El presentador Derek Muller nos acompaña al corazón físico de Internet, describe el primer mensaje enviado por el profesor de UCLA, Leonard Kleinrock, y demuestra cómo los co-creadores de Internet Vint Cerf y Bob Kahn idearon un lenguaje que dio origen a Internet como lo conocemos.
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00:00In the history of the Internet, we have had many surprises.
00:07When we look at the Internet now, where it came from, where it has arrived and where it is headed,
00:15I think it is quite clear that the engineers were not aware of how much this was going to change things.
00:25It was like crazy. The Internet was not as important to us as the telephone or television.
00:39In this series we will travel through the past, the present and the future of that revolution that we call the Internet.
00:46We will see the most inaccessible places, practices and people who make the network vibrate.
00:52And we will ask ourselves why we are passionate about it.
01:05This is the Internet. Literally.
01:10We usually think that it is invisible, that it is somewhere in the cloud.
01:14But this is where the invisible becomes visible, where the intangible becomes concrete.
01:20I'm Derek Muller, and I'm in an Internet exchange point,
01:24one of hundreds of places around the world where computers are interconnected to form the global Internet.
01:32What's happening here is that routers and routers are receiving data from one network
01:38and they are being transmitted to another one by real physical cables.
01:42So it is a network of networks, all interconnected.
01:47That's why we call it the Internet.
01:50And here is where we can touch it physically.
01:55Everything we have recorded, written or sent,
01:59passes through these global exchange points.
02:04It is a cosmic journey that Newton, Tesla or Einstein could not have imagined.
02:10A journey at the speed of light.
02:14I spend most of my working hours here on the Internet.
02:19That may sound a little bit freaky, but the truth is that I really enjoy it.
02:25I create and present an online scientific channel called Veritasium, which means the element of truth.
02:31It is the work of my dreams, because I am passionate about science,
02:34and now I can research topics that have always interested me.
02:37Isn't that cool?
02:39And show my scientific world to a huge international audience.
02:44I am capitalizing on the reach of the Internet.
02:46For example, some time ago I uploaded a video called
02:49The amazing application of the Magnus effect.
02:51Oh, look at that!
02:56It has already been seen by more than 50 million people around the world.
03:00It is not bad to be a movie about a dynamic effect of fluids.
03:04As a species, we have an innate need to connect with others,
03:08to communicate and share our stories.
03:12In essence, to create community.
03:14And the Internet allows us to do it in ways that we would never have imagined.
03:19In 1969, the same year that the man stepped on the moon,
03:23Leonard Kleinrock headed a team of computer scientists
03:27who would be considered the fathers of the Internet.
03:30And it all started in a room like this one.
03:33The interesting thing is that even if none of us were born,
03:37today we would also have the Internet.
03:39It was something that had to happen.
03:43The inspiration to create a new network
03:45came from an agency of the US Department of Defense called ARPA,
03:49the Advanced Research Projects Agency.
03:54ARPA was created as a response to the launch of the Sputnik by the Russians in 1957.
04:00We were caught with our pants down.
04:03We were left behind in technology.
04:06Computers were very large, very expensive,
04:09and they were separated by great distances.
04:11If a user wanted to use multiple programs,
04:14he had to travel to different places.
04:17Computers needed to communicate,
04:20and there was no way to do it efficiently.
04:23The problem was, if you were trying to send files or messages
04:28through a network, you had to send them one by one.
04:32So each message had to wait its turn.
04:35And if one of those messages was too big,
04:38it would take a long time to get through.
04:41The solution that Kleinrock and his team of pioneers came up with
04:45is still one of the pillars of the network.
04:48It's called package mutation,
04:50and it consists of dividing all the messages
04:53into blocks of the same size called packages.
04:56Then those packages can travel separately through the network,
04:59optimizing the use of the available space.
05:02So the small message packages take advantage of the spaces
05:05between the large message packages,
05:07avoiding a long wait.
05:09And once all the packages have reached their destination,
05:12they regroup, forming the original messages.
05:15To do all the chopping and reconstruction work,
05:18a special device would connect the computers to the network.
05:21This is the first internet device that existed.
05:24This is where the internet really started.
05:27It's the interface for the processor,
05:30and it's made out of a very hard machine
05:33for the Department of Defense.
05:36Inside, notice, it is so ugly, it's beautiful.
05:41It's my friend. It has a unique odor.
05:45And it's really old equipment,
05:48but this is where the internet started, right here.
05:53We are in 1969.
05:56Richard Nixon is the invested president of the United States.
05:59More than a million people gather in Woodstock
06:02to celebrate sex, drugs, and rock and roll.
06:05And on October 29, the Kleinrock team
06:08at the University of Los Angeles
06:10connected to a computer from the Stanford Research Institute.
06:14Now, to make sure that it worked,
06:17because it was the first time that these two computers
06:20could log in remotely,
06:23we had a telephone connection, just to be sure.
06:27Now, to log in, you have to type L-O-G.
