INVASIÓN ESTRENO 2024 OVNIS DOCUMENTALES PELICULA COMPLETA EN ESPANOL LATINO_1080p

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INVASIÓN | ESTRENO 2024 | OVNIS DOCUMENTALES | PELICULA COMPLETA EN ESPANOL LATINO

Varias películas han considerado qué pasaría si extraterrestres invadieran la Tierra. Normalmente, la humanidad gana. ¿Pero qué pasaría en la realidad? ¿Tendría alguna posibilidad la humanidad?
Transcript
00:30If there is life, there is hope.
00:59There is life out there.
01:03Intelligent life.
01:06How did we come up with the idea that it could be something more than friendly?
01:11Well, Mars, of course, is the god of war.
01:14So we could expect the planet that bears his name to have warlike intentions.
01:18In our transmission, the Martians were as aggressive and ruthless as any human being.
01:24Ridiculous assumption at first glance.
01:28They were also as bad as us.
01:31In our worst moment.
01:33And also much uglier.
01:35They shone death rays on their viscous tentacles and, at least for a while,
01:40just towards the end of the radio play, they seemed totally invincible.
01:46In early February 2023, the main American media
01:52burned with reports of unidentified flying objects being shot down by fighter jets.
01:57The first occurred on February 4, and the government said it was a Chinese spy balloon.
02:02It had been destroyed on ocean waters off the coast of South Carolina.
02:07The next day, American fighter jets also launched to shoot down UFOs over Canada, Alaska and Michigan.
02:14The exact origin of these other aerial objects was not confirmed,
02:18and due to the difficulties of the terrain and the climatic conditions where the remains of the plane would have landed,
02:23the recovery operations were quickly abandoned.
02:27This led the White House press secretary, Karin Jean-Pierre, to answer serious questions
02:33about whether one or more of these UFOs were of extraterrestrial origin.
02:37What seems most revealing to us is that Jean-Pierre did not rule out this route of investigation
02:42with mocking references to flying saucers or green men.
02:49Humanity has always looked at deep space with a mixture of amazement and fear.
02:58In the distant past, we confused the stars with works of art by the gods.
03:05Our ancestors believed it was the tradition of Osiris, Zeus and Odin shining over them from above.
03:13But as humanity evolved and supernatural stories gave way to scientific theory,
03:19we have come to see the night sky with a new terror in our hearts,
03:25the threat of an invasion of an alien race.
03:42The War of the Worlds
04:05H. G. Wells ignited latent terror with his 1887 story,
04:10The War of the Worlds.
04:12Published for the first time as a series in 1897 by the magazine Pearsons in the United Kingdom
04:18and the Cosmopolitan magazine in the United States, the compiled novel has never been exhausted.
04:24Wells imagined aggressors from planet Mars disembarking an expedition force
04:28in what was then present-day London.
04:31But the British weapons of the Victorian era did not show any rival for the Martian attack
04:36of combat machines, heat rays and their red clouds woven with poisonous black smoke.
04:42In the War of the Worlds, the Martians are only killed by germs and bacteria
04:47to which humanity has developed a resistance for a long time.
04:51In Wells's mind, the most powerful weapon of his time, the 16-pound Royal Artillery Cannon
04:57and the Royal Navy battleship, the Thunder Child,
05:00were nothing more than a temporary nuisance to the alien combat force.
05:06Speaking to someone, unable to see who, I asked,
05:09I think it's Professor Pearson.
05:11Yes, it is.
05:12Now that they've gone and the professor is moving, on the one hand,
05:15studying the object while the captain and two policemen advance with something in their hands.
05:19I can see it now.
05:20It's a white handkerchief tied to a pole.
05:22A truce flag.
05:23If those creatures know what that means.
05:26That means anything.
05:28Wait a minute, something's going on.
05:30A humped shape emerges from the well.
05:34I can see a small beam of light against a mirror.
05:38What is that?
05:39A stream of flames comes out of the mirror,
05:41jumping directly at the advancing men,
05:43hitting them head-on.
05:45Sir, they're turning into flames.
05:47Now the whole field has lit up next to the forest.
05:49The gasoline tanks of the cars are spreading all over.
05:53Coming this way, about 20 meters to my right.
05:57Ladies and gentlemen, due to circumstances out of our control,
06:00we cannot continue transmitting from Groversville.
06:03Evidently, there is some difficulty with our field transmission.
06:06However, we will return to that point at the first opportunity.
06:09In the meantime, we have a last-minute bulletin from San Diego, California.
06:12This is Professor Indelkofer,
06:14on a scene from the Astronomical Society of California.
06:17He expressed the opinion that the explosions on Mars, without a doubt,
06:20are nothing more than serious volcanic disturbances on the surface of the planet.
06:25H.G. denounced me for doing so.
06:28But then, when he realized that our transmission, like his story,
06:31was not intended to cause disturbances, but only to entertain,
06:35we became good friends, and I was forgiven.
06:38If all those people who obstructed the roads,
06:41and even climbed the hills to escape the Martians, have forgiven me,
06:45it's another matter.
06:47The city of New York had just been demolished,
06:50and they were approaching.
06:53The whole north of New Jersey is hell,
06:56and they are approaching.
06:59To the South.
07:03Listening to this program,
07:06I said that we were very impressive at that age,
07:10thanks to Boog Rogers and Flash Gordon,
07:13and that really impressed us.
07:17There was a particular guy who owned a store,
07:21took the money from his box and loaded his car with food,
07:24and went to the mountains, and left his wife and children at home.
07:28In the many decades since millions of readers,
07:31and later, cinema and television viewers,
07:34have been moved by the representations of aggressors from beyond the planet Earth.
07:39But it has not been only science fiction writers
07:42who have expressed their concern for what could be lurking
07:45in the depths of space.
07:49Some of the most important scientific minds of our time
07:52have expressed with all their might the fears of a true alien invasion,
07:55scientifically possible.
07:58The late theoretical physicist and cosmologist Stephen Hawking
08:01warned that if aliens visited us,
08:04the result would be very similar to that of Columbus arriving in America,
08:07which had no good results for Native Americans.
08:10Even the cosmologists,
08:12NASA scientists and television star Carl Sagan,
08:15who argued that any civilization smart enough
08:18to dominate interstellar travel,
08:21could also be hostile.
08:24Constant actions to communicate with beings beyond Earth
08:27would be deeply reckless and immature.
08:30The prominent computational neuroscientist Nick Bostrom
08:33went further and said he is absolutely excited
08:36because the search for extraterrestrial intelligence, or SETI,
08:39has not yielded any results so far.
08:42Bostrom said,
08:45the silence of the night sky is golden.
08:48It is conceivable that a spherical ship
08:51would land in front of the Washington Monument,
08:54and a figure with four antennas
08:57would make even a professional football player leave
09:00and demand to see our leader.
09:03But I have great hopes that the universe
09:06and the circumstances
09:09are broader than the poor quality imagination
09:12of science fiction writers for 30 or 40 years,
09:15and I am convinced that it is.
09:18His guide has not seemed so good to us,
09:21except in the most modest activities,
09:24such as going to the moon, which is not much.
09:27That we have not yet found proof of intelligent life
09:30outside our pale blue planet,
09:33is sometimes known as the Fermi Paradox.
09:36Enrico Fermi was an Italian physicist
09:39and creator of the first nuclear reactor in the world.
09:45He has been called the father of the nuclear era
09:48and the architect of the atomic bomb.
09:52When he was not busy dividing atoms,
09:55Fermi wondered why in such a vast universe
09:58no other intelligence had been detected.
10:02There have been several detailed attempts
10:05to explain Fermi's paradox.
10:08Could it be that aliens are only beyond
10:11the scope of our detection?
10:14Or that they are too far away for us to notice?
10:19Perhaps intelligent species have existed,
10:22but for a long time they caused their own annihilation,
10:25through an involuntary climate change,
10:28the excessive use of their natural resources,
10:31or a nuclear war.
10:34Or perhaps they have some kind of advanced
10:37hiding technology,
10:40and in fact they remain hidden by design.
10:44Or it could be that we are just not pointing
10:47our cameras in the right direction.
10:52But let's suppose they're out there,
10:55somewhere in the universe,
10:58and we're trying to find them.
11:01But let's suppose they're out there,
11:04somewhere in the universe,
11:07and we're trying to find them.
11:16How much warning could we have to prepare?
11:19It would depend on several factors.
11:22One of the most important would be
11:25if we were lucky enough to look in the right direction
11:28to detect a large object or fleet of objects
11:31heading towards us.
11:34It is worth remembering that Hale-Bopp,
11:37the great comet of 1997,
11:40was so large and bright that it was visible at first glance
11:43for more than a year.
11:46It had already passed through Jupiter
11:49before anyone noticed.
11:52So it is very possible that we have days or weeks,
11:55before the arrival of an alien.
11:58In that scenario, the governments of the world
12:01would have no choice but to announce the news immediately.
12:04That life existed elsewhere and is already knocking on our door
12:07would be an impossible secret to keep.
12:10Any of the tens of thousands of observers
12:13who are night stars fans
12:16would have the same chance of finding the ship
12:19approaching, like NASA or any official agency.
12:23After all, a comet like Hale-Bopp
12:26bears the name of the two men who discovered it,
12:29a professional star observer named Alan Hale
12:32and also Thomas Bopp, a fan who used a telescope
12:35borrowed for the first time.
12:38Trying to prepare some brief observations about it,
12:41I came across a comment by Thomas Carlyle,
12:44an old man, somewhat grumpy,
12:47who, thinking about the stars, said
12:50a sad spectacle if they are inhabited.
12:53What space for misery and madness.
12:56If they are not inhabited,
12:59what a waste of space.
13:02A little over a year ago,
13:05there was in Armenia,
13:08the Soviet Socialist Republic,
13:11in fact, at the foot of Mount Ararat,
13:14where it is said that this fence
13:17is the Ark of Noah,
13:20in a symposium sponsored jointly
13:23by the National Academy of Sciences of the United States
13:26and the Soviet Academy of Sciences,
13:29the issue of contact with extraterrestrial intelligence.
13:32This was a six-day meeting
13:35that took place from morning to night
13:38and involved a large number of people,
13:41about 40 or 50 people
13:44in the majority of the United States and the USSR
13:47and some other nations.
13:50In addition to physicists and astronomers,
13:53biologists, chemists, anthropologists,
13:56archaeologists, historians,
13:59people concerned with coding messages and decoding them.
14:02And it was a turning point,
14:05I believe,
14:08in the study of the subject.
14:11Not because some opinions
14:14or new and surprising results were expressed,
14:17but because, I believe,
14:20it marks the turning point in the increasing
14:23respectability of the subject.
14:26Now it is okay to talk about life in other places
14:29or intelligent life in other places,
14:32while almost one or two decades ago it was not okay.
14:35It was considered too speculative
14:39A government announcement
14:42of an imminent visit of an extraterrestrial race
14:45would be followed by a double response.
14:48First, each attempt to communicate with the aliens
14:51would be made over and over again.
14:54It would be essential to at least try to understand
14:57the reason for their trip to Earth.
15:00All kinds of communication would be tried
15:03and any answer would be registered
15:07After all, the fate of humanity
15:10could depend on an appropriate answer
15:13to any message sent to us by the aliens.
15:16At the same time, the military of the world
15:19would be prepared.
15:22The leaders of the governments of the world
15:25would meet in secret to discuss various scenarios
15:28based on preliminary evaluation reports.
15:31But the peoples of the world will want the security
15:34of the world.
15:58The answer to the question
16:02of an extraterrestrial invasion
16:05depends entirely on the type of extraterrestrial
16:08and the type of invasion.
16:11First, we define what type of extraterrestrial
16:14threat we would face.
16:17In 1964, the Soviet astronomer Nikolai Kardashev
16:20proposed a measurement system for the technological
16:23capacities that any intelligent extraterrestrial life
16:26can form in the darkness of space.
16:29In his article entitled
16:32Information Transmission by Extraterrestrial Civilizations
16:35he introduced what is known as the Kardashev Scale.
16:41A type 1 civilization on the Kardashev Scale
16:44is a race capable of taking full advantage
16:47of all the energy on their home planet.
16:50A type 2 civilization will be advanced enough
16:53to take full advantage of all the energy
16:56of their solar system.
16:59And if there is an almost divine race out there,
17:02a type 3 civilization,
17:05it would be able to double the forces
17:08of the entire galaxy at will.
17:11Currently, humanity is able to take advantage
17:14of the power of fossil, tidal,
17:17wind, and solar energy of our entire planet,
17:20in addition to having discovered how to take advantage
17:23of the forces of nuclear and atomic energy.
17:26Many scientists, including the legendary Carl Sagan,
17:29placed humanity around 0.7 on the Kardashev Scale.
17:36Sagan suggested that if we continue to increase
17:39our ability to convert and consume new energy
17:42at around 3% per year,
17:45we will become a type 1 civilization
17:48approximately in the year 2180.
17:51We will become a type 2 civilization in the year 4000,
17:54and finally reach the almost unimaginable power
17:57of a type 3 civilization if we survive
18:00and prosper for another million years.
18:03Returning to the scenario of an extraterrestrial invasion
18:06on Earth, the Kardashev Scale becomes
18:09something more than a measuring stick
18:12for the type of technology we would be fighting against,
18:15but also a guide on how good our chances
18:18of survival are.
18:21The good news, if you can call it that,
18:24is that we do not need to worry about anything
18:27that comes close to a type 3 civilization invading us.
18:30To be frank, while we would not have any chance
18:33against Hades, we would probably not know
18:36what hit us either.
18:39These type 3 extraterrestrials, if they exist,
18:42will never attack us,
18:45it is not appropriate for what would be
18:48an incidental extermination.
18:51This morning, when you washed your cup of coffee,
18:54you eliminated thousands of germs.
18:57But it would be silly to suggest that you attacked them,
19:00you simply destroyed them as a consequence
19:03of not wanting the taste of the afternoon green tea
19:06in your black coffee in the morning.
19:09You did not think about the ways of life
19:12and the power of an entire galaxy,
19:15erasing our planet or stellar system
19:18and perhaps even the entire local group
19:21of our Milky Way would be of little concern.
19:24Any loss that came to the tentacles
19:27of a type 3 extraterrestrial race
19:30would arrive quickly and without warning,
19:33while they made the kind of efforts that cover galaxies
19:36that are literally beyond our imagination.
19:39The fact that you can defend yourself so well
19:42as the germs of your cup of coffee,
19:45makes you worry about an invasion
19:48of a type 3 extraterrestrial civilization,
19:51as appropriate as worrying about what you will have for breakfast
19:54on Sunday, May 22, 5262.
19:57That said, we would be just as finished
20:00if a type 2 race decided to appear with bad intentions.
20:03In fact, if some extraterrestrial civilization
20:06approached a type 2 technological level,
20:09let's say 1.6 or 1.5, it would be the end.
20:16To quote the first private class
20:19of the US Navy Colonel, William Hudson,
20:22in the classic movie of the 80s, Aliens,
20:25the Earth versus a type 2 civilization
20:28means that the game is over.
20:31Faced with a race that controls something
20:34like the energy of an entire stellar system,
20:37there would be nothing that humanity could do
20:40to resist or hide from any malevolent intention.
20:46These creatures would be able to move planets,
20:49play pool with comets and manipulate a star,
20:52so they would do a very fast job
20:55with the least physically strong species of apes on planet Earth.
20:58And the very fact that they are able to travel to Earth in the first place
21:01would naturally mean that they developed
21:04a propulsion system capable of doing so.
21:07NASA made notorious use of propulsion technology,
21:10originally developed by Germany for World War II.
21:13B-2 rockets, so it is deduced that any race
21:16that has the technology to move an extremely fast spaceship
21:19also has the technology to shoot projectiles
21:22at the same speed.
21:25A single missile the size of, say, a B-2 rocket,
21:28would have sent Earth to a mere fraction of the required speeds
21:31for a spaceship to travel between stellar systems.
21:34It would be all it takes to end the war of the worlds.
21:37It is true, the impact of a single attack of this type
21:40would raze not only entire cities, but continents.
21:43And after that, the dust and ashes resulting from such a massive force
21:46thrown into the air would block the sun and slowly suffocate all life.
21:49With a single missile,
21:52much of our planet would have become uninhabitable
21:55in a span of 3 to 6 years.
22:26These pieces of information,
22:29which come mainly from astronomy,
22:32then we join them with the biochemicals
22:35that tell us about the probable evolution of life on Earth,
22:38the types of elements that are necessary for it,
22:41molecules of DNA, amino acids and the like,
22:44amino acids that have now been found in meteorites,
22:47that we have now found interstellar molecules
22:50floating in space between the stars,
22:53and the fact that there are materials for our life based on carbon.
22:56We know that many of the basic components of life
22:59in our own solar system exist outside our planet.
23:02If these types of probabilities come together,
23:05we begin to come to the type of conclusions
23:08that we start with as an initial premise
23:11and with which apparently no one in the panel has been in disagreement,
23:14and that is that life must exist in the universe and must exist in abundance.
23:18It is worth noting that several science fiction stories
23:21have represented aliens simply throwing us
23:24large metal bars from space.
23:27It sounds silly, but a solid metal rod
23:30the size of a telephone pole falling from orbit
23:33would impact the Earth with as much force
23:36as any non-nuclear weapon devised so far by humanity.
23:39But a type 2 species would not have to cause such a disaster
23:42and kill us all,
23:45unless they really liked to see big explosions.
23:48A race capable of manipulating
23:51complete stellar systems would not have problems
23:54to move a tiny sphere like the Earth,
23:57a comparatively small planet in the galactic scheme of things,
24:00a soft push with a tractor beam
24:03and our blue planet would come out of the so-called
24:06gold rush zone.
24:09The gold rush zone is the lane in which we orbit the sun.
24:12Not too close to the sun for our atmosphere to burn,
24:16but far enough so that our entire planet is not frozen
24:19or, as the gold rush itself said,
24:22not too hot, not too cold.
24:25This type 2 race could boil us or freeze us
24:28until we die in a matter of months.
24:31Then they could return the planet to the gold rush zone
24:34with the same smoothness, with most of the monuments,
24:37buildings and infrastructures more or less intact.
24:40The depopulated Earth would then be safe
24:43and ready to be inhabited,
24:46or maybe turned into a museum or a giant theme park.
24:52In reality, the truth is that our attackers
24:55would not need to modify the Earth's orbit
24:58to destroy a civilization in a catastrophic way
25:01and put an end to the damage on us.
25:04Depending on the size and destination of their ships,
25:07their mere presence in a high Earth orbit
25:10would lead to an endless series of tides,
25:13earthquakes and volcanic eruptions,
25:16something that humanity has never seen.
25:19They could simply approach our orbit
25:22and see how the Earth's own climate attacks us.
25:30Another deadly possibility is that the type 2 species
25:33accelerates or slows the Earth's rotation.
25:36Although we do not feel it,
25:39we do feel that the Earth's rotation.
25:42In Ecuador, this is equivalent to around 1,000 miles per hour.
25:45If aliens stopped this 24-hour cycle,
25:48our whole world would be launched east at 1,000 miles per hour.
25:51And yes, we mean everything in the world.
25:54The largest forest in Europe would be cut down
25:57and launched thousands of meters high.
26:00Trees would darken the skies,
26:03as historians say,
26:07from honey moon villages in the Maldives
26:10to the Freedom Tower in New York,
26:13from the Golden State Bridge in San Francisco
26:16and the Sydney Opera,
26:19these structures would not simply collapse,
26:22but would be instantly torn to shreds
26:25by thousands of projectiles and thrown east
26:28at the speed of a gunshot.
26:31The fastest speed a human being has reached in free fall
26:34has only been achieved a few times by trained professionals
26:37who wear drag-resistant clothing
26:40and fall head first to the ground.
26:43If an alien attack stopped the Earth's rotation,
26:46we would all be thrown through the air
26:49at speeds three times faster.
26:52Those of us who were in buildings
26:55would be thrown through the windows,
26:58crashed against walls, mountains or rubble.
27:01Buses, trains and other vehicles
27:04would collide with other objects
27:07as they approached the speed of sound.
27:10Even if a handful of humans survived,
27:13the Earth's atmosphere would continue to rotate at 1,000 mph
27:16and this would result in winds strong enough
27:19to sweep the ground and water off the surface.
27:22Even if our attackers only slowed down the rotation,
27:25gradually, the effects would continue to be devastating.
27:29Thousands of natural disasters would occur.
27:32Floods, earthquakes, tides, avalanches,
27:35volcanic eruptions would all explode at the same time.
27:38Without the 24-hour cycle of day and night
27:41that we are used to,
27:44the circadian rhythms of the day would be out of control.
27:47This rhythmic cellular process
27:50that tells our body when to sleep and when to wake
27:53depends on changes in sunlight.
27:57Many creatures on Earth, from insects to trees,
28:00depend on the circadian rhythms to live.
28:03The changes in these rapid cycles will cause a massive extinction
28:06that our planet has not seen since the asteroid
28:09that ended the reign of dinosaurs 65 million years ago.
28:14The atmospheric patterns are also linked to the rotation of the planet.
28:17The shape of the air currents around the world would change
28:20and in turn trigger an apocalyptic climate.
28:26These massive changes in the presence of air
28:29would also lead to the appearance of deserts where there are currently forests.
28:32It would reverse the seasons
28:35and destroy food resources,
28:38as well as make large areas of the world uninhabitable.
28:41Again, in this scenario,
28:44aliens could relax and enjoy their sadistic side,
28:47comfortably observing from orbit
28:50how humanity approaches its extinction.
28:54Of course, we are already seeing something similar,
28:57although on a smaller scale,
29:00as man causes climate change and alters climatic patterns.
29:03This great damage has occurred for decades and by accident.
29:06Imagine that this process
29:09takes place for weeks as part of a plan.
29:12We could go on, but this is enough to show that humanity
29:15would be ridiculously incompatible
29:18if it ever had to face
29:21a species that even approaches level 2 on the scale of Kardashev.
29:51The world of God becomes a little bigger
29:54and when I have a more real vision
29:57of my place
30:00and my smallness
30:03in that universe
30:06and achieve this
30:09through an ever-growing consciousness
30:12that I do not find anything threatening
30:15like George Well,
30:18an ever-growing consciousness
30:21that really assimilates
30:24that whatever the matter of communication
30:27is very, very likely
30:30that we are
30:33only one,
30:36a possible great civilization.
30:39So,
30:42for us to have any possibility
30:45of extraterrestrial salvation,
30:48it would be better to hope that the assailants
30:51do not exceed point 9 on the scale of Kardashev.
30:54In other words,
30:57it is better to hope that they are only a few centuries ahead of us
31:00in terms of weapons and technology.
31:03But a few centuries can be a long time in technological advances.
31:06Keep in mind that humanity went from the first flight of the Wright brothers
31:09to the moon landing of Apollo in just 65 years.
31:12So, let's remember how fast you can advance in weapons
31:15when there is enough motivation
31:18and nothing else motivates the innovation
31:21to kill an enemy before he kills me.
31:29The First World War broke out just over a century ago.
31:32It was fought with calvary
31:35and cannons pulled by horses.
31:38As anyone who has studied poetry in high school knows,
31:41tens of thousands of men spent years shooting each other
31:44from trenches dug by hand
31:47throughout France.
31:50Literally,
31:53digging was the best tactic available at the time.
31:56Of course,
31:59none of this would be effective against armored vehicles
32:02and the air forces of the Second World War,
32:05just 21 years later.
32:08And it is ridiculous to imagine
32:11what the combat aircraft and stealth bombers,
32:14the drones of the 21st century
32:17would have done against the best armies of 1919.
32:20It is difficult to exaggerate the military superiority
32:23that only a century of technological advance provided.
32:31At that time,
32:34the best pilot of the Great War was the German
32:37Führer von Richthofen,
32:40remembered as the infamous Red Baron.
32:43Von Richthofen, the first great fighter pilot,
32:46shot down more than 70 allied aircraft during the First World War.
32:49The Red Baron flew a triplane Fokker with rotary propulsion
32:52with a maximum speed of 110 miles per hour
32:55that was armed with two 7.9 mm machine guns.
32:58Those weapons had an effective range of 600 meters.
33:01As for missiles,
33:04the Fokker did not have any,
33:07for the reason that the propelled explosives
33:10along with anything propelled,
33:13were not yet invented.
33:16However, the Red Baron was able to bomb,
33:19at least in a certain way.
33:22He and his contemporaries put their hands
33:25in a leather bag they had between their legs,
33:28took out a standard field-use grenade,
33:31and threw it at the enemy.
33:34Now, let's compare the Red Baron's plane
33:37with a modern counterpart,
33:40the F-35 Lightning II,
33:43which is widely considered
33:46as the leader combat aircraft today.
33:49The F-35 is capable of reaching Mach 1.6
33:52or 1,227.63 miles per hour,
33:55literally ten times faster
33:58than the Red Baron.
34:01The F-35 is armed with a GAU-22 of 25 mm,
34:04a rotating cannon of four cannons
34:07that is literally tens of thousands of times
34:10more powerful than anything seen
34:13in the period of the First World War
34:16and much less than could be mounted on a plane.
34:19The F-35 is also armed with air-to-air,
34:22air-to-ground, and air-ship missiles.
34:25The impact of a missile
34:28has much more strength than the largest
34:31land cannon of the First World War,
34:34the iconic Big Bertha,
34:37which was almost as big as a two-story house.
34:40It is possible that a single F-35
34:43backed by drones could have forced
34:46any of the powers of the Great War
34:49to sit at the negotiating table
34:53With that thought,
34:56let's go back to the scenario
34:59in which an extraterrestrial race
35:02with 200 or 400 years of advantage over us
35:05in terms of weapons and technology
35:08attacked Earth.
35:11Movies like Independence Day
35:14rush to show us
35:17that even our nuclear weapons
35:20at speeds necessary to cross
35:23from their part of the galaxy to ours
35:26would need a big shield.
35:29Despite the name,
35:32space is not an empty medium,
35:35but it is full of rock clouds,
35:38dust particles, lost meteors
35:41that if hit by a ship
35:44that flies even a fraction of the speed of light
35:47The author of an article
35:50where he calculated that any spaceship
35:53that travels at 20% of the speed of light
35:56would suffer catastrophic damage
35:59even if it encountered a dust grain
36:02of only 15 microns.
36:0515 microns means a pile of dust
36:08100 times smaller than a grain of table salt.
36:11And of course,
36:14dust particles are larger than dust in space.
36:17So any alien ship
36:20that approaches should have some kind of shield
36:23that protects it easily
36:26against the entire nuclear arsenal of the Earth.
36:29So,
36:32doesn't humanity have any possibility?
36:35Should we turn around and wait
36:38for our new masters to want to leave us alive?
36:41The key to information in any war
36:44is to understand the enemy's objective.
36:47Knowing what the aliens want to achieve
36:50would be vital to develop a strategy to feed them.
36:53Or at least give them enough time
36:56to give up the objective and leave.
36:59Science fiction has imagined alien spaceships
37:02descending from the skies
37:05and saying exactly what they want.
37:09Accepting to become their slaves.
37:12Or as the invaders informed us on Independence Day,
37:15simply die.
37:20But surely a more intelligent species than us
37:23would have realized that
37:26if we had been informed of their objective.
37:29We would have more possibilities to stop them.
37:32The most probable scenario is that we would have to discover
37:35what would be our best assumptions
37:38about why they traveled from so far away.
37:41The sci-fi miniseries of the 80s, B,
37:44made fascist visitors travel through the stars
37:47to steal the water from the Earth.
37:50The program was a great success.
37:53It attracted so many viewers to NBC during 1984,
37:56like the Olympic Games,
37:59and has influenced two generations of science fiction writers.
38:02The first one, who decided to leave the L.A. field in 2011,
38:05being only one of them, has the invaders
38:08coming to Earth to loot the oceans.
38:11But this aquatic motivation has no scientific meaning.
38:14Hydrogen and oxygen, the basic components of H2O,
38:17also known as water,
38:20are two of the most abundant chemical elements in the universe.
38:23No alien, much less a fleet of 10-mile-wide stellar ships,
38:26would need to come to Earth for water.
38:29In fact, every galaxy has plenty of water.
38:32Even if a group of goose-stepping lizards
38:35had developed a particular taste for the water in our system,
38:38maybe like your rich aunt who only drinks bottled Evian,
38:41they wouldn't need to bother humanity to get their dose.
38:44This is because, far from being the only place
38:47that orbits around the Sun and contains water,
38:50Earth is simply one of literally dozens of celestial bodies
38:53that contain moist matter.
38:56The solar winds and the greenhouse effects
38:59stripped Mars and Venus of their water, of course,
39:02but the ancient planet Pluto is mainly made of ice,
39:05and Saturn's rings are mostly frozen water.
39:08Continuing with the planets,
39:11most people are aware that Jupiter
39:14is a type of planet called a giant gaseous,
39:17and if two of those gases are hydrogen and oxygen,
39:20absorbing all that gas and then using it to create water
39:23is an easy task for any race capable of inventing
39:26a propulsion that works faster than life.
39:29Then there are all the oceans of water in our neighboring moons,
39:32including Ceres, Europa, Callisto,
39:35Insulatis, Titan, Mimus and Triton.
39:38And why would a thirsty alien
39:41go past Ganymede?
39:44Ganymede is a moon that orbits Jupiter,
39:47it is larger than Pluto and Mercury,
39:50and its main source of water, as you may have guessed, water.
39:53NASA has overwhelming evidence that this giant satellite
39:56has huge oceans.
39:59These oceans are trapped between ice crusts,
40:02a mile deep and a pure ice frozen core.
40:05As expected, this ice-cold water sandwich
40:08contains more water than all the liquid on planet Earth combined.
40:11And that's all before reaching other sources of water
40:14outside our solar system.
40:17Astronomers can literally see giant water clouds
40:20orbiting distant planets and have come to the conclusion
40:23that many nebulae are essentially composed of water.
40:26The Orion Nebula, for example,
40:29contains 2 billion billion gallons of water,
40:32about seven times the amount on Earth.
40:35It is worth thinking about the fact that
40:38each drop of water in our solar system,
40:41from the sweat of the forehead to a fragment of ice
40:44that precipitates at 37,000 miles per hour in orbit around Jupiter,
40:47came from the same source,
40:50the gigantic solar nebula that condensed for a billion years
40:53to form our star and everything that orbits it.
40:56So, when spaceships descend through our clouds
40:59and start firing nuclear lasers,
41:02at least we will avoid the sight of the little green men in spades,
41:05because they will not be here to swim.
41:08I don't think we should wait until the encounter occurs,
41:11but we must do everything within our reach to prepare ourselves.
41:14The way we meet for the first time
41:17can determine the character of all our subsequent relationships.
41:20Let us not forget the fatal impact
41:23we have had on innumerable peoples of this Earth,
41:26peoples of our own species
41:29who trusted us, became friends
41:32and to whom we destroyed for our irreflection
41:35and insensitivity,
41:38before their needs and vulnerabilities.
41:41The simple truth is that,
41:44before we can communicate successfully with others,
41:47first we must learn to communicate successfully with ourselves
41:50and we are very far from having achieved it.
41:53Maybe that's where we should start,
41:56with ourselves,
41:59learning to communicate with ourselves,
42:02with all the different peoples and nations of the Earth,
42:05with all the different peoples and nations of the Earth.
42:12So, what could they want if not water?
42:15Food?
42:18Well, it is very difficult to imagine why an extraterrestrial force
42:21would travel to Earth to find sustenance.
42:24Again, we are talking about beings
42:27with enormously powerful technology.
42:30Surely they could terraform their moons
42:34to produce their food.
42:37And as the Martians discovered in the War of the Worlds,
42:40any food on Earth could harm them,
42:43since it would contain bacteria and germs
42:46that their immune systems cannot face.
42:49Wouldn't it be much easier for them to cultivate
42:52or produce food more appropriate to their biology?
42:55Perhaps the invaders are behind other riches on Earth.
42:58Our metal, minerals or gems
43:01are also unlikely.
43:04It is not necessary to come to Earth
43:07to look for some kind of mineral or natural substance,
43:10because any substance that is created here
43:13would also be available elsewhere.
43:16This means that the aliens would find what they need on the Moon
43:19or on a closer planet,
43:22where there would be no kind of hairless ape that would distract them.
43:25Not convinced? Okay.
43:29Let's take, for example, diamonds.
43:32They are the rarest type of rock and, therefore,
43:35the most expensive and hardest on Earth.
43:38Except that they are not.
43:41Diamonds are not rarer than any of a dozen types of precious stones,
43:44and there are six substances, naturally formed,
43:47that are harder than diamonds.
43:50Even if the aliens think that diamonds are hard,
43:53they are not.
43:56Even if the aliens think that diamonds are very beautiful,
43:59they would not need to travel to Earth
44:02and pay the prices of Tiffany to have them.
44:05First, it is a total myth that these gems are rare on Earth,
44:08and certainly they are not in space either.
44:11All that is required to create natural diamonds
44:14is pressure and intense heat,
44:17and there is a lot of both on each star, planet, moon and comet
44:20that potentially exist.
44:24Humans do not have one, but two laboratory methods to create diamonds.
44:27The high-pressure and temperature process, or APAT,
44:30which was invented in the 1950s,
44:33and, more recently, the process of steam chemical deposition, or DQV.
44:36and, more recently, the process of steam chemical deposition, or DQV.
44:39Our imaginary aliens have a speed of curvature and force shields
44:42powerful enough to ignore any nuclear weapon.
44:45powerful enough to ignore any nuclear weapon.
44:48But they lacked the technology to squeeze the overheated carbon,
44:51something very unlikely.
44:54And with that derived notion, like Will Smith on Independence Day,
44:57let's move on to another trope of science fiction of the 20th century,
45:00that someday extraterrestrials will come to enslave humans.
45:03that someday extraterrestrials will come to enslave humans.
45:06Barely two decades after the beginning of the 21st century,
45:09we know that this really does not make sense.
45:12Perhaps the writers of science fiction have not realized it,
45:15but robots, artificial intelligence and drones
45:18Any extraterrestrial species capable of crossing the galaxy
45:21would surely not need to travel this far,
45:24and devote time and effort to betray a press group
45:27of strange bipedal creatures from planet Earth.
45:30Because surely if they had space ships,
45:33that would travel faster than light,
45:36they would also have robots or even synthetic beings
45:39to do all the minor tasks for them.
45:42Being kidnapped by the force of planet Earth
45:45humans would plan rebellions,
45:48they would plan escapes and suicide attacks.
45:51Humans would need to eat several times a day and sleep a lot.
45:54Humans are also sick, they are cold, hot.
45:57And perhaps before the aliens believe it possible.
46:00We also age quite fast,
46:03we reproduce slowly and we need a decade and a half
46:06to get close to our maximum height, physically and mentally.
46:09Therefore, we can rule out the idea
46:12that the aliens corner us and dress us in steel bikinis,
46:15as if we all looked almost as good as Carrie Fisher in Star Wars.
46:18So if the aliens do not come for water, food, resources or work,
46:21what could they want?
46:24The Predator series has been a success and a failure
46:27since the 1980s,
46:30a classic by Arnold Schwarzenegger.
46:33But the central premise that the aliens come
46:36to hunt humans for fun is still interesting.
46:40Precisely because it is very possible.
46:43The goal of an alien invasion can be simply to kill us like a sport,
46:46or motivated by a sense of self-defense,
46:49as imagined in works like Ender's Game.
46:52Some people think that killing for sport is an accusation only human,
46:55but it is not.
46:58There have been lions, tigers and other beasts
47:01that hunt both humans and other beasts not to eat, but to have fun.
47:04You can not underestimate the violent nature of chimpanzees
47:08and surely we have all seen a feline play with a cat and a mouse.
47:11At least on Earth,
47:14predator animals tend to be those who have developed skills
47:17to solve problems.
47:20The same could apply to extraterrestrial life.
47:23The Predator movie imagines the individual appearance
47:26or in small groups of extraterrestrials of Billy Bob hunting humans for sport.
47:29If this is really what we face,
47:32the best strategy would be to make this sport something very dangerous,
47:35for visitors,
47:38and that would require identifying any extraterrestrial incursion while it happens
47:41and attack them with the best forces we can join.
47:44Or, if the extraterrestrials remain hidden
47:47and only descend to Earth for a quick safari,
47:50perhaps any government that discovers their presence
47:53decides to pretend that it does not realize.
47:56Perhaps in this scenario it would be better to observe,
47:59collect information and not alert a kind of killer that we are on them,
48:03As mentioned before,
48:06Carl Sagan believed that any species smart enough to travel through the stars
48:09would be too sophisticated to surrender to the thirst for blood.
48:12He may be right,
48:15but if we analyze our own race,
48:18we have eliminated more than 900 species since the Middle Ages,
48:21and despite becoming more and more intelligent,
48:24few seem to care that we kill more dozens every year.
48:27And this leads us to one of the reasons
48:30why the existence of extraterrestrials would undoubtedly be hostile.
48:33The dark forest theory begins by recognizing that humanity
48:36was one of the thousands of species that began in the dark forest of prehistory,
48:39but it was us, not any other type of animal,
48:42that came to dominate everyone else.
48:45In short, humans claim the right to do what we want with the whole planet
48:48because we are, as a species, very dangerous,
48:51and we have become progressively more dangerous than any other generation.
48:54Just look at the last 100 years.
48:58The dark forest theory then postulates that any exotic species
49:01that emerges at the top of the food chain in the dark forest of its planet
49:04must also be extremely dangerous.
49:07And when the other dangerous species meet us
49:10in the wild lands of the Milky Way,
49:13they would also assume that we are murderers, just like them,
49:16and they would act to kill us before we had the opportunity to attack first.
49:19This first-attack scenario is the most likely of all that we have explored,
49:22although the extraterrestrial intention
49:25is not just to kill,
49:28it is possible that we have probabilities of winning a total war.
49:31The H.G. Wells Martians were killed by germs and bacteria.
49:34It was a great end to the war of the worlds.
49:37The most powerful invaders,
49:40killed by the most basic forms of life on Earth,
49:43after all the weapons of humanity had failed.
49:46Independence Day reimagines the end
49:49with humans using a computer virus to defeat the aggressors.
49:53But while it is possible that the extraterrestrials are susceptible
49:56to terrestrial viruses and other diseases,
49:59we would have the same probability of infecting ourselves with any disease of them.
50:02An invasive species of microbial introduced accidentally
50:05or intentionally would also end us.
50:08There are many analogies for this on Earth.
50:11Let's think about the colonization of America
50:14or the 1970 film The Andromeda Seed.
50:18As a somewhat practical commentator on the matter,
50:21I feel that I am inclined
50:24to direct my attention
50:27to what I believe will really be,
50:30and not to these debates in the mirror,
50:33which are undoubtedly more important than our current state of mind,
50:36which in some way I believe will be backed
50:39by looking more calmly at what the real situation is.
50:42I think, on the contrary, that a huge distance separates us
50:45from the closest existing
50:48and even recent, you know,
50:51a memorable group of a similar type
50:54and of enormous distance,
50:57not the distance to the Moon,
51:00or the distance to the planets,
51:03or the distance to the closest stars,
51:06but tens or even hundreds or perhaps thousands of times that distance.
51:09That means that even traveling at the speed of light,
51:12it is likely that there is no imaginable trip back and forth,
51:15and it is not possible to travel back and forth,
51:18and it is not possible to travel back and forth,
51:21and it is not possible to travel back and forth,
51:24and it is not possible to travel back and forth,
51:27and it is not possible to travel back and forth,
51:30and it is not possible to travel back and forth,
51:33and it is not possible to travel back and forth,
51:36and it is not possible to travel back and forth,
51:39and it is not possible to travel back and forth,
51:42and it is not possible to travel back and forth,
51:45and it is not possible to travel back and forth,
51:48and it is not possible to travel back and forth,
51:51and it is not possible to travel back and forth,
51:54and it is not possible to travel back and forth,
51:57and it is not possible to travel back and forth,
52:00and it is not possible to travel back and forth,
52:03and it is not possible to travel back and forth,
52:06and it is not possible to travel back and forth,
52:09and it is not possible to travel back and forth,
52:12and it is not possible to travel back and forth,
52:15and it is not possible to travel back and forth,
52:18and it is not possible to travel back and forth,
52:21and it is not possible to travel back and forth,
52:24and it is not possible to travel back and forth,
52:27and it is not possible to travel back and forth,
52:30and it is not possible to travel back and forth,
52:33and it is not possible to travel back and forth,
52:36And it is not always obvious which are the best weapons
52:39before facing them in battle.
52:41For example, an American naval instructor
52:43and veteran of the Iraq war, John Davis,
52:46wrote that, in his opinion,
52:48even his best marines,
52:50who wore the last thing in Kevlar protection,
52:52would lose in a melee battle
52:54against medieval knights.
52:56The peak of the knight with plate armor
52:59was in the 13th century.
53:01Then, we talk about a millennium of advance
53:03in war technology,
53:05but according to a modern navy infant,
53:07very respected, without weapons,
53:09the knight would win.
53:11Maybe humans can find similar advantages
53:13in the war against aliens.
53:20Tactics must change when new weapons
53:22are introduced in the theater of war,
53:24and, in turn, new weapons are developed
53:26to execute or adapt better to new tactics.
53:29To illustrate how the most advanced weapons
53:31force to change tactics,
53:33we do not need to see beyond the tank
53:35developed by the British
53:37and deployed for the first time in the battle of Somme.
53:39Tanks provided mobile lethality
53:41protected in the battlefield,
53:43and in defense, the tank was, of course,
53:45the best weapon to use
53:47against an enemy with his own tanks.
53:49After the Somme,
53:51no army wanted to take a cavalry
53:53to a tank combat,
53:55but the recent Russian invasion of Ukraine
53:57has pointed out that the era of tanks
53:59is coming to an end.
54:01Although the military and tactics
54:03have maintained the tank as a central piece
54:05of the war for a century,
54:07ultralight weapons mounted on the shoulder
54:09like the US Javelin FGM-148
54:11seem to be beyond the capacity
54:13of the tank to reinvent itself.
54:15Tanks are expensive,
54:1710 million dollars
54:19and hundreds of thousands of dollars
54:21to maintain and transport to the front lines.
54:23Meanwhile, the Javelin
54:25costs hundreds of thousands
54:27and can be transported by a single soldier.
54:29Maybe our existing weapons
54:31are the FGM-148
54:33for the extraterrestrial tanks.
54:35And remember that we have
54:37all our species and all the resources
54:39we have here.
54:41The aliens will arrive with a limited amount
54:43of ships, weapons and equipment
54:45and those supplies will run out.
54:47If humanity can participate
54:49in a prolonged guerrilla war,
54:51we can even achieve a surprise victory
54:53or two, here and there.
54:55And any victory, surprisingly,
54:57will be essential to keep
54:59the morale of our side
55:01always long enough
55:03to cost the aliens
55:05enough in terms of lost lives
55:07or hardware to abandon their mission.
55:09We, as humans,
55:11for better or for worse,
55:13can be a vengeful species
55:15and avenge the death of loved ones
55:17and our way of life would be
55:19a powerful motivator for any people.
55:21It is easy to imagine an alien race
55:23horrified by the capacity of our species
55:25to commit suicide missions,
55:27for example.
55:33There will be a limit
55:35in terms of the amount of lives
55:37or equipment losses they are willing
55:39to spend to exterminate humanity.
55:41They may even have a calculation
55:43in which they believe that humanity
55:45is sufficiently reduced in size
55:47and economic power
55:49that we have gone back hundreds of years
55:51in terms of development.
55:55And that may be
55:57a victory enough for them to leave
55:59and return to the stars
56:01with a mission accomplished
56:03or wrapped in the helmet of their battleships.
56:09A Viking spacecraft
56:11is preparing to land on Mars
56:13in 1976,
56:15carrying an automated chemical laboratory
56:17to take samples
56:19of Martian soil
56:21in search of life forms.
56:23The discovery of a single bacterium
56:25on Mars,
56:27or in any other body
56:29of the solar system,
56:31would indicate that the entire chain
56:33of cosmic, chemical,
56:35and biological evolutions
56:37is in operation everywhere.
56:39In that case,
56:41the creation of life
56:43anywhere in the universe
56:45would be more the rule
56:47than the exception.
56:49In that case,
56:51we need intelligent civilizations
56:53capable of communicating
56:55with us.
56:57And allow me to say
56:59that so that we can have
57:01a more warm and lively conversation
57:03as this meeting progresses,
57:05I cannot conceive
57:07of a nightmare
57:09as terrifying
57:11as establishing
57:13such communication
57:15with the higher calling
57:17or, if you wish,
57:19advanced
57:21technology
57:23of outer space.
57:25What are you worried about, George?
57:27What will happen when these books are printed?
57:29Oh, I think a degree
57:31of degradation of the human company.
57:39And yet, in reality,
57:41given everything we have just covered
57:43about the scarce possibilities of humanity
57:45against any extraterrestrial force
57:47sufficiently advanced
57:49to attack Earth,
57:51perhaps the true victory would be ours.
57:53Any scenario in which the invasion
57:55ends with some of us alive
57:57is a victory for humanity.
57:59No matter the loss of life
58:01or the devastation of the Earth,
58:03in a world war, when we are in it
58:05by species, simply surviving
58:07is the victory.
58:13It makes no sense to worry
58:15about the possible evil intentions
58:17of an advanced civilization
58:19with which we could have contact.
58:21It is more likely that the simple fact
58:23that they have survived for so long
58:25means that they have learned to live
58:27with themselves and with others.
58:29Perhaps our fears
58:31about extraterrestrial contacts
58:33are merely a projection
58:35of our own delay,
58:37an expression of our guilty conscience
58:39about our past history.
58:41The ravages suffered by civilizations
58:43are far greater than ours.
58:45Carl Sagan