google can spy on your emails
33:04and show you ads that they consider you may be interested in.
33:08The government can put you in jail or launch a bomb on you.
33:12The revelations that Edward Snowden made
33:15and that have continued over the years
33:18have reformulated the conversation, of course, in this country
33:22and certainly around the world.
33:25We know that the Internet and a large part of the digital world
33:29have been American inventions.
33:31When it became a global network for the rest of the world,
33:34it meant that the United States had the keys to cyberspace.
33:37But when Snowden's leak occurred, things changed.
33:41The rest of the world began to distrust the Americans.
33:45They were worried that their big brother,
33:48or rather, Uncle Sam, was spying on them.
33:50And they resisted accepting that their technological life
33:53had a price, the possibility of being spied on.
33:57In this way, the control of states over the Internet continues to advance
34:02and it could happen that the network breaks,
34:05following geopolitical borders in what has been called a cyber-balkanization.
34:10One of the most real threats
34:13that a global Internet faces
34:16are attempts to locate data, servers within the country
34:20and the application of legislation from one country to another.
34:24We enjoy an Internet that is a global network of people and institutions
34:29in which we have placed our trust.
34:32It is open, flexible and efficient.
34:35But if the Internet were to become Balkanized,
34:38it would become a rigid system with unbreakable borders.
34:41And that could lead to an even more vulnerable system
34:44of government abuses.
34:47But there is another threat that goes beyond
34:50the invasion of our virtual space.
34:53The invasion of our personal space.
34:59Police! Police! Hands up! Hands up!
35:03My God!
35:06On the ground! On the ground!
35:10It has been called SWATing.
35:12It is a type of prank in which someone chooses the address of your house
35:16and calls to report a false emergency.
35:19A few years ago it happened in a residential neighborhood in Atlanta.
35:23It all started with this emergency phone call.
35:31Hello.
35:33Hello.
35:35I killed the father, the mother and the child who was in the house.
35:39I have the girl.
35:40And I want $30,000.
35:43You want $30,000 in exchange for not killing the girl?
35:46Yes.
35:48Okay.
35:50I was at work and I received a call from one of our caregivers.
35:54And she said,
35:57something strange is going on in the house.
36:02It seems to be a 911 call, an emergency,
36:06and there is a lot of police in front of the house.
36:11It was early January 2014.
36:14It was about four o'clock in the afternoon.
36:18My lieutenant came down to my door and said,
36:21have you heard that call?
36:24We have at least two people shot.
36:28And the author has a hostage.
36:41I couldn't believe something like this was happening.
36:45But I couldn't find anyone to give me that reassurance.
36:50That's when I really just started thinking crazy things.
36:54And what if there was really a crazy person in my house?
36:58The end of our street was cut off.
37:01And there were helicopters everywhere.
37:04All the neighbors behind the barriers.
37:07It was like something out of a movie.
37:10I couldn't believe what I was seeing.
37:13I left the car in the middle of the street
37:16and ran to a police officer who was blocking the street.
37:19And I said, that's my house.
37:21My children are there and I have to go in.
37:24She was terrified, thinking that someone had killed her whole family.
37:29In the end, we had to hold her so she wouldn't go into the house.
37:34I could only think, I want to have my children in my arms right now.
37:41After about half an hour,
37:44she started to see things that just weren't right.
37:47Well, the media was already there.
37:50And then all of a sudden, my nanny comes out
37:53and she takes two half-naked and half-wet children in her arms
37:57because when it all happened, she was bathing them.
38:01Half time.
38:07Our agents inspected the whole house.
38:11They went out again and said,
38:13nothing happened in there.
38:15It was a joke.
38:23What they're looking for is to cause a large-scale police reaction
38:27because then they can even go back and tell the person,
38:31I got you this time, I got you this better.
38:34Take care of me.
38:40Traditionally, the online world and the gaming world
38:45were a boys' club.
38:48And I think that the combination of locker room,
38:52anything goes, boys' kind of morays in the online world,
38:57combined with,
38:58you can be anonymous in a certain sense,
39:01you can be anonymous in a certain sense,
39:03you're not anonymous,
39:05but you are the cat-dog of cyberbullying.
39:10It's just a disgusting game.
39:13It's a kind of a retaliatory act,
39:16and I'm not sure exactly what it is
39:18that causes you to become a victim of swatting,
39:22but that was my opinion.
39:24It angers you to think that someone has done this as a joke,
39:28and that it has been funny.
39:31There's no responsibility.
39:34There's a kind of wild west on the internet,
39:37and every now and then a sheriff comes to town
39:39and brings a little bit of order,
39:41but he leaves and everything is back to normal.
