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00:00:00She reigned over the greatest empire on Earth, more powerful than Cleopatra.
00:00:07She ruled Egypt in the Golden Age as a woman.
00:00:10This ancient queen took the throne as a king.
00:00:15Then, suddenly, she vanished.
00:00:19Now, the most exciting missing persons hunt of all time is on.
00:00:24The search for a female pharaoh, her name erased from history.
00:00:28The images of Hatshepsut as king had to be removed.
00:00:3121st century technology will lead researchers to a monumental discovery,
00:00:35the first pharaoh found since King Tut.
00:00:38This is a perfect place to hide the mummy of the queen.
00:00:42Will 3,000-year-old DNA finally reveal the secrets of the lost queen?
00:00:52It's ancient Egypt's greatest unsolved mystery, and it starts here.
00:00:59You guys be careful.
00:01:03300 feet under the Valley of the Kings.
00:01:06The walls are all crumbly, the roof is untrustworthy.
00:01:13Really.
00:01:14The last known whereabouts of a mysterious queen.
00:01:17Her name, Hatshepsut, and this is her tomb, KV20.
00:01:22Oh, boy.
00:01:23There's just a small crack between the rotten ceiling and the floor,
00:01:28and it doesn't look very good.
00:01:30But even this little room we're in right now looks like it's ready to collapse.
00:01:33Let's just get it done and get out of here.
00:01:35Yeah, you don't like it either, do you?
00:01:36Nope.
00:01:37You're right.
00:01:38To try and get in there right now would be very, very, very dangerous.
00:01:44Egypt's top archaeologist, Zahi Hawass, is determined to clear a path into the sealed chamber.
00:01:50For years, he's been obsessed with the story of Hatshepsut,
00:01:53trying to find out what happened to her and where her mummy might be.
00:01:57She ruled Egypt in the Golden Age.
00:02:00As a woman, we know very little about her.
00:02:03And that's why I think it's very important for us to search for her mummy.
00:02:08But the tunnel to her tomb has been collapsing for decades.
00:02:12To clear the rubble, Zahi's diggers head down into the earth.
00:02:17Floodwaters have caused these walls to crumble.
00:02:22The passage takes them deep underground.
00:02:27Like their forebears thousands of years ago,
00:02:30they're tunneling through the darkness with only buckets and shovels
00:02:34and hundreds of tons of rock overhead.
00:02:38This is the last place Hatshepsut was ever seen.
00:02:42She wasn't just a queen.
00:02:44She was a pharaoh who ruled as a man,
00:02:47leading the largest kingdom of the ancient world, Egypt, during its most powerful dynasty.
00:02:53Her trade expeditions were groundbreaking,
00:02:56the scale of her building program unprecedented.
00:02:59In fact, she was King Tut's ancestor.
00:03:04But we know so little about her.
00:03:06The reason?
00:03:08The reason?
00:03:10Someone actually tried to wipe out her name from the pages of history.
00:03:18Her achievements were systematically erased,
00:03:21her statues smashed, her legacy destroyed,
00:03:24and her mummy itself vanished.
00:03:29Like any missing persons case,
00:03:31the search for Hatshepsut must start in the place she disappeared.
00:03:34Here, the Valley of the Kings.
00:03:37In this tomb known as KV-20,
00:03:39corks grew in nearly 35 stories into the ground.
00:03:50Through two days the men have been working.
00:03:53They've removed tons of rubble.
00:03:59Eventually the chamber is revealed.
00:04:03Ah!
00:04:06Now Zahi must ascend into the tomb.
00:04:11Hatshepsut herself had this grave built,
00:04:14the very first one in the Valley of the Kings.
00:04:19It's like the ancient times.
00:04:24And the stone rubble is everywhere.
00:04:27It's very loose.
00:04:30This is the deepest tomb in Egypt.
00:04:33Many believe the deepest in the world.
00:04:36We are under the mountain now. Can you imagine?
00:04:40I think we are almost now 450 feet under the ground.
00:04:46It's very difficult to breathe. I can feel there is no oxygen.
00:04:50God, that's the end of the tunnel.
00:04:53And now I will enter the burial chamber of Queen Hatshepsut.
00:04:59Hawass has been to hundreds of tombs,
00:05:01but this one isn't like any of the others.
00:05:04He's the first person to enter this burial chamber in 100 years.
00:05:10This is fantastic.
00:05:12God!
00:05:14It's very impressive.
00:05:16I never really thought that I would feel this,
00:05:19something inside.
00:05:21Very impressed. I'm very impressed.
00:05:24Archaeology is adventure.
00:05:27It's so amazing.
00:05:29Look at the burial chamber of the Queen that I have never seen before.
00:05:35This is where Hatshepsut's mummy and her sarcophagus
00:05:38were placed by her priests.
00:05:40It was found in this place.
00:05:42Important evidence to prove
00:05:44that the Queen was actually buried in this tomb.
00:05:48But the next time that sarcophagus was seen, it was empty.
00:05:52Her body has been missing for centuries.
00:05:55Was it actually moved thousands of years ago?
00:05:58Was it destroyed?
00:06:00Where is her mummy?
00:06:02This is the beginning of the search.
00:06:04It's entering in the tomb.
00:06:06And after that, we have to decide
00:06:08what's happened to the mummy after that.
00:06:12Now the hunt for this lost queen begins.
00:06:15Zahi and his team will head out across Egypt
00:06:18to find her missing mummy.
00:06:21Egyptologist Dr. Cara Cooney will look for Hatshepsut's story
00:06:25to discover once and for all
00:06:27why this great woman was removed from history.
00:06:30So I'm looking at these images of Hatshepsut,
00:06:33removed here, removed here.
00:06:35She's removed here from this purification scene.
00:06:38Goes all the way up to the ceilings.
00:06:40They brought in scaffolding to remove her everywhere that they could.
00:06:43What I don't understand is what it was that this woman did
00:06:46that was so wrong and horrible
00:06:48to actually remove her image, remove her names,
00:06:51make sure that she ceased to exist in that Karnak Temple space.
00:06:55The thing is, this is not just in this room.
00:06:57It's not just in Karnak Temple.
00:06:59It's in the entire Theban region.
00:07:01It's in all of Egypt.
00:07:03The images of Hatshepsut as king had to be removed.
00:07:09So what happened to her?
00:07:13The search for her story begins at Karnak Temple,
00:07:17one of the largest religious complexes in the world.
00:07:20And vast amounts of it were built by Hatshepsut herself.
00:07:24A groundbreaking find has just been made here.
00:07:27There is something.
00:07:31And Zahi Hawass is on his way to check it out.
00:07:34A French team digging in the shadows of an obelisk
00:07:37erected by Hatshepsut has discovered something unexpected.
00:07:42Ah!
00:07:44It's a face.
00:07:46It's a mouth.
00:07:50A statue, an image buried by Hatshepsut herself.
00:07:59Right next to the statue,
00:08:01a tiny object bearing Hatshepsut's name.
00:08:04It's called a cartouche, and it seems insignificant.
00:08:08But it's the pharaoh's royal seal.
00:08:13And it's one of the few surviving pieces of evidence
00:08:16that just might help explain what happened to the lost queen
00:08:19and why she vanished.
00:08:21When you dig, you never know in advance.
00:08:23It's always a surprise.
00:08:25It's the first time you can discover this in this place.
00:08:29This is a very important discovery.
00:08:31It's fantastic. Congratulations.
00:08:33For you.
00:08:36A name once erased from the history books
00:08:39has suddenly reappeared,
00:08:41and a cold case 30 centuries old is just heating up.
00:08:51The hunt for Hatshepsut's body is underway,
00:08:54and at Karnak Temple, they're trying to piece together her story.
00:09:06Be careful.
00:09:08Dr Francois Larcher is responsible
00:09:10for reconstructing the great monuments here.
00:09:13We have a whole series of blocks
00:09:15coming from a door of Amenhotep III,
00:09:19another series coming from a portico of Tutankhamen,
00:09:23and the third one, this...
00:09:27All these columns, all these drums
00:09:29are coming from a colonnade from the palace of Hatshepsut.
00:09:36I'll find it.
00:09:38His is the biggest jigsaw puzzle the world has ever seen.
00:09:42Tens of thousands of stone blocks, statues and carvings.
00:09:46As you can see, it's quite an amazing storeroom.
00:09:50We have already registered more than 16,000 objects.
00:09:54Tiny decorated fragments like this one, for example.
00:09:58A beautiful sandstone face
00:10:01which belonged to the face of Thutmose I.
00:10:04It looks like Hatshepsut.
00:10:06By the way, they were father and daughter,
00:10:09so it's quite normal that they look alike.
00:10:12One of his first projects was the rebuilding
00:10:15of Hatshepsut's place of worship, the Red Chapel.
00:10:19The hieroglyphs on its walls, for those able to read them,
00:10:23tell an amazing story,
00:10:25the story of Hatshepsut's life, her wild rise to power.
00:10:30She is born a princess, the daughter of a pharaoh.
00:10:33Thutmose I.
00:10:34As the king's daughter, she is tutored to follow in his footsteps,
00:10:38even though she is a girl, in a kingdom run by men.
00:10:42I would love to say that Thutmose I saw in his daughter
00:10:46an ability to rule, even though she was a woman,
00:10:50that maybe his own son didn't have.
00:10:52Had she been a boy, she'd have been next in line to rule.
00:10:56But when her beloved father dies,
00:10:58it's her half-brother, Thutmose II, who inherits the throne.
00:11:02Her father's son by a harem wife, he's only partly royal.
00:11:06But to bolster his credentials,
00:11:08he marries the young Hatshepsut, his half-sister.
00:11:13Now she's just a royal wife,
00:11:15until something happens that will change her life.
00:11:26In downtown Cairo,
00:11:27the search for Hatshepsut's mummy is just gearing up.
00:11:31How do you track down someone
00:11:33who has been missing for three and a half millennia?
00:11:36To know what they're looking for,
00:11:37Zahi Hawass and his team have assembled a checklist
00:11:40from the facts and images of the time.
00:11:44Age, 40 to 50.
00:11:46Eyes, broadly spaced.
00:11:48Nose, aquiline.
00:11:50Mouth, small.
00:11:52Face, heart-shaped.
00:11:54She will have the fine linen wrappings of a pharaoh
00:11:57and the bent arm that signifies royalty,
00:12:00both typical of the mummification style of the 18th dynasty.
00:12:08With this information,
00:12:09Zahi Hawass has come up with a list of suspects,
00:12:12unidentified mummies he believes might be Hatshepsut.
00:12:16Now he's on the trail of his first lead.
00:12:19But tracking down the pharaoh's mummies is never easy.
00:12:23Hawass knows that they've been shifted
00:12:25from tomb to tomb over the centuries
00:12:28by priests to save them from thieves and plunderers.
00:12:31When they were moved, the mummies' names were often lost.
00:12:35The priests have to save the mummies.