06:32So, Charlie types down and says to Bill,
06:37do you see the L?
06:39Bill says, I see it.
06:42Do you see the O?
06:44Got the O. Got the G.
06:46Crash.
06:48The system went down.
06:51The first message sent by the internet was LOW,
06:55as in going here.
06:58Samuel Morse said on the first telegram,
07:01what has God brought us?
07:03He prepared it. He had it in the press, in the media.
07:06Alexander Graham Bell with the telephone,
07:09come here, Watson, I need you.
07:11Neil Armstrong, a great step for humanity.
07:14But it turns out that the message we sent
07:17was about as short, as prophetic and powerful
07:20as you could imagine.
07:22LOW, by accident.
07:30Our vision in those early days
07:32was machine to machine or person to person.
07:35What I missed totally was that it was not computers
07:38talking to each other,
07:40it was people communicating with each other.
07:43At the end of 1969,
07:45there were only a few computers connected to ARPANET,
07:48but the network grew non-stop during the 1970s.
07:52And as they multiplied,
07:54it became increasingly difficult to integrate them
07:57into a global system,
07:59and the desire to access the data of others was enormous.
08:03In the 1970s, there was not a single global internet
08:06like the one we have today.
08:08There were many different networks,
08:10like the government's big ARPANET,
08:12satellite networks and small community networks,
08:15but they all had different formats
08:18and they were interconnected in different ways.
08:21In short, if you were not already in a network,
08:24it was very difficult to get to it.
08:26It was like a Babel tower.
08:28We needed a common language,
08:30standard protocols that allowed
08:32all those networks to communicate with each other.
08:36The internet got the common language it needed
08:39thanks to two pioneering scientists
08:42and this humble delivery truck.
08:45Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn worked for years
08:48to solve the problem of connectivity.
08:51Bob came to my office in Stanford in 1973
08:54and said, we have a problem.
08:56And I said, what do you mean we have a problem?
08:59And he said, I'm trying to interconnect these networks
09:02and I don't know how to do it.
09:04Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn installed in this vehicle
09:07a computer and a radio transmission equipment
09:10and traveled through the streets of the Bay Area of San Francisco.
09:14On November 22, 1977,
09:16they managed to transmit a message to Los Angeles,
09:19about 650 kilometers south,
09:22but they did it using three networks.
09:27Between the two, they developed a system
09:29for all networks to communicate.
09:31It has been described as the greeting
09:33with which two computers are presented.
09:36And they also invented a new word
09:38for what they were doing.
09:40Bob Kahn and I wrote a first work
09:42describing a protocol for the intercommunication
09:45of packages in networks.
09:47So, internetworking was the term we coined,
09:51but it was very long.
09:53Bob Kahn called the project Internetting
09:57and in the end we started to call it the Internet.
10:02The computers were still very large,
10:04more or less the size of an industrial refrigerator.
10:07The only ones that could afford them
10:09were large corporations, universities and the army.
10:13But as its size was reduced,
10:15personal computers began to take off
10:18and the same happened with the connections
10:20to the internet for domestic users.
10:23In 1981, I bought a PC
10:26and tried to connect it to a modem
10:29and it was very complicated, very difficult.
10:32But even so, there was something magical
10:34in the idea that I was sitting in front of a computer
10:37connecting with people and ideas from all over the world.
10:44The standard connection speed was 56 kilobits per second,
10:48so downloading a video or even a photo
10:50was an endless operation.
10:53People complained, it was too slow
10:55and we fixed it with the modem cable.
10:58Jim Phillips was an executive of Motorola in the 90s
11:01when they developed a system to increase the speed.
11:05We saw those cable television companies
11:07and they had a way of communicating
11:09through coaxial fiber hybrid.
11:13Back then it was called telecable
11:15and that gave us a great speed,
11:18something that we had not experienced until then.
11:21And the best of all, no more telephone lines.
11:25Suddenly you could download audio,
11:27even download video.
11:30Once you were connected,
11:31you could also join discussion groups
11:33and send e-mails.
11:40A dial-up connection service
11:43was launched on everyone else,
11:45AOL, America Online.
11:47Welcome, you got mail.
11:50It connected millions of Americans to the network for the first time.
11:53The mission of AOL in the early days
11:56was to create an easy-to-use and affordable service.
11:59But the broader mission in the long term
12:01was that we believed that the Internet
12:03could be as important for people's lives
12:05as the telephone or television,
12:07but providing much more value.
12:10To attract new customers,
12:12AOL used a brilliant marketing strategy.
12:15Honey!
12:17The new disc of AOL has arrived.
12:20Do you remember this?
12:22AOL gave it to people
12:24so that they could download the software
12:26and connect to the network.
12:28Millions of new users were registered.
12:30In a given moment in the 90s,
12:32half of the CDs produced in the world were from AOL,
12:35and users discovered new ways to meet.
12:40For us, the community was everything.
12:43We wanted to create tools,
12:45and we started with e-mail.
12:47There were also ads and forums,
12:49and since communication in real time was important,
12:52we launched a kind of chat room
12:54and created instant messaging.
12:57AOL provided meeting points
12:59for groups of people with shared interests.
13:02The traffic of numerous communities was developed online.
13:05iVillage for women,
13:07Blackberry Creek for children,
13:09NetNoir for African-Americans,
13:11Planet Out for the LGTB community.
13:14More than two-thirds of their traffic
13:16was people talking on their platforms,
13:18chat rooms, ad boards, etc.
13:22I used to say, as a joke,
13:24that I was like the mayor of the community.
13:26In 2004, we asked many experts
13:28what was the most surprising thing
13:30about the growth of the Internet,
13:32and they all said that the network
13:34was the most surprising thing.
13:36That so many people had so much to say.
13:39Of course, among all that,
13:41there are many videos of cats and photos of cats.
13:44Kittens! Inspired by kittens!
13:49But there is also a deep desire to share.
13:51This shirt plays with the boxes in the background.
13:54I'll change. That's better.
13:56If I unbutton a button... No.
13:58Hi!
13:59One of the most famous people
14:01who has uploaded his life to the Internet is John Green.
14:04John wrote a bestseller, under the same star,
14:06about which a movie was made,
14:08but millions of people almost know him personally
14:11from his YouTube channel.
14:13You're very tall.
14:15What I am is very white in this picture.
14:17Which includes this incredibly popular video
14:20about meeting his brother Hank.
14:22From January 1 to December 31, 2007,
14:25John Green and his brother Hank
14:27made a video blog project
14:29called Brotherhood 2.0.
14:31Every day of the year,
14:33the brothers sent each other a video.
14:35Don't you know that everyone
14:37has already booked their copy on Amazon?
14:40How many more books can you sell?
14:43I've managed to meet John
14:45and we've contacted Hank.
14:47And good morning, Hank.
14:49It's Thursday.
14:51Oh, no.
14:53All right, one more time.
14:55Yeah, one, two, three.
14:57Good morning, Hank.
14:59It's Thursday, May 5th.
15:01It's your birthday.
15:03Happy birthday.
15:05Cool.
15:07I am rolling.
15:09Do you like that?
15:11All right.
15:13So, tell me how you decided
15:15to start a blog project.
15:17My brother and I were talking
15:19via the AOL Instant Messenger
15:21at the end of 2006.
15:23We were talking about
15:25how we weren't actually talking
15:27on the phone.
15:29We were never talking on the phone.
15:31We were just communicating
15:33textually and we got this
15:35idea via Instant Messenger
15:37to stop communicating textually
15:39and only to communicate
15:41via the video that we were
15:43No, no.
15:45What expectations did you have for the projector?
15:47When Hank uploaded the first video and a couple of days later we had 450 followers, I thought,
15:54where did all those people come from?
15:57They looked like a lot of people.
15:58It was hard for me to believe that you could reach people so directly.
16:02At the state fair, the turkey legs were delicious.
16:05Will the speeders be good?
16:07Good morning, it's Tuesday.
16:08This video doesn't look like anything you bought on Ikea.
16:10It only has two parts.
16:12The daily videos of the Green brothers began to attract a huge audience
16:16and his was one of the first big YouTube channels to prepare the ground for the birth of the YouTube nation.
16:27I love you, I mean, follow my channel.
16:31They also did a race of memorable virtual moments.
16:39What are you doing?
16:40That hurts a lot!
16:42You can do it.
16:46Hi guys.
16:48Well, this is my first video blog.
16:51When the term social media was coined,
16:54So I'm going to do this.
16:56it was clear that we were living in a world where the internet was a tool for the people,
17:03for the people,
17:06Hi everyone.
17:07and for the people.
17:08We work to make this an incredible year for others.
17:11This is your time.
17:12My time.
17:13Our time.
17:14Let's do it.
17:15Let's work.
17:18And the year 2014 came.
17:20The news talked about Ebola daily.
17:23And almost 3 billion people were connected to the internet.
17:28At the same time, the challenge of the ice cube by the ELA was spreading through the network at the speed of vertigo.
17:34We have accepted the challenge of the ice cube.
17:39The famous online campaign was more or less like this.
17:44I have accepted the challenge of the ice cube by the ELA.
17:48You threw yourself or someone threw you an ice cube on top,
17:52and then you made a donation for the investigation of the ELA
17:57and nominated another person to do the same.
18:00The ice cube.
18:01I accept the challenge.
18:02Challenge accepted.
18:04This viral campaign was an effort to eradicate the amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
18:12But it may also have made manifest the culture of narcissism that had begun to emerge online.
18:19More than 2 million people posted their videos accepting the challenge.
18:25The challenge of the ice cube raised more than 115 million dollars in just 6 weeks.
18:31It was and continues to be the pinnacle of the use of social networks in favor of a cause.
18:40Every month, almost 2 billion people enter Facebook.
18:44Its founder, Mark Zuckerberg, got tired of waiting for the creation of an official website of Harvard when he was studying,
18:51and he and some friends decided to take action on the matter.
18:55Zuckerberg launched FaceMash only for Harvard students.
18:58From there, it spread to other universities, and on February 4, 2004, his Facebook website was launched nationally.
19:06Just four years later, the company was valued at almost 4 billion dollars.
19:14It is already difficult to remember what life was like before,
19:18when we smiled at someone if we liked something,
19:21and tagging was something that was done in stores.
19:23The new online platform made us go from communicating by email to retransmitting the content of our lives.
19:30And even if it disappeared tomorrow, our way of communicating has already changed forever.
19:35Facebook continued experimenting with the ways in which users could make webcasts,
19:41and when Facebook Live appeared, its users were able to broadcast live whatever they were doing from wherever they were, by pressing a button.
19:48This is how we have been able to see everything.
19:52Let's go there.
19:57From the viral sensation of the chihuahua mom,
20:02to the opposite extreme, the live transmission of the murder of Minnesota.
20:07I told him not to take it and to take his hands off.
20:10He told him to identify himself, to take out his documentation.
20:14Oh my God, don't tell me he's dead.
20:16Please don't tell me he's dead.
20:19Please don't tell me my boyfriend died like that.
20:22Diamond Reynolds broadcast the following moments of his partner's death.
20:27He was just taking out his documentation and papers.
20:33The Internet through Facebook, Twitter, Pinterest and many other platforms has become the place where we are going to look for everything.
20:41Breaking news,
20:43social movements,
20:47or a fun moment to take a break on a horrible day.
20:59These counters show us in real time the enormity of the activity of the network at any time of the day.
21:06Right now, every second, 6,000 tweets are sent,
21:1141,000 state updates are made on Facebook,
21:14and Google processes 100,000 million searches a month.
21:19I think it's fair to say there's no judgment on where we're going in this world.
21:24Everybody's being imaged.
21:26I have to teach my four-year-old kids that if they do something that's viewed on Facebook, it's there forever.
21:32So, ultimately, it's going to facilitate it.
21:35The participation of the audience made the Internet very powerful,
21:39but its expansion accelerated with the appearance of the online game giant.
21:44It's a global industry of almost 100,000 million dollars.
21:49In the United States, 155 million Americans play the console online regularly.
21:57Very good. In Koopa Troopa, we play...
22:00We play Veritasium.
22:02Did I say it right? Veritasium?
22:04For some, playing online is a full-time job, and others pay to see it.
22:09I stayed for a game with the streamer Josh Peters, a.k.a. Koopa Troopa 787.
22:15Ugh, I hate that.
22:18He's clearly in another league.
22:21Tell me about the journey from, you know, do we get to be fun to do it in real life?
22:27After a week of doing it, without trying to make money with it,
22:31by the start of the week, I was making more money than I was at my full-time job.
22:35For the first time in my life, I thought I could do something I liked, but I was making a living out of it.
22:43And sometimes I think I forget.
22:46I know it's a very difficult question for me,
22:49but do you feel like the Internet has made a life possible for you
22:54that otherwise would have been impossible? What do you think about that?
22:58I've had up to 57,000 people watching me play a mobile game at the same time,
23:03and that's the equivalent of a stadium full of people watching me play a game on my tablet,
23:10in my home office.
23:13That's not possible without the Internet.
23:17All right, he's dead, he falls to the ground. Now I'm going to try to talk to the kid again.
23:21Josh doesn't know where he's been watching all those people or who they are.
23:25The audience is dead, you and your father are in the shadows.
23:28His fan base is completely anonymous.
23:31Apps like Whisper, Secret or JikJak
23:35began to saturate the market for the capitalization of the invisibility that gives anonymity.
23:40JikJak was the creation of two friends from the University, Tyler Droll and Brooks Buffington.
23:45Their goal was to create a more democratic social network,
23:49where users did not need a large number of followers to have a virtual voice,
23:53and for this they allowed people to publish comments anonymously.
23:57JikJak has 1,800,000 faceless users who share thousands of Jaks daily.
24:03It all started very innocently with messages like...
24:06A greeting to the girl in the red sweater on the stairs of the library. Impressive.
24:12I hate when my phone says, looking, but then I squeeze it against my heart and whisper,
24:17me too, phone, me too.
24:20Good morning, the app for smartphones JikJak came out in December, but it's crashing.
24:25JikJak is for college students, but younger people also use it.
24:29But it can also be dangerous, it's called JikJak.
24:33It did not take long to change the tone, giving way to shameful and obsessive messages or Jaks, as they are known.
24:40Students at Mary Washington University were threatened with rape and other types of abuse.
24:46In Fredericksburg, a man has been arrested for the murder of his roommate at the university.
24:53A user was murdered. His friends and family say it was partly due to the tension caused by the app.
25:00In Falls Church, the funeral of Grace Mann has been celebrated.
25:04There were incidents in dozens of universities.
25:07The founders of JikJak say they have made changes in response to the complaints they have received,
25:12such as adding filters to detect offensive words or geo-barriers
25:16in about 85% of high schools and high schools in the United States.
25:23Anonymity gives you the freedom to speak or explore different thoughts, ideas, possibilities
25:30that may be outside the boundaries of your normal social environment or your physical setting or whatever.
25:37But how do you balance the need for anonymity in very real situations,
25:42those of political dissidents, victims of abuse,
25:45versus the growing trend of just intolerant speech online?
25:52The success of social networks depends on companies controlling their platforms
25:57so that racists, criminals, trolls and abusers cannot make their presence known.
26:04The amount of malicious things that people say is just mind-boggling. Mind-boggling.
26:12Content moderators like Alex Krum patrol the cyber-border.
26:17His job is to eliminate offensive material from social networks.
26:20For these moderators, the working day is hard and the high abandonment rate.
26:26When you say something offensive to someone online, you can't see their physical reaction,
26:31you can't see how hurt they are, there is no human component
26:36and it seems that your actions have no consequences.
26:40We desensitize when we connect, we don't look at each other.
26:45And empathy is born from the gaze, the visual contact, the faces.
26:49Sherry Turkel has been studying the psychology of people's relationships with technology for 30 years.
26:56There has been a 40% drop in the capacity of young university students
27:03in the last 20 years and the biggest drop has been in the last 10 years.
27:08Content moderation requires a human touch.
27:12There are no programs or algorithms that can do it, especially when it comes to images.
27:17A lot of the images that are published are sexually explicit,
27:23some sexually violent or very unpleasant.
27:27The constant flow of offensive words and images has a price.
27:32Content moderators can hold for about six months before leaving it.
27:36Some have had post-traumatic stress.
27:40You leave work feeling a little down, a little depressed,
27:44somehow you lose faith in humanity.
27:47My mantra for moderators is moderate with moderation.
27:53If it's what you do all day, whether it's images, content or videos,
28:00you're going to feel like your whole world is full of negativity.
28:05This part of the business is intentionally kept in the shadows.
28:09The big companies that hire these moderators
28:13don't say that half of their team is dedicated to this type of work.
28:17They don't want users to know that there is a huge need to monitor their platforms.
28:22Most people don't know this other side of the internet
28:26where there are people working to prevent us from seeing
28:29some of the most negative things that are published online,
28:33which there are a lot of.
28:35I don't think we'll ever get rid of the dark corners of the internet
28:40where the seedy people are going to do what they always do.
28:44I think it's inevitable, it's part of human nature
28:48and it's going to be part of the internet as long as it exists.
28:52Some governments have also taken steps to control the internet.
28:57China has built the Great Firewall,
29:00a sophisticated battery of filters that prevents Chinese internet users
29:03from accessing anything that the government considers negative.
29:07So if you're in China and you're looking for the word persecution,
29:11you'll see a blank screen that says unavailable page,
29:14or if you're looking for independence from Tibet or democratic movements.
29:18The pages of the New York Times, Time magazine, YouTube, Facebook, Twitter
29:23and most of Google are also blocked.
29:26It's undeniable that there's always someone watching you.
29:34There's a very controversial surveillance system
29:37called the Golden Shield Project,
29:40which uses facial and voice recognition,
29:43closed television circuits and other surveillance technologies based on the internet.
29:47The Chinese government's goal is to create a gigantic online base
29:51with the data of all its citizens.
29:54And several years ago, China pressured Yahoo
29:57to deliver account information that served the government
30:00to detain and imprison journalists,
30:03who were sentenced to 10 years in prison.
30:07The US Congress held a hearing
30:10where an outraged congressman said to the executives of Yahoo,
30:14Although technologically and economically you are giants,
30:19morally you are pygmies.
30:22Yahoo apologized for the incident.
30:27Censorship has become global.
30:30France and Germany have laws that prohibit Nazi propaganda.
30:33And in Australia, laws have been proposed
30:36to block pirated materials and protect children.
30:39Those are very respectable goals,
30:42but I wonder where this is taking us.
30:46What we're seeing more and more
30:49is how different political and economic forces
30:52are making the internet less free than we expected.
30:56Some governments on platforms like Twitter and Facebook say,
30:59What are you going to do to limit this jihadist discourse?
31:03What are you going to do to limit it?
31:06And what are you going to do to get rid of it?
31:09Are you going to help us find out who is interested in this ideology?
31:13Last hour.
31:15Last hour.
31:17Last hour.
31:19The 29-year-old man who has leaked the secret details
31:22of the government's massive surveillance program
31:25has come forward.
31:26Snowden's revelations have caused an expansive wave
31:29that is still traveling through the digital world.
31:32Leaked documents suggest that the NSA
31:35was directly intervening in business services
31:38like Google, Facebook and Apple.
31:40Apparently, it's a top-secret program
31:43that's been going on for years.
31:45The public has to decide
31:47if the policies promoted by these programs are correct.
31:49Snowden worked for the National Security Agency
31:52and leaked thousands of classified documents
31:54that revealed that the government was intervening
31:57in the communications records of ordinary people
31:59like you and me.
32:01He was spying on millions of Americans.
32:04We were able to talk to him in Russia, where he is refugee.
32:08And he told us that we should consider
32:11how far the government is willing to go with this information.
32:14One of the questions people ask
32:17when they think about the surveillance problem,
32:20when they think about all the data
32:22that corporations and governments are collecting,
32:25why do people get so angry
32:28when spies do it, when the government does it,
32:31when they say they do what they do just to save lives?
32:36The answer, as far as we know right now,
32:40is that the collaboration with these private companies
32:43is largely voluntary.
32:45You register on Facebook,
32:47you open an account on Google,
32:49you accept the terms of service on Twitter,
32:52and there are also differences in the level of power
32:56that these different groups of actors can apply.
33:01Google can spy on your emails
33:04and show you ads that they consider you may be interested in.
33:08The government can put you in jail or launch a bomb on you.
33:12The revelations that Edward Snowden made
33:15and that have continued over the years
33:18have reformulated the conversation, of course, in this country
33:22and certainly around the world.
33:25We know that the Internet and a large part of the digital world
33:29have been American inventions.
33:31When it became a global network for the rest of the world,
33:34it meant that the United States had the keys to cyberspace.
33:37But when Snowden's leak occurred, things changed.
33:41The rest of the world began to distrust the Americans.
33:45They were worried that their big brother,
33:48or rather, Uncle Sam, was spying on them.
33:50And they resisted accepting that their technological life
33:53had a price, the possibility of being spied on.
33:57In this way, the control of states over the Internet continues to advance
34:02and it could happen that the network breaks,
34:05following geopolitical borders in what has been called a cyber-balkanization.
34:10One of the most real threats
34:13that a global Internet faces
34:16are attempts to locate data, servers within the country
34:20and the application of legislation from one country to another.
34:24We enjoy an Internet that is a global network of people and institutions
34:29in which we have placed our trust.
34:32It is open, flexible and efficient.
34:35But if the Internet were to become Balkanized,
34:38it would become a rigid system with unbreakable borders.
34:41And that could lead to an even more vulnerable system
34:44of government abuses.
34:47But there is another threat that goes beyond
34:50the invasion of our virtual space.
34:53The invasion of our personal space.
34:59Police! Police! Hands up! Hands up!
35:03My God!
35:06On the ground! On the ground!
35:10It has been called SWATing.
35:12It is a type of prank in which someone chooses the address of your house
35:16and calls to report a false emergency.
35:19A few years ago it happened in a residential neighborhood in Atlanta.
35:23It all started with this emergency phone call.
35:31Hello.
35:33Hello.
35:35I killed the father, the mother and the child who was in the house.
35:39I have the girl.
35:40And I want $30,000.
35:43You want $30,000 in exchange for not killing the girl?
35:46Yes.
35:48Okay.
35:50I was at work and I received a call from one of our caregivers.
35:54And she said,
35:57something strange is going on in the house.
36:02It seems to be a 911 call, an emergency,
36:06and there is a lot of police in front of the house.
36:11It was early January 2014.
36:14It was about four o'clock in the afternoon.
36:18My lieutenant came down to my door and said,
36:21have you heard that call?
36:24We have at least two people shot.
36:28And the author has a hostage.
36:41I couldn't believe something like this was happening.
36:45But I couldn't find anyone to give me that reassurance.
36:50That's when I really just started thinking crazy things.
36:54And what if there was really a crazy person in my house?
36:58The end of our street was cut off.
37:01And there were helicopters everywhere.
37:04All the neighbors behind the barriers.
37:07It was like something out of a movie.
37:10I couldn't believe what I was seeing.
37:13I left the car in the middle of the street
37:16and ran to a police officer who was blocking the street.
37:19And I said, that's my house.
37:21My children are there and I have to go in.
37:24She was terrified, thinking that someone had killed her whole family.
37:29In the end, we had to hold her so she wouldn't go into the house.
37:34I could only think, I want to have my children in my arms right now.
37:41After about half an hour,
37:44she started to see things that just weren't right.
37:47Well, the media was already there.
37:50And then all of a sudden, my nanny comes out
37:53and she takes two half-naked and half-wet children in her arms
37:57because when it all happened, she was bathing them.
38:01Half time.
38:07Our agents inspected the whole house.
38:11They went out again and said,
38:13nothing happened in there.
38:15It was a joke.
38:23What they're looking for is to cause a large-scale police reaction
38:27because then they can even go back and tell the person,
38:31I got you this time, I got you this better.
38:34Take care of me.
38:40Traditionally, the online world and the gaming world
38:45were a boys' club.
38:48And I think that the combination of locker room,
38:52anything goes, boys' kind of morays in the online world,
38:57combined with,
38:58you can be anonymous in a certain sense,
39:01you can be anonymous in a certain sense,
39:03you're not anonymous,
39:05but you are the cat-dog of cyberbullying.
39:10It's just a disgusting game.
39:13It's a kind of a retaliatory act,
39:16and I'm not sure exactly what it is
39:18that causes you to become a victim of swatting,
39:22but that was my opinion.
39:24It angers you to think that someone has done this as a joke,
39:28and that it has been funny.
39:31There's no responsibility.
39:34There's a kind of wild west on the internet,
39:37and every now and then a sheriff comes to town
39:39and brings a little bit of order,
39:41but he leaves and everything is back to normal.
39:43It may seem like a chaotic and lawless space,
39:47but we can't blame the internet
39:49for the malicious behavior of its users.
39:52We've brought our social values onto the internet.
39:55It's not that the internet has changed our social values,
39:59it reflects them.
40:01The global internet is so infinitely accessible
40:04that criminals can appear anywhere.
40:07As for the technology itself,
40:09it has always been neutral to content.
40:12The network has never known anything about what it carries.
40:16It's like car traffic on a road.
40:18You don't know what's inside,
40:20just a car and someone driving it.
40:25Check out this new app.
40:27It's called Invisible Girlfriend,
40:29and it allows you to build your ideal girlfriend virtually.
40:35As they say on their website, they offer social proof.
40:38For example, if you don't have a relationship,
40:39but you want people to think you do,
40:43don't get me wrong.
40:45I'm very happy with my current girlfriend in real life,
40:48but it's worth investigating this
40:50to see what the future may hold.
40:54So, first you need to use your own profile,
40:57and then you pick her traits.
41:00Her name, let's go with Katie.
41:05Now, what is she like?
41:09Personality traits.
41:11How about adorably freaky?
41:14And what sort of things does she like?
41:16Oh, chess.
41:19No, I'm not thinking about chess.
41:22How about fashion?
41:24Yeah, oh, cooking.
41:26Yeah, that's cool.
41:28And sports.
41:31Where did we meet?
41:33Hmm, camping.
41:36No, at the theater.
41:40And just finish your hair,
41:43and that's it.
41:47I now have an invisible girlfriend.
41:49Oh, look who it is.
41:52My new invisible girlfriend, Katie.
41:55Why was she a girlfriend?
41:58People don't want to satisfy their emotional needs online.
42:01They can find experiences anywhere else,
42:04but you may not get emotional support.
42:07There is a real lack of empathy in the world.
42:10These are the inventors of Invisible Girlfriend.
42:13This all started as a crazy idea at a hackathon.
42:16It was a ridiculous idea.
42:19They thought it was a stupid idea.
42:21But we formed a team.
42:23We wanted to see if we could build something on a weekend.
42:26How soon could we get that to work?
42:29Ah, always that question.
42:32The challenge was actually to create a boyfriend or girlfriend.
42:36We started out with a chatbot,
42:39and ended up using humans because chatbots don't work.
42:42So we created a very, very simple service.
42:45But that very simple service,
42:47took off.
42:50Okay, ready?
42:53Let's do it.
42:55Three, two, one.
42:58Ah!
43:01Ah!
43:04Two hundred thousand and ten.
43:07Wow, that was awesome.
43:10Hundreds of thousands of people have registered.
43:13Oh, you're just so sweet.
43:15What are you planning on buying me?
43:18Of course, I want to go out.
43:21I miss you so much.
43:24This is Invisible Girlfriend.
43:27She's a professional text-to-speech writer,
43:30and does everything she can to make a virtual relationship seem real.
43:33Or rather, several at a time.
43:36I'm usually in several conversations.
43:39Have you seen those videos of those parents
43:41who give their children toothpaste?
43:44This user says,
43:47where do you want to go for dinner tonight?
43:50And he says, when are we getting married?
43:53In a lot of ways, for the user, it's a real relationship.
43:56But some of them don't realize
43:59they're talking to more than one person.
44:02It's true.
44:05The next message I get from Katie
44:08could have been written by a totally different person.
44:11I like being a boyfriend.
44:14I know what women want, because I'm a woman.
44:17So I know what a woman wants to hear.
44:20But I'm not sure if they'd be interested
44:23to know I was a girl.
44:26Sometimes these relationships, in quotes,
44:29can be a little complicated.
44:32Sometimes a user tries to take the conversation
44:35to a level of sexting, and you really have to stop them.
44:38But that doesn't happen often.
44:41I think they just want someone to be affectionate with them.
44:44The user says,
44:47I bought you a surprise.
44:50I'll give it to you tonight when I pick you up for dinner.
44:53I love you, baby. And I said, I can't wait.
44:56I love you, baby. I wish you good things.
44:59What have I done to deserve you?
45:02The creators of Invisible Girlfriend
45:05never thought it would be so appreciated
45:08from both sides.