39:43It may seem like a chaotic and lawless space,
39:47but we can't blame the internet
39:49for the malicious behavior of its users.
39:52We've brought our social values onto the internet.
39:55It's not that the internet has changed our social values,
39:59it reflects them.
40:01The global internet is so infinitely accessible
40:04that criminals can appear anywhere.
40:07As for the technology itself,
40:09it has always been neutral to content.
40:12The network has never known anything about what it carries.
40:16It's like car traffic on a road.
40:18You don't know what's inside,
40:20just a car and someone driving it.
40:25Check out this new app.
40:27It's called Invisible Girlfriend,
40:29and it allows you to build your ideal girlfriend virtually.
40:35As they say on their website, they offer social proof.
40:38For example, if you don't have a relationship,
40:39but you want people to think you do,
40:43don't get me wrong.
40:45I'm very happy with my current girlfriend in real life,
40:48but it's worth investigating this
40:50to see what the future may hold.
40:54So, first you need to use your own profile,
40:57and then you pick her traits.
41:00Her name, let's go with Katie.
41:05Now, what is she like?
41:09Personality traits.
41:11How about adorably freaky?
41:14And what sort of things does she like?
41:16Oh, chess.
41:19No, I'm not thinking about chess.
41:22How about fashion?
41:24Yeah, oh, cooking.
41:26Yeah, that's cool.
41:28And sports.
41:31Where did we meet?
41:33Hmm, camping.
41:36No, at the theater.
41:40And just finish your hair,
41:43and that's it.
41:47I now have an invisible girlfriend.
41:49Oh, look who it is.
41:52My new invisible girlfriend, Katie.
41:55Why was she a girlfriend?
41:58People don't want to satisfy their emotional needs online.
42:01They can find experiences anywhere else,
42:04but you may not get emotional support.
42:07There is a real lack of empathy in the world.
42:10These are the inventors of Invisible Girlfriend.
42:13This all started as a crazy idea at a hackathon.
42:16It was a ridiculous idea.
42:19They thought it was a stupid idea.
42:21But we formed a team.
42:23We wanted to see if we could build something on a weekend.
42:26How soon could we get that to work?
42:29Ah, always that question.
42:32The challenge was actually to create a boyfriend or girlfriend.
42:36We started out with a chatbot,
42:39and ended up using humans because chatbots don't work.
42:42So we created a very, very simple service.
42:45But that very simple service,
42:47took off.
42:50Okay, ready?
42:53Let's do it.
42:55Three, two, one.
42:58Ah!
43:01Ah!
43:04Two hundred thousand and ten.
43:07Wow, that was awesome.
43:10Hundreds of thousands of people have registered.
43:13Oh, you're just so sweet.
43:15What are you planning on buying me?
43:18Of course, I want to go out.
43:21I miss you so much.
43:24This is Invisible Girlfriend.
43:27She's a professional text-to-speech writer,
43:30and does everything she can to make a virtual relationship seem real.
43:33Or rather, several at a time.
43:36I'm usually in several conversations.
43:39Have you seen those videos of those parents
43:41who give their children toothpaste?
43:44This user says,
43:47where do you want to go for dinner tonight?
43:50And he says, when are we getting married?
43:53In a lot of ways, for the user, it's a real relationship.
43:56But some of them don't realize
43:59they're talking to more than one person.
44:02It's true.
44:05The next message I get from Katie
44:08could have been written by a totally different person.
44:11I like being a boyfriend.
44:14I know what women want, because I'm a woman.
44:17So I know what a woman wants to hear.
44:20But I'm not sure if they'd be interested
44:23to know I was a girl.
44:26Sometimes these relationships, in quotes,
44:29can be a little complicated.
44:32Sometimes a user tries to take the conversation
44:35to a level of sexting, and you really have to stop them.
44:38But that doesn't happen often.
44:41I think they just want someone to be affectionate with them.
44:44The user says,
44:47I bought you a surprise.
44:50I'll give it to you tonight when I pick you up for dinner.
44:53I love you, baby. And I said, I can't wait.
44:56I love you, baby. I wish you good things.
44:59What have I done to deserve you?
45:02The creators of Invisible Girlfriend
45:05never thought it would be so appreciated
45:08from both sides.
45:11Maybe in the future it will be normal
45:14to relate to characters that maybe don't exist.
45:25Now that the web connects more people than ever,
45:28shouldn't we have real human connections?
45:31That's the irony of the Internet.
45:34The more connected we are technologically,
45:37the more isolated we feel many times
45:39in our daily life.
45:43It's a little sad.