00:12:38What they did first,
00:12:39they took mummies from their original tombs
00:12:42and they put it nearby.
00:12:44And that's why I do have a belief
00:12:47that the mummy of Queen Hatshepsut
00:12:51was moved from her tomb, Cave 20,
00:12:55to a tomb nearby.
00:12:57That's why Hawass has turned to a tomb
00:12:59not far from Hatshepsut's original burial place,
00:13:03a tomb discovered in 1903 by Howard Carter of King Tut fame.
00:13:08It's known as KV 60.
00:13:11But it was forgotten for nearly a century
00:13:14until rediscovered by explorer Don Ryan.
00:13:17Two mummies were found here.
00:13:19One in a coffin marked with the name of Hatshepsut's nanny
00:13:23was moved to the Cairo Museum.
00:13:25The other is still here, a mystery.
00:13:29This is a perfect place to hide the mummy of the queen.
00:13:54This is the face of a woman who lived 3,500 years ago,
00:13:59a woman who believed that if her body was preserved,
00:14:02her spirit would last for eternity.
00:14:05She has the powerful physique of a queen.
00:14:08The question is, is this Hatshepsut?
00:14:11It's in a perfect condition.
00:14:14Actually, we can say it's in a perfect condition.
00:14:19Since it's just a makeshift coffin,
00:14:21the team rips it apart to get a better look.
00:14:25What Zahi is hunting for
00:14:27are the identifying clues that match his checklist.
00:14:31He finds several,
00:14:32the high-grade linen and elegant wrapping of a royal,
00:14:36and that's just the start.
00:14:38She has her right hand on her chest.
00:14:41This is her right hand.
00:14:44She has her right hand on her chest.
00:14:47This is a mark of royalty.
00:14:50The face is beautiful face.
00:14:53Shows a strong lady.
00:14:56Very strong lady, as a matter of fact.
00:14:58Strong, impressive royal mummy.
00:15:02Now they have to prepare the mummy for transport
00:15:05to the forensic lab in Cairo.
00:15:09But the bones are brittle with age.
00:15:12It's very tense.
00:15:13You have to be careful with the mummy.
00:15:15You have to care about the safety of the mummy.
00:15:23Perfect. Very good.
00:15:26This is fine.
00:15:27We have to tell this mummy goodbye for now
00:15:29until we see the mummy in Cairo.
00:15:33Come on, guys.
00:15:34Sit down.
00:15:35Yes, that's it.
00:15:38Emerging from the sleep of centuries,
00:15:40the body in this box could be Hatshepsut.
00:15:45For the first time in 3,500 years,
00:15:48it leaves the Valley of the Kings.
00:15:51For the first time ever,
00:15:53it journeys through airport security.
00:15:57It's just a warm-up for the CT scan to come.
00:16:01as it heads to the Cairo Museum.
00:16:05Besides the two mummies,
00:16:06one other clue was found in tomb KV60,
00:16:10a distinctive mask.
00:16:11The gold has been scraped off by tomb robbers,
00:16:14but another detail is intriguing.
00:16:17It's a female face with a notch cut into the chin,
00:16:20an indentation to hold a pharaoh's false beard.
00:16:24For a woman who ruled as a man,
00:16:26could this be a clue?
00:16:28A little girl who became a pharaoh.
00:16:32As a 12-year-old married to her half-brother,
00:16:35Hatshepsut is destined to be just another queen
00:16:38in the shadow of her husband.
00:16:40But Tut Moses II is weak,
00:16:42and according to many,
00:16:43Hatshepsut is the power behind the throne.
00:16:47When her husband dies, everything changes.
00:16:51A huge burden is placed upon her.
00:16:53At the age of 15, her husband dies, the king dies,
00:16:56and she then has to be regent for this toddler
00:16:59that's not her son, it's her stepson, her nephew,
00:17:01and all of a sudden she's thrust into that position again
00:17:04of having to take extreme responsibility
00:17:06for the entire country of Egypt and for her dynastic line.
00:17:10As a 15-year-old regent,
00:17:12Hatshepsut must safeguard a stepson, Tut Moses III,
00:17:16a daughter, Neferrurei, and an entire nation.
00:17:20But as her stepson gets closer to the age
00:17:23when boys become kings,
00:17:24a series of bold moves makes it clear
00:17:27the regent queen isn't ready to give up the power.
00:17:36Okay, this block really says it all.
00:17:38This block sets up the co-regency.
00:17:40Here we have Hatshepsut, and her name is here.
00:17:43Tut Moses III, his name is here.
00:17:45This is a strange scene because this woman
00:17:47was supposed to be the regent only for this king.
00:17:50But if you look at it, she's in the primary position.
00:17:52She's first. She takes precedence.
00:17:54At 22, Hatshepsut is about to make the boldest move ever.
00:18:03Hatshepsut does something unprecedented.
00:18:05In a time of prosperity, she takes the kingship.
00:18:07She takes the throne as a woman.
00:18:19From this moment on,
00:18:20she is no longer just Queen Hatshepsut.
00:18:23She is the pharaoh Maat Qara,
00:18:26king of upper and lower Egypt.
00:18:29She goes through the complex ritual of coronation
00:18:32here at this place in Thebes at the Temple of Karnak,
00:18:35complex ritual activity,
00:18:36having to put on the crown, the regalia,
00:18:38even though she's a woman.
00:18:40It's the clothing of a man,
00:18:42but that doesn't stop Hatshepsut either.
00:18:44So if Hatshepsut wanted to take power of all of Egypt,
00:18:47she had to do so as a king,
00:18:49which means that she had to change her femininity.
00:18:51She had to dress as a man.
00:18:52She had to wear a false beard.
00:18:54She had to completely morph herself into a man
00:18:57so that she could take control of this place
00:19:00that revolves around male power.
00:19:02In this one moment, a woman becomes a pharaoh,
00:19:05equal to, if not greater, than King Thutmose III.
00:19:10In a way, you could look at this moment,
00:19:11this coronation, where she takes on the regalia of kingship
00:19:14as her doom, as the thing that ends up bringing her down,
00:19:17as the reason that people have to erase her from history.
00:19:20Some say she's seizing power wrongly.
00:19:23Some say she's just trying to protect her nation.
00:19:26Some even suggest that this action
00:19:28will fuel her stepson's lifelong hatred.
00:19:31Either way, this one radical act changes everything
00:19:35and sets her demise in motion.
00:19:43On the hunt for Hatshepsut,
00:19:45Zahi and his team have already found one mummy that could be her.
00:19:49Now they're heading up into the hills on the trail of another.
00:19:52We have to go everywhere that we can believe
00:19:55that the mummy was buried.
00:19:57Maybe in the cache of mummies in KV20, KV60,
00:20:02all the places that we can smell the queen.
00:20:08Their destination, a remote cliff-top cave known as DB320,
00:20:13concealed deep in the mountains.
00:20:15It was a great storehouse of mummies.
00:20:17In fact, dozens of royal corpses were found here.
00:20:22They were hidden away in these caches by priests
00:20:24to protect them from tomb robbers.
00:20:26Among the mummies, several members of Hatshepsut's own family.
00:20:30Her father found in this cachette.
00:20:33Her husband found in the cachette.
00:20:36Totmu III found in the cachette.
00:20:38And there is some piece, an important piece,
00:20:42belonged to the queen, was found there.
00:20:45In this secluded location behind the Valley of the Kings,
00:20:49two mysterious queens were found that were never identified.
00:20:53Two possible Hatshepsuts, buried at the bottom of a shaft.
00:20:57The priests of the 21st dynasty,
00:21:00they came and they dug this shaft
00:21:04because they know that this shaft will hide
00:21:07the tombs of the pharaohs for a long time.
00:21:16Zahi is heading inside, but getting there won't be easy.
00:21:26It's over 35 feet deep.
00:21:29How they did this at night?
00:21:32That really is something that we have to imagine.
00:21:39Dark, no one can see anything.
00:21:44And they never revealed this to anyone.
00:21:48It was completely sealed.
00:21:50All the secrets of the past were hidden in this shaft.
00:21:58It's the first time Zahi has been here.
00:22:01Perfect.
00:22:05God, they cut this in the solid rock.
00:22:08Among the 40 mummies found here were most of Hatshepsut's family.
00:22:12Her father, her brother, her stepson, her grandmother and grandfather.
00:22:16That's why it makes sense that she herself might have been hidden here
00:22:20after she was moved from KV20.
00:22:22It's a perfect place for hiding the mummies.
00:22:24And they were right. They were hidden for a long time.
00:22:28Was this Hatshepsut's final resting place?
00:22:33We're getting to the last chamber.
00:22:37The chamber which most of the mummies were found.
00:22:42Two of those royal mummies are still unidentified.
00:22:46When archaeologist Gaston Maspero found them,
00:22:49he called them Unknown Woman A and B.
00:22:52Zahi has always wondered if one of them could be Hatshepsut.
00:22:56A compelling clue was a small funerary box found beside them.
00:23:01A box with a mummified liver inside.
00:23:04Inscribed on the front, Hatshepsut's name.
00:23:08This is the one item we know for sure was hers.
00:23:11And it was found right here.
00:23:14I really can smell the steps of the people who came to hide these mummies
00:23:20more than 2,700 years ago.
00:23:23But you can imagine all the difficulty they had.
00:23:27Coming here at night, hiding all these boxes.
00:23:30When the Valley of the Kings became a place
00:23:33that people robbed things everywhere.
00:23:36The priests of the 21st and the 22nd dynasties did a miracle
00:23:42by saving the mummies of their ancestors.
00:23:46They saved them for eternity.
00:23:53Over the years, these mummies along with the mysterious box
00:23:56were all moved to the Cairo Museum
00:23:59where they've been tucked away and forgotten.
00:24:04On the surface, it looks like any other major museum.
00:24:08But this one is cloaked in shadows.
00:24:11It's a vast repository of secrets.
00:24:14A treasure trove of the pharaohs, their mummies and their gold.
00:24:18Zahi Hawass has been walking these halls for nearly 30 years.
00:24:23Searching for the mummies from DB 320,
00:24:26he turns to an original log of the Cairo Museum.
00:24:29It has the dust of decades on it.
00:24:32Every item that's come in and gone out of the museum
00:24:35for the last hundred years is recorded here.
00:24:40But the log doesn't hold all the answers.
00:24:43There are hundreds of mummies in the museum
00:24:46and many of them are unidentified.
00:24:49Now it comes down to legwork.
00:24:54♪♪♪
00:25:05And on the third floor, they find her.
00:25:10Behind the glass, the first of the mummies from DB 320.
00:25:15Unknown woman B, a royal, calm and serene.
00:25:21You know, this is an unknown female mummy.
00:25:26It looks beautiful.
00:25:28It has a wonderful curly hair.
00:25:30It has a royalist style.
00:25:32It's very important to investigate this mummy also.
00:25:37The serene one was surprisingly easy to find.
00:25:41But the other DB 320 mummy, unknown A,
00:25:44may not reveal herself so easily.
00:25:47Two of Zahi's museum staff, Dr. Soumaya and Dr. Tarek,
00:25:51are charged with the hunt.
00:25:55Cairo Museum is like a store of knowledge.
00:25:58When you enter a tomb, you'll find a statue or a mummy.
00:26:01But you enter the Cairo Museum,
00:26:02you'll find thousands of mummies and statues.
00:26:05Mummies that no one really ever studies
00:26:07and that's really what we're doing now.
00:26:09Looking at each unknown mummy of a woman at the Cairo Museum.
00:26:14But you have to look carefully.
00:26:18♪♪
00:26:24Two hours into the search, they've found nothing.
00:26:28And Zahi Hawass is not a man you want to disappoint.
00:26:32♪♪
00:26:39Then they get a lead.
00:26:42And the search takes them to another corner of the museum.
00:26:48Unknown woman A has been hiding in plain sight all along,
00:26:52in a glass case on the second floor.
00:26:55♪♪
00:27:03♪♪
00:27:11♪♪
00:27:19Is this the face of a queen?
00:27:23Sandu.
00:27:29What kind of terrible end did she meet?
00:27:36At the Cairo Museum, a CAT scan machine is just arriving.
00:27:39It's been rushed all the way from Germany,
00:27:41on loan from Siemens,
00:27:43but they'll only have access to it for a week.
00:27:45They need to get started right away.
00:27:48Everything seems to be okay.
00:27:50Their plan?
00:27:51To scan the mummies of Hatshepsut's relatives,
00:27:54to see if they can find distinguishing characteristics,
00:27:57any recurring facial features or genetic markers
00:28:00that could help identify Hatshepsut.
00:28:02On the hunt for the missing queen,
00:28:04it will be a key first step to finding the right mummy.
00:28:10This CT scan machine is the latest generation
00:28:13of computer tomography equipment,
00:28:15a three-dimensional X-ray machine.
00:28:18In just minutes,
00:28:19it actually renders the body in tiny slices,
00:28:22up to 1,700 of them,
00:28:24each less than five millimeters thick.
00:28:26Put together, they create a cyberspace mummy,
00:28:29a digital pharaoh.
00:28:34The initial mummies to be scanned
00:28:36are among the most famous in all of Egypt,
00:28:39Thutmose I, Thutmose II, and Thutmose III.
00:28:43They're some of Egypt's greatest pharaohs,
00:28:46national treasures,
00:28:47heavily guarded in the Cairo Museum's Royal Mummy Exhibit.
00:28:51And they're all Hatshepsut's relatives,
00:28:54her father, half-brother, and stepson.
00:29:00They've been locked away in pressurized containers,
00:29:03nitrogen-sealed, for years, until now.
00:29:06The nitrogen helps stop flesh and bone from decaying.
00:29:10The mummies will be permitted to leave their cases
00:29:13for just one night.
00:29:15They can't be taken out for too long
00:29:17before they start to deteriorate.
00:29:20The team will only get one chance to do this.
00:29:25They start with Thutmose I.
00:29:28The face is typical of Thutmose.
00:29:32He looks like Thutmose II exactly.
00:29:39He was one of the most powerful pharaohs of the 18th dynasty,
00:29:43the beloved father of Hatshepsut,
00:29:45who gave birth to the Golden Age of Egypt.
00:29:48He helped turn a nation besieged by foreign invaders
00:29:51into a strong kingdom that stood on its own.
00:29:54Now, once again, after three and a half millennia,
00:29:57he is carried in state,
00:29:59as this ancient mummy encounters 21st-century technology.
00:30:06Led by radiologist Dr. Ashraf Saleem
00:30:08and scanning specialist Dr. Hani Amer,
00:30:11the scientific team is looking for distinctive traits
00:30:14that will mark the members of the Thutmose's family.
00:30:18They intend to scan all three mummies,
00:30:20then compare the images side by side
00:30:22to create a combined family portrait.
00:30:25Step one, Hatshepsut's father.
00:30:28We do not know how he died.
00:30:30We don't really have any evidence.
00:30:32But I think the study of the CT scan machine
00:30:34will give us an idea of how he died.
00:30:37Even at a first glimpse,
00:30:38the nose and cheekbones resemble the statues of Hatshepsut.
00:30:42But almost immediately,
00:30:43Hani's attention is drawn to something else,
00:30:46an area so dense it cannot be part of a human.
00:30:50We find something unusual in the right thoracic cage.
00:30:55It's bright. It's like a metal.
00:30:57It's like a dense material.
00:31:00There's a clue what this object might be.
00:31:04Broken, broken rib.
00:31:07Here.
00:31:09Looks like an arrowhead.
00:31:12It's very amazing.
00:31:14This is the first time I saw this thing inside a mummy.
00:31:17I think this is the cause of death.
00:31:20The result of the CT scan can rewrite history.
00:31:24The team now has one-third of the information they need
00:31:27to build a composite image of Hatshepsut's family traits.
00:31:32Next up, Thutmose II, Hatshepsut's half-brother.
00:31:36He was her husband for a few short years,
00:31:39the one believed to be a weak and sickly king,
00:31:42overshadowed by Hatshepsut as the power behind the throne.
00:31:46But genetically, he is a key link in the Thutmose family.
00:31:50Look at his back teeth.
00:31:52Exactly similar to the back teeth of Tutankhamun.
00:31:56And that really can show the similarity
00:31:58between all the family of Dynasty 18.
00:32:02The most interesting genetic marker
00:32:04is what appears to be evidence of some kind of skin disease.
00:32:08There are some spots that is not really shown in the face,
00:32:12and they believe that he suffered disease in his body.
00:32:15Could this skin disease be passed on through the family?
00:32:18Will Hatshepsut herself have pockmarked skin?
00:32:22The other interesting thing, that if you look at his neck,
00:32:25you'll find it's wounded,
00:32:27and some people believe that he died during a battle.
00:32:32Okay, let's go.
00:32:34The red lines are laser indicators
00:32:37that help the machine focus as it scans.
00:32:40For Drs. Ashraf and Hani, even the first images are intriguing.
00:32:50I mean, it's very important.
00:32:52If this takes 1,700 images of the mummy,
00:32:56it goes inside the mummy.
00:32:59This is the wound on the left side of the neck.
00:33:02It's a very deep wound.
00:33:04It's coming from the right side to the left side
00:33:06as if someone hit it.
00:33:09Hani inspects a different angle of the neck
00:33:12and finds that like his father,
00:33:14Thutmose II may have met an early end in battle.
00:33:17It almost reaches the bone of the cervical vertebrae.
00:33:20This means it's very deep.
00:33:22Any cut or any injury of these blood vessels might lead to death.
00:33:28But even before this potentially brutal end,
00:33:31Thutmose II was suffering.
00:33:34The scans reveal the pharaoh's heart had calcifications,
00:33:37proof of chronic heart disease, and that's not all.
00:33:41This is the spots we are talking about.
00:33:45All over the body, yes.
00:33:47It seems like it's rounded lesions
00:33:50or rounded subcutaneous or cutaneous lesions.
00:33:54It's 0.4, so it's very small.
00:33:57The body is in fact riddled with pock marks.
00:34:00While it might be from the mummification process,
00:34:03it's more likely either a skin disease or small pocks.
00:34:06The legend of Thutmose II's ill health seems to be true.
00:34:13Two-thirds of the scans are done,
00:34:15and now the last pharaoh, Hatshepsut's stepson,
00:34:18the boy and man she shared the throne with, Thutmose III,
00:34:23the leader of 17 famous military campaigns
00:34:26and perhaps her rival for power, perhaps her enemy.
00:34:31What's really interesting about this man,
00:34:33the strategy of war that he did,
00:34:36still in the military academy everywhere,
00:34:39they study how Thutmose III
00:34:42did go and capture the city of Pacheto.
00:34:45And so the man, known as Egypt's Napoleon,
00:34:48slides into the CT scan machine.
00:34:51It's something metal. It's something metal.
00:34:54I don't know what it is, but we will see.
00:34:57It's just like a metal bracelet on the right forearm.
00:35:02Howard Carter, when he examined the mummy,
00:35:04found 104 pieces of gold.
00:35:07The thieves maybe could not search it.
00:35:09The end of his hand, for sure it's gold.
00:35:13Now that the scans are done, the real work begins.
00:35:17As the mummies are taken back to their nitrogen cases,
00:35:20Ashraf and Hani start to map out the common family traits
00:35:24and create the composite image.
00:35:28The first thing they notice is that Thutmose II's
00:35:32skin condition may run in the family.
00:35:34They have the same skin lesions here,
00:35:37the elevations in the skin, subcutaneous lesions,
00:35:40and this is Thutmose II.
00:35:42Thutmose III has the same lesions.
00:35:47So it is a genetic disease.
00:35:52As the digital faces of Thutmose I, II, and III emerge,
00:35:56the investigators start to piece together
00:35:58the common denominators.
00:36:00If you take the features of each mummy by itself
00:36:06and then compare the three together,
00:36:09you will find some similarities.
00:36:11All seem to share a similar jawline,
00:36:14the shape of the skull, the nose,
00:36:16All seem to share a similar jawline,
00:36:19the shape of the skull, the nose, and the cheekbones.
00:36:23From this forensic study, they can get a sense
00:36:25of the unique facial signature from the Thutmose's family,
00:36:29including Hatshepsut.
00:36:31Visual DNA, of course, this is much more difficult.
00:36:34I mean, you're just comparing very subtle features together,
00:36:38but anyhow, yeah, we can say that's the visual DNA.
00:36:42Brought together in a remarkable piece of computer wizardry,
00:36:45they give us one image, one face,
00:36:48a composite picture of the Thutmose's family.
00:36:51This is the image that will help guide their search
00:36:54as they try to figure out exactly which mummy is Hatshepsut,
00:36:59the face of a woman who ruled
00:37:01one of the greatest empires on Earth.
00:37:08On a mission to understand Hatshepsut's rise to power
00:37:11and those who might have tried to wipe it out,
00:37:13Kara is crossing the Nile to see the pharaoh's legacy.
00:37:17As a new pharaoh, Hatshepsut would build a time
00:37:20of prosperity for Egypt.
00:37:22And build is the right word.
00:37:24She starts construction projects all across her country,
00:37:28from Luxor to the Valley of the Kings,
00:37:30and just across the mountains from there is the best example,
00:37:34one of the ancient world's greatest building feats,
00:37:38Hatshepsut's temple at Deir el-Bahri.
00:37:42Hatshepsut's building program was extraordinary.
00:37:45She built at Karnak Temple significant amounts.
00:37:48She built at Luxor Temple.
00:37:50She may have actually founded that temple.
00:37:52She built here at Deir el-Bahri one of the most grand structures
00:37:56to still survive in ancient Egypt.
00:37:58When a pharaoh's building program is large and extensive,
00:38:02that means that their reign is successful and prosperous.
00:38:06She's showing in stone, I'm capable of doing this,
00:38:09I can bring prosperity to my country.
00:38:12As-salamu alaykum.
00:38:13Kara is on her way to meet Dr. Zbigniew Zafranski.
00:38:17He and his team from Poland have been working
00:38:19to restore Deir el-Bahri for the past 20 years.
00:38:23And in that time, he has felt his bond with Hatshepsut grow.
00:38:27Strong woman. First of all, beautiful woman.
00:38:30I like her.
00:38:31And I know that she's very, you know,
00:38:34she wants to keep us as long as possible.
00:38:38She wants to possess us, I may say.
00:38:42If Hatshepsut seems to be still alive for Zafranski,
00:38:45it's because her life is written in these walls.
00:38:49So paint is preserved so well.
00:38:51It just pops. It's beautiful.
00:38:54There is no question that Hatshepsut is image conscious.
00:38:57She records her achievements in pictures,
00:38:59including one of the great early expeditions
00:39:02to the distant fabled land of Punt, an ancient El Dorado.
00:39:07This expedition brought back exotic animals,
00:39:10gold, and one of the most prized commodities
00:39:12of ancient Egypt, incense.
00:39:15And here's the incense here, drawn as little balls.
00:39:18And incense is so important for the ancient Egyptians
00:39:21because they used it to chew if their breath was bad
00:39:24and they had bad hygiene.
00:39:25They used it in the temples to create a sweet smell for the god.
00:39:30And they also used it for mummification.
00:39:32The images are vividly realistic.
00:39:34She's even giving us the details of the fish.
00:39:37She's trying to show us these are Red Sea fish.
00:39:40They're not Nile fish.
00:39:41I was really there.
00:39:42I really went to Punt on this long journey.
00:39:45It was a big demonstration, big propaganda.
00:39:47It's a giant billboard to show her power to her people,
00:39:51to show the prosperity of her reign.
00:39:53She wanted to say, I'm really somebody.
00:39:56You see what I've done?
00:39:59She really created something.
00:40:02Something that has never been seen before.
00:40:05That's it.
00:40:06She's an extraordinary person.
00:40:08And she did something for the first time,
00:40:11and it was because it was Hatshepsut.
00:40:14She was Hatshepsut because of her.
00:40:19Daryl Bahri is the public face of the pharaoh,
00:40:22but Kara discovers there was something else to this temple
00:40:25that Hatshepsut was not so public about,
00:40:28a hard-to-define relationship
00:40:30that might have brought her under attack even then.
00:40:34At her side in all of this building
00:40:36was the architect, Senenmut.
00:40:38He was a commoner,
00:40:40but he was the tutor of her daughter, Neferrure,
00:40:43the builder of Hatshepsut's great projects.
00:40:47Some said their relationship was even closer.
00:40:51Senenmut helped her build Daryl Bahri,
00:40:54and like Hatshepsut, his name has been largely wiped out
00:40:57from the temple, except for one place.
00:41:00We are in the chapel of Hathor.
00:41:03Hidden in a dark corner,
00:41:05Senenmut left secret images of himself.
00:41:08So it's perfectly intact.
00:41:10Nobody's gone after it in any way.
00:41:12Beautiful.
00:41:13He's kneeling, and in front of him you have his name.
00:41:16So why do you think he placed these in the places that he did?
00:41:20His figures were behind the window.
00:41:23So this was never meant to be seen.
00:41:25It was only meant to have him worshipping forever
00:41:28in this sacred space.
00:41:30Were this king and this commoner in fact lovers?
00:41:34And could this unusual relationship
00:41:36have been the extra factor
00:41:38that led to both being erased from history
00:41:41or something even more sinister?
00:41:43I think that it's human nature for us to look at the relationship
00:41:47that's a close political relationship
00:41:49between a man and a woman and to inject sexuality into it
00:41:52and to say of course they must have been lovers.
00:41:55There's no proof either way,
00:41:57but it's a strange relationship.
00:41:59It's strange that he never married,
00:42:01or that we have no evidence of it.
00:42:03It's strange that he never had children.
00:42:05So I think it'll continue to puzzle us for some time.
00:42:09It's just weird.
00:42:11I mean, it's just weird.
00:42:14And the weirdest puzzle is still to come.
00:42:21Working to discover who wanted to erase Hatshepsut from history and why,
00:42:26the French team has come up with another major find at Karnak.
00:42:31The temple complex, extending two square miles,
00:42:34was once dominated by six of Hatshepsut's obelisks.
00:42:40Today only one remains,
00:42:42the tallest in all of Egypt.
00:42:45Originally a giant wall surrounded it.
00:42:49Underneath the obelisk,
00:42:51the French team has already found a mysterious buried statue
00:42:54and next to the wall, a cartouche bearing her name.
00:42:58Now as the digging continues,
00:43:00they find the statue is actually holding hands with someone,
00:43:03perhaps another statue.
00:43:06What do these discoveries tell us about the destruction of her legacy?
00:43:12They'll have to dig further, under the old walls around the obelisk.
00:43:18The entire site rests on a delicate series of metal supports.
00:43:32The wall foundation above them is cracking.
00:43:35They work desperately to keep their site from crumbling in.
00:43:42If they don't shore it up soon,
00:43:44there's a chance the site might come crashing down on them.
00:43:55Hundreds of tons of Egyptian history are resting on this one cracked rock.
00:44:13It's better to check it with the theodolite.
00:44:15I think so.
00:44:16To check whether there's been any impact on the obelisk,
00:44:19Rosemary Leboeck must head eight stories up.
00:44:25Balanced on top of a column,
00:44:27she'll measure the obelisk against the horizon.
00:44:39It's straight.
00:44:41For now, the obelisk is straight,
00:44:43and the site is secure.
00:44:46But to be extra safe,
00:44:47they'll have to get through the rest of the dig quickly.
00:44:58They've found it.
00:44:59A twin statue connected to the first.
00:45:10We found the second statue.
00:45:13We can see the face.
00:45:15It's the same face, similar face.
00:45:20I'm very tired.
00:45:25But there's no rest for Rose yet,
00:45:27because right next to the second statue is an intriguing hieroglyph.
00:45:31There is an inscription here.
00:45:37We can see something.
00:45:39It's very, very interesting.
00:45:43Rose makes a startling discovery.
00:45:46The statues belong to Hatshepsut's predecessor,
00:45:49an early pharaoh, Neferhotep.
00:45:54Why would she have placed these figures under her obelisk?
00:45:57The French team has a theory
00:45:59that Hatshepsut might have identified herself with this ancient king.
00:46:03Like her, he may have been under attack.
00:46:06Like her, he had problems with the legitimacy of his reign
00:46:09and rose to overcome them.
00:46:12It's the reuse of a sacred element of the temple
00:46:17in a foundation.
00:46:18But it's the first time we're discovering something like this
00:46:21under the foundation of the obelisk.
00:46:23It could be a magic burial of the...
00:46:27I think...
00:46:29...of a great ancestor.
00:46:31It's very incredible for us
00:46:34and for Hatshepsut.
00:46:37And there's more.
00:46:38With this new understanding of the statues,
00:46:41the significance of the cartouche they found by the casing wall
00:46:44has become clear.
00:46:46Experts always thought the wall was built by her enemies
00:46:49to cover up her obelisk,
00:46:51but that may not be true.
00:46:53It's probably the archaeological clue
00:46:55which is confirming
00:46:57that the casing wall was built by Hatshepsut.
00:47:00The story that we might be getting from the French team,
00:47:03and it's a work in progress, they're still trying to figure it out,
00:47:05may be that the casing wall was put in place by Hatshepsut herself
00:47:08during her co-regency with Thutmose III,
00:47:10and that it was part of a plan
00:47:12to actually show certain parts of the obelisk
00:47:15in a different way.
00:47:17So not only did Hatshepsut bury statues of old pharaohs
00:47:21to give credence to her reign,
00:47:23she also framed her obelisk with a great wall to showcase it,
00:47:27like the even grander monuments
00:47:29of the successful pharaohs before her.
00:47:32It's clear this is a woman who was working hard on her image,
00:47:38just as someone worked hard later to undermine it.
00:47:44There's a lot more to find here,
00:47:46but the team is out of time.
00:47:49For now, they'll have to shore up the site.
00:47:52It's just too precarious.
00:47:55So what happened to Hatshepsut herself?
00:47:58Where is her body?
00:48:00At the Cairo Museum, Zahi Hawass' team
00:48:03is assembling the mummies that could be the pharaoh.
00:48:06From DB-320, the screaming mummy,
00:48:09and the serene one,
00:48:12plus the strong mummy from KV-60.
00:48:16Is one of these mummies Hatshepsut herself?
00:48:19Now that they've found the mummy,
00:48:22Now that the relatives have been scanned,
00:48:24it's time to examine these three potential queens.
00:48:28The startled crowds part
00:48:30as the royals are carried in state once again.
00:48:34Zahi is gathering all the mummies
00:48:36on the first floor of the museum,
00:48:38en route to the CT machine.
00:48:40First, the two corpses from the clifftop tomb,
00:48:43DB-320, the screaming mummy,
00:48:46and the serene one.
00:48:49The third possibility is the mummy Zahi
00:48:51shipped back from KV-60,
00:48:54the strong one.
00:48:56But as he looks over the three,
00:48:58he gets an idea.
00:49:01There was actually one other mummy found in KV-60,
00:49:05brought to the museum in 1908.
00:49:08Some say it was Hatshepsut's nanny.
00:49:10But Zahi wonders,
00:49:12what if it was Hatshepsut herself?
00:49:14What if the priests swapped the coffins to hide her?
00:49:17No one really tried to look for the other mummy.
00:49:20We have to look at the other mummy.
00:49:28The third floor is the Cairo Museum's storehouse of secrets.
00:49:32Here in the shadows are countless objects long forgotten.
00:49:37No one's thought about the Hatshepsut nanny in years.
00:49:40No one knows which dusty corner she's been lost in.
00:49:45Zahi's theory,
00:49:47could the two mummies have been swapped years ago?
00:49:50Could the one labeled the nanny be Hatshepsut herself?
00:49:59After hours of searching, success.
00:50:02They know it's the right coffin
00:50:04because the hieroglyphs spell out the nanny's name.
00:50:07This is the coffin that was moved from KV-60.
00:50:15For the first time in a hundred years,
00:50:18the mummy sees the light of day.
00:50:21Nobody has seen this mummy since 1908.
00:50:27No one single photograph has been taken of this mummy at all.
00:50:35We are lucky today.
00:50:37The initial signs are promising.
00:50:39If you look at the way that she's been buried,
00:50:43the way that her hand is put, it is a royal style.
00:50:49And there's another clue that this may not be the nanny.
00:50:52The coffin is too long for the mummy.
00:50:55We can see 20 inches left.
00:51:00The ancient Egyptian will never do that.
00:51:03And therefore, I can say 100%
00:51:07that this mummy do not belong to this coffin at all.
00:51:14If it's not the nanny, is it Hatshepsut?
00:51:17This fourth and final suspect is brought down
00:51:19from the top floor to join the others.
00:51:22It's a perfect mummy.
00:51:24The mummification is wonderful.
00:51:26And looking at the face, it's very royal.
00:51:31Now there are four possible Hatshepsuts
00:51:33laid out together for the first time.
00:51:37Unknown A, the screaming mummy.
00:51:40Unknown B, the serene one.
00:51:42The strong one from KV60, and the so-called nanny.
00:51:47To Zahi, these last two look the most royal.
00:51:51If I have the choice looking at these two,
00:51:54and I can say from my heart
00:51:57if these two could be one of the Musqueam Hatshepsuts,
00:52:00I don't know why I favorite this mummy.
00:52:03Just from my heart.
00:52:05But your heart cannot do anything.
00:52:07You have to use science to be sure
00:52:10that this is true or not.
00:52:12Lost for centuries, will one of these mummies
00:52:15turn out to be the real Hatshepsut?
00:52:21After 3,500 years,
00:52:23a scientific team is finally closing in on Hatshepsut.
00:52:27They have four suspects.
00:52:29Now they can start to use the latest technology
00:52:32to find the lost queen.
00:52:35First up, Unknown Woman A, the screaming mummy.
00:52:391,700 scans, each less than 5 millimeters thick.
00:52:44For Drs. Ashraf and Hani,
00:52:46these tiny slivers of information will hold the answers.
00:52:49We'll start in from the head, and we'll go down.
00:52:53Beyond the contorted features,
00:52:55Hani immediately notices an anomaly on the skull.
00:52:58The bone here is very thin.
00:53:00Part of the bone is not there.
00:53:03Sharp objects or a fork.
00:53:05Hani has found some kind of trauma to the head,
00:53:08a gash a quarter of an inch deep.
00:53:10It could explain the agonized expression.
00:53:13If it happened before death,
00:53:15they'll have to examine the scans in detail to find out.
00:53:19They move on to Unknown B, the serene one.
00:53:24Everybody out.
00:53:26She has the regal bearing of a pharaoh,
00:53:28but it's too soon to tell.
00:53:31A very good image quality.
00:53:34And now for the royal that traveled from a forgotten tomb
00:53:37to Cairo for a high-tech examination.
00:53:41The strong one from KB60.
00:53:44She has the powerful presence of a ruler.
00:53:47The bone texture looks rather prominent than usual.
00:53:51How significant is this? We don't know yet.
00:53:56Finally, the so-called nanny, Zahi's personal favorite.
00:54:00To him, this mummy is everything a queen should be.
00:54:08He hopes the scans can give him more proof for his theory
00:54:11that the mummies of KB60 were swapped,
00:54:14and this is the real Hatshepsut.
00:54:16Ashraf and Hani see some evidence of skin disease,
00:54:19as on Tutmoses II.
00:54:21We just noticed many, many very tiny things
00:54:25that are adherent to the skin as well as the hair.
00:54:30What could it be? That's what we were trying to analyze.
00:54:33What could it be? We just need more time.
00:54:38New data in hand, the team can start drawing their first conclusions.
00:54:42We look at basic things as well as any other minimal or tiny things,
00:54:49so we should not miss any single finding.
00:54:54The team starts building up the scanned slices into three-dimensional images.
00:54:58First, the doctors look at the mummification style.
00:55:01All four mummies bear similarities.
00:55:04I would state confidently that they all share the same dynasty.
00:55:09The 18th dynasty, the New Kingdom.
00:55:12Next, they examine the facial characteristics.
00:55:16They're looking for the long forehead, steeply sloped jawline,
00:55:19and wide nose of the Tutmoses family.
00:55:22It's too early to rule out mummies at this point,
00:55:25but there is one clear leader.
00:55:27The one that has the most features that resemble the Tutmoses traits
00:55:33is the second one, what we call the KB60A mummy.
00:55:37The strong one looks the closest in terms of facial features,
00:55:41but that's only half the battle.
00:55:43They also have to examine the bodies.
00:55:45They're looking for the so-called royal arm position.
00:55:48Queens of the 18th dynasty were almost always buried with an arm across their chest.
00:55:54Since mummies' limbs are often broken or rearranged long after death,
00:55:58it's hard to be 100% sure of anything before scanning.
00:56:03But the CT machine soon reveals the serene one, unknown B, is not likely.
00:56:09The scans prove her arms aren't broken, and they're clearly not in the royal position.
00:56:14This mummy has both her arms extended beside the body,
00:56:19so the arm is not bent, in other words.
00:56:22So this is for sure not a royal position.
00:56:25And therefore, this is not the mummy of a queen.
00:56:28The CT machine rules out its first corpse.
00:56:31I think this is the first one we can rule it out from the list we have.
00:56:37Next up is unknown woman A, the screaming mummy.
00:56:41The images of this twisted corpse still have the power to shock even 3,500 years later.
00:56:47The scans show that her jaw is intact.
00:56:49In other words, her expression now is the same as when she died.
00:56:54A terrible head wound, an agonized scream, all pre-mortem.
00:56:59For Ashraf, there is one inescapable conclusion.
00:57:03We believe that this mummy died in this position.
00:57:09I mean, she was screaming or scared or whatever.
00:57:14And talking about the wound on the back of her head, this might be a sign of murder.
00:57:24The only way a pharaoh leaves the throne is by death.
00:57:27Some take their time, and some are hurried to their grave.
00:57:31If this is Hatshepsut, was she murdered?
00:57:38As the forensic team starts to zero in on likely Hatshepsuts,
00:57:42the archaeological team is still trying to understand who wanted Hatshepsut out of the way.
00:57:51Who tried to remove her name from history?
00:57:56An answer may come from an unexpected place.
00:57:59While excavating in the massive Karnak complex, Dr. Betsy Bryan has made a startling new find.
00:58:06An inscription on the buried statue of one of her priests may hold an answer.
00:58:10A remarkable plea on Hatshepsut's behalf to protect her from her enemies.
00:58:15It is addressed to the goddess awakening her in her lioness form,
00:58:21asking for her to slaughter the enemies of Hatshepsut or the people who did not like her.
00:58:30It's a very rare admission of fear from a sitting pharaoh, asking the gods for protection from her foes.
00:58:37Who were they and how far did they go?
00:58:41Intriguingly, Hatshepsut wasn't the only one to disappear.
00:58:45The names of Senenmut and her daughter Neferrure all vanished at around the same time.
00:58:50Is there something in the relationship of Senenmut and Hatshepsut that might hold a clue?
00:58:55I'm still very much on the fence about the relationship between Senenmut and Hatshepsut.
00:59:00It's so unusual, there is no precedent for it and I don't really know where to put it.
00:59:06Dr. Karakuni has gone to meet a Spanish team at Deir el-Bahri.
00:59:11They're investigating Senenmut's tomb.
00:59:13Their theory, that Senenmut and Hatshepsut were lovers.
00:59:17A mismatched alliance too shocking for ancient Egypt.
00:59:21I'm looking at the connection between Senenmut and Hatshepsut and what their relationship was,
00:59:26which Egyptologists are always wondering.
00:59:28We are the key of the secret.
00:59:32For Dr. Francisco Martin Valentin, the first clue,
00:59:36Senenmut, the master architect, actually built his tomb directly under Hatshepsut's mortuary temple.
00:59:42Here is her mortuary temple, here is the tomb right behind us.
00:59:45They couldn't be closer.
00:59:47In an Egyptian society that prized the afterlife,
00:59:50there is no higher compliment than to have someone join you on the final voyage.
00:59:54But this was never supposed to be an option between a pharaoh and a non-royal.
00:59:59The Spanish team has found compelling evidence that the queen and her architect
01:00:04may have had more than just a working relationship.
01:00:07But Kara will have to travel 15 stories underground to see it.
01:00:15It's smaller than I thought it would be.
01:00:17Yes.
01:00:18Look at this.
01:00:19I'm sorry, you are welcome.
01:00:20Anyway.
01:00:22So this is the first astronomical ceiling in all existence.
01:00:25Yes, exactly.
01:00:26In the world, the oldest in the world.
01:00:29This is like the 16th chapel.
01:00:31It is.
01:00:32Better than this.
01:00:33It's an incredible find, the world's first astronomical chart.
01:00:38But there's another surprise within this chamber, an inscription.
01:00:42We have these two inscriptions.
01:00:44But these are long inscriptions.
01:00:45What do we have?
01:00:46The inscriptions seem to confirm that Hatshepsut and Senement were lovers.
01:00:51You read?
01:00:52So his servant in the place of her heart.
01:00:56Yes.
01:00:57Who makes all pleasure of the lord of the two lands.
01:01:05Exactly.
01:01:06So he's working for her pleasure.
01:01:09All kings were adored by their staff,
01:01:11but put together with other evidence, these inscriptions read more like love letters.
01:01:16Well, I've been on the fence the whole time about whether or not Hatshepsut and Senement were lovers.
01:01:20And having talked with the Spanish team, I'm actually starting to believe more and more that this could be true.
01:01:25So I'm starting to be more and more convinced that this relationship is not only strange and unprecedented,
01:01:30but may have been much closer than I thought.
01:01:34The tomb also has a sinister side to reveal.
01:01:37We have a little secret for you.
01:01:39Yes?
01:01:40I see your little secret.
01:01:41Yes.
01:01:42Come with me.
01:01:43Tucked away in a dark corner of the tomb, according to Valentin,
01:01:47is one of the few representations of Senement and Hatshepsut together.
01:01:51But unlike the rest of the tomb, it has been attacked.
01:01:54The head of these people is destroyed.
01:01:56Yes.
01:01:57We actually have heads being destroyed.
01:01:58Why?
01:01:59Why?
01:02:00Exactly.
01:02:01Somebody don't like this.
01:02:02Don't like who?
01:02:03They don't like who?
01:02:04Senement?
01:02:05Yes.
01:02:06Maybe it's Hatshepsut.
01:02:07This is destroyed.
01:02:08Exactly.
01:02:09On purpose.
01:02:10Yes.
01:02:11Yes.
01:02:12Okay.
01:02:13This then might be the first evidence of who wanted Hatshepsut erased.
01:02:18Perhaps she was attacked because of her unseemly relationship with the commoner Senement.
01:02:23Perhaps outrage was a motive.
01:02:31Back in the lab, more CT finds are coming in, and the team is narrowing down the possible Hatshepsuts.
01:02:37This is the second step now.
01:02:39We will examine, cross-examine the three of them.
01:02:44The doctors take the forensic examination of unknown A, the screaming mummy, to the next level.
01:02:50We've been looking at the chest and the body, and it is in a very bad shape.
01:02:54For sure, she's been neglected for quite a long time before they started embalming her or mummifying her.
01:03:01And the other thing is that actually I could not find any mummification or embalming material that evident, as in the other royal families.
01:03:10No, it's not there.
01:03:12Poor embalming makes this an unlikely queen.
01:03:15New information on the state of her bones also allows the doctors to estimate her age when she died.
01:03:21She's old, more than 50 years of age.
01:03:25Hatshepsut is believed to have been 40 to 50 at death.
01:03:29Factor in the wrong age, the wrong quality of embalming, the wrong time frame for mummification, and this mummy is clearly out of the running.
01:03:37Yeah, we can rule this mummy out.
01:03:39I don't think that she could be Hatshepsut.
01:03:44That leaves just the two KV60 mummies.
01:03:47The nanny resembles the Tutmose's family, but her arm is not quite in the royal position.
01:03:52Still, studying the scans, Ashroff notices it all is not quite as it seems.
01:03:58She had a broken left arm just above the elbow, and the arm is bent over the abdomen,
01:04:06so probably it was there, but because of the fracture that was induced later on, not before death, after death,
01:04:15and now the arm is now just lower down.
01:04:18So the position of the arm pointing out to being royal.
01:04:21She's got the royal arm, the right facial characteristics, and the right age.
01:04:26She was a queen, and now Hani finds that she's got the same skin condition as Tutmose's second and third.
01:04:32Look at the skin.
01:04:35It has the same skin lesions of both Tutmose's second and the third.
01:04:42But the strong one of KV60 is also a likely suspect.
01:04:46She has the royal arm, the right age, and the most striking facial resemblance to the Tutmose's family.
01:04:52What's most interesting about this mummy is the teeth condition.
01:04:57Now, this mummy had a very bad oral hygiene.
01:05:01Definitely, I would say that she has experienced a lot of pain from her teeth.
01:05:06Two prime suspects, two queens, the strong one and the nanny, are left.
01:05:11The team decides to bring them to the next, more rigorous round of forensic testing.
01:05:16For the first time ever, advanced DNA technology will be used on the hunt for a pharaoh.
01:05:21We will be focusing on these two mummies in particular,
01:05:25trying to see what's with and what's against each to be Queen Hatshepsut.
01:05:31Zahi assembles a team from Egypt's National Research Center.
01:05:36These molecular geneticists, headed by Dr. Yahya Zakaria,
01:05:40plan to compare the DNA of the queens with Hatshepsut's relatives to see which one, if either, will match.
01:05:47The one which will show matching DNA fingerprint will be Hatshepsut.
01:05:5399.9% of all human DNA is the same in everyone.
01:05:58Only a few strands set each family group apart.
01:06:02Those tiny strands are what they're looking for.
01:06:05But DNA deteriorates rapidly, degrading from the moment of death as water, microbes and oxygen attack it.
01:06:13After 3,500 years, there may not be enough left to make a positive ID.
01:06:20So they're using a brand new chemical process called minifiler that can latch on to the tiniest fragment of DNA
01:06:27and replicate it until it's big enough to be studied.
01:06:30It's already helped solve missing persons cases in the U.S.
01:06:34Particularly, we've had success with bone samples to identify victims who've lain unidentified for more than 60 years.
01:06:42But the enemy of any DNA hunt is contamination.
01:06:45If one single molecule from another source gets into the sample, the test will fail.
01:06:52So Zahi's decided to build an innovative new sterile lab right inside the Cairo Museum.
01:06:58Funded by Discovery and Applied Biosystems, it is Egypt's first ancient DNA lab.
01:07:04One of a few in the world built just for studying mummy DNA.
01:07:08The first time you try anything like this, it's always a voyage of discovery.
01:07:11Do we have another bottle?
01:07:13Senior forensic specialist Nicola Oldroyd and ancient DNA expert Dr. Anjali Korthals
01:07:19have come to Cairo to train the Egyptian team on Applied Biosystems' brand new technology.
01:07:24We've been working on this system for about the last two years
01:07:28and it's specifically designed to help with the amplification of very degraded and compromised samples.
01:07:37Once Minifiler finds the DNA, it can be amplified, showing up as colored computer graphic peaks.
01:07:44Each peak is a genetic marker, a molecular fingerprint unique to one person or family.
01:07:50Will DNA finally unlock the secrets of Hatshepsut's identity?
01:07:55Will they find the DNA of a pharaoh?
01:07:59The search for Hatshepsut's mummy has entered a new phase.
01:08:03In the heart of the Cairo Museum, ground-breaking DNA testing is about to begin on the two remaining queens.
01:08:10Zahi Hawass supervises as they start with the strong mummy from KV60.
01:08:15You're going to take the samples from her.
01:08:17We'll start the first one from the pelvic bone.
01:08:20OK.
01:08:23Once they choose the best entry point, they use a bone biopsy needle to bore deep inside to the marrow.
01:08:31That's where they'll find the purest DNA, if any still exists.
01:08:36But Dr. Zakaria immediately encounters a problem.
01:08:40The bone is very soft quality.
01:08:43The bone in the hip has deteriorated. It's no good for a sample.
01:08:48She has a bone disease, a real bone disease.
01:08:51A bone disease?
01:08:52Yes, she has some bone disease in those hip bones or the pelvic bones.
01:08:57When we look at the CT scan, maybe this could confirm what you're talking about.
01:09:04They resort to taking a sample from the upper tibia.
01:09:08OK, good.
01:09:10And after more than an hour, they have enough material.
01:09:13We have ten samples.
01:09:17Next up, the so-called nanny.
01:09:20The needles and protective gear have all been changed to avoid contamination between mummies.
01:09:25We are digging into the tissue to make a deep tunnel to get far away from the surface,
01:09:31so the risk of contamination is much minimized.
01:09:34It's like a screwdriver.
01:09:37After another hour and a half of painstaking work, Dr. Zakaria has the samples he needs.
01:09:45That's a good one. It's his old bone.
01:09:49Now they're ready to work on Hatshepsut's father.
01:09:55Samples in hand, it's time to start the next step.
01:09:59Purifying the bone fragments and chemically extracting the DNA.
01:10:04If any is there, it will end up in the clear solution in these vials.
01:10:09Using lasers, the hypersensitive machine starts to search for any minuscule amount of genetic data.
01:10:16What they're looking for is the elusive nuclear DNA, the DNA from the cell nucleus.
01:10:22It's the kind used in paternity cases.
01:10:26In ancient sources, it's much harder to extract, but if they do find it, it could yield definitive proof.
01:10:33I'm waiting impatiently.
01:10:36And then, the first results come through.
01:10:40Faint but definite signs of nuclear DNA.
01:10:44It's really thrilling. Nuclear DNA is coming out.
01:10:49And it's not just the nanny. The strong one also yields nuclear DNA.
01:10:54This is really nice. I mean, there is some pattern here.
01:10:58The results are astonishing. On the first try, the team is actually finding DNA that survived 3,500 years.
01:11:06But when they turn to Hatshepsut's father, their luck runs out.
01:11:13After several attempts, Thutmose's the first sample does yield a tiny amount of nuclear DNA,
01:11:19but not enough to prove a relationship.
01:11:22You can't be lucky each time.
01:11:24Either the DNA of Thutmose's first is not there, or it's in a very poor state that it cannot be amplified.
01:11:32But the team does have a fallback plan.
01:11:35One other direct ancestor of Hatshepsut, the mummy of Amos Nefertari, Hatshepsut's grandmother.
01:11:42A powerful queen said to be her role model.
01:11:46Amos Nefertari is the origin of the family. We have to do the DNA.
01:11:53From her, they can find the DNA passed from mother to daughter.
01:11:56It's called mitochondrial DNA, and samples from the possible Hatshepsuts have it.
01:12:02They hope hers will too.
01:12:05But it's much harder to work with mitochondrial DNA.
01:12:08To prove a relationship with it takes much longer.
01:12:12This is science. I mean, you can never get an answer from one experiment or two.
01:12:16It's a tedious process that scientists never give up.
01:12:23So, we'll try.
01:12:27Now a process begins that may take weeks, even months.
01:12:31But the potential payoff is huge.
01:12:33A chance to find out if one of these two mummies is Hatshepsut.
01:12:37I will wait until the results, and then we'll have a big meeting here.
01:12:43Azahi's scientific team zeroes in on a possible Hatshepsut.
01:12:48Kara's historical team is closing in on possible suspects.
01:12:52Those who wanted to erase her from history.
01:12:56Of all the enemies she might have feared, historians always felt there was one most likely suspect.
01:13:02Her stepson, Tutmoses III.
01:13:04He wasn't a toddler anymore, now grown up and in charge of the army.
01:13:08Was he chafing to get power? Did he want to take her place?
01:13:14One way of looking at this and seeing all of this destruction, all of this violent hacking out of her name,
01:13:20it is possible to think that Tutmoses III hated this woman, that he considered her an evil stepmother.
01:13:27Egyptologist Charles Van Sicklen agrees.
01:13:30One of the first theories was that she was the wicked stepmother, hated by Tutmoses III.
01:13:36When she died in a fit of rage, he destroys all her monuments.
01:13:40After more than a decade, was he simply tired of waiting?
01:13:44As head of the army, Tutmoses III had the means and the motive.
01:13:48Did he kill Hatshepsut?
01:13:52Back at Deir el-Bahri, Dr. Safranski's team has found a clue that may start to connect the dots.
01:13:58It's about Hatshepsut's daughter Neferrurei.
01:14:01It turns out the queen was grooming her for power.
01:14:05It was done in the time of Hatshepsut.
01:14:08These inscriptions, like so many tied to Hatshepsut, have been erased.
01:14:12But looking deep within the stone, they find hints of what was there before.
01:14:16We have traces of Ra, we have traces of Nefer, Nefer, Nefer.
01:14:21Oh, I see it.
01:14:22If these images fascinate Egyptologists, it's because they show Neferrurei as a deity,
01:14:27a pharaoh in training, and place her right next to the inner sanctuary.
01:14:32The significance of this image, and this is where it gets really cool,
01:14:35is that Hatshepsut is putting her daughter into an incredibly important priestess position,
01:14:40but it seems into a political position as well, and maybe even as her successor.
01:14:45Neferrurei would simply vanish.
01:14:48Neferrurei would simply vanish.
01:14:50Was she caught in the middle of her mother's political struggle?
01:14:53Well, this would be unprecedented to have a female king to be grooming her daughter,
01:14:58to be her successor as another king.
01:15:00She pushed it very far.
01:15:02Too far.
01:15:03Too far, it was too radical.
01:15:05Is this the key to the entire campaign to destroy Hatshepsut's legacy?
01:15:09Did she have to be removed to ensure her descendants would never mount the throne?
01:15:14Did it place her at risk?
01:15:15It must have.
01:15:18To hunt for proof, one last expedition begins, to the cliffside tomb of Neferrurei.
01:15:24It was discovered by Howard Carter, the man who found King Tut.
01:15:28This time out, explorer Don Ryan is going with Kara.
01:15:32But after 100 years, the directions are a little sketchy.
01:15:36And then there's a bush, or shrub, some shrubbery.
01:15:40You're kidding, we turn right at the shrubbery?
01:15:41And we turn right at the shrubbery and try and keep left.
01:15:45They're heading into a remote section of the western desert,
01:15:48with only some century-old notes as a guide.
01:15:51Well, this is very exciting.
01:15:53This is where it might get harder.
01:15:56And now we're on the right track?
01:15:57It's no surprise they soon realize they're lost.
01:16:05So we turned at the wrong bushes.
01:16:07No, it's the right bushes, but we're on the wrong side of the ridge.
01:16:12Finally, after three hours, they've come as close to the tomb as the car can take them.
01:16:18Oh, it looks like our road stops. This is it.
01:16:20This looks like the end.
01:16:23Not bad.
01:16:24There's no more road.
01:16:28This tomb is so distant and difficult to find, it's no wonder that no one has visited it in decades.
01:16:33It's never been filmed.
01:16:35But for Kara and Don Ryan, it may hold the proof they're looking for.
01:16:39That the name and legacy of Neferrurei, like her mother, was wiped out.
01:16:43So that's it. That's where we need to go. That hole there.
01:16:46That's exactly where we're going to try to go.
01:16:49A small opening in a wall of rock, 70 feet up.
01:16:53When Howard Carter came here in 1916,
01:16:56he found an inscription at the base of this cliff with Neferrurei's name.
01:17:00It says, a cartouche upon a large block of fallen limestone.
01:17:05We need a block of limestone.
01:17:07The problem is, the entire region is made of blocks of limestone.
01:17:11To find a tiny stone cartouche will be like looking for a straw in a haystack.
01:17:19Oh, I found it. I found it. I found it.
01:17:22Unless you're lucky, like Kara.
01:17:25So there's our cartouche.
01:17:26I mean, it might be, right?
01:17:28It looks kind of fake, but on the other hand, it's patinated.
01:17:32It has this desert varnish kind of stuff on it that takes centuries to accumulate.
01:17:38So this is what Howard Carter saw in 1916.
01:17:41This must be it. This itty-bitty little thing.
01:17:44Now that they're on the right track, Don heads up to the top of the cliff
01:17:48to see if they can climb down to the tomb from above.
01:17:51We've got to scope it out and see if it's reasonably safe to descend.
01:17:56Dangling over the edge of the cliff, Don checks out the condition of the rock.
01:18:00And it's not good.
01:18:02It's not looking nice.
01:18:04In fact, this cliff is downright dangerous.
01:18:08It isn't looking nice at all.
01:18:11The rock is really rotten. It's loose.
01:18:14I mean, the reason I'm still alive is because you have to make the judgment call
01:18:18whether it's reasonably safe or it's pushing the limit of danger
01:18:22and how much you're willing to risk.
01:18:24It could be done, but personally, I'm not willing to kill myself for a television program.
01:18:30They've come all this way. How can they get to the tomb?
01:18:34Don's not the type to give up easily.
01:18:41Egyptologist Dr. Cara Cooney and archaeologist Don Ryan
01:18:45have been thwarted in their attempt to explore the tomb of Hatshepsut's daughter.
01:18:50We don't know what's inside of that tomb,
01:18:53and nobody's been in there for a long time, and we can see why.
01:18:56But there is one solution to this seemingly insurmountable problem.
01:19:00We need a big ladder.
01:19:02And after dozens of phone calls and half a day of waiting, that solution finally arrives.
01:19:14We've got a big ladder.
01:19:16This isn't just any ladder.
01:19:18This is a 100-foot ladder, ten stories high.
01:19:23This is a very good setup.
01:19:26We're going to try it this way, harness ourselves up and make it safe,
01:19:30climb up and see what we can find.
01:19:33For Don, a seasoned climber, this is the easy way up.
01:19:37But Cara's never scaled a sheer cliff.
01:19:42No wonder she's a little scared.
01:19:45Okay, Cara, come on up.
01:19:48Okay.
01:19:49Okay.
01:19:53Okay, it's a little shaky.
01:19:56I just looked down a little bit.
01:19:58I'm not going to do that much anymore.
01:20:01Okay.
01:20:02You all right?
01:20:03Yeah.
01:20:04Keep looking up.
01:20:06Yeah, this is going a little against my natural instincts.
01:20:09You know why?
01:20:10Why is that?
01:20:11Because the ladder is much more vertical now.
01:20:12Yes.
01:20:13Now I don't like it.
01:20:14This last part is going to just...
01:20:15Yeah.
01:20:16You're going to just have to tough it out.
01:20:18But you're almost there.
01:20:19Okay.
01:20:23They don't quite fit.
01:20:24No, you're going to have to keep climbing until your feet are about level with the ledge here.
01:20:28Okay.
01:20:29So...
01:20:30About here or one more?
01:20:31One more, maybe.
01:20:35Okay.
01:20:36Now I'm stepping off?
01:20:37Step, step.
01:20:38Carefully, carefully, carefully.
01:20:39Grab onto the rock if you can.
01:20:42Excellent.
01:20:43Okay.
01:20:44Just walk carefully, carefully through the tomb.
01:20:49All right, let's give it a look.
01:20:53What they're looking for is evidence of Neferure's name being erased, like her mother's.
01:20:58Carter's notes give no clues.
01:21:01Oh, wait.
01:21:07Okay, I got a piece of wood, which you wouldn't expect to find in a desert.
01:21:11So that's wood.
01:21:12Wood doesn't grow in the desert, doesn't come into places and caves like this accidentally.
01:21:16And we have a bone here as well.
01:21:18Oh, of what sort?
01:21:20A human vertebrae.
01:21:22It's a vertebra of some sort.
01:21:23Is it human?
01:21:25Uh...
01:21:26Oh, I wish I were a forensic specialist.
01:21:28Very well, maybe.
01:21:29It could be, right?
01:21:30I mean, what other kind of mammal would you find up in the middle of a cliff that's this big?
01:21:35Can I see?
01:21:36So, yeah.
01:21:40You found a bone.
01:21:41And that's not all.
01:21:43Oh, God.
01:21:44Oh, God.
01:21:45Oh, God.
01:21:46Oh, God.
01:21:48There are bats everywhere.
01:21:50Oh, my God.
01:21:51Look at those bats.
01:21:52Oh, my God.
01:21:54Okay, this is an adventure.
01:21:57This cave may not give up its secrets easily, but they are there.
01:22:01But now, this is...
01:22:02This is the...
01:22:03This is, yeah.
01:22:04We're both going to the same place.
01:22:05This is plaster.
01:22:06This is plaster.
01:22:07So, this is a tomb.
01:22:08This was prepared for decoration.
01:22:10Yeah, I don't think any archaeologist has excavated here.
01:22:13No, no, no.
01:22:14There's just too much debris in here.
01:22:15What is this?
01:22:16What is this color?
01:22:18Oh, there is some color.
01:22:19What is this color?
01:22:20It's some red ochre, right?
01:22:22That's remnants of...
01:22:23I can't get close.
01:22:25Well, there's something on the surface there, too.
01:22:28That is painting.
01:22:29That's red ochre, right?
01:22:31I mean, this is remnant of decoration.
01:22:34Now, this is something new.
01:22:36Look at that.
01:22:37So...
01:22:38I can see red.
01:22:39I can see maybe some yellow there or there.
01:22:41Egyptian tombs were only painted just prior to use,
01:22:45so it's highly likely that this is, in fact,
01:22:47where Hatshepsut's daughter was buried.
01:22:50This is really kind of a fun little discovery right here.
01:22:52This is really cool.
01:22:54Few people who have seen this,
01:22:55no one has mentioned that there's painted plaster in here.
01:22:58That is good evidence that this tomb was used.
01:23:02That was very cool.
01:23:03That was very cool.
01:23:05They've just made a small piece of archaeological history.
01:23:08It's not precisely the evidence they need,
01:23:10but it does tell them they're on the right track.
01:23:15Meanwhile, back in Cairo,
01:23:17Zahi's team has narrowed the search down
01:23:20to two possible Hatshepsuts,
01:23:22the two from KV60, the nanny and the strong one.
01:23:26The results from the DNA lab are heartening.
01:23:28They have successfully extracted mitochondrial DNA
01:23:32from Amos Nefertari, Hatshepsut's grandmother.
01:23:35That makes a comparison with the suspects possible,
01:23:38but it's going to take time.
01:23:41Getting a match is like hunting for a single name
01:23:44in a stack of 200 telephone books,
01:23:46so their work will have to continue for months.
01:23:49Now the investigation is at an impasse.
01:23:54Until Zahi gets an idea.
01:23:57Could the one artifact with the queen's name on it,
01:24:00the funerary box from the cache of DB320,
01:24:03hold some kind of clue?
01:24:05This is the only thing that you have
01:24:08as an evidence of the mummy of the queen.
01:24:12We have to find it immediately.
01:24:14Now they just have to track it down.
01:24:21With almost 150,000 artifacts in the Cairo Museum,
01:24:25finding a tiny wooden box is no easy task.
01:24:34And then at last, they find it.
01:24:39After 3,500 years,
01:24:41this is the one sure link to the pharaoh herself.
01:24:45It's called a canopic box.
01:24:47The embalmers of ancient Egypt used them
01:24:50to store the internal organs of a royal's body for eternity.
01:24:54It's said Hatshepsut's mummified liver lies within this one.
01:24:58This box is very important because this is the only piece
01:25:02that we do have from the body of Queen Hatshepsut
01:25:06kept inside this box.
01:25:08The regal name of Hatshepsut, Maat Kara,
01:25:12is still marked on the outside.
01:25:14Zahi wants to see if there might be some kind of clue inside.
01:25:18But the team hits a roadblock.
01:25:20They can't open the box.
01:25:22It's actually glued shut.
01:25:24A substance known as resin
01:25:26was used to preserve the liver 3,500 years ago.
01:25:30But now it's hardened into a solid, impenetrable mass.
01:25:46They can't get inside the box without damaging it.
01:25:49Then Zahi realizes he's got a solution already waiting.
01:25:53The CT scanner.
01:25:55This is definitely a scientific first.
01:25:59Nobody on this earth scanned a jar with organ before.
01:26:04This is new.
01:26:07And so a small wooden box from the Golden Age of Egypt
01:26:11enters the 21st century.
01:26:13But even veteran radiologists
01:26:15don't know quite how to interpret what they're seeing.
01:26:18It's a mixture of very bizarre-looking,
01:26:22odd-looking things there.
01:26:25I don't know what could it be.
01:26:28I'm trying to see, can we scan it in a different way?
01:26:34They try again, this time at a different angle.
01:26:37We'll figure it out.
01:26:51It's strange.
01:26:53You see there are different structures inside.
01:26:56There are two separate organs.
01:26:59First, the liver comes into focus.
01:27:02Next, a bonus, Hatshepsut's intestines are here as well.
01:27:06Then Dr. Hani spots something really surprising,
01:27:10something defined.
01:27:12This is good.
01:27:14It's some sort of bone, it's a bone, it seems like a bone.
01:27:18If this dense object is a piece of bone,
01:27:21then they can compare it with the skeletons they already have.
01:27:25This could be a vital clue.
01:27:27The team is excited.
01:27:29Any news? Any news?
01:27:31All we have every day, we have good news.
01:27:34So, see you. Bye.
01:27:36Now they just have to figure out what this piece of bone is
01:27:40and what it means.
01:27:47A box centuries old has yielded a brand-new clue
01:27:50in the hunt for Hatshepsut.
01:27:52Now the team must decipher its meaning.
01:27:54If we take a look to the books, we will find something amazing.
01:27:59We found some hyper-dense parts.
01:28:02It seemed as if it is a tooth or something like that.
01:28:08Once the images are rendered in three dimensions,
01:28:11the dense object does indeed seem to be a tooth.
01:28:14This is a tooth.
01:28:16The next logical step,
01:28:18to determine if either mummy is missing a tooth.
01:28:21But nothing in this hunt turns out to be easy.
01:28:24Both of the mummies are missing teeth.
01:28:27The nanny lacks an upper incisor.
01:28:30You see that?
01:28:31And the strong mummy of KV60 is missing several teeth,
01:28:35including an upper molar.
01:28:37This one is missing molar teeth.
01:28:40This is a root.
01:28:42Only one root without the rest of the molar teeth.
01:28:45Okay, so what do we have here?
01:28:48A surprise, a big surprise.
01:28:50Now the question is simple.
01:28:52Is the tooth in the box a molar or an incisor?
01:28:55Which KV60 mummy did it belong to, if either?
01:29:00Maybe this or the missing teeth, maybe.
01:29:07To find out, they call in an expert, Dr. Galal Bahari,
01:29:11an oral surgeon from Cairo University.
01:29:14What kind of tooth is it?
01:29:17It is a molar tooth.
01:29:19And it has only one root, okay?
01:29:23A molar with a root missing.
01:29:26That's the information they've been looking for.
01:29:29It's either the strong one from KV60,
01:29:32or they don't have the right mummy at all.
01:29:34I think that we are very close to solving the mystery,
01:29:38and I do hope that we reach the final step.
01:29:43Ashraf and Hani measure to see if this tooth
01:29:46fits in the gap in the strong mummy's mouth.
01:29:49I feel quite, you know, excited.
01:29:54Of course, we are all eager to know
01:29:56if she's really a Hatshepsut or not.
01:29:58Luckily, each person has teeth unique to their own mouth,
01:30:02size, shape, and proportions as distinctive as a fingerprint.
01:30:06It will come down to the last millimeter.
01:30:10So it's 1.74, the other one was 1.8,
01:30:15so it's 0.6 of a millimeter difference.
01:30:22Yeah, they're matching.
01:30:24At the end of a long day, facts in hand,
01:30:27they're sure they've got a match.
01:30:31This is Queen Hatshepsut.
01:30:33Okay?
01:30:37Here's why.
01:30:39The tooth in Hatshepsut's box is a molar with one root missing,
01:30:43and in the mummy's mouth, there's a gap for a molar,
01:30:46and one root is still in place.
01:30:49A perfect match.
01:30:51So I think this is quite an achievement,
01:30:54and I think we're all, I mean,
01:30:58happy about what we just got from these images.
01:31:02I'm very happy to solve this mystery.
01:31:05Let's celebrate.
01:31:10It's the kind of proof that almost never happens
01:31:13in a cold case 3,500 years old.
01:31:16Definitive proof, the kind that solves cases.
01:31:19The missing tooth has given them Hatshepsut.
01:31:23For Zahi, this is the news he's been waiting decades to hear.
01:31:27Hatshepsut has been found.
01:31:29I never thought in my life
01:31:31that we'll be able to actually discover this mummy at all.
01:31:36I have to tell you congratulations.
01:31:38Zahi, without you, we would never be able to finish this work.
01:31:42You found, you and Hani, this great, incredible discovery.
01:31:47The tooth that can fit with KV-60A,
01:31:51that now it is not KV-60A.
01:31:54It is the mummy of Kuwait Hatshepsut.
01:31:57That's good.
01:32:00The forgotten mummy from KV-60
01:32:03neglected for millennia until Zahi returned,
01:32:06reopening the tomb and the investigation into her identity
01:32:10and returning her to her rightful place.
01:32:13Hatshepsut the pharaoh found at last.
01:32:17This is really a very important discovery.
01:32:20To discover a mummy that was neglected for thousands of years
01:32:24and to know, to be sure through science and archaeology
01:32:28that this is the mummy of Queen Hatshepsut,
01:32:30this is a very important moment.
01:32:33It's a major archaeological find,
01:32:36but the team has only a moment to savor it.
01:32:39Because it's only half what they set out to do,
01:32:42they still have to figure out who or what killed her.
01:32:45Was Hatshepsut murdered?
01:32:47And who was behind the plan to erase her from history?
01:32:53There's one last set of revelations still to come.
01:32:58A remarkable scientific study
01:33:00has led to a breakthrough finding in Egyptology,
01:33:03the discovery of Hatshepsut's mummy.
01:33:06But now that they've found her,
01:33:08the team still needs to take the hunt one final step
01:33:13to find out how she died
01:33:15and what it can tell us about who wanted her out of the way.
01:33:19Now the investigation travels to Germany
01:33:21to the state-of-the-art Siemens Laboratory.
01:33:25Dr. Zahi Hawass has sent the scans there
01:33:28to use next-generation processing software they've developed.
01:33:35In the vivid colors of 3-D volumetric imaging,
01:33:38Hatshepsut comes to life again.
01:33:47As forensic pathologists and the top 3-D experts
01:33:50try to determine her cause of death,
01:33:53radiologist Dr. Paul Gosner is soon able to see just what ailed her,
01:33:59a tumor formed near the abdomen.
01:34:03She had pain, pain especially because of the tumor.
01:34:08It destroyed the bone.
01:34:11That's a sure sign it was malignant.
01:34:15But that wasn't all.
01:34:17Hatshepsut was suffering from many ailments.
01:34:20She had arthritis, osteoporosis,
01:34:25perhaps even diabetes.
01:34:28But none of those did her in.
01:34:30What killed her was something she would have never expected.
01:34:37In the last months of life,
01:34:39a painful abscess formed in her mouth with swelling.
01:34:42She practically couldn't open or close her mouth,
01:34:44so in the last days she would have been unable to eat.
01:34:48In this situation, it's easy for an abscess to infect the body
01:34:51with pathogenic microorganisms with fatal consequences.
01:34:56An infection of the gums, raw and throbbing,
01:34:59right around the famous molar.
01:35:01Doctors of the time often pulled such teeth to lessen the pain.
01:35:06But what they didn't know is that if the tooth is pulled
01:35:09and the abscess bursts, infection enters the bloodstream.
01:35:13Without modern antibiotics, the consequences would be deadly.
01:35:21Her last months must have been painful.
01:35:24A powerful queen, a pharaoh, wasting away in her bed.
01:35:29The infection eating at her gums.
01:35:31And finally, the rest of her too.
01:35:36This then is how Hatshepsut died.
01:35:39Killed by her body's own infection.
01:35:41Ironically, from the very same teeth that proved the key to her identification.
01:35:47So if she was done in by disease,
01:35:49then who tried to remove her from history?
01:35:54Back at Carnac, Dr. Larcher has made a new find
01:35:57that ties all the pieces together.
01:36:03His team was repairing a wall.
01:36:05Behind it they found a surprise.
01:36:08In several places where Hatshepsut's name was hacked away,
01:36:11it was actually replaced with another name.
01:36:14Amenhotep II, Thutmose III's son.
01:36:18For Kara, this is the evidence she's been looking for.
01:36:22Evidence of the motive for the attack on Hatshepsut's legacy.
01:36:25It's all about the politics of succession.
01:36:28Thutmose III did it for his son.
01:36:32This right here is wonderful proof to show me
01:36:35that they're not trying to remove Hatshepsut because they hate her,
01:36:39because she's horrible.
01:36:40They're trying to remove Hatshepsut because they want to make sure
01:36:42that the succession is patrilineal, is clear from father to son.
01:36:46It is an example of propaganda.
01:36:48Something like the Soviet Union in the 1930s.
01:36:51Hatshepsut becomes a non-person.
01:36:54It's not that they hated her.
01:36:56It's not that she was a peace party.
01:36:58It was not anything like that.
01:37:00It was simply the fact that they needed to ensure a smooth succession,
01:37:05and part of this was getting rid of Hatshepsut.
01:37:09This is the final proof.
01:37:11This is why Hatshepsut's name was wiped out.
01:37:14She was not the victim of hot-blooded murder,
01:37:17but a cold-blooded purging.
01:37:20Thutmose III wanted to remove her from history
01:37:23to have his family and his children take her place.
01:37:27The only one who can make the destruction of her monuments
01:37:30should be one person, Thutmose III.
01:37:33When he became the king, he had to take her name away from history.
01:37:37In a way, you could look at Hatshepsut's life in a tragic sort of way.
01:37:42She loses her father at the age of 12.
01:37:44She loses her husband at the age of 15 to 20.
01:37:48She loses her mother shortly after that.
01:37:50She loses Senenmut, one of her closest advisors.
01:37:54She loses her daughter, Nefure.
01:37:56The only person that she actually seems to have had a connection with,
01:37:59significant, long-lasting connection with, was Thutmose III,
01:38:03who amazingly was the very person
01:38:05that removed all of her images after her death.
01:38:08It's a very tragic story.
01:38:13But now, after 3 1⁄2 millennia,
01:38:15some small part of that tragedy has been settled,
01:38:20and the mummy that was forgotten
01:38:22has been brought back to a place in the Cairo Museum.
01:38:25I have to say from my heart, as an archaeologist,
01:38:29for the first time, looking at this mummy,
01:38:32putting this mummy at the Cairo Museum beside the royal mummies,
01:38:37saying that this mummy is Queen Hatshepsut,
01:38:39it's a very important moment in the life of any archaeologist.
01:38:43I'm very proud that I do have this moment,
01:38:48and I found the mummy of this queen, Queen Hatshepsut.
01:38:53The first pharaoh found and identified in nearly a century,
01:38:57the first since Tutankhamen.
01:39:01Rescued from oblivion, Hatshepsut regains her position
01:39:05as one of the most powerful women the world has ever seen,
01:39:08not just a queen, a king.
01:39:11Hatshepsut the pharaoh, the woman, the legacy, restored at last.
01:39:22.