Histoires vraies effrayantes trop troublantes pour être oubliées

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Transcript

00:00:00One day without sleep reduces your reaction speed, weakens your ability to analyze and causes stress.

00:00:08After three days without sleep, a person will feel irritated and their cognitive faculties will decrease.

00:00:14A week without sleep can cause serious problems in your whole body.

00:00:19You no longer make the difference between reality and imagination, and you have absolutely no idea what's going on around you.

00:00:27But in January 1964, a young man managed to stay awake for more than 11 days.

00:00:33And at the end of this experience, he felt completely normal.

00:00:37This is the longest time a person has spent without sleep.

00:00:40This event was even included in the Guinness Book of Records.

00:00:43And it allowed scientists to learn a lot about the structure of the human brain.

00:00:48It all started at the end of December 1963.

00:00:52Two high school students, Randy Gardner, 17, and his friend, were thinking of an idea for a scientific project.

00:00:59The two friends quickly decided that they would do an experiment on sleep.

00:01:04The goal was to stay awake as long as possible and beat the previous record.

00:01:09It had been established by a DJ who had managed to work for 260 hours in a row.

00:01:14This represents almost 11 full days.

00:01:16Full music and the fact of being constantly moving had allowed the DJ to stay awake.

00:01:21But for Randy, it was going to be difficult to stay busy, especially at night.

00:01:26Initially, the subject of the project was the influence of insomnia on all kinds of human abilities.

00:01:31Our two boys quickly realized that they did not have the right equipment for a well-formed study.

00:01:37So they decided to discover how lack of sleep affects our cognitive abilities as well as our ability to play basketball.

00:01:45Randy had to stay active, and his friend did everything to keep him awake.

00:01:49At first, everything was going well.

00:01:51The assistant friend was holding a newspaper where he noted the slightest changes in the body of the subject of the experiment.

00:01:57The first two days were quite easy for Randy.

00:02:00He was always standing up, never lying down.

00:02:03He felt pleasantly stimulated, had fun, and played sports.

00:02:07During all this time, his friend was taking notes in his newspaper.

00:02:11But on the third day, his friend fell asleep against a wall.

00:02:14He had fallen asleep while taking notes.

00:02:17Fortunately, Randy managed to stay awake.

00:02:20The boys quickly understood that they could not do without additional help.

00:02:24So they called a third friend and wrote an article for a newspaper in San Diego.

00:02:29William Demunt, from the University of Stanford, read the article and became interested in this experiment.

00:02:35At that time, Demunt was probably the only person in the world to study the phenomenon of sleep.

00:02:40He immediately packed his bag and went to visit Randy.

00:02:45Thus, four people were now participating in the experiment.

00:02:49They tested Randy's taste, smell, and hearing.

00:02:52After three days, his cognitive and sensory abilities began to decline.

00:02:57The next morning, Randy felt nauseous.

00:03:00Looking in the house, he found citrus fruits.

00:03:03The smell of tangerines and oranges helped him get rid of this unpleasant feeling.

00:03:08Our friends were only sleeping in turns.

00:03:10They never let Randy get bored.

00:03:12If he closed his eyes for a second, sleep could swallow him instantly.

00:03:17One day, they played basketball for hours.

00:03:20And the next day, they went bowling.

00:03:23Once night fell, things became more difficult.

00:03:26At night, no one knew what to do.

00:03:28They got bored and it was difficult to prevent Randy from falling asleep.

00:03:32Surprisingly, even after a week without sleep, Randy continued to perform excellently in basketball.

00:03:38He even played better than his friends.

00:03:40In addition, what he said remained clear and logical.

00:03:43At that time, most American newspapers had written articles about the experiment.

00:03:48Randy had become a celebrity and this helped him stay awake.

00:03:53Other scientists came to observe the experiment.

00:03:56Using mathematical exercises, they tested Randy's intellectual abilities.

00:04:00And there, he showed bad results.

00:04:03He was solving a math problem when suddenly he forgot what he was doing.

00:04:08Researchers also scanned his brain and recorded his activity.

00:04:12Finally, the experiment came to an end.

00:04:15In a few hours, Randy was going to break the previous record.

00:04:19He hadn't slept for almost 11 days.

00:04:22Scientists decided to take him to a specialized hospital

00:04:25to see how his brain would behave once he fell asleep.

00:04:29On January 8, 1964, at 2 a.m., the new record was established.

00:04:34Randy hadn't slept for 264 hours.

00:04:37Finally, he could go to bed.

00:04:40Researchers tied electrodes to his skull to observe the activity of his brain.

00:04:45Randy fell into a deep sleep.

00:04:47Several hours passed.

00:04:49He woke up, went to the bathroom, and went back to bed.

00:04:52It lasted 8 hours, 10 hours.

00:04:55Randy only woke up at the beginning of the 15th hour of sleep.

00:04:59And he simply went back to school.

00:05:02Everyone was surprised.

00:05:03It seemed that this delicate experiment had no negative consequences.

00:05:08Randy continued to study as before, to play basketball, and to spend time with his friends.

00:05:13During this time, scientists studied the results of their research.

00:05:17It turned out that during the entire experiment, Randy's brain had not stopped taking naps.

00:05:22The different parts of his brain were sleeping one after the other.

00:05:26When the boy played basketball, his ability to analyze was monitored.

00:05:30When he worked on math problems, the part of his brain responsible for the reactions was extinguished.

00:05:36In other words, a part of his brain rested a little, then it woke up, and another part of his brain went to nap.

00:05:43Randy was not the first person to watch over a night.

00:05:47Previously, the human brain had already experienced lack of sleep and had learned to rest in this way,

00:05:53by zone, by equally distributing its resources.

00:05:56But not everyone is capable of it.

00:05:58Most likely, Randy was genetically predisposed to stay awake for so long.

00:06:03Several people tried to break the record, but none of them succeeded.

00:06:07During these experiments, many had serious health problems.

00:06:11They had hallucinations, forgot what had happened to them the previous minute,

00:06:16could not think, and behaved extremely unpleasantly with others.

00:06:21And this is not surprising.

00:06:23Lack of sleep causes anxiety and bad stress.

00:06:26Without sleep, your body simply cannot function properly.

00:06:30This can lead to problems if you go out.

00:06:33But even at home, you can forget the fire on your stove or turn off your iron to iron.

00:06:38You risk falling asleep at the most inopportune time.

00:06:41You could see a unicorn and run after it without thinking about the consequences.

00:06:46You could lose the feeling of hunger or, on the contrary, eat a lot.

00:06:51And this could give you stomach problems.

00:06:54In fact, no one should have such experiences.

00:06:57This is why the Guinness Book of Records has ceased to record attempts to break Randy's record

00:07:02so that people stop hurting themselves.

00:07:05But let's go back to our story.

00:07:07A long time has passed.

00:07:09Everyone has forgotten the record.

00:07:11And then, one day, Randy gave an interview.

00:07:14He admitted that he had insomnia for a long time after the experiment.

00:07:18For years, he had fought against this problem.

00:07:21Then, he finally managed to set a normal sleep rhythm.

00:07:25Randy could fall asleep, but he did not rest more than 6 hours a day.

00:07:30Nature has given the human body the ability to survive in extreme situations.

00:07:35For example, if you do not eat for a long time, your body activates its survival mode.

00:07:40It takes energy from your fat cells or your muscle tissues.

00:07:44In this way, it uses all the resources that are available to it.

00:07:49A person can live without food for several weeks and without water for several days.

00:07:54And as soon as this person receives food and water, his body recovers.

00:07:58The same goes for endurance.

00:08:00For thousands of years, people have run to survive.

00:08:03Our heart has learned to resist huge loads.

00:08:07But we have never had to deal with insomnia throughout the history of evolution.

00:08:12This is why your brain is not adapted to such long periods of awakening.

00:08:16Subsequently, it may not recover, because it does not know how to do it.

00:08:21But this evolution of the brain can start today.

00:08:24People have never experienced such a significant lack of sleep.

00:08:28Social networks, parties, TV shows, exhausting office work, frequent flights ...

00:08:34All this exerts a greater pressure than ever on our brain.

00:08:37In the past, a person could hunt a mammoth, return to his cave and go to bed immediately.

00:08:43Today, after a hard day's work, many are those who surf the Internet and get even more tired.

00:08:49This is why it is so important to stay awake at regular hours.

00:08:56Do you know who Nikola Tesla was?

00:08:58You have certainly heard of the Great Pyramids of Egypt.

00:09:02And if I told you that Tesla may have discovered the ancient mystery surrounding 16 pyramids?

00:09:07Uh ... sorry?

00:09:09A mixture of science and archaeology?

00:09:11And no!

00:09:17It is very likely that the pyramids are not so enigmatic after all.

00:09:23But first of all, here is what we know about the pyramids.

00:09:26What is so mysterious about them?

00:09:28They are just old weird monuments, aren't they?

00:09:33One of the biggest questions concerns their construction.

00:09:36Some believe that they were built by the strength of the wrist and the sweat of the forehead.

00:09:41Others that a source of unknown energy of the modern man was used to erect them.

00:09:47And what if aliens helped us?

00:09:50Probably not!

00:09:51But this idea of a mysterious energy used to build pyramids has existed for a very long time.

00:09:57Even in ancient texts, such as the texts of the pyramids, it is said

00:10:01that the gods gave us enough to build a great power.

00:10:04So it is possible that something incredibly powerful is involved in this architectural feat.

00:10:09Who knows?

00:10:10At the beginning of the 1900s, Tesla began to be interested in the Great Pyramids of Egypt.

00:10:15He read many books on these ancient structures and was stunned by the amount of energy they seemed to release.

00:10:21At the time, few people knew electricity.

00:10:24And our scientist wondered if the pyramids were not hiding an advanced technology.

00:10:30It is said that their power could be linked to electromagnetism.

00:10:34And he devoted a lot of time and effort to try to find out more.

00:10:38He had quite bizarre theories for the time.

00:10:41He thought that the pyramids contained an electric charge and that they fed the surrounding areas with energy.

00:10:48He also believed that crystals were the source of this energy.

00:10:52According to him, these super-powerful crystals were inside the pyramids

00:10:58and could control the electromagnetic fields.

00:11:04But that's not all.

00:11:05Tesla also thought that the materials used to build these monuments

00:11:09had properties allowing them to capture the energy of the sun and the moon,

00:11:13and not only in small quantities.

00:11:15He thought that the pyramids could create a powerful enough energy field to illuminate entire cities

00:11:20and even illuminate areas plunged into darkness.

00:11:23They were used as a kind of giant electric power plants

00:11:26to produce energy and run machines.

00:11:29According to Tesla, the pyramids were linked to a cosmic energy

00:11:34used for spiritual awakening and the healing of the dead.

00:11:37Pretty New Age, isn't it?

00:11:41These hypotheses were not of fantasy origin.

00:11:46He had seriously studied all the documents available on the pyramids,

00:11:50from ancient texts to hieroglyphs and drawings.

00:11:56And he concluded that the pyramids were designed as energy amplifiers

00:12:01and that a mysterious source of energy was used to build them.

00:12:05Some thought that Tesla was just an eccentric with crazy theories.

00:12:09But his ideas had a considerable impact on the way we perceive the pyramids today.

00:12:15For a few years now, researchers and academics have been studying discovered essays

00:12:20and use them to uncover some of the greatest mysteries

00:12:24that surround these ancient structures.

00:12:27For example, scientists have recently conducted theoretical experiments

00:12:31to analyze how the Great Pyramid would react to certain radio waves.

00:12:35They discovered that it could capture radio waves of a certain length

00:12:38and then convert their energy from these rooms to its base.

00:12:42Scientists have made many calculations to reach this conclusion.

00:12:47They first thought about the wavelength that would work best.

00:12:51They then modeled the reaction of the pyramid to these waves.

00:12:54And they calculated the amount of energy that would be absorbed or diffused.

00:12:59Finally, they studied how the energy would move inside the pyramid

00:13:03once captured by the structure.

00:13:06To explain all this, they used what is called multipolar analysis,

00:13:11which consists of decomposing a complex object into simple elements.

00:13:15It is then possible to see how each part reacts to the energy.

00:13:19It's a bit like when you undo a puzzle

00:13:21to see how each piece fits together with the others.

00:13:24Researchers are interested in how all this could be useful to us.

00:13:28They are looking to make particles capable of doing the same thing as the pyramids,

00:13:32but with light.

00:13:34By modifying the size, shape and matter of these particles,

00:13:37they can control how the light moves around them.

00:13:40This can be very useful for the manufacture of tiny sensors

00:13:44or very efficient solar cells.

00:13:47Scientists had to make some assumptions during their research.

00:13:51They imagined that there was no hidden space inside the pyramids

00:13:55and that the materials used to build them were all identical.

00:13:59And so they managed to make quite impressive discoveries.

00:14:03But his study of the pyramids is not the only testimony

00:14:06of Tesla's hyper-modern genius.

00:14:08Many of his theories seemed to be unrealistic at the time,

00:14:12but scientists re-evaluate them today for practical applications.

00:14:16Let's talk about Tesla's most ambitious project,

00:14:19the Wardenclyffe Tower.

00:14:23In 1900, Tesla was already a big name in electrical engineering in America.

00:14:29His amazing inventions and the fact that he managed to surpass Thomas Edison

00:14:34in the War of the Currents impressed people.

00:14:37But Tesla never rested on his laurels.

00:14:40He then decided to embark on his most ambitious project,

00:14:43the Wardenclyffe Tower.

00:14:45Built between 1901 and 1905,

00:14:48it is based on one of Tesla's most revolutionary ideas.

00:14:52He wanted to make the impossible possible

00:14:54by creating a wireless global communication system.

00:14:59This system would use the Earth itself as a conductor,

00:15:02transmitting music, information, stock exchanges,

00:15:06secure military communications, and even simulated images.

00:15:10Does that remind you of anything?

00:15:11Yes, it looks like the Internet we use today, but without any cable.

00:15:16But Tesla had an even bigger dream,

00:15:18to transmit wireless energy.

00:15:20He had already proven that it was possible to send high-frequency signals

00:15:23thanks to his famous transformer.

00:15:26Then he was obsessed with wireless energy transmission.

00:15:29His vision was not only to transform the way we communicate,

00:15:32but also to find a way to transfer electric currents

00:15:35on a global scale by drawing in the natural energy of the Earth.

00:15:39Tesla thought that there was an abundance of free energy

00:15:42all around us, and that it could be used for the benefit of humanity.

00:15:46In 1899, he conducted secret experiments

00:15:51and was convinced that it was possible to transmit electric energy

00:15:54through the high Earth's atmosphere.

00:15:57This is how the Wardenclyffe Tower was born.

00:16:00It was supposed to be the prototype station of a planetary network

00:16:03that was to provide wireless energy to the whole world.

00:16:06Unfortunately, Tesla had neither the resources nor the confidence of his investors

00:16:11to carry out this project.

00:16:13He encountered all kinds of financial problems.

00:16:16And in 1917, the unfinished tower was finally demolished

00:16:20and all its equipment sold in order to repay the growing debts of our genius.

00:16:24Today, it sadly reminds us that the greatest minds

00:16:27do not always manage to realize their dreams.

00:16:30However, the red brick laboratory is still there.

00:16:33The only Tesla laboratory to have survived.

00:16:36A funny detail.

00:16:38In 2017, a film crew made a stunning discovery.

00:16:42They used a georadar to explore the area around Wardenclyffe

00:16:46and they found a series of tunnels extending over tens of meters below the site.

00:16:51No one knows exactly what they were used for,

00:16:53but it is thought that they were part of Tesla's great project.

00:16:56Wardenclyffe is of course an important site for the fans of the great man.

00:17:00Who knows, maybe one day someone will be able to solve the mystery of these tunnels.

00:17:04But even if it never happens,

00:17:06Tesla's legacy will continue to feed the imagination of scientists around the world.

00:17:17Aomori Prison, Japan, 1936

00:17:20Aomori Prison, Japan, 1936

00:17:25Yoshii Shiratori was walking inside his cell,

00:17:29ruminating the fact that he had been wrongly accused of a crime he had not committed.

00:17:35He did not deserve to spend the rest of his days as a detainee.

00:17:39He had to escape this unsanitary, inhuman and icy place

00:17:43where he was mistreated day after day.

00:17:46But how?

00:17:48Aomori Prison was not the easiest place to escape.

00:17:52He had to show ingenuity and patience to come up with an infallible plan.

00:17:58Shiratori began by observing the guards' routine.

00:18:02Aware that a single small mistake could be fatal to him,

00:18:06he had to memorize their every move with great precision.

00:18:12After studying their schedule for months,

00:18:15he realized that there was a 15-minute gap in their patrol,

00:18:19from 5h30 to 5h45.

00:18:22He had found his escape window.

00:18:27But he still had to understand how to force the lock on his cell.

00:18:33Shiratori was not the kind to give up in the face of such an obstacle.

00:18:38The prisoners received bath buckets when it was time for their toilet.

00:18:43To his great surprise, Shiratori realized that these buckets were surrounded by a metal ring

00:18:48that he could use as an iron wire.

00:18:51One day, he secretly brought one back into his cell

00:18:55and waited for the right time to escape.

00:18:59When the clock rang at 5h30 and the way was finally free,

00:19:03Shiratori took action.

00:19:06His hands were shaking because of the cold while he was trying to unlock the lock.

00:19:10And the fear of being caught did not go away either.

00:19:14It took him a few minutes, but he finally managed to open the door of his cell

00:19:18and run towards his freedom.

00:19:21At 5h45, the guards came back to control the cell.

00:19:25For them, everything seemed normal.

00:19:28Shiratori was sleeping deeply in his bed.

00:19:31But of course, what he could not realize

00:19:34was that it was not him who was under the covers.

00:19:38Before leaving, Shiratori had placed pieces of parquet on his futon

00:19:43to deceive the guards and save time.

00:19:47No one suspected anything until the next morning,

00:19:50but at that moment, Shiratori had disappeared for a long time.

00:19:56However, this was only the beginning of Shiratori's epic,

00:20:00which would later be known as a legend of escape.

00:20:05Three days after his first escape,

00:20:08Shiratori was caught again while he was trying to steal something to heal in a hospital.

00:20:13And that's how he went back to prison.

00:20:17This time, he was sentenced to life imprisonment for his attempt to escape.

00:20:21He had no hope of ever seeing his wife or daughter again.

00:20:25All these months of preparation were useless.

00:20:29And to top it all off, in 1942,

00:20:32he was transferred to the prison in Akita,

00:20:35where the conditions would be even harder than before.

00:20:38The guards, who had heard about his escape,

00:20:41had decided to set an example for him.

00:20:44In addition to all the arduous manual work he had to do,

00:20:49he was forced to sleep on a hard concrete floor during the cold winters.

00:20:54And when he was not working,

00:20:56he was placed in isolation for long periods

00:20:59in order to make sure that he could never try anything.

00:21:05The fact is that this isolation cell had been specially designed

00:21:08to prevent anyone from escaping.

00:21:12It was very high, with a very high ceiling

00:21:14and smooth metal walls that it was impossible to climb.

00:21:19In addition, it was even impossible to see the sun there.

00:21:23The only window of the cell, tiny, was located on the ceiling.

00:21:28And as if it were not enough,

00:21:30Shiratori was handcuffed and mistreated by the guards all the time.

00:21:36However, one of them, Kobayashi,

00:21:39felt pity for him and worried about his health.

00:21:43That's why he took his news from time to time,

00:21:46which made his prison life a little more bearable

00:21:49inside this terrible place.

00:21:52One stormy night, however, on June 15,

00:21:55around midnight,

00:21:57the guards took a look inside the isolation cell

00:22:00and found nothing.

00:22:03Shiratori was unobtainable and only his handcuffs remained.

00:22:08But how did he do it?

00:22:11First of all, Shiratori knew all the tricks to get rid of the handcuffs.

00:22:15So it just didn't work on him.

00:22:18Once his hands were free,

00:22:20by pressing his palms and the sole of his feet

00:22:22on the smooth copper walls,

00:22:24he easily climbed the wall.

00:22:28The ceiling window was sealed,

00:22:30but Shiratori had noticed that the wooden frame around him

00:22:33was starting to rot.

00:22:35So, night after night,

00:22:37he went up there when the guards were not looking

00:22:39and had gradually started the encadrement.

00:22:43He finally managed to break the rusty bars.

00:22:46However, he had to wait for a stormy night

00:22:49so that once out,

00:22:51no one could hear his steps on the roof.

00:22:56Three months later,

00:22:58Shiratori knocked on the door of the one he thought to be his friend,

00:23:01Kobayashi.

00:23:03He was waiting for him to stand by his side

00:23:05in his fight against such a corrupt prison system.

00:23:09As he was the only guard who respected him,

00:23:12Shiratori had the impression that he could trust him.

00:23:16But it was a big mistake.

00:23:19When Shiratori went to the bathroom,

00:23:21Kobayashi did not waste time

00:23:23to inform the authorities of his presence.

00:23:26Shiratori was therefore arrested

00:23:28and, for the third time, sent back to prison.

00:23:32As he had acquired an almost legendary status,

00:23:34the authorities wanted to make sure

00:23:36that he could not escape a third time.

00:23:40They sent him to Abashiri Prison,

00:23:42the saddest and safest one.

00:23:45It was located in the north of the country

00:23:47where it snowed almost constantly,

00:23:49so that no prisoner dared to escape

00:23:51with such a thin uniform on his back.

00:23:55At first, he was thrown into an open cell,

00:23:57exposed to extreme cold,

00:23:59while he was still wearing his summer prison uniform,

00:24:02and the guards were atrocious with him.

00:24:06Once, he managed to get into such a rage

00:24:09that he broke his handcuffs in front of them.

00:24:11But it only made things worse.

00:24:14He ended up locked up in a cell

00:24:16with heavy iron bars

00:24:18around his wrists and ankles,

00:24:20which would have taken two long hours

00:24:22to be pulled out by a blacksmith.

00:24:25Shiratori swore to escape again,

00:24:27but this time, it seemed rigorously impossible.

00:24:30And yet, once again, he found a way.

00:24:34Every day, when the guards delivered

00:24:36their lunch to the prisoners,

00:24:38Shiratori made his miso soup

00:24:40flow on his heavy chains

00:24:42as well as on the dining room door of his cell.

00:24:45Thus, the metal slowly wore out

00:24:47and he finally managed to get out of his chains.

00:24:52The hole, however, was still too narrow

00:24:54for an adult man.

00:24:56So, Shiratori uncovered his shoulder

00:24:58to go through the hatch.

00:25:02He was again a free man

00:25:04and the first to never escape

00:25:06the Abashiri prison.

00:25:08He managed to hide for more than a year,

00:25:11but was caught after being beaten

00:25:13with a farmer to whom he had stolen a tomato.

00:25:18The authorities had nothing left to chance

00:25:21and imprisoned him in the prison of Sapporo.

00:25:25The only opening of his cell

00:25:27was smaller than his head

00:25:29and guards were posted in front of him

00:25:3124 hours a day.

00:25:33We can therefore imagine the shock

00:25:35they would feel one day

00:25:37when they did not find Shiratori.

00:25:40This time, he had managed to escape

00:25:42by digging a tunnel under his bed

00:25:44using his soup bowl.

00:25:48He was again a free man for a year,

00:25:50until the day when an officer

00:25:52sat next to him on a bench in a park.

00:25:54He had not even realized

00:25:56his true identity,

00:25:58but Shiratori was so touched

00:26:00by his kindness that he decided to surrender.

00:26:03He was arrested once again,

00:26:05but this time, after examining his case,

00:26:07the court revoked the drastic conditions

00:26:09of his sentence

00:26:11and sent him to the much more comfortable prison

00:26:13of Fushu in Tokyo,

00:26:15from where he was released earlier

00:26:17for good conduct.

00:26:19And finally,

00:26:21he was able to find his daughter

00:26:23as a truly free man.

00:26:26The night was dark and frightening.

00:26:28A few hundred people were sitting

00:26:30in rescue boats,

00:26:32not knowing what would happen next

00:26:34or what their lives would look like

00:26:36from that moment on.

00:26:38All they knew was that the giant ship

00:26:40they were sailing a few hours earlier

00:26:42had disappeared before their eyes.

00:26:44They were alone and waiting for help.

00:26:46Was someone going to come?

00:26:48They did not know if the other ships

00:26:50who were relatively close to them

00:26:52had heard their call for help.

00:26:54There was nothing else to do but wait.

00:26:56The Titanic, an iceberg,

00:26:58is the night of April 14, 1912.

00:27:00It is one of the most famous stories

00:27:02in modern history

00:27:04that everyone still talks about today,

00:27:06more than a hundred years later.

00:27:08The 16 rescue boats on board

00:27:10could only accommodate

00:27:12a little more than 50%

00:27:14of the total number of passengers.

00:27:16And many of them were still half empty.

00:27:18In one of them,

00:27:20there was a two-month-old girl,

00:27:22Milvina Dean.

00:27:24She was the youngest passenger

00:27:26on board the giant ship.

00:27:28Her parents had decided to leave England

00:27:30because they dreamed of a better life

00:27:32in the United States.

00:27:34Her father had family in Kansas

00:27:36and their own business.

00:27:38The Dean family had not really chosen

00:27:40to be on board this legendary giant ship,

00:27:42but because of a coal strike.

00:27:44They had been transferred there

00:27:46so that they embarked

00:27:48in St. Hampton as third-class passengers.

00:27:50Milvina's father felt something

00:27:52when the ship hit the iceberg

00:27:54during this cold and apparently peaceful night.

00:27:56He immediately went up

00:27:58to investigate.

00:28:00When he saw that people were panicking

00:28:02and that crew members were giving warnings

00:28:04about the real danger of the situation,

00:28:06he rushed into the cabin

00:28:08to find his wife.

00:28:10He told her to dress the children

00:28:12and get on the deck quickly.

00:28:14The crew members gave the order

00:28:16to prepare the lifeboats

00:28:18and to start transferring

00:28:20the women and children first.

00:28:22It was a chance for at least

00:28:24a few family members

00:28:26to put themselves in safety.

00:28:28Milvina, her mother and brother

00:28:30got on lifeboat number 10.

00:28:32They managed to escape

00:28:34from the sinking ship.

00:28:36Later, a lifeboat named Carpathia

00:28:38heard their call for help

00:28:40and came to pick up the passengers

00:28:42and took them to New York.

00:28:44Unfortunately, her father

00:28:46stayed behind them

00:28:48and did not manage to save himself.

00:28:50Milvina grew up in the small town

00:28:52of Ashhurst, England,

00:28:54which was not far from where

00:28:56she had embarked on the Titanic.

00:28:58She spent her life working as a secretary

00:29:00and she never got married.

00:29:02Milvina always said that she never

00:29:04talked about the whole story of the Titanic

00:29:06because she did not remember anything

00:29:08and she did not want people to think

00:29:10that she drew attention to her.

00:29:12In 1985, a Franco-American team

00:29:14gathered and located

00:29:16the wreck of the Titanic.

00:29:18It was located about 600 km

00:29:20east of Mistaken Point

00:29:22in Turnove,

00:29:24more than 3,000 meters deep.

00:29:26It was then that they confirmed

00:29:28that the ship had split in two.

00:29:30For decades, people had believed

00:29:32that the ship had sunk in one block.

00:29:34They thought that the only major damage

00:29:36was that suffered by the hull

00:29:38during its contact with the iceberg.

00:29:40In reality, it broke in two

00:29:42between its third and fourth chimney.

00:29:44This happened shortly before

00:29:46the ship disappeared

00:29:48under the surface of the water

00:29:50and from the moment

00:29:52they hit the iceberg.

00:29:54The whole process lasted only

00:29:56a few minutes.

00:29:58People did not pay much attention

00:30:00to the Titanic until

00:30:02this team of researchers

00:30:04discovered the wreck.

00:30:06During the last years of her life,

00:30:08Milvina sold some of her family's

00:30:10property at auctions

00:30:12to pay for her stay

00:30:14in a retirement home.

00:30:16The objects she sold also included

00:30:18a suitcase full of clothes

00:30:20that her family had received

00:30:22when they arrived in the United States

00:30:24and financial aid

00:30:26that some passengers received

00:30:28who had survived the loss

00:30:30of their loved ones.

00:30:32Milvina lived until the age of 97

00:30:34before catching pneumonia.

00:30:36She was the youngest of the 705 people

00:30:38who survived the event.

00:30:40The Titanic was the largest ship in the world.

00:30:42As it was so large,

00:30:44some thought that the ship

00:30:46should have had four exhaust chimneys.

00:30:48But Thomas Andrews,

00:30:50the man who designed the ship,

00:30:52found a purely decorative chimney.

00:30:542,200 people were on board

00:30:56when the ship sank.

00:30:58There were 908 crew members

00:31:00and the maximum number of passengers

00:31:02was 3,500.

00:31:04As you have probably seen in the film,

00:31:06there were different classes of passengers.

00:31:08The accumulated wealth

00:31:10estimated by those who were in the first class

00:31:12was about 500 million dollars.

00:31:14And the researchers

00:31:16estimated that objects worth

00:31:186 million dollars

00:31:20would sink to the bottom of the ocean

00:31:22with the ship.

00:31:24The first class was a luxury place.

00:31:26There were four restaurants,

00:31:28two libraries, two hair salons,

00:31:30reading rooms

00:31:32and a black room for photography.

00:31:34There was also a heated pool,

00:31:36but only first-class passengers

00:31:38could use it

00:31:40at an exorbitant price of 1 shilling.

00:31:42The ship also had Turkish baths

00:31:44and electrical equipment

00:31:46and passengers could use them

00:31:48The cost of building this massive giant

00:31:50was 7.5 million dollars.

00:31:52But it was in 1912.

00:31:54Today, it would represent

00:31:56about 200 million dollars.

00:31:58First-class tickets

00:32:00cost 2,560 dollars at the time,

00:32:02which is equivalent

00:32:04to 61,000 dollars today.

00:32:06What did you get in these expensive cabins?

00:32:08A living room, two bedrooms,

00:32:10two changing rooms and a bathroom.

00:32:12And would you be willing to spend

00:32:14so much money on this luxury today?

00:32:16Research teams have still not explored

00:32:18many areas of the Titanic

00:32:20and it is still difficult to access

00:32:22with submarines.

00:32:24A rescue channel exercise

00:32:26was planned the day the Titanic sank,

00:32:28but it was cancelled for unknown reasons.

00:32:30The crew had only done

00:32:32one rescue boat exercise

00:32:34and that was when the ship

00:32:36was still at sea.

00:32:38But even if the crew members

00:32:40had been properly trained

00:32:42and each rescue channel had been filled,

00:32:44the capacity would still not have been

00:32:46sufficient to save each passenger.

00:32:48The Titanic was the largest

00:32:50mobile object in the world at the time.

00:32:52On May 31, 1911,

00:32:54its huge hull was lowered

00:32:56from the dry coals and found itself

00:32:58on the Lagan River in Belfast.

00:33:00More than 100,000 people were present

00:33:02to attend the launch,

00:33:04which lasted a little over a minute

00:33:06and took place without any problems.

00:33:08The hull was immediately towed

00:33:10to a huge development dock.

00:33:12The crew spent most of the following year

00:33:14working hard to build the docks

00:33:16and to furnish all these luxurious interiors

00:33:18that gave the Titanic

00:33:20its unique appearance.

00:33:22They also installed the 29 giant boiler rooms

00:33:24that would power the two main steam engines

00:33:26of the ship.

00:33:28All this to claim the title

00:33:30of a submersible.

00:33:32The ship had more than one fatal flaw.

00:33:34You may have heard of one of these

00:33:36design flaws.

00:33:38The water-tight gaskets were not

00:33:40waterproof.

00:33:42This allowed the water to pass

00:33:44from one compartment to the other,

00:33:46which ended up flooding the deck.

00:33:48But the Titanic had other flaws.

00:33:50The strong hold suffered from it.

00:33:52The cold temperatures and high speeds

00:33:54largely affected the steel of the ship's hull

00:33:56and the iron of its ribs.

00:33:58The steel broke,

00:34:00while the ribs came off

00:34:02rather easily.

00:34:04This is why the Titanic

00:34:06flowed 24 times faster

00:34:08There are many theories

00:34:10about what actually led to the shipwreck

00:34:12of such a giant.

00:34:14One of them states that a full moon

00:34:16that had risen a few months earlier

00:34:18could have been one of the reasons.

00:34:20It may have created very strong tides

00:34:22that sent a flotilla of icebergs

00:34:24to the south, just at the time

00:34:26of the Titanic's inaugural voyage.

00:34:28According to research, an optical illusion

00:34:30prevented the ship from getting lead.

00:34:32A famous British historian,

00:34:34Tim Maltin, thinks that the atmosphere

00:34:36during the night of the shipwreck

00:34:38created specific conditions

00:34:40that made it very difficult

00:34:42for the crew members

00:34:44to spot the icebergs.

00:34:46They caused what is known

00:34:48as a super refraction.

00:34:50This extraordinary curvature

00:34:52of light caused mirages

00:34:54and several ships in the area

00:34:56recorded it.

00:34:58Not only did this prevent the crew

00:35:00from seeing the iceberg in time,

00:35:02but it also prevented one of the ships

00:35:04from reaching the Titanic.

00:35:06In addition, some experts claim

00:35:08that the ship was sailing too fast.

00:35:10From the start, they blamed the captain

00:35:12for having a large ship

00:35:14sailing at such a speed,

00:35:1622 knots, in the cold and unpredictable

00:35:18waters of the North Atlantic

00:35:20that was full of icebergs.

00:35:22Jeff Bezos and Elon Musk

00:35:24are the richest people in the world

00:35:26today.

00:35:28But if you put their two fortunes

00:35:30together, this amount would not even

00:35:32be the richest person in history.

00:35:34Here is Mansa Musa,

00:35:36the richest man

00:35:38ever.

00:35:40He has been in the top

00:35:42of the richest people's rankings

00:35:44for more than 700 years,

00:35:46and it is unlikely that someone

00:35:48could reach his level of wealth

00:35:50in the near future.

00:35:52Jeff Bezos has about $203 billion,

00:35:54Elon Musk more than $300 billion.

00:35:56As for Mansa Musa,

00:35:58he was at the head of a fortune

00:36:00at the time.

00:36:02The most prudent estimates suggest

00:36:04that he owned more than $400 billion

00:36:06to $500 billion.

00:36:08However, this is only a hypothesis.

00:36:10Most historians think

00:36:12he was immensely rich and powerful,

00:36:14and that this wealth destroyed

00:36:16the economy of his country.

00:36:18But let's start at the beginning.

00:36:20Mansa Musa was born in 1280

00:36:22in West Africa, in Mali,

00:36:24the current Republic of Mali.

00:36:26His entire family was made up of sovereigns,

00:36:28so he spent his childhood

00:36:30and youth in luxury.

00:36:32For almost all this time,

00:36:34his older brother reigned over the country.

00:36:36And then, when Mansa Musa was 32 years old,

00:36:38his brother abdicated.

00:36:40He wanted to explore the world

00:36:42and was obsessed with the Atlantic Ocean

00:36:44and the lands beyond.

00:36:46He gathered a huge expedition

00:36:48of 2,000 ships and tens of thousands

00:36:50of sails.

00:36:52They sailed like an entire floating city

00:36:54and never returned.

00:36:56Historians think that the brother of Mansa Musa

00:36:58would have managed to reach South America,

00:37:00but there is no real proof of this.

00:37:02Thus, the young Mansa Musa

00:37:04became the sovereign of Mali

00:37:06and the owner of all the wealth

00:37:08of the family in 1312.

00:37:10He was a good sovereign and an intelligent strategist.

00:37:12During the first years of his reign,

00:37:14he managed to annex

00:37:16about 24 cities.

00:37:18He united small disappearing states

00:37:20into a single empire.

00:37:22He considerably enlarged the Kingdom of Mali,

00:37:24which was then about 3,000 km

00:37:26from the Atlantic Ocean.

00:37:28He owned almost the entire western part

00:37:30of the continent.

00:37:32From that moment on,

00:37:34Mansa Musa's wealth began to grow enormously.

00:37:36In the medieval world,

00:37:38gold was considered the most precious

00:37:40source of wealth on the planet.

00:37:42Many historians think that Mansa Musa

00:37:44owned almost half of all the gold reserves

00:37:46available in the world

00:37:48known at that time.

00:37:50In Mali, thousands of shopping centers

00:37:52were built for gold and other precious goods

00:37:54such as salt.

00:37:56And part of the profits of this large-scale trade

00:37:58went directly into the pocket of Mansa Musa.

00:38:00He had all the money,

00:38:02power and servants,

00:38:04but there was something

00:38:06he desperately lacked.

00:38:08His desire was similar to that of his brother.

00:38:10Mansa Musa also wanted to travel,

00:38:12not to discover the world,

00:38:14but to glorify his empire.

00:38:16Only a few people abroad

00:38:18had heard of his powerful kingdom,

00:38:20but he knew that his country

00:38:22was probably the richest in the world.

00:38:24To achieve his goal,

00:38:26Mansa Musa undertook a pilgrimage

00:38:28to Lamech through the Sahara Desert

00:38:30and Egypt.

00:38:32This trip was one of the greatest

00:38:34that anyone has ever undertaken.

00:38:36Mansa Musa made his trip

00:38:38with a caravan of about 60,000 people.

00:38:40He was accompanied

00:38:42by the entire royal court,

00:38:44all the officials, thousands of soldiers,

00:38:46artists, chameleons, merchants

00:38:48and tens of thousands of servants.

00:38:50They took a long herd of goats

00:38:52and sheep to feed themselves.

00:38:54It was like a huge city

00:38:56moving in the desert.

00:38:58Imagine the amount of water and food

00:39:00necessary to feed this crowd.

00:39:02As soon as the king announced a halt,

00:39:04huge camps were set up.

00:39:06It would have taken a whole day

00:39:08to go around it.

00:39:10Thousands of people worked

00:39:12to prepare meals.

00:39:14Artists performed on stage.

00:39:16There were also people inside the camp

00:39:18or the travelers who passed by.

00:39:20Servants took care of the animals

00:39:22and helped with the household chores.

00:39:24All this was done under the scorching sun

00:39:26on the hot sand.

00:39:28Then they had to fold the tents

00:39:30to get back on the road.

00:39:32Most likely,

00:39:34not everyone managed to survive

00:39:36such a trip,

00:39:38but Mansa Musa treated his people very well.

00:39:40Almost all these people

00:39:42were dressed for the most beautiful parties

00:39:44in the world.

00:39:46Hundreds of camels

00:39:48carried loads

00:39:50containing hundreds of thousands

00:39:52of pounds of pure gold.

00:39:54There was so much gold

00:39:56that you could see it from afar

00:39:58shining in the sun.

00:40:00No one was ever hungry or thirsty.

00:40:02There was enough provision

00:40:04for a comfortable trip.

00:40:06The travelers who passed by

00:40:08were amazed by the magnitude

00:40:10and beauty of the royal expedition.

00:40:12One of Mansa Musa's fans

00:40:14arrived at the camp.

00:40:16The inhabitants were shocked

00:40:18by all this luxury and wealth.

00:40:20But the most incredible thing

00:40:22was that the sovereign

00:40:24willingly shared it with the locals.

00:40:26The gold he gave them

00:40:28enriched many poor people.

00:40:30He stayed at the camp for three months.

00:40:32The gold was everywhere.

00:40:34That's why he lost his value.

00:40:36It made no sense to sell

00:40:38goods for gold when everyone had it.

00:40:40According to economists

00:40:42and modern historians,

00:40:44the crisis he caused

00:40:46led to losses of about

00:40:481.5 billion dollars in the Middle East.

00:40:50When he realized what he had done,

00:40:52he tried to revive the economy.

00:40:54A theory states that he couldn't do it

00:40:56because he had spent all his money.

00:40:58According to another story,

00:41:00he wanted to withdraw

00:41:02part of the gold from circulation.

00:41:04To do this, he tried to borrow gold

00:41:06at huge interest rates

00:41:08from 14 Egyptians.

00:41:10He failed to restore the economy

00:41:12but he achieved his goal.

00:41:14Rumors of his wealth and generosity

00:41:16spread all over the world.

00:41:18The image of an African king

00:41:20sitting on a golden throne

00:41:22with a piece of gold in his hand

00:41:24appeared on the map

00:41:26of the Catalan Atlas of 1375.

00:41:28With this drawing,

00:41:30they made Tombouctou appear,

00:41:32the main city of Mali.

00:41:34The king who was crowned was Mansa Moussa.

00:41:36Here are some real stories

00:41:38mixed with legends about the city

00:41:40and its leader.

00:41:42Some say that it was impossible

00:41:44to count the amount of wealth

00:41:46that Mansa Moussa possessed.

00:41:48Others say that he had enough gold

00:41:50to make each person on the planet rich.

00:41:52People from all over the world

00:41:54began to go to Mali

00:41:56to see this place with their own eyes.

00:41:58Thanks to mysteries and legends,

00:42:00Tombouctou became an African El Dorado.

00:42:02Many thought it was a golden valley

00:42:04where European explorers

00:42:06made long and dangerous trips

00:42:08to visit the kingdom.

00:42:10But all this happened many years

00:42:12after the reign of Mansa Moussa.

00:42:14Not only did he glorify his country

00:42:16and its name all over the world,

00:42:18but he also came back to his country

00:42:20with new scientists, poets and architects.

00:42:22He paid them hundreds of pounds of gold

00:42:24to convince them to settle in Tombouctou.

00:42:26The amount he gave each of them

00:42:28would be about 8 million dollars

00:42:30in current currency.

00:42:32He began to invest in education,

00:42:34art, literature, architecture

00:42:36and libraries.

00:42:38He built schools and colleges.

00:42:40Under the reign of Mansa Moussa,

00:42:42Tombouctou became an educational center.

00:42:44People from all over the world

00:42:46came here to acquire quality knowledge.

00:42:48In 1337,

00:42:50Mansa Moussa died

00:42:52at the age of 56.

00:42:54His sons inherited all his wealth,

00:42:56but they failed to preserve

00:42:58their father's legacy.

00:43:00In order to obtain more money,

00:43:02uprisings and intrigues,

00:43:04all this led to the collapse

00:43:06of the powerful kingdom.

00:43:08The empire was again divided

00:43:10into small states.

00:43:12For hundreds of years,

00:43:14Mali lost its power.

00:43:16Then the Europeans arrived

00:43:18on this territory

00:43:20and it finally destroyed the empire.

00:43:22This is why we know so little

00:43:24about the royal dynasty

00:43:26of Mansa Moussa today.

00:43:28If the Europeans had visited

00:43:30the kingdom at its peak,

00:43:32at the height of its military

00:43:34and economic power,

00:43:36Mansa Moussa would have become

00:43:38much more famous and the glory

00:43:40of the kingdom would have spread

00:43:42over several centuries.

00:43:44But the Europeans arrived

00:43:46about 200 years too late.

00:43:48They found the country

00:43:50during a serious crisis

00:43:52and uprisings.

00:43:54It is still impossible to calculate

00:43:56if Mansa Moussa had survived

00:43:58until today and preserved its empire,

00:44:00we would probably live in a

00:44:02completely different world.

00:44:04Africa could be the richest

00:44:06and most developed continent in the world

00:44:08and Mali would be the center.

00:44:10The kingdom would have realized

00:44:12all this in a peaceful way.

00:44:14Mansa Moussa was generous

00:44:16and preferred to conquer

00:44:18the countries by luxury

00:44:20and not by force.

00:44:22Winters are very snowy

00:44:24in Sweden, as everyone knows.

00:44:26Snow covers all roads

00:44:28and slows down traffic.

00:44:30And it happens that some cars

00:44:32parked on the side of the road

00:44:34can only get out with a snowplow.

00:44:36It's even common sense.

00:44:38But one day, during a snowfall,

00:44:40something amazing happened.

00:44:42On December 19, 2011,

00:44:44a man named Peter Skilberg

00:44:46was trapped in the snow

00:44:48after getting out of the main road

00:44:50somewhere in northern Sweden.

00:44:52The snowplow rescuers

00:44:54found him quite by chance,

00:44:56took him out of there

00:44:58and took him to the hospital.

00:45:00It may seem rather banal,

00:45:02but the most surprising thing

00:45:04is that it took two months

00:45:06to find this man.