45:46I hope that in the future
45:49we can keep those real connections
45:52from person to person,
45:55and we don't have to rely on computers
45:58to feel accompanied.
46:01Technology reflects and amplifies the good,
46:04the bad and the ugly of our life.
46:06I'm not convinced.
46:09It's just different.
46:12People learn how to move in these new environments
46:15and we'll learn how to use them.
46:18We have to start thinking
46:21about the next technology we're going to create.
46:24The Internet is changing in many ways.
46:27The Internet has a long way to go
46:30and the digital community and civil society
46:33have to understand the potential of the Internet
46:36as an individual never created.
46:39I see virtual reality become something real.
46:42Fully immersive virtual environments,
46:45haptic feedback, as if you were there.
46:48You're in Tokyo, I'm in Miami.
46:51We meet in a virtual space that's like a matrix.
46:54I can touch you, we can stay, adjust the light from the sky,
46:57the music we want can come in.
47:00Rendered landscapes, dream worlds
47:03that we can live in lucidly
47:06and I mean, we're literally going to move
47:09into a cosmos of imagination.
47:12That type of immersion is going to change things very fast.
47:16And it's here.
47:18The goggles, the bandwidth and the resolution is here.
47:21Sergio, hit those five.
47:24Microsoft is developing a system
47:27that will make online interaction much more personal.
47:30We call that holotransportation.
47:33With holotransportation, people will be able
47:36to see themselves more live on the Internet.
47:39Hi, Dad. I've missed you.
47:42Hi, Lily. I've missed you too.
47:44When are you coming home?
47:46The Internet has become the main way
47:49we interact with others, real or imaginary,
47:52virtual or robotic.
47:54In the not-too-distant future,
47:56it could also change the way we interact with the dead.
47:59It's not hard to imagine that our loved ones
48:02could be reconstructed by compiling
48:04all their history on the Internet,
48:07all their online activity, their e-mails,
48:09their photos and their Facebook posts.
48:12Most people in the past lived and died
48:15with no record of their existence at all,
48:18other than their birth date and their death.
48:21In the future, we'll have a library of souls.
48:25Now, if we were to do a connection,
48:28we'd have a library of souls
48:30where we could have a conversation with an Einstein,
48:32a conversation with a Winston Churchill.
48:35Of course, these people died in the past,
48:38but in the future,
48:40the Einstein and the Winston Churchill
48:42basic personalities will be preserved
48:44and we'll have the next conversation with them.
48:49The future will take us even further
48:52in virtual intimacy,
48:54capitalizing on users' access to all senses
48:58and catapulting us beyond
48:59the simple transmission of words and sounds
49:02to the sensation of human contact.
49:05There's already a virtual reality jacket
49:08that can give a hug.
49:10It's great!
49:12And it's already taken a step further.
49:14A team of researchers seems to have shown
49:17that simple thoughts can be transmitted
49:19through the Internet.
49:21A guy in India with a sensor attached to his scalp
49:24thought of the words hola and chao.
49:278,000 km from there, in France,
49:30another researcher, also connected,
49:33received his brainwaves
49:35and thought of the words hola and chao.
49:38A day will come when we won't have to tell people
49:41our feelings.
49:43They'll be able to pick them up
49:45directly from our heads.
49:47And on the horizon,
49:49the very essence of connectivity,
49:51the creation of a true global village.
49:54Right now, only 40% of the world's population
49:57has access to the Internet.
49:59Just by looking at a map
50:01of how many devices are connected to the Internet,
50:04it's clear how many of our congeners
50:06are still living in digital darkness.
50:08The obstacles to connecting to everyone
50:10are enormous.
50:12Money, language, infrastructure...
50:14We're going to pop it out, OK?
50:16All together!
50:18Let's do it again.
50:203, 2, 1...
50:23Go!
50:25But recently, Mark Zuckerberg,
50:27the founder of Facebook,
50:29launched what could be our greatest hope
50:31to achieve it,
50:33with the test flight of the Aquila.
50:37Aquila is a drone powered by solar energy.
50:40And once it's in the air,
50:42it should be able to fly for months without landing,
50:45carrying a Wi-Fi connection
50:47to the most remote parts of the world.
50:50This is not the last frontier.
50:52The current mobile phone
50:54will be replaced by other things.
50:56The system will be connected all the time,
50:59waiting for us to ask a question
51:01or to give an order.
51:04The way to think about where the Internet is going
51:07is not to ask ourselves
51:09what the future of the Internet is,
51:11but what the Internet will change
51:13and what will arise from the reactions
51:15that occur in different areas of the world.
51:17And that's just the beginning.
51:47NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology