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00:00Jinnah was the creator of a state which never existed on the map of the world.
00:11And this is something very unique, because there is hardly any example where a person
00:16could achieve a new country.
00:20He was amazing.
00:21He was a colossus, really.
00:22I don't think there was one leader who inspired so much awe, respect and affection at the
00:30same time.
00:32There was such total faith in his honesty, integrity, his intention, and exactly that
00:39he meant whatever he said.
00:49I knew then, of course, which we know now, that it would be impossible to replace, but
00:54he left a tremendous void.
00:58He has risen above the normal position occupied by a great leader, and he has gone into the
01:11Valhalla, he virtually belongs to the pantheon, as it were, of a transcendental personality
01:18who is above reproach.
01:23I think he merits it, to the extent that mortals do.
01:28He was obviously cast in that extraordinary mold of classical greatness.
01:39The people, of course, had many hopes in Jinnah, because he was the only leader which the Muslims
01:47had produced for a very long time, who could deliver the goods.
01:54It was only this so-called westernized Muslim who somehow or the other led to some positive
02:01results, gave them a state.
02:04That is why there was such disillusionment on his death, because the Muslims didn't know
02:09what to do.
02:12It was with that spirit that the moment they learned that he has died, there was a flock
02:19and rush towards the governor's house, where his body was lying.
02:25I remember because it was lying in the courtyard outside the governor's house.
02:32And I remember there was sort of a very eerie silence all around.
02:36Nobody was really weeping and wailing at that time.
02:39And there was just a stunned silence, because I think most people didn't expect to think
02:45that he was about to die, that he was as ill as he was.
02:48There was a sea of humanity, sobbing and wailing.
03:10You could hear distant echoes of the sobbing and wailing.
03:16And then the lowering of his body in the grave, firing of the volley, the last post.
03:26Ms. Jinnah and Dina Wadia, the daughter, coming up to the grave and looking down.
03:37It was a very, very trying moment.
03:41Oh, it was massive.
03:47I've never heard so many people, I mean, but the mourning and crying and thousands,
03:57lakhs of people.
03:59That was to be expected, that's very Indian, very Pakistani, both.
04:04But anywhere there was somebody like that.
04:07Remember that Pakistan had only been going for a year or something, so it was very emotional.
04:15Successful Indian barristers like Jinnah could still be the objects of patronising
04:19or racist British attitudes.
04:23He could stand up to any judge.
04:26And in the early days, I regret to say that some of the British judges used to behave
04:32in a little odd fashion with the Indian lawyers.
04:36He was very critical, in fact, more critical than many of the Congress leaders,
04:42because he was opposed to colonial rule, the British domination in India.
04:47From the beginning, he was demanding self-rule, and then he demanded independence,
04:53not only for the Hindus, but for Muslims as well.
04:58When Jinnah entered politics, it was as a liberal nationalist, like his old hero, Naruji.
05:04The grand old man was presiding over the 1906 session of the Indian National Congress,
05:09now calling for self-government.
05:11Jinnah was an enthusiastic recruit.
05:17Later the same year, the Muslim League was formed, by a group of wealthy Muslims,
05:22including the Agha Khan, Sir Sultan Mohammed Shah,
05:25who served as the League's president from 1907 to 1912.
05:30Concerned to safeguard the rights and interests of Muslims,
05:33the League devoted its early efforts to their recognition and protection
05:37as a distinct community within the existing framework of British rule.
05:43Such loyalism made no appeal to Jinnah,
05:46who refused to join until the League embraced the nationalist aims of Congress.
05:52If you read what Jinnah said and did,
05:56right from 1906, when he really entered active politics,
06:02you cannot find a better explanation of the Hindus and Muslims coming together,
06:10emphasising the commonality between them.
06:16In 1915, when Mohandas Gandhi returned from South Africa,
06:19Jinnah gave a garden party, thanking his host,
06:23Gandhi publicly singled him out as a Mohammedan.
06:27The tactless description set an uneasy tone for a relationship
06:31which would have profound consequences for the subcontinent.
06:35Jinnah resented being typecast as Muslim
06:38when his manner and dress were so westernised and modern.
06:42When Gandhi came from South Africa,
06:45my father was already an established politician.
06:48What would they have had in common which would have led them to understand
06:51each other?
06:52Well, I think the original thing that was in common
06:55was how to get the British out.
06:58That was the...
07:00That was the...
07:02I mean, you know, how to get India independent.
07:06Jinnah came to be known as the ambassador for Hindu-Muslim unity,
07:10following the 1916 Lucknow Pact between Congress and the League.
07:15This was the culmination of his efforts to achieve a united front.
07:19And though the pact would never be implemented,
07:21it marked the peak of Jinnah's career as an Indian nationalist.
07:28He was now a star of Bombay's high society.
07:36Bombay was the first city of India
07:39and there was a very sophisticated Indian bourgeoisie.
07:43It flowered in a way it flowered in no other city.
07:47It flowered in no other city around the first quarter of the present century.
07:52Now, Jinnah belonged to that world and he was a very cosmopolitan
07:56and extremely sophisticated and cultivated member of this particular class.
08:01He moved in these particular circles.
08:04He belonged to this circle through the success he had earned for himself at the bar.
08:09He was one of the most distinguished members of the Indian bar.
08:13Most of Jinnah's close friends belonged to Bombay's prosperous Parsi community.
08:20He used to dine at the elegant Bombay residence of Sir Dinshaw Pettit.
08:30He met Sir Dinshaw's daughter Rati, who was less than half his age.
08:36For the only time in his life, Jinnah fell in love.
08:43She was young and beautiful.
08:45Very, very intelligent.
08:47Very bright.
08:50Loved beautiful things.
08:54And she was a very humorous, fun person.
08:58They had the same sort of interests in politics and things like that
09:02and he was already a vinegar in a way.
09:05So that was very glamorous.
09:08They fell in love.
09:10And my grandfather was absolutely appalled, first because of the age difference.
09:15I think he was 39 and she was 16.
09:19And she came from a prominent Parsi family.
09:22And he wasn't too anxious that she should marry out of her community.
09:27My father was a Muslim.
09:29Distinguished or not, it didn't seem to matter.
09:32The moment she was 18, that was it.
09:36He walked out and married her.
09:39Rati converted to Islam before the wedding ceremony at Jinnah's home in Bombay.
09:44None of her relatives attended.
09:47The couple went to Delhi for a brief honeymoon at Maidens, Jinnah's favourite hotel.
09:53Rati's charm and flamboyance became legendary.
09:57We had heard that she was very beautiful
10:00and we were all very excited to... wanted to see her.
10:04She was very beautiful.
10:08But she upset my grandmother.
10:10Because she wore a sleeveless blouse
10:14and her middle was... could be seen.
10:18My grandmother resented it.
10:21She sent for a... she sent for a dhushala.
10:25You know what a dhushala is?
10:27A dhushala is that...
10:29embroidered with gold thread.
10:32Very heavy.
10:34Very diplomatically, my grandmother said,
10:37dhushala lao bua.
10:40She covered her up.
10:42She said, be... you're a Muslim now.
10:45You can't go about naked.
10:49So this upset Rati.
10:52She complained to her husband.
10:55Mr. Jinnah complained to my father
10:59that she had insulted my wife.
11:02Mr Jinnah never came back while my grandmother was alive.
11:07Jinnah's uncompromising nature
11:09was about to drive him into the margins of politics.
11:12The First World War over,
11:14nationalists and Congress
11:16were now demanding immediate self-government for India.
11:20In 1920, this provoked a split with Gandhi.
11:24Like Jinnah, Gandhi had trained in London as a barrister.
11:28But he discarded his lawyer's suit for simple peasant's clothes
11:32and he turned the elitist independence movement
11:35into a campaign of mass civil disobedience against the British.
11:39Such unconstitutional action was to Jinnah an anathema.
11:43He was, in the very precise European sense,
11:47at that juncture, a very secular person.
11:50His politics was liberal, his politics was secular.
11:53These were the two planks he was pursuing.
11:56These were the planks on which his militant nationalism rested.
12:00And Gandhi's appeal to religion
12:03as the basis of drawing people into politics,
12:07particularly as far as the communities of Islam was concerned,
12:11because he reached out to the pan-Islamic sentiment of the 20s.
12:16Gandhi did.
12:17And Jinnah was very unhappy about this.
12:20He gave the answer himself in the speech.
12:22He said it would not succeed.
12:24You yourself will have to recall the moment
12:27which you are launching without proper preparation.
12:30You don't know the masses.
12:32They will not be able to adhere to the programme
12:35which you have indicated before them.
12:38So first prepare the nation for that.
12:40Prepare the people,
12:42and then embark on any programme that you want to launch.
12:48Isolated, Jinnah left Congress.
12:52After his final speech, rejecting Gandhi's new tactics,
12:57he was booed offstage.
13:05I think that was a great step,
13:08and that was, according to me, the first step towards Pakistan.
13:22The loneliness Jinnah experienced in his political life
13:26was intensified by the breakdown of his marriage.
13:34Rati, increasingly estranged from her husband,
13:37was forced to leave her husband's home.
13:40She was forced to leave her husband's home
13:43and go to a foreign country.
13:45She was forced to leave her husband's home
13:48Rati, increasingly estranged from her husband,
13:51sought refuge in mysticism and spirit communication.
13:56Eventually, she left Jinnah and moved into Bombay's Taj Hotel.
14:02It had begun with love,
14:04but his own stiffness and incapacity for becoming human
14:11and relaxed
14:14didn't permit him to have the kind of relationship
14:18which a lover would have.
14:21Husband, certainly, but a British husband, if you like.
14:25Well, what happened is that he was a very, very busy man.
14:29He had all his cases and he had a living to make.
14:32And then he had politics.
14:35And, you know, a young, beautiful girl,
14:37maybe he wasn't able to give her the time that she should have had.
14:41He didn't confide, but she did confide.
14:44I knew at that time, separation was inevitable.
14:47How could two people carry on in life?
14:50Distance from each other.
14:52He in the law court all day.
14:54And coming back home, even then going to study.
14:57And I felt altogether
15:00that he wouldn't have been happy
15:03with an orthodox Muslim wife in purdah.
15:07He could not have been happy with an English woman.
15:11He thought this compromise would work
15:13because she might become a Muslim wife.
15:16But she didn't.
15:19Then she fell ill. She fell very ill.
15:21And that was very difficult.
15:26She died of colitis.
15:30But very bad colitis.
15:32I believe there are several types of...
15:36And I think she had one of the worst.
15:38She was very, very, very sick.
15:42I used to visit her when she was so ill.
15:45In any case.
16:04And that is the first time when people saw him
16:07with tears when he came from Delhi to attend the funeral.
16:11And he was a man without any emotions otherwise.
16:18It seems he had a great world in his life.
16:21He never remarried thereafter.
16:25But I knew that he had preserved all the clothes,
16:31the photos and the books of Rati.
16:35And a very special room.
16:40And at the same time he had kept the proceedings
16:44which took place in court, the marriage papers,
16:47they were intact.
16:49I think that he withdrew a lot.
16:52Not in his work, not in his politics.
16:55But I think that he became even more dedicated to his work.
17:04Jinnah decided to leave India.
17:06He set sail for England,
17:08where he would live for the next five years
17:10with his sister and daughter.
17:14Nothing could have seemed more improbable
17:17than that in just a few years Jinnah would found a nation.
17:34Eid day at the Badshahi Mosque in Lahore.
17:39Celebrating the end of their annual fast,
17:41tens of thousands of Pakistani Muslims gather together.
17:50Allah is the greatest.
17:55Allah is the greatest.
18:00Allah is the greatest.
18:04Allah is the greatest.
18:11Allah is the greatest.
18:16Allah is the greatest.
18:21A Muslim political identity was for many
18:24the consequence of the religious and cultural differences
18:27they experienced living alongside Hindus and Sikhs.
18:30There was a very superficial mixing of the two communities.
18:36There was no real intimate friendship.
18:39There was a certain amount of whining and dining
18:41in each other's homes in the upper class.
18:43We had a few Muslim boys at school,
18:47but there was not as much coming and going with them
18:51as there was between Hindus and Sikhs
18:53where there was no difference at all.
18:55Well, the Hindus wouldn't have Muslims in their homes to eat.
18:58They had separate dishes for them
19:00if they did ever get a Muslim.
19:02They'd get different crockery for them.
19:05It had been brought up in me that, you know,
19:07for one, the stereotype of the Muslim,
19:09that they are unclean,
19:11they're not careful of their hygiene, etc.
19:14The same as Muslims had about us.
19:17So that kind of thing kept a distance between us.
19:20The awareness of difference
19:22motivated the 19th-century reformer,
19:24Sasyed Ahmed Khan,
19:26to found a new university at Aligarh.
19:30The Mohammedan Anglo-Oriental College
19:32had the aim of getting more Muslims
19:34into government service and the professions.
19:37And Sasyed, concerned that many Muslims
19:39were educationally backward compared with Hindus,
19:42went on to argue that the two communities
19:44were not the same.
19:46And Sasyed, concerned that many Muslims
19:48were educationally backward compared with Hindus,
19:50went on to argue that the two communities, in fact,
19:52formed two different nations.
19:54In other words, that their religious identities
19:56overrode all other distinctions
19:58of class, caste, language or region.
20:03So Sasyed was the first to raise this issue
20:06of two nations, I would say,
20:08when he pointed out that if the
20:10Westminster type of democracy is introduced
20:12in the Indian subcontinent,
20:14the result of it would be that the majority
20:16would keep the minority, Muslim minority,
20:19in its hegemony.
20:21So therefore there must be some system
20:23which would safeguard the rights of the Muslims.
20:27All those who were followers of this viewpoint,
20:30they somehow or the other felt
20:32that there could not be any genuine understanding
20:34between the Hindus and the Muslims.
20:36And eventually you can say that it resulted
20:38in the secession of Islam from India.
20:42But then it was a kind of an idealism
20:45which had developed in due course of time
20:48from Sasyed onwards.
20:50My father subscribed to this viewpoint.
20:54Today the poet Mohammed Iqbal
20:57is hailed as one of the intellectual founders
20:59of Pakistan, a status symbolised
21:02by the position of his mausoleum
21:04next to Lahore's Badshahi Mosque.
21:07Iqbal took Sasyed's ideas a stage further.
21:11Calling for a self-governing state for Muslims,
21:14though still within a united India.
21:18Iqbal says that Islamic state in modern times
21:22must be based on three principles.
21:26Human solidarity, human equality, human freedom.
21:29He says the ultimate object of Islam
21:32is to establish a spiritual democracy.
21:35He is the first person to use this expression,
21:37spiritual democracy, while explaining
21:40that Pakistan is a modern Islamic state.
21:43If you were to come across Jinnah,
21:45he also says that the state in Pakistan
21:49will be based on Islamic principles.
21:58It is my belief that our salvation lies
22:01in following the golden rules of conduct
22:04set for us by our great lawgiver,
22:07the prophet of Islam.
22:10Let us lay the foundation of our democracy
22:12on the basis of truly Islamic ideals and principles.