00:45:08And outside, the temperature

00:45:10has dropped to minus 30 degrees Celsius.

00:45:12He survived after spending

00:45:1460 days without water,

00:45:16without food and without heat source

00:45:18in the middle of icy winds

00:45:20The people who found him

00:45:22said that the car was buried

00:45:24under a layer of snow

00:45:26of more than one meter

00:45:28and that Peter Skilberg

00:45:30was sitting trembling

00:45:32in a sleeping bag on the back seat.

00:45:34He was unable to speak.

00:45:36When they took him to the hospital,

00:45:38the doctors were amazed.

00:45:40They knew cases where people

00:45:42had survived a long time

00:45:44to a freezing cold,

00:45:46but not for two months.

00:45:48Peter Skilberg did not have this problem

00:45:50because he could get water

00:45:52thanks to the snow.

00:45:54Without food, a person can survive

00:45:56a few weeks to three months.

00:45:58But what about the cold?

00:46:00How did Peter solve this problem?

00:46:02At such low temperatures,

00:46:04it is possible to freeze in a few hours.

00:46:06The doctors who treated Peter

00:46:08said that his body seemed to have activated

00:46:10a survival mode

00:46:12and that he had fallen into a deep sleep,

00:46:14just like bears hibernate during winter.

00:46:16But the human body can only lower

00:46:18its temperature by a few degrees.

00:46:20This is not enough to survive

00:46:22in a cold of less than 30 degrees.

00:46:24Our man may have managed

00:46:26to lower his temperature even more.

00:46:28The case of Peter Skilberg

00:46:30has become famous.

00:46:32Doctors and scientists from all over the world

00:46:34have hypothesized

00:46:36how this man could have survived.

00:46:38However, no one has been able

00:46:40to determine the exact reason.

00:46:42Many have claimed

00:46:44that it was a real miracle.

00:46:46Others thought it could be the result

00:46:48of several combined factors.

00:46:50One of these factors is the sleeping bag.

00:46:52It keeps the body warm

00:46:54better,

00:46:56so that inside the bag,

00:46:58the temperature drops much more.

00:47:00Another factor that probably

00:47:02played a key role is the igloo effect.

00:47:04The indigenous peoples of the Arctic

00:47:06built shelters with ice

00:47:08and snow.

00:47:10You have probably seen these round houses

00:47:12in some movies.

00:47:14It is not so hot inside,

00:47:16but the cold does not penetrate it either.

00:47:18The particular design of these houses

00:47:20allows to keep the accumulated heat

00:47:22inside.

00:47:24The igloos can protect from violent winds,

00:47:26but it is only possible to survive

00:47:28if you wear warm clothes.

00:47:30Peter's car may have turned

00:47:32into a similar house.

00:47:34The snow that was accumulating

00:47:36on all sides would have trapped the heat

00:47:38inside.

00:47:40Peter may have tried to get out

00:47:42of his car to get help,

00:47:44but it seems that Peter was right

00:47:46to resist.

00:47:48It is dangerous to go out

00:47:50in such conditions.

00:47:52You do not even know where you are.

00:47:54There is a freezing cold

00:47:56and the blizzard does not stop blowing.

00:47:58Let's say you get out of the car

00:48:00and you try to get to the nearest road.

00:48:02You fail and you come back on your feet.

00:48:04Except that you can no longer find your car

00:48:06because the snow covered it.

00:48:08The solution is then to start digging the snow

00:48:10and make yourself an igloo.

00:48:12If you wear warm clothes,

00:48:14they will help you keep your heat

00:48:16and save time.

00:48:18But the best solution would have been

00:48:20to stay inside the car

00:48:22and wait for help.

00:48:24Especially if you absolutely do not know

00:48:26where you are.

00:48:28If you have no means of communication

00:48:30or light signals at hand,

00:48:32try to make a fire.

00:48:34The smoke can attract the attention

00:48:36of people who do not know where they are.

00:48:38It can be dangerous.

00:48:40It can be dangerous.

00:48:42It can be dangerous.

00:48:44It can be dangerous.

00:48:46It can be dangerous.

00:48:48It can be dangerous.

00:48:50It can be dangerous.

00:48:52It can be dangerous.

00:48:54It can be dangerous.

00:48:56It can be dangerous.

00:48:58It can be dangerous.

00:49:00It can be dangerous.

00:49:02It can be dangerous.

00:49:04Jean Hilliard, 19,

00:49:06was driving home at night

00:49:08in the small town of Langby.

00:49:10She lost control of her car

00:49:12and ended up in a ditch.

00:49:14The young girl decided to join

00:49:16her friend's house on foot.

00:49:18She ended up seeing her,

00:49:20but she never made it

00:49:22because she was too weak.

00:49:24Suddenly, Jean fell and lost consciousness

00:49:26a few steps from her goal.

00:49:28Jean Hilliard was wearing a light winter coat,

00:49:30small boots and pants.

00:49:32Jean Hilliard appeared to face

00:49:34weather conditions as difficult.

00:49:36There was a strong blizzard

00:49:38and snowfalls,

00:49:40so no one noticed her.

00:49:42The friend at Jean's

00:49:44only saw the young girl frozen

00:49:46in the early morning,

00:49:48very close to her Porsche.

00:49:50Jean Hilliard stayed in the cold

00:49:52for six hours.

00:49:54Her body was hard and cold

00:49:56like stone.

00:49:58Her eyes seemed glassy.

00:50:00The humidity was coming out of her nose.

00:50:02She was breathing.

00:50:04He took her to the hospital.

00:50:06The young girl's body didn't bend.

00:50:08It was extremely difficult

00:50:10to put her in the car.

00:50:12The doctors rushed to help Jean,

00:50:14but it wasn't that easy.

00:50:16They couldn't even give her an injection

00:50:18because the needles were constantly bending.

00:50:20Jean's muscles were frozen

00:50:22and way too stiff.

00:50:24Her body was in emergency mode

00:50:26and had stopped irrigating her muscles

00:50:28All the blood was directed

00:50:30to her vital organs.

00:50:32Similarly, in emergency mode,

00:50:34our body is able to slow down

00:50:36all the internal processes of the body.

00:50:38The heart beats slower,

00:50:40the lungs consume less oxygen

00:50:42and the metabolism stops almost.

00:50:44These energy savings

00:50:46allowed the young girl to survive.

00:50:48But the doctors were even more surprised

00:50:50to find that Jean didn't have any serious sequelae.

00:50:52She had a few blisters,

00:50:54but the ice crystals didn't damage

00:50:56her skin or her soft tissues.

00:50:58The doctors decided to warm up the young girl

00:51:00with a heating cushion.

00:51:02They then managed to inject her

00:51:04with medication.

00:51:06A few hours later, she regained consciousness

00:51:08and further tests showed

00:51:10that Jean was in perfect health.

00:51:12By the way, it's not only in nature

00:51:14that you can get trapped

00:51:16in bad weather.

00:51:18You can get stuck in the elevator

00:51:20of a crowded building in Manhattan

00:51:22without anyone knowing.

00:51:24This happened in 1999

00:51:26to Nicholas White.

00:51:28This 34-year-old manager

00:51:30worked late at the office

00:51:32and had decided to take a break.

00:51:34After taking a break,

00:51:36Nicholas called the elevator

00:51:38to go back to the 43rd floor.

00:51:40But he got stuck inside.

00:51:42It was already quite late

00:51:44and almost all the employees

00:51:46had left the building.

00:51:48But the worst was that it was Friday night.

00:51:50Nicholas had no phone,

00:51:52so he pressed the emergency call button

00:51:54but no one answered.

00:51:56The cameras worked perfectly

00:51:58but the guards hadn't noticed it.

00:52:00The building was practically empty.

00:52:02Nicholas was fighting against claustrophobia

00:52:04doing the 100 steps,

00:52:06jumping, lying down,

00:52:08trying to force the doors

00:52:10and waiting for someone to come

00:52:12to rescue him.

00:52:14Technicians were on the other floors

00:52:16but they didn't hear him.

00:52:18Some colleagues even stayed

00:52:20until Nicholas came back home.

00:52:22They ended up leaving the office

00:52:24taking other elevators

00:52:26and didn't even realize

00:52:28that he had left all his stuff behind.

00:52:30Nicholas was desperate.

00:52:32He would only be rescued

00:52:3441 hours later.

00:52:36He was lying on the floor of the elevator

00:52:38exhausted by thirst

00:52:40when he suddenly heard a voice

00:52:42coming from the speaker of the elevator.

00:52:44Hey, is anyone there?

00:52:46The rescuers took our man

00:52:48to the hospital.

00:52:50They gave him an indemnity

00:52:52for his displeasure.

00:52:54Despite this nightmare,

00:52:56Nicholas never stopped using the elevators.

00:52:58Yes, when you live in Manhattan

00:53:00it would be quite problematic

00:53:02to live without them.

00:53:04So we can say that for Nicholas

00:53:06life is high and it's low.

00:53:08Do you want to hear something shocking?

00:53:10In an ordinary electric outlet

00:53:12like the one you use to charge your phone

00:53:14the voltage is 220 volts.

00:53:16An electric line at high voltage

00:53:18that supplies electricity to dozens of buildings

00:53:20has a voltage of 100,000 volts.

00:53:22The voltage of a lightning strike

00:53:24is more than 10 million volts.

00:53:26And the temperature of the lightning

00:53:28is almost twice as high

00:53:30as that of the surface of the sun.

00:53:32And this incredible charge

00:53:34flies at a speed just two and a half times

00:53:36slower than the speed of light.

00:53:38So imagine what can happen

00:53:40if you are struck by lightning.

00:53:42Here are some elements

00:53:44to give you an idea.

00:53:46The discharge travels through your body

00:53:48in one hundredth of a second.

00:53:50Lightning can stop your heart

00:53:52and disrupt your nervous system.

00:53:54At first you may not even realize

00:53:56what happened.

00:53:58You may lose consciousness

00:54:00and your body will be in shock.

00:54:02Every day there are several million

00:54:04lightning strikes in the world.

00:54:06Fortunately, you are unlikely

00:54:08to be struck by one of them.

00:54:10The probability that lightning strikes you

00:54:12is about 6,300.

00:54:14However, about 20,000 people

00:54:16are struck by lightning each year.

00:54:18The chances that lightning strikes you

00:54:20twice are even lower.

00:54:22And what are the chances

00:54:24that you are struck by lightning

00:54:26seven times in your life?

00:54:28It seems impossible,

00:54:30but a man has done the experiment.

00:54:32His name was Roy Sullivan.

00:54:34He was born in 1912

00:54:36in Green County, Virginia,

00:54:38in a large family of seven children.

00:54:40Roy was an ordinary boy

00:54:42and was no different from his brothers and sisters.

00:54:44But for some unknown reason,

00:54:46nature seemed to have chosen him.

00:54:48In 1936,

00:54:50he started working as a ranger

00:54:52at Shenandoah National Park.

00:54:56That's when lightning struck him

00:54:58seven times in 35 years.

00:55:00The first accident occurred

00:55:02in April 1942.

00:55:04That day, a violent storm

00:55:06began to grow.

00:55:08Roy took refuge in a brand new

00:55:10ghetto tower that was not yet equipped

00:55:12with a skylight.

00:55:14Lightning struck the building

00:55:16several times.

00:55:18A fire broke out inside

00:55:20and Roy ran away.

00:55:22As soon as he found himself

00:55:24a few meters from the tower,

00:55:26lightning struck his toe

00:55:28and made a hole in his shoe.

00:55:30The next incident occurred

00:55:3227 years later, in July 1969.

00:55:34Roy was still working

00:55:36as a ranger in a valley

00:55:38when a storm began.

00:55:40Lightning struck him

00:55:42through the open window of the vehicle.

00:55:44The charge burned his eyebrows

00:55:46and his eyelashes

00:55:48and slightly touched his hair.

00:55:50Roy lost consciousness

00:55:52and the car continued to move.

00:55:54It stopped right on the edge of the cliff.

00:55:56Fifteen minutes later,

00:55:58Roy regained his senses.

00:56:00A year later, in July 1970,

00:56:02the third incident occurred.

00:56:04The clouds became thicker

00:56:06and a storm began.

00:56:08Lightning struck a transformer

00:56:10near Roy.

00:56:12The man fled as quickly as possible

00:56:14but nature caught up with him again.

00:56:16This time, lightning struck his shoulder.

00:56:18Two years later, in 1972,

00:56:20lightning struck Roy

00:56:22for the fourth time

00:56:24while he was working

00:56:26in a station in the National Park.

00:56:28The charge set his hair on fire

00:56:30and the man ran to the bathroom

00:56:32to extinguish the flames

00:56:34on his burning head.

00:56:36From that moment on,

00:56:38Roy began to suspect

00:56:40that an invisible evil force

00:56:42was chasing him.

00:56:44He began to always have

00:56:46a bottle of water on him

00:56:48to extinguish the fire

00:56:50in case of new lightning strikes.

00:56:52The fifth happened again

00:56:54in the National Park in 1973.

00:56:56Roy stumbled on a rock

00:56:58and fell.

00:57:00He got to his jeep

00:57:02and got inside

00:57:04and pressed the accelerator.

00:57:06He drove as far as possible

00:57:08from the area.

00:57:10Then he stopped

00:57:12and got out of the car

00:57:14to see where the storm was.

00:57:16At that moment,

00:57:18lightning struck again.

00:57:20It crossed his left arm

00:57:22and left leg

00:57:24and set fire to his shoe.

00:57:26Roy quickly got back

00:57:28in 1976.

00:57:30Roy was walking along a path

00:57:32in the park,

00:57:34only one kilometer away

00:57:36from where the lightning

00:57:38struck him the last time.

00:57:40Storm clouds appeared again.

00:57:42A lightning struck Roy

00:57:44in the palm of his hand.

00:57:46After this sixth blow,

00:57:48he began to suspect

00:57:50that something was wrong

00:57:52in the park.

00:57:54After 40 years of good and loyal service,

00:57:56he realized he was wrong.

00:57:58At that moment,

00:58:00man had already become a celebrity.

00:58:02But it was not really

00:58:04to his advantage.

00:58:06People were afraid

00:58:08to be close to him

00:58:10because they thought

00:58:12lightning could strike them

00:58:14at any time.

00:58:16Journalists gave Roy Sullivan

00:58:18the nicknames of

00:58:20Ranger Spark and

00:58:22Human Paratonner.

00:58:24He was constantly waiting

00:58:26for lightning to strike him.

00:58:28Fortunately,

00:58:30he was married

00:58:32and his wife supported him

00:58:34and helped him a lot.

00:58:36After leaving his job,

00:58:38Roy decided to move

00:58:40with his wife to the small town

00:58:42of Dooms in Virginia.

00:58:44Knowing that Doom means

00:58:46curse in English,

00:58:48it may not have been

00:58:50the best idea.

00:58:52In 1977,

00:58:54lightning struck Roy again.

00:58:56He had gone fishing

00:58:58early in the morning.

00:59:00The fishing was good

00:59:02but the sky was covered.

00:59:04Roy immediately felt

00:59:06that there was electricity

00:59:08in the air.

00:59:10There was a smell of sulfur

00:59:12and the hairs of his arms

00:59:14fell down.

00:59:16His whole body was tense.

00:59:18Lightning struck Roy

00:59:20and at that moment,

00:59:22a hungry bear came out of the forest.

00:59:24He approached Roy's bucket

00:59:26full of trouts he had caught.

00:59:28Roy ran out of the vehicle

00:59:30with his hair still smoking

00:59:32to chase the animal.

00:59:34After the seventh lightning strike,

00:59:36he lost his left ear

00:59:38and realized that he could not

00:59:40hide from lightning anywhere.

00:59:42His wife was afraid

00:59:44to be with him outside

00:59:46during a storm.

00:59:48While she was spreading

00:59:50the laundry in the garden,

00:59:52Roy came out of the house

00:59:54to help her.

00:59:56A few minutes later,

00:59:58lightning struck his wife.

01:00:00Fortunately,

01:00:02she was not seriously injured.

01:00:04After that,

01:00:06in addition to fear and loneliness,

01:00:08he felt guilty.

01:00:10Of course,

01:00:12many doctors and scientists

01:00:14tried to help Roy

01:00:16but it was always a coincidence.

01:00:18Mathematics and physics

01:00:20were powerless.

01:00:22With such answers

01:00:24from scientists,

01:00:26Roy thought that invisible forces

01:00:28were chasing him

01:00:30or that fate was punishing him

01:00:32for something.

01:00:34The answer may be

01:00:36in the past of man.

01:00:38The National Park Service

01:00:40and the doctors

01:00:42documented the seven times

01:00:44that lightning struck Roy.

01:00:46According to Roy,

01:00:48lightning had already struck him

01:00:50in his childhood

01:00:52when he helped his father

01:00:54to grind wheat.

01:00:56The discharge had hit

01:00:58the blade of lightning.

01:01:00No one but the boy

01:01:02had seen it.

01:01:04Maybe at that moment,

01:01:06lightning changed something

01:01:08in his body

01:01:10and made him more attractive

01:01:12to lightning.

01:01:14This process

01:01:16increased the imbalance

01:01:18between the clouds and the ground

01:01:20by negatively charging

01:01:22the lower layers of the clouds.

01:01:24The elements on the ground,

01:01:26like trees and the earth,

01:01:28charge positively

01:01:30and create another imbalance.

01:01:32Nature tries to remedy

01:01:34this imbalance between two opposite charges

01:01:36by passing an electric current

01:01:38through it.

01:01:40But why has he always been struck

01:01:42at an interval of one or two years?

01:01:44Moreover,

01:01:46more than 20 years have passed

01:01:48between the first and the second blow.

01:01:50Scientists still do not know

01:01:52what happened to him.

01:01:54Maybe Roy was just

01:01:56an attractive man.

01:01:58As we could imagine,

01:02:00Roy Sullivan was inscribed

01:02:02in the Guinness Book of Records

01:02:04as the person most often struck

01:02:06by lightning in the world.

01:02:10Few survival stories can rival

01:02:12the miracle that happened

01:02:14to Lieutenant-Colonel of the Navy

01:02:16William Henry Rankine in 1959.

01:02:18Discover it by yourself.

01:02:20On a bad day, this man almost drowned

01:02:22falling from the sky.

01:02:24Are you saying that it seems

01:02:26too paradoxical to be true?

01:02:28So, sit down, I'll tell you a story.

01:02:30On July 26, 1959,

01:02:32Rankine was piloting

01:02:34his F-8 Crusader,

01:02:36a monomotor supersonic plane

01:02:38along the coast of North Carolina.

01:02:40It was a high-altitude volume

01:02:42and Rankine, as well as his pilot,

01:02:44Lieutenant-Colonel Herbert Nolan,

01:02:46were flying at more than 14,350 meters.

01:02:48Their jets,

01:02:50nicknamed Candy Stripers,

01:02:52due to their unusual

01:02:54orange and gray-silver color,

01:02:56were moving in the air

01:02:58suddenly and at lightning speed.

01:03:00The only thing that could cause problems

01:03:02was a thunderstorm

01:03:04raging well below the planes.

01:03:06But there was no threat

01:03:08for the moment.

01:03:10However, the pilots were supposed

01:03:12to cross this storm to go to

01:03:14the Bofors Marine Air Base

01:03:16in South Carolina.

01:03:18Things got worse when the plane

01:03:20was about 14.5 km away

01:03:22and a few minutes from the military base.

01:03:24Suddenly,

01:03:26Rankine's engine stopped

01:03:28and the fire engine turned on.

01:03:30Unable to restart the engine

01:03:32which lost all its power,

01:03:34Rankine had no choice.

01:03:36That's why,

01:03:38desperately trying to prevent

01:03:40his plane from gaining speed

01:03:42and nosebleed,

01:03:44Rankine announced to his partner

01:03:46by radio,

01:03:48engine failure, I have to eject.

01:03:50The decision was terrifying

01:03:52because the altitude was too high

01:03:54and the Navy did not have

01:03:56a pressurized suit.

01:03:58The only thing that could help him

01:04:00survive was an oxygen mask

01:04:02Without hesitation, he pulled the

01:04:04air handle which triggered the ejection

01:04:06and in a blink of an eye, he was in the air

01:04:08and his plane disappeared in the clouds below.

01:04:10Rankine then found himself

01:04:12in free fall at an altitude

01:04:14of 12,200 meters

01:04:16with a temperature of minus 55 degrees C.

01:04:18Usually,

01:04:20sport parachutists

01:04:22perform their jumps at an altitude

01:04:24between 1070 and

01:04:263050 meters.

01:04:28Only highly experienced experts

01:04:30jump at altitudes

01:04:32higher than 4,600 meters.

01:04:34Even in this case,

01:04:36it can lead to serious complications

01:04:38if they do not have all the necessary equipment

01:04:40including a pressurized suit

01:04:42which Rankine did not have

01:04:44as you remember.

01:04:46This means that when the man

01:04:48found himself in the air at an unprecedented altitude,

01:04:50he suffered a serious decompression.

01:04:52He had the impression

01:04:54that his stomach had doubled in volume

01:04:56and that his nose was about to explode.

01:04:58His eyes, his ears

01:05:00and his mouth started to bleed.

01:05:02During the few moments that

01:05:04his blood froze, the sailor was convinced

01:05:06that the decompression would end him on the field.

01:05:08He was far from suspecting that

01:05:10a much more serious ordeal was waiting for him.

01:05:12Rankine continued to fall

01:05:14and all he could feel,

01:05:16apart from the fear that overwhelmed him,

01:05:18was the shocking cold.

01:05:20His wrists and ankles burned him

01:05:22as if someone had put ice directly on his skin.

01:05:24He lost one of his gloves

01:05:26and his left hand was completely swollen.

01:05:28To wrap it all up,

01:05:30he was still in free fall.

01:05:32Of course, the pilot had a parachute

01:05:34but it was supposed to deploy

01:05:36automatically at an altitude of

01:05:383050 meters.

01:05:40And even if Rankine had decided to open it,

01:05:42he simply could not have done it.

01:05:44This is why, in a few seconds

01:05:46and at a dizzying speed,

01:05:48the man hit the storm

01:05:50that he was piloting a few minutes earlier.

01:05:52Then another calamity occurred.

01:05:54Rankine fell through the black clouds

01:05:56without visibility for about 5 minutes,

01:05:58surrounded by lightning,

01:06:00rain, hail

01:06:02and violent winds

01:06:04when the barometer

01:06:06that was supposed to automatically deploy

01:06:08his parachute went wrong.

01:06:10Deceived by the violence of the climate around the marine,

01:06:12it started prematurely

01:06:14and the man found himself stuck

01:06:16in the middle of a storm.

01:06:18But it was not just any storm.

01:06:20No, the unfortunate 39-year-old pilot

01:06:22plunged directly into a cumulonimbus.

01:06:24These clouds,

01:06:26which often look like huge

01:06:28inflated mushrooms, are incredibly dense

01:06:30and tend to appear in areas

01:06:32where the atmosphere is

01:06:34extremely unstable.

01:06:36In addition, these clouds are vertical

01:06:38and the summits of the most monstrous of them

01:06:40can reach a height of

01:06:4221,500 meters.

01:06:44The higher the cumulonimbus,

01:06:46the more unstable and violent it is inside.

01:06:48It is in this situation that Rankine

01:06:50found himself after his parachute opened

01:06:52too early.

01:06:54Moreover, even if his parachute had deployed

01:06:56at the supposed altitude of 3,050 meters,

01:06:58the man would still have been sucked

01:07:00into the clouds by the ascending current.

01:07:02Anyway,

01:07:04the pilot could not afford to ruin

01:07:06all this. His body was

01:07:08swung as if he were a rag doll.

01:07:10He hit the canvas of his parachute,

01:07:12fell down and started

01:07:14this cycle again.

01:07:16The swinging was such that even the experienced

01:07:18pilot had seasickness.

01:07:20The lightning clacked and creaked

01:07:22around Rankine.

01:07:24And even if he did not hear the thunder

01:07:26to speak properly, he felt it vibrate

01:07:28in his body.

01:07:30The thunders were so loud that at some point

01:07:32Rankine feared that he would tear

01:07:34his parachute.

01:07:36But the worst happened when the pilot

01:07:38crossed the rain in his fall.

01:07:40For several terrifying moments,

01:07:42the man was convinced that he was going to drown.

01:07:44He tried to breathe,

01:07:46but he was only sucking gulps of water.

01:07:48If he had stayed longer in this

01:07:50storm area, drowning

01:07:52by falling into the air would have become

01:07:54a frightening reality.

01:07:56He tried to hold his breath,

01:07:58but it was a very dangerous thing to do

01:08:00by falling at a dizzying speed.

01:08:02During this time,

01:08:04Rankine was also projected from top to bottom,

01:08:06sometimes up to 1,500 meters

01:08:08at a time.

01:08:10He felt like he had been free-falling

01:08:12for an eternity, with compressed air

01:08:14that hit him all the time.

01:08:16Fortunately, good things,

01:08:18but also bad things, have an end.

01:08:20When Rankine finally reached the bottom

01:08:22of Kumulonimbus Tower,

01:08:24he was inside for more than 40

01:08:26frightening minutes.

01:08:28The pilot was shocked to discover

01:08:30that he was relatively unharmed,

01:08:32that the lightning had not struck him,

01:08:34that his parachute was in one piece,

01:08:36and that he had not drowned in the rain.

01:08:38All he had to do was worry about

01:08:40a safe landing.

01:08:42At first, Rankine was descending

01:08:44towards a clearing, but his bad luck

01:08:46continued, because, at the last moment,

01:08:48a powerful gust of wind

01:08:50threw him into a tree.

01:08:52The parachute got tangled in the branches,

01:08:54and the pilot hit his head against the trunk.

01:08:56Fortunately, he was still wearing his helmet

01:08:58and did not lose consciousness.

01:09:00After being released and getting up

01:09:02in a trance, the pilot crouched in the forest

01:09:04until he found a country road.

01:09:06But making a stop turned out to be

01:09:08a difficult task.

01:09:10The pilot was standing on the edge of the road,

01:09:12covered in blood, and dressed in a

01:09:14combination of soaked and torn clothes.

01:09:16It is not surprising that there were not

01:09:18many volunteers to take him.

01:09:20But finally, someone took care of him

01:09:22and led him to a telephone booth

01:09:24where Rankine managed to call an ambulance.

01:09:28There, he realized

01:09:30how lucky he was.

01:09:32He had countless bruises and bruises

01:09:34all over his body, suffering from serious

01:09:36decompression and swelling effects.

01:09:38But apart from that, the test did not leave

01:09:40long-term sequelae.

01:09:42Rankine spent several weeks in the hospital

01:09:44and completely recovered.

01:09:46Later, he wrote the book

01:09:48The Man Who Rode the Thunder,

01:09:50in which he describes his experience.

01:09:54If you know other stories

01:09:56of incredible survival,

01:09:58let me know in the comments.

01:10:00If you learned something new today,

01:10:02like this video

01:10:04and share it with a friend.

01:10:06But don't give up right away.

01:10:08We have more than 2,000

01:10:10interesting videos to offer you.

01:10:12All you have to do is

01:10:14choose the video on the left or right,

01:10:16click on it and enjoy it.

01:10:18Stay on the nice side of life.

01:10:20Once every two months,

01:10:22you have a hockey crisis that lasts

01:10:24between 10 and 20 minutes.

01:10:26Do you find it horrible?

01:10:28It's nothing.

01:10:30Imagine watching hockey non-stop for 68 years.

01:10:32What would you say about that?

01:10:34A man, Charles Osborne,

01:10:36developed a funny way of speaking

01:10:38to hide the noise

01:10:40of his endless hockey.

01:10:42The poor man has been playing

01:10:44non-stop since June 13, 1922,

01:10:46that is, for more than 68 years.

01:10:48Here is the story.

01:10:50Osborne was born in 1893

01:10:52and started playing

01:10:54after a small accident

01:10:56in a farm in Nebraska.

01:10:58He fell, but he didn't feel anything strange

01:11:00until he started playing like crazy.

01:11:02Some think the accident

01:11:04damaged part of his brain

01:11:06in charge of stopping the hockey.

01:11:08There are several theories

01:11:10about what caused his hockey.

01:11:12Some think he hurt his ribs

01:11:14during the fall

01:11:16and that it disrupted his diaphragm.

01:11:18Others think he hit his head

01:11:20and had a stroke.

01:11:22Anyway, he kept his hockey

01:11:24until the end of his life.

01:11:26Can you imagine having

01:11:28between 20 and 40 involuntary spasms

01:11:30When our man finally stopped playing,

01:11:32he probably did it

01:11:34about 430 million times

01:11:36during his 97 years of life.

01:11:40He consulted several doctors,

01:11:42sometimes traveling quite far.

01:11:44But no one was able to solve

01:11:46his mysterious problem.

01:11:48A doctor even administered

01:11:50a mixture of carbon monoxide and oxygen

01:11:52to him, which helped him for a while.

01:11:54But it wasn't a good idea.

01:11:56Breathing a toxic gas

01:11:58Osborne had to learn

01:12:00a breathing technique

01:12:02to reduce the noise

01:12:04that accompanied his spasms.

01:12:06He inhaled between two hockeys

01:12:08and contracted his chest

01:12:10several times per minute.

01:12:12His hockey was still perceptible,

01:12:14but we heard it a little less.

01:12:16Osborne had been playing hockey

01:12:18for 56 years when he gave

01:12:20an interview that made him famous in 1978.

01:12:22He said he would do anything

01:12:24to get rid of it

01:12:26to live without it.

01:12:28He had constant pain because of his spasms.

01:12:32After telling his story,

01:12:34the media became interested in him.

01:12:36He was even in the Guinness Book of Records

01:12:38and participated in TV shows

01:12:40such as Johnny Carson's Tonight Show

01:12:42and other famous programs.

01:12:44People sent him letters from all over the country

01:12:46with suggestions to cure his hockey.

01:12:48But nothing worked for a few moments.

01:12:50However, this situation did not prevent

01:12:52Osborne from leading a relatively normal life.

01:12:54People remember him as a happy man

01:12:56who liked to make jokes

01:12:58and talked little about his illness.

01:13:00He was married twice and had eight children.

01:13:02He sold agricultural machines

01:13:04and cattle to make a living.

01:13:06In 1990, for even more mysterious reasons,

01:13:08Osborne's hockey stopped suddenly

01:13:10after more than six decades.

01:13:14Unfortunately, he died a year later.

01:13:16But I bet his last few months

01:13:18were very happy

01:13:20because he no longer had his hockey.

01:13:24Despite all the medical advances

01:13:26made since the time of Osborne,

01:13:28there is still no solution

01:13:30to cure an extended hockey.

01:13:32Hockey is a strange phenomenon

01:13:34that accompanies the mammal forever.

01:13:36We still don't quite understand

01:13:38how it happens

01:13:40or what it is for.

01:13:42Scientists are trying to answer

01:13:44two essential questions.

01:13:46Why does hockey happen

01:13:48and how can we stop it?

01:13:50Hockey is a reflex action,

01:13:52similar to the reflex of your leg

01:13:54when a doctor hits your knee with a hammer.

01:13:56We find this reflex

01:13:58in many mammals,

01:14:00domestic animals such as dogs and cats

01:14:02or animals such as horses and rabbits.

01:14:04When you play hockey,

01:14:06a nervous signal leaves your diaphragm,

01:14:08the muscle located above your lungs,

01:14:10and goes to your brain,

01:14:12then comes back.

01:14:14This process is repeated several times,

01:14:16causing the contraction of your diaphragm

01:14:18and the expansion of your lungs.

01:14:20This reflex causes your epiglottis,

01:14:22which is a cartilaginous structure

01:14:24located at the top of your throat,

01:14:26to close abruptly,

01:14:28creating the characteristic sound

01:14:30of hockey.

01:14:32This phenomenon is repeated

01:14:34until something interrupts it,

01:14:36such as holding your breath

01:14:38or drinking water.

01:14:40Hockey is caused by the phrenic nerve,

01:14:42which is a kind of long cord

01:14:44that goes from the chest to the diaphragm.

01:14:46It was present

01:14:48in our aquatic ancestors,

01:14:50but then it was short

01:14:52and directly linked to the bronchi,

01:14:54next to the brain,

01:14:56instead of going to the diaphragm.

01:14:58The reflex of hockey

01:15:00could have been useful

01:15:02to amphibians living on land

01:15:04because they had to go from

01:15:06underwater breathing with bronchi

01:15:08to breathing in the air with lungs.

01:15:10The clapper of the epiglottis

01:15:12closed and sent water

01:15:14into the mouth and bronchi,

01:15:16so why do we still have hockey?

01:15:18Babies tend to hock more often

01:15:20than adults,

01:15:22especially when they drink milk.

01:15:24When drinking,

01:15:26they also swallow air.

01:15:28Hockey could therefore be

01:15:30the way for the body

01:15:32to evacuate the air from the stomach.

01:15:34It might be a kind of automatic roll.

01:15:36But young children

01:15:38are not the only ones to have hockey.

01:15:40We have seen fetuses

01:15:42aged only 10 weeks

01:15:44and still hocking.

01:15:46This process would allow

01:15:48the brain of the fetuses

01:15:50to draw up the map

01:15:52of the interior of their body.

01:15:54In other words,

01:15:56the fetuses had to learn

01:15:58where their diaphragm was

01:16:00and how to control their breathing.

01:16:02Hockey would help them

01:16:04prepare for birth.

01:16:06About 4,000 people

01:16:08see a doctor

01:16:10because of hockey

01:16:12but longer crises

01:16:14can indicate a underlying problem

01:16:16such as a brain tumour.

01:16:18Some patients suffer from

01:16:20a continuous hockey

01:16:22that no treatment

01:16:24can eliminate.

01:16:26In this case,

01:16:28only the treatment

01:16:30of the underlying infection

01:16:32can help.

01:16:34To treat hockey,

01:16:36doctors have tried

01:16:38different drugs

01:16:40A group of Japanese researchers

01:16:42discovered a new method

01:16:44to cure hockey.

01:16:46It consists in breathing

01:16:48CO2 at high concentration.

01:16:50This makes the brain believe

01:16:52that the body is in great danger

01:16:54and forgets its hockey.

01:16:56However, if you can't go to Japan

01:16:58to follow this treatment,

01:17:00you can try some old recipes

01:17:02that have proven their worth.

01:17:04Drinking a glass of water

01:17:06in one go,

01:17:08these methods interrupt

01:17:10the reflex by distracting

01:17:12the nerves and muscles.

01:17:14They are recommended by

01:17:16a neurologist

01:17:18who was looking for a cure

01:17:20after seeing a patient

01:17:22reveal himself with this disease

01:17:24following a brain surgery.

01:17:26Drinking water quickly,

01:17:28for example,

01:17:30forces the diaphragm

01:17:32to contract several times

01:17:34which distracts the phrenic nerve

01:17:36and stimulates the vagus nerve

01:17:38which has a calming effect

01:17:40and interrupts the other part of the reflex.

01:17:42Ali Seifi has therefore

01:17:44created a tool called

01:17:46the Hiccaway

01:17:48which presents better results

01:17:50than traditional methods

01:17:52because it treats both parts

01:17:54of the reflex at the same time.

01:17:56It is a kind of straw

01:17:58that forces the drinker

01:18:00to suck very hard

01:18:02as if he were drinking

01:18:04a very strong drink.

01:18:06This is the Hiccaway

01:18:08which is the name of a village

01:18:10in Turville,

01:18:12in 1871.

01:18:14In a street in the village

01:18:16there is a particular house.

01:18:18It is not different from the others

01:18:20but a lot of people

01:18:22stay in front

01:18:24and wait for something.

01:18:26The doors of the house open.

01:18:28Several adults come out.

01:18:30They look surprised

01:18:32and you see a 11-year-old girl

01:18:34sleeping on the bed.

01:18:36She looks pale and thin.

01:18:38Despite the noisy conversations

01:18:40of the people in the room,

01:18:42she does not wake up.

01:18:44Her mother says it's been six months

01:18:46since she fell asleep.

01:18:48You leave the room

01:18:50and the next people

01:18:52come in to see the girl asleep

01:18:54with their own eyes.

01:18:56This is the longest sleep

01:18:58in history.

01:19:00The Hiccaway is located

01:19:02in Turville in the second half

01:19:04of the 19th century

01:19:06in a large family.

01:19:08Hélène was the 12th child

01:19:10of the brotherhood.

01:19:12Her parents were not rich

01:19:14and worked hard

01:19:16to make ends meet.

01:19:18They taught their children

01:19:20to help them from an early age

01:19:22and Hélène was no exception.

01:19:24When she was 11,

01:19:26she left home

01:19:28She had headaches

01:19:30and felt a certain drowsiness.

01:19:32Her symptoms became so serious

01:19:34that the young girl could no longer

01:19:36work properly.

01:19:38She returned home to the village

01:19:40and her parents sent her to the hospital.

01:19:42The doctors did not know how to help her

01:19:44because they could not diagnose her illness.

01:19:46They spent 18 weeks

01:19:48trying to heal the poor girl

01:19:50but she was still sick.

01:19:52Hélène ended up being sent

01:19:54back from the hospital.

01:19:56She continued to suffer

01:19:58from severe headaches and drowsiness.

01:20:00She felt worse and worse.

01:20:02One day,

01:20:04she laid down in her bed

01:20:06and fell asleep.

01:20:08She only woke up after 9 years.

01:20:10During all this time,

01:20:12the mother of the young girl

01:20:14took care of her.

01:20:16She gave her milk and tea.

01:20:18The sleeping girl lost weight

01:20:20and strength.

01:20:22Soon, the whole village learned

01:20:24about the unusual week.

01:20:26They watched her,

01:20:28tried to wake her up

01:20:30and talked about her to their friends.

01:20:32The news of the sleeping girl spread

01:20:34throughout the country.

01:20:36Hélène became an attraction.

01:20:38People from all over England

01:20:40came to see the girl

01:20:42who had been sleeping for several years.

01:20:44They nicknamed the house

01:20:46where Hélène's family lived

01:20:48the Sleeping Chalet.

01:20:50Doctors and journalists came there.

01:20:52Hélène was thin and weak.

01:20:54Her feet were frozen and her lips were blue.

01:20:56The child's breathing was barely noticeable.

01:20:58It seemed that life

01:21:00was slowly leaving her body.

01:21:02The family of the young girl

01:21:04received donations for the care of the girl.

01:21:06But many people thought it was comedy.

01:21:08For an unknown reason,

01:21:10the mother did not allow the doctor

01:21:12to stay with Hélène for a long time.

01:21:14Some said that her mother gave her

01:21:16sleeping pills every day

01:21:18not to wake her up.

01:21:20Others claimed that they saw

01:21:22a girl awake sitting near the window.

01:21:24In addition, the girl's mother

01:21:26rejected the doctor's proposal

01:21:28to do a medical examination

01:21:30in a hospital in London.

01:21:32It is unlikely that we will discover

01:21:34all the truth about her

01:21:36since there was no official diagnosis

01:21:38from the doctors.

01:21:40It is possible that the girl fell into a coma

01:21:42or suffered from another unknown disease

01:21:44in the 19th century.

01:21:46It could be a chronic sleep disorder

01:21:48which leads to uncontrollable

01:21:50excess of sleepiness.

01:21:52You can walk in the street

01:21:54and have so much desire to sleep

01:21:56that you fall to the ground.

01:21:58Hélène grew up in a large family

01:22:00and got used very early to work hard.

01:22:02Perhaps intense fatigue

01:22:04and lack of sleep

01:22:06caused this narcolepsy.

01:22:08Anyway, this story ended well.

01:22:10One day, Hélène Sadler woke up.

01:22:12She did not remember what had happened

01:22:14and was very surprised

01:22:16when her family told her the dream

01:22:18which had been going on for 9 years.

01:22:20The growth of the young girl

01:22:22was a little slowed down

01:22:24and her sight deteriorated.

01:22:26But her health was not in danger.

01:22:28Hélène got married and had 6 children.

01:22:30In 1911, at the age of 50,

01:22:32she died.

01:22:34Let's now look at the totally opposite story

01:22:36of the person who set a record

01:22:38of the longest sleeplessness.

01:22:40In January 1964,

01:22:42Randy Gardner, a 17-year-old high school student,

01:22:44claimed to have stayed awake

01:22:46for several weeks.

01:22:48The experiment began in December

01:22:50and ended in January.

01:22:52At the end of this period,

01:22:54he felt rather normal.

01:22:56This event was included in the Guinness Book of Records

01:22:58and allowed scientists to learn a lot

01:23:00about the structure of the human brain.

01:23:02Randy wanted to lead a scientific school project

01:23:04related to sleep.

01:23:06He had to stay awake as long as possible

01:23:08and his friend had to make sure

01:23:10that he was always awake.

01:23:12At first, everything went well.

01:23:14Randy's friend was holding a newspaper

01:23:16where he noted the slightest changes

01:23:18in the subject's body.

01:23:20Randy took the shot easily

01:23:22during the first two days.

01:23:24After three days,

01:23:26his cognitive and sensory abilities

01:23:28began to decline.

01:23:30On the fourth day, Randy felt sick.

01:23:32He walked around his house

01:23:34and sniffed herbs.

01:23:36The smell of lemons and oranges

01:23:38helped him get rid of this sick state.

01:23:40On the fifth day, Randy played basketball

01:23:42and went bowling with his friends.

01:23:44The evenings were boring

01:23:46because he didn't know what to do.

01:23:48But despite everything,

01:23:50Randy still didn't go to bed.

01:23:52After a week, Randy showed excellent results

01:23:54in basketball.

01:23:56His physical abilities hadn't changed.

01:23:58His speech was clear and logical.

01:24:00At that moment, the media

01:24:02from all over the country talked about Randy

01:24:04and his experience.

01:24:06He became a celebrity

01:24:09Scientists came to see Randy.

01:24:11Using mathematical questions,

01:24:13they tested his intellectual abilities.

01:24:15And there, he showed bad results.

01:24:17He was solving a mathematical problem,

01:24:19but he forgot what was happening

01:24:21and what he was doing.

01:24:23Scientists scanned his brain

01:24:25and recorded the data of his activity.

01:24:27Then, on January 8, 1964,

01:24:29at 2 a.m.,

01:24:31Randy broke the previous time record

01:24:33without sleep.

01:24:35He remained awake

01:24:38for 264 hours.

01:24:40Scientists placed electrodes on his head

01:24:42when he fell asleep

01:24:44and observed his brain activity.

01:24:46Randy woke up after a few hours of sleep

01:24:48to go to the bathroom.

01:24:50Then, he went back to sleep

01:24:52and woke up only after 14 hours of sleep.

01:24:54He went back to school in a very good mood.

01:24:56Everyone was shocked.

01:24:58It seemed that this experience,

01:25:00a priori traumatic for the brain,

01:25:02had no negative consequences for Randy.

01:25:04He continued to study as before,

01:25:06to play basketball

01:25:08and to spend time with his friends.

01:25:10Scientists analyzed the results

01:25:12of the research on the brain

01:25:14and discovered that Randy's brain

01:25:16was sleeping slightly during all this time.

01:25:18This is called micro-sleep.

01:25:20And what is curious

01:25:22is that the person experiencing it

01:25:24may not even notice

01:25:26that it is technically sleeping.

01:25:28Several years have passed

01:25:30and everyone has forgotten this story.

01:25:32Randy has grown up.

01:25:34The scientist remembers Randy's experience

01:25:36and interviewed him.

01:25:38He admitted that the experience

01:25:40did not go unnoticed.

01:25:42For many years,

01:25:44Randy suffered from serious insomnia.

01:25:46This made him crazy.

01:25:48He devoted a lot of time and effort

01:25:50to overcome this disease.

01:25:52Fortunately, he managed to adapt

01:25:54his sleep regime.

01:25:56Randy slept 6 hours a day

01:25:58and that was enough for him.

01:26:00Repeating this experience is a bad idea.

01:26:02This is a big stress for the body.

01:26:04For thousands of years,

01:26:06people have survived hunger

01:26:08and difficult working conditions.

01:26:10Our heart is trained to bear heavy loads

01:26:12and our body can survive

01:26:14difficult situations.

01:26:16But in all the history of humanity,

01:26:18our body has never faced

01:26:20lack of sleep.

01:26:22Evolution has not taught us

01:26:24to overcome sleepless nights without consequences.

01:26:26This is why getting rid of sleep

01:26:28is so bad for our health.

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