45:11Maybe in the future it will be normal
45:14to relate to characters that maybe don't exist.
45:25Now that the web connects more people than ever,
45:28shouldn't we have real human connections?
45:31That's the irony of the Internet.
45:34The more connected we are technologically,
45:37the more isolated we feel many times
45:39in our daily life.
45:43It's a little sad.
45:46I hope that in the future
45:49we can keep those real connections
45:52from person to person,
45:55and we don't have to rely on computers
45:58to feel accompanied.
46:01Technology reflects and amplifies the good,
46:04the bad and the ugly of our life.
46:06I'm not convinced.
46:09It's just different.
46:12People learn how to move in these new environments
46:15and we'll learn how to use them.
46:18We have to start thinking
46:21about the next technology we're going to create.
46:24The Internet is changing in many ways.
46:27The Internet has a long way to go
46:30and the digital community and civil society
46:33have to understand the potential of the Internet
46:36as an individual never created.
46:39I see virtual reality become something real.
46:42Fully immersive virtual environments,
46:45haptic feedback, as if you were there.
46:48You're in Tokyo, I'm in Miami.
46:51We meet in a virtual space that's like a matrix.
46:54I can touch you, we can stay, adjust the light from the sky,
46:57the music we want can come in.
47:00Rendered landscapes, dream worlds
47:03that we can live in lucidly
47:06and I mean, we're literally going to move
47:09into a cosmos of imagination.
47:12That type of immersion is going to change things very fast.
47:16And it's here.
47:18The goggles, the bandwidth and the resolution is here.
47:21Sergio, hit those five.
47:24Microsoft is developing a system
47:27that will make online interaction much more personal.
47:30We call that holotransportation.
47:33With holotransportation, people will be able
47:36to see themselves more live on the Internet.
47:39Hi, Dad. I've missed you.
47:42Hi, Lily. I've missed you too.
47:44When are you coming home?
47:46The Internet has become the main way
47:49we interact with others, real or imaginary,
47:52virtual or robotic.
47:54In the not-too-distant future,
47:56it could also change the way we interact with the dead.
47:59It's not hard to imagine that our loved ones
48:02could be reconstructed by compiling
48:04all their history on the Internet,
48:07all their online activity, their e-mails,
48:09their photos and their Facebook posts.
48:12Most people in the past lived and died
48:15with no record of their existence at all,
48:18other than their birth date and their death.
48:21In the future, we'll have a library of souls.
48:25Now, if we were to do a connection,
48:28we'd have a library of souls
48:30where we could have a conversation with an Einstein,
48:32a conversation with a Winston Churchill.
48:35Of course, these people died in the past,
48:38but in the future,
48:40the Einstein and the Winston Churchill
48:42basic personalities will be preserved
48:44and we'll have the next conversation with them.
48:49The future will take us even further
48:52in virtual intimacy,
48:54capitalizing on users' access to all senses
48:58and catapulting us beyond
48:59the simple transmission of words and sounds
49:02to the sensation of human contact.
49:05There's already a virtual reality jacket
49:08that can give a hug.
49:10It's great!
49:12And it's already taken a step further.
49:14A team of researchers seems to have shown
49:17that simple thoughts can be transmitted
49:19through the Internet.
49:21A guy in India with a sensor attached to his scalp
49:24thought of the words hola and chao.
49:278,000 km from there, in France,
49:30another researcher, also connected,
49:33received his brainwaves
49:35and thought of the words hola and chao.
49:38A day will come when we won't have to tell people
49:41our feelings.
49:43They'll be able to pick them up
49:45directly from our heads.
49:47And on the horizon,
49:49the very essence of connectivity,
49:51the creation of a true global village.
49:54Right now, only 40% of the world's population
49:57has access to the Internet.
49:59Just by looking at a map
50:01of how many devices are connected to the Internet,
50:04it's clear how many of our congeners
50:06are still living in digital darkness.
50:08The obstacles to connecting to everyone
50:10are enormous.
50:12Money, language, infrastructure...
50:14We're going to pop it out, OK?
50:16All together!
50:18Let's do it again.
50:203, 2, 1...
50:23Go!
50:25But recently, Mark Zuckerberg,
50:27the founder of Facebook,
50:29launched what could be our greatest hope
50:31to achieve it,
50:33with the test flight of the Aquila.
50:37Aquila is a drone powered by solar energy.
50:40And once it's in the air,
50:42it should be able to fly for months without landing,
50:45carrying a Wi-Fi connection
50:47to the most remote parts of the world.
50:50This is not the last frontier.
50:52The current mobile phone
50:54will be replaced by other things.
50:56The system will be connected all the time,
50:59waiting for us to ask a question
51:01or to give an order.
51:04The way to think about where the Internet is going
51:07is not to ask ourselves
51:09what the future of the Internet is,
51:11but what the Internet will change
51:13and what will arise from the reactions
51:15that occur in different areas of the world.
51:17And that's just the beginning.
51:47NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology