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00:00:00Squirrels' teeth never stop growing, but the animals wear them down by gnawing on nuts
00:00:06and other hard foods.
00:00:08The front of the rodent's teeth is actually orange – it's because they're covered
00:00:12in special tough enamel.
00:00:13Bet you're glad you don't have that to deal with!
00:00:17Some bird species don't mind munching on chili peppers.
00:00:20That's because they can't feel the heat.
00:00:23Peppers burn your mouth because they contain a special chemical – capsaicin.
00:00:28And birds don't have the taste buds needed to feel its effects.
00:00:32The rhino's horn is made of hair, or at least the same protein that makes up your
00:00:37hair and nails.
00:00:38This protein is called keratin.
00:00:40Such a horn is kinda unique since other animals have horns with a bony center.
00:00:46The woodpecker can peck the wood 20 times per second.
00:00:50This pace is almost too high for the human eye to notice.
00:00:53How much wood would a woodpecker peck if a woodpecker could peck wood?
00:00:57The number of pecks often reaches a total of 8,000 to 12,000 a day.
00:01:03A starfish does have eyes – one on the end of each of its arms.
00:01:07These eyes are light-sensitive groups of cells.
00:01:11Frogs don't need to drink water.
00:01:13Instead, they have an area known as the drinking patch.
00:01:16It's on their bellies and thighs.
00:01:18They use it to absorb water directly through the skin.
00:01:22That could save some time.
00:01:24Caterpillar species have around 4,000 muscles in their body, and almost 250 of them are
00:01:30in the head alone.
00:01:32Christmas tree worms are much more beautiful than you can imagine.
00:01:36But even though the pines look awesome, two-thirds of the worm's body is hidden in a calcium
00:01:41carbonate tube.
00:01:43And the point of this is, I don't have one.
00:01:47Narwhal's famous tusks are actually their teeth that are kind of turned inside out.
00:01:53These unicorns of the sea have just two teeth, and in males, one of them grows right through
00:01:59their upper lip.
00:02:00Unlike your teeth, this one is tough inside and sensitive and soft on the outside.
00:02:07The anteater doesn't have teeth, but it's not a problem.
00:02:11This creature has a super long tongue.
00:02:13This tongue helps the animal lap up more than 35,000 termites and ants every day.
00:02:19That's one way to lick hunger!
00:02:23The flea can jump more than 200 times their body length.
00:02:26If humans had such an ability, they would jump as high as the Empire State Building.
00:02:32The red-eyed tree frog's eggs can hatch earlier if they sense their environment isn't safe.
00:02:39Small animals with fast metabolism see in slow-mo.
00:02:43This helps them escape larger creatures.
00:02:46Koalas' fingerprints are very, very similar to the human ones.
00:02:50Sometimes, these animals' fingerprints even get confused at crime scenes.
00:02:55Probably in Australia.
00:02:57The hippo's sweat is pink and not exactly sweat.
00:03:01It's a reddish, oily fluid.
00:03:03Its function is to not cool the body but to moisturize the skin and protect it.
00:03:09This fluid also functions as an antibiotic.
00:03:12So you get sunburned or cut, you can smear a hippo all over you.
00:03:17The polar bear's skin is black, and the hairs of their coat are hollow and almost
00:03:22see-through.
00:03:23These animals have fur growing even on the bottom of their paws.
00:03:26This gives them a better grip on ice and protects against cold.
00:03:32Some species of tarantulas, some of the largest spiders in the world, can live without food
00:03:37for more than 2 years.
00:03:39I still think they're creepy.
00:03:41Platypuses close their eyes while kissing, I mean, swimming.
00:03:45They have special folds of skin covering their ears and eyes.
00:03:49They prevent water from getting inside.
00:03:51These animals' nostrils also have a watertight seal.
00:03:55Emus can't walk backwards, but scientists aren't sure why.
00:03:59These flightless birds are the only ones that have calf muscles.
00:04:03Emus can sprint really fast.
00:04:05They can also travel long distances, but they can't back up.
00:04:10Crocodiles can't move their tongue because it's attached to the mouth roof.
00:04:14It keeps the throat closed and protects the animal's airway.
00:04:18Water snakes, dolphins, whales, alligators, crocodiles, and turtles can drown.
00:04:24It'll happen if they stay underwater for too long.
00:04:27These animals can't breathe in the water.
00:04:29They can just hold their breath for a very long time.
00:04:34Only one species of birds can fly backwards.
00:04:37That's hummingbirds.
00:04:38Hey, go talk to the emu!
00:04:40These tiny birds can also beat their wings up to 80 times per second.
00:04:46Despite what elephant shrews look like, these small animals are more closely related to
00:04:50elephants than shrews.
00:04:52Maybe that's why they have their trademark trunk-like noses.
00:04:56Elephant shrews use them to munch on insects.
00:04:59Shrew enough!
00:05:00Cats, as well as other felines, can't taste sweet things.
00:05:05They don't have the taste buds needed for that.
00:05:07Too bad, more for me.
00:05:10Flamingos can only eat with their heads upside down.
00:05:13That's why their lower bill is massive and their upper bill isn't fixed.
00:05:18Such an arrangement is perfect for upside-down feeding.
00:05:21But it's the opposite of what other birds have.
00:05:24It's not easy being pink.
00:05:27Tiger skin is as striped as their fur.
00:05:31That's all I have to say about that.
00:05:33When toucans sleep, they curl into pretty tight balls.
00:05:37These birds can turn their head so that their tail covers their head and the beak rests
00:05:41on the back.
00:05:42So yeah, they have a ball.
00:05:45The ostrich has some of the largest eyes in the animal kingdom.
00:05:48They're more massive than a bird's brain.
00:05:51Each eye is as big as a billiard ball.
00:05:55All clownfish get born male.
00:05:58But in some circumstances, they can turn into females.
00:06:01This change is irreversible.
00:06:04Unlike most fish, when seahorses mate, they do it for life.
00:06:08Even cuter, when the mates travel, they move side-by-side and often hold on to each other's
00:06:14tails.
00:06:15The male usually gets stuck schlepping the luggage.
00:06:18Termites never sleep.
00:06:20They don't need to recharge their batteries.
00:06:22But they can eat 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, on your house.
00:06:27The sloth needs up to 2 weeks to digest its food.
00:06:31Hey, take your time, no hurry, nothing on the schedule.
00:06:36Dogs' nose prints can be used for their identification.
00:06:39They are similar to human fingerprints and unique for each animal.
00:06:44Owls don't have eyeballs.
00:06:46Instead, they have eye tubes that don't move in the eye sockets.
00:06:51Penguins don't have external ears, but their hearing is especially sharp.
00:06:56Especially when they're on the lookout for polar bears.
00:06:59Shh, let's not tell them.
00:07:01Jellyfish are up to 98% water.
00:07:04That's why when they get washed ashore, their bodies can evaporate into the air after just
00:07:09a few hours.
00:07:12If a traffic jam happens underwater, an alligator will always give way to a manatee.
00:07:18Nice manners!
00:07:21Grizzly bears have such a strong bite that they can crush a bowling ball.
00:07:25So it's smart just to let them win.
00:07:29Giant pandas aren't picky about their sleeping spots.
00:07:32They usually fall asleep wherever they are, in most cases, right on the forest floor.
00:07:39The giant panda's newborn cubs are tiny.
00:07:42They weigh like a small cup of coffee and are smaller than a mouse.
00:07:47The red handfish can walk along the ocean floor with the help of its hands.
00:07:52But of course, they are not hands, but evolved fins.
00:07:57Cats don't usually meow at each other.
00:08:00A study has shown the felines use this way of communication mostly to get attention from
00:08:06us humans.
00:08:07And it works.
00:08:09Sloths can't shiver.
00:08:11It's not that they're too busy digesting that two-week-old meal.
00:08:15Their fur is sometimes covered with algae.
00:08:18And when they get too hot or too cold, their metabolism shuts down.
00:08:23During the hard times, immortal jellyfish transform themselves back into their younger
00:08:29state.
00:08:30Once they reach the stage when they're nothing but a blob of tissue, like me, these creatures
00:08:35start to grow again.
00:08:36And this process can apparently repeat again and again.
00:08:40The closest living relatives of the T. rex are chickens and ostriches.
00:08:46Don't turn your back!
00:08:48The moray eel has another set of jaws that can extend from his throat.
00:08:53First, the main jaws close around an unlucky sea creature.
00:08:57Then the additional set grabs the eel's future meal with backward-pointing razor-sharp
00:09:02teeth.
00:09:03And after that, the captured animal gets dragged back into the eel's throat.
00:09:08I just lost my appetite.
00:09:10Some species of snails have hairy shells.
00:09:14Because of these hairs, snails can better stick to wet surfaces.
00:09:18When humpback whales hunt, they often gather in a group and apply a bubble-net tactic to
00:09:23catch their food.
00:09:25The bubbles don't let the schools of fish get away.
00:09:29Snow leopards can't roar like other large felines.
00:09:33It has to do with their less-developed vocal cords.
00:09:36But these animals can meow, growl, hiss, and even purr.
00:09:44Not to drift away from their group while napping, sea otters hold hands.
00:09:49They can also entangle themselves in giant seaweed for the same purpose.
00:09:53Hey, it kelps!
00:09:56Lions are often called the king of the prairie.
00:09:59I thought it was the king of the jungle.
00:10:01But still, up to 90% of all the hunting in the pride is done by the females.
00:10:07The males are in charge of protecting the territory and the pride members.
00:10:11And they make the delicious potato salad known as hakuna matata.
00:10:17Cats are famous for their uncanny ability to move their ears.
00:10:21All because kitties have 32 muscles in each outer ear.
00:10:25Some shark species can glow in the dark.
00:10:28Unfortunately, only other sharks can see this greenish glimmer.
00:10:33You have up to 8,000 taste buds, but your pooch has just a bit over 1,500.
00:10:39The blue jay can imitate other birds.
00:10:42Its favorite is a hawk's call.
00:10:45The blue jay uses it to scare away other birds from its territory.
00:10:49Slow lorries are insanely cute and just as treacherous.
00:10:53They're the only known venomous primates.
00:10:56They have a gland in the crook of their inner arm.
00:10:59It secretes toxins that can cause unpleasant consequences in people.
00:11:03The hartebeest has an amazing evasion tactic.
00:11:07To run away from other animals, they move in a zigzag pattern.
00:11:12Bottlenose dolphins have names for one another.
00:11:15Those are specific whistles.
00:11:16Hey Bob!
00:11:17Hey Charlie!
00:11:18Hey Dolly!
00:11:19Hey boys!
00:11:20And thanks for all the fish!
00:11:23Giraffes have long, and I mean it, black tongues.
00:11:27Scientists suppose this color might protect the tongue from getting sunburned.
00:11:30Well, that's all I got.
00:11:32See ya!
00:11:33I hate to break this to you, but money isn't actually made of paper.
00:11:39Which also proves that money doesn't actually grow on trees.
00:11:43Most banknotes are 25% linen and 75% cotton, which is why they have such a distinct look
00:11:49and feel.
00:11:50Back in the 19th century, money was made of parchment paper.
00:11:54That's why people could very easily counterfeit it, unlike now.
00:11:57The Eiffel Tower is almost 6 inches taller during the summer.
00:12:01When you heat up some substance, its particles start to move more actively and take up a
00:12:06bigger volume.
00:12:07That's something they call thermal expansion.
00:12:09When the temperature lowers, the substance contracts again.
00:12:13Such an effect is more prominent in gases, but you can also track it in liquids and solids,
00:12:19including iron.
00:12:20Because of this, people build large structures like bridges using expansion joints.
00:12:25They allow a structure some leeway to expand and contract.
00:12:29And such changes don't cause any damage.
00:12:31Wow, I have some pants like that.
00:12:33Now honey can last for thousands of years without going bad.
00:12:38Bees land on flowers to collect sugary nectar.
00:12:41Then they transport it back to their hive and transfer it to other worker bees.
00:12:45These bees reduce the water content of the nectar by repeatedly drinking and regurgitating
00:12:51the liquid.
00:12:52Mmm, bee barf.
00:12:53Special enzymes in their stomachs break down the glucose in the nectar, and it becomes
00:12:57more acidic.
00:12:59Bees deposit this nectar in the honeycomb and start fanning it with their wings so that
00:13:03the water evaporates more quickly.
00:13:06The honey is now highly acidic and low in water content, which keeps it safe from spoiling.
00:13:11And bacteria that can cause the rest of the food to go off can't survive in such conditions.
00:13:17Now a long time ago, people didn't elevate their mattresses off the floor.
00:13:21This practice started in ancient Egypt and continued in many other cultures.
00:13:26People realized it was cold on the floor, and they could warm their beds easier if they
00:13:30were off the ground.
00:13:32Houses used to be more drafty.
00:13:34Cold air came in from under the doors.
00:13:36There was no central heating, so people had to find other ways to stay warm.
00:13:41Warm air tends to rise, and if you're positioned higher, you won't be as cold as on the floor.
00:13:46Also this way, people could keep their beds clean more easily.
00:13:50In simple homes, floors used to be way dirtier than today, and all that dirt usually migrated
00:13:55into beds.
00:13:57Continuing now to talk dirty, do you think people are naturally clean and tidy?
00:14:02After all, our ancestors, who lived thousands of years ago, already used latrines and were
00:14:07tidying their hair with combs.
00:14:09And they kept their homes and themselves clean.
00:14:12Our natural need for hygiene and cleanliness is driven by our sense of disgust.
00:14:17That's the very mechanism that helps our bodies stay safe and protects them from different
00:14:21infections.
00:14:22That's why we're more sensitive to certain smells and things.
00:14:26But we still have some pretty sloppy habits.
00:14:29For example, eating snacks over a keyboard.
00:14:32I certainly never do that.
00:14:34But there are animals that are even neater than us humans.
00:14:37For example, rattlesnakes like to keep their surroundings tidy.
00:14:41Some of them even use their muscular necks and triangular heads to sweep aside messy
00:14:46grass when they hunt.
00:14:48Many animals like to clear their path when going after their future meal.
00:14:52Reptiles too.
00:14:53Less vegetation increases their chances of catching food.
00:14:57Songbirds also prefer to keep it neat and get rid of uneaten food, eggshells, and other
00:15:02trash in their nests.
00:15:04This way, they also make their homes less visible to their enemies.
00:15:07Meanwhile, out in space, shadows are darker on the Moon than on our planet.
00:15:12That's because the atmosphere on Earth scatters more sunlight.
00:15:16But if you could visit the Moon, you'd observe shadows so dark you wouldn't be able to
00:15:21see where you were going.
00:15:22Also, you'd notice fresh footprints on the lunar surface.
00:15:26People haven't set foot there in a few decades, but the footprints look as if they
00:15:30were left just yesterday.
00:15:32Because there's no water or wind on the Moon, nothing can erase these footprints.
00:15:37So they stay there in their original form for millions of years.
00:15:41So be careful where you step, huh?
00:15:44Earth's core contains enough gold to coat the entire planet.
00:15:48And if you decided to do this, the level of this precious metal would be knee-high.
00:15:53For thousands of years, people have been mining gold and platinum, together with a bunch of
00:15:57other precious metals, from underneath our planet's surface.
00:16:01That's why we have depleted some of the minerals in certain areas.
00:16:05But Earth still has a huge number of such deposits, especially as we get closer to its
00:16:10core.
00:16:11That's because of countless meteorites that collided with our planet during the period
00:16:15of its formation.
00:16:16Those meteorites contained different minerals, including gold.
00:16:20Back then, Earth was still in its molten state, which is why most of the gold, a heavy element,
00:16:25sank deep into its core.
00:16:27And the silicate mantle positioned over the core trapped really huge amounts of gold and
00:16:32some other minerals.
00:16:34Unfortunately, most of them are kind of out of reach now, since we talk about 1,800 miles
00:16:39below the surface and temperatures of thousands of degrees.
00:16:42Too hot, in other words.
00:16:44Sure, if you were about to go into space, one of the first things you'd think of would
00:16:49be your spacesuit.
00:16:51But do you know that it's possible to survive in space even if you aren't wearing any protection?
00:16:56Well, don't get your hopes up yet.
00:16:58It lasts for no more than 15 seconds.
00:17:01That's how long it would take you to lose consciousness because oxygen will stop coming
00:17:05to your brain.
00:17:06In 1965, one technician accidentally depressurized his suit inside a vacuum chamber.
00:17:13He lost consciousness after 12 to 15 seconds.
00:17:1627 seconds later, his suit luckily got repressurized.
00:17:21The man later said that he remembered the moisture on his tongue started to boil.
00:17:25He also lost his sense of taste, and it didn't come back until 4 days after the accident.
00:17:30Now, you can't hold your breath in space either, so that won't save you.
00:17:35Your lungs will rupture at one point because the air inside will expand.
00:17:39The oxygen in other parts of your body will start to expand too, which means you will
00:17:44balloon up to twice your regular size, almost like Dudley Dursley's Aunt Marge from Harry
00:17:49Potter.
00:17:50Well, not quite.
00:17:52You won't explode, only thanks to your elastic skin.
00:17:55It will keep holding you together.
00:17:57And the liquids in your body will start vaporizing pretty quickly too.
00:18:00Doesn't that sound pleasant?
00:18:02No!
00:18:03The ocean has its iconic blue color thanks to sunlight.
00:18:07When the sun shines, the water absorbs longer orange and red wavelengths of light and reflects
00:18:12shorter blue light waves.
00:18:14This is only possible when there's a huge amount of water.
00:18:17So the more water you have in one place, the bluer it becomes.
00:18:22That's why the water you pour in your glass has nothing in common with this beautiful
00:18:26ocean blue color.
00:18:28The ocean performs many important functions.
00:18:31For one thing, it produces 50-80% of all the oxygen on our planet, which means it keeps
00:18:36us alive.
00:18:38But it also helps the Internet to function.
00:18:40So when you're laughing at a funny dog video or binge-watching your favorite series, yep,
00:18:46thank the ocean for that.
00:18:47The majority of the cables that power the Internet, and therefore allow people from
00:18:52all over the world to use it, run underwater.
00:18:55Those are submarine communications cables – miles and miles of wiring criss-crossing
00:19:01the ocean floor.
00:19:02There are special boats for putting all that in place.
00:19:05They're designed specifically for that purpose.
00:19:08To make sure nothing damages the cables and your Internet, people need to put them on
00:19:13relatively flat stretches of the ocean floor.
00:19:16The cables also need to be away from old shipwrecks or large ocean ecosystems.
00:19:21Some of these cables have a special coating that protects them from damage.
00:19:25This way, no hungry sharks or curious fish have a chance to munch on the wiring.
00:19:31Now, trees talk.
00:19:32Well, not exactly like people do, but they have their own way of communication.
00:19:37Their roots are connected through an underground network of fungi.
00:19:41That network got its name of the Wood Wide Web.
00:19:45Thanks to this network, trees can share resources with one another.
00:19:48That's how they talk.
00:19:50They use these fungi to transmit nutrients and water from one tree to another.
00:19:55For example, there's a mother tree or another tree that's stronger and older than others
00:20:00in the forest.
00:20:01So, it shares some of its nutrients and sugars with small trees growing nearby.
00:20:06Thanks, Mom!
00:20:07Now, look at all these insects flying around on a nice sunny day.
00:20:11Do you think they get sunburned?
00:20:13Well, those that spend most of their time in the open don't.
00:20:17They have dark exoskeletons that contain melanin.
00:20:20That's how they block UV rays.
00:20:22But insects that live underground and in the water, or nocturnal creatures, have paler
00:20:27and thinner skin.
00:20:29If they spend too much time outside during the day, they can indeed get sunburned, or
00:20:33even worse, they could get eaten.
00:20:36Now, there are things about nature that you know for sure.
00:20:43Or don't you?
00:20:44Let's check how much you know about the incredible world we live in.
00:20:48How many of the 14 points will you guess?
00:20:51Let us know!
00:20:52The Great Pyramid of Giza was built when mammoths still roamed the Earth.
00:20:57Myth or fact?
00:21:05It's actually a fact.
00:21:07The most famous pyramid in the world had been constructed about 500 years before woolly
00:21:12mammoths went extinct, approximately 4,000 years ago.
00:21:17Their last known habitat was the cold and deserted Wrangel Island in the Arctic Sea,
00:21:22which might not have been as cold then as it is today.
00:21:26There are more trees on Earth than stars in the Milky Way.
00:21:30Is it myth or fact?
00:21:39It's a fact!
00:21:41Scientists used to believe there were about 4 billion trees on our planet, but more recent
00:21:45studies have shown that there are over 3 trillion of them, making it 420 trees per person.
00:21:52As for the stars in our galaxy, there are only about 100 billion, which is 30 times
00:21:57fewer than the trees on Earth alone.
00:22:01The trees you see are all individual ones.
00:22:03Myth or fact?
00:22:12This is false, in fact.
00:22:1490% of the trees on Earth are interconnected by mycelium filaments.
00:22:19They send warning signals when in danger and exchange nutrients through them.
00:22:23It's kinda like the underground internet.
00:22:26Also, there are organisms like Pando, for example, which is the largest single living
00:22:31being on the planet.
00:22:32It looks like a dense forest of quaking aspens.
00:22:36In fact, it's basically a single giant tree, with its roots being interconnected underground.
00:22:42We drink the same water dinosaurs used to drink hundreds of millions of years ago.
00:22:47Myth or fact?
00:22:53Actually, it is!
00:22:59Only a small portion of the water on our planet has evaporated for good.
00:23:03The rest of it is constantly renewed.
00:23:05So, mammoths, dinosaurs, and whatever came before them billions of years ago drank and
00:23:10swam in the same water we see today.
00:23:13Not to mention what else they did in the water.
00:23:16Unfortunately, the water doesn't keep information about those ancient creatures for us to find
00:23:21out more about them.
00:23:23Lightning never strikes the same place twice.
00:23:26Are you willing to bet on that?
00:23:28Myth or fact?
00:23:32If you aren't, good for you!
00:23:39Lightning may strike the very same spot as many times as it wants.
00:23:43It might seem random, but the electrical discharge from the sky is pulled toward the
00:23:47tallest objects in the thunderstorm area.
00:23:50Also, the material this object is made of matters too.
00:23:54It's by no chance that lightning rods on buildings are mostly made of copper and aluminum alloys.
00:24:00These metals are some of the most conductive materials, so they pull lightning very efficiently.
00:24:06All deserts are hot.
00:24:08Now this one's easy, right?
00:24:10Myth or fact?
00:24:19If you guessed it's a myth, then right you are!
00:24:22Deserts are qualified not for their temperature, but for the presence or absence of growth
00:24:27and life in them.
00:24:28The most well-known desert is the Sahara, of course, and it is indeed very hot.
00:24:33The actual largest desert in the world is Antarctica, which is almost twice the size
00:24:38of the Sahara Desert.
00:24:40And you wouldn't call it even lukewarm.
00:24:43It's a polar desert, and there are several others on our planet, for example, Greenland.
00:24:48There's enough gold underground to cover the entire planet in a thick layer.
00:24:53Would you believe that?
00:24:58Well, you should, because it's true!
00:25:04Since 1950, humanity has mined nearly 200,000 tons of gold.
00:25:10If we made a cube out of all this metal, it would be 70 feet high and wide.
00:25:15Recent data from scientists confirm that there are huge reserves of gold in the Earth's
00:25:20core.
00:25:21The metal is enough to cover the whole planet, and people might have gold up to their knees.
00:25:25The problem is, we just can't mine it from there.
00:25:28Hey, I don't mine if you don't.
00:25:31The Moon and Mars are better mapped than the Earth's oceans.
00:25:35Now this can't be true, can it?
00:25:40Actually, it can.
00:25:47We have a detailed map of the Moon and Mars, although we're still discovering surprises
00:25:51on their surfaces, granted.
00:25:53Still, over 80% of the Earth's oceans are unmapped and unexplored.
00:25:59We can't study the oceans properly because of pressure, cold, and lack of light underneath
00:26:04billions of tons of water.
00:26:07The lava is always red.
00:26:09What other color can it be, right?
00:26:11Myth or fact?
00:26:16Myth.
00:26:21Usually lava is really red or orange because it's basically molten rock from the deep
00:26:25bowels of our planet.
00:26:28There's one volcano in Indonesia whose lava is blue and luminescent.
00:26:33Only at night, though.
00:26:34During the day, it looks normal.
00:26:36No mystery about it, just tons of sulfuric gas.
00:26:39This volcano also has the largest acidic crater lake in the world.
00:26:44The water there is so turquoise, you want to jump in immediately, but you probably guessed
00:26:48you should never do that.
00:26:50The fire on that volcano is also blue, the largest blue fire in the world, rising up
00:26:55to 16 feet high.
00:26:57Ever seen a gas stove burning?
00:26:59Here, the principle is basically the same.
00:27:03You can see a rainbow at night, too.
00:27:05Is it myth or a fact?
00:27:15It's true!
00:27:16And there's even a name for this phenomenon, a moonbow.
00:27:19Also called a lunar rainbow, this event occurs extremely rarely.
00:27:24It's similar to a regular rainbow, except when it appears on a clear, moony night after
00:27:29a rain shower.
00:27:31There's a thing called a fire rainbow.
00:27:33Myth or fact?
00:27:43You bet!
00:27:44It's a beautiful phenomenon when the clouds in the sky are painted all the colors of the
00:27:48rainbow, looking like a fiery, multicolored cascade.
00:27:52It only occurs when the conditions are right, and those are very specific.
00:27:57It's close to the equator, the weather is clear, there are feather-like clouds in the
00:28:01sky, the sun is higher than 58 degrees above the horizon.
00:28:06Such clouds are made of ice crystals.
00:28:08When the sun's rays hit them, the particles refract the light and create a rainbow.
00:28:14Wow!
00:28:16There are rainbow trees!
00:28:18Myth or fact?
00:28:27If I made you doubt this, I'm glad, because this one is not photoshopped.
00:28:32This is the rainbow eucalyptus, and their bark may literally have all the rainbow colors.
00:28:38These eucalyptuses shed their bark at different times each year.
00:28:42Every time the old section goes off, the tree first reveals bright green bark that
00:28:46was hiding underneath, and then, it may turn any color.
00:28:50There's a whole set of hues – orange, maroon, blue, even purple!
00:28:57Stones can move on their own.
00:28:58Myth or fact?
00:29:02You'd be right to believe me.
00:29:10There's a desert plain in California where rocks move around of their own will.
00:29:15Once this plain used to be the bottom of a lake, but then it dried out and became an
00:29:19arid wasteland.
00:29:20Sometimes, rains fall here, flooding the entire valley.
00:29:24When night comes, the temperature drops, and the water is covered with a thin layer of
00:29:28ice.
00:29:30When it gets warmer again, the ice breaks into segments, and the wind pushes them around
00:29:34the place.
00:29:35Some of these ice shards take small rocks with them.
00:29:39When the ice melts for good and the water evaporates, the only thing that remains are
00:29:43trails left by the rocks, as if they'd moved on their own.
00:29:48Mud puddles can move around.
00:29:50Myth or fact?
00:29:58In fact, a single mud puddle in the world also travels as it wants, and nobody still
00:30:04knows why.
00:30:05Mud moves at a pace of about 20 feet per year, and it seems to have started its journey near
00:30:10the San Andreas Fault in California.
00:30:13People have tried to stop its march, but couldn't.
00:30:16So far, this creeping natural disaster isn't showing any signs of stopping on its own either.
00:30:22So there's your pesky problematic puddle to ponder.
00:30:26Hey, can you speak up?
00:30:29I just ate an entire pizza!
00:30:31That's because after eating a hearty meal, our hearing tends to be a bit less sharp.
00:30:36During digestion, most of our bloodstream is directed toward the stomach, which takes
00:30:40away a bit from all the other organs.
00:30:43So next time you want to go listen to your favorite band at a live concert, make sure
00:30:48to eat a lighter meal to keep your ears pitch perfect.
00:30:52On top of our stomach and left kidney, we have a magical organ that can grow back if
00:30:57we remove a part of it.
00:30:59Our liver can regenerate itself by making new cells called heptocytes.
00:31:04They begin to multiply once the liver is damaged.
00:31:07The seriousness of that damage defines if it can regenerate completely and the amount
00:31:12of time it takes to do so.
00:31:15Ever wondered what's worse for your body – no sleep or no food?
00:31:20Turns out the lack of sleep is more dangerous.
00:31:23That's because if you don't rest, your body becomes exposed to a lot more risks.
00:31:28After 24 hours without any shut-eye, you can start to have memory problems and find
00:31:33it difficult to concentrate.
00:31:36At just 17 hours without sleep, you start to feel tired and groggy, irritable, tense,
00:31:42and more emotional.
00:31:43I need a nap.
00:31:45Your pain receptors also become more sensitive, which means everything hurts a bit more than
00:31:50it should.
00:31:51Oh, and it also affects your hearing too.
00:31:55On the other hand, you can be well into your 24-hour period with no food before your body
00:32:00realizes you've stopped eating.
00:32:03In the first 8 hours, you just keep digesting the last meals you had.
00:32:07After those first hours, you start to use stored fats for energy.
00:32:12Not eating for more than 24 hours means that your body will start eating away at its own
00:32:17protein, which means you literally start to lose muscle.
00:32:22Rainwater isn't always safe to drink.
00:32:24It can sometimes hold harmful bacteria and viruses.
00:32:28Also in heavily polluted locations, it may even meet other harmful materials.
00:32:34Some communities out there do depend solely on rainwater as their primary source of hydration.
00:32:40But does rainwater have any other health benefits?
00:32:43Not really, according to current studies.
00:32:46Some of those risky substances may be removed from rainwater if you boil it.
00:32:50But it's best to stick to the safer side and only drink water from sources that are
00:32:55100% safe for human consumption.
00:32:59We produce sweat mostly to regulate our body temperature and for some added moisture, like
00:33:04the one we need in the palms of our hands for a better grip.
00:33:08But sweat doesn't just show up on our skin.
00:33:11It comes out of around 5 million pores on our bodies.
00:33:15We're literally stepping on a quarter of our bones each day.
00:33:19We have just over 200 bones in our body, but about a quarter of those are in a very
00:33:24small surprising area – our feet.
00:33:27Since we have 26 bones in each foot, we end up with literally 52 in both.
00:33:34Our eyes produce tears for many reasons, like protecting themselves from infection or clearing
00:33:39up debris, such as smoke and dust, or when your baby done you wrong.
00:33:44But the number of tears we produce is quite surprising – up to 30 gallons per year!
00:33:49That's almost enough to fill a bathtub!
00:33:51Wow, that is heartbreaking!
00:33:54Our blood pressure wakes up hours before we do.
00:33:57That's because in the morning, the body produces a bunch of hormones like adrenaline
00:34:02and noradrenaline.
00:34:03They help give us the energy boost we need during our morning hours, but they also increase
00:34:08our blood pressure, which is usually higher between 6 am and noon.
00:34:13During the night, since we should technically sleep and perform no physical activity, our
00:34:18blood pressure drops down by up to 20%.
00:34:22Speaking of our vital fluid, our blood accounts for about 10% of our total body weight.
00:34:28We tend to think of our body weight as being mostly made up of muscles, fat stores, and
00:34:32bones.
00:34:33But there's a lot more to it.
00:34:35In a fit adult person, bones make up 15% of the total body weight.
00:34:4140-45% is left to muscles, about 15% to fat deposits, and the rest are stuff like skin,
00:34:48tendons, hair, and other yucky things.
00:34:50Let's see, that adds up to… yep, 100%.
00:34:56Your lungs aren't twins – they're siblings.
00:34:58That's because they aren't the same size or shape.
00:35:02Your right lung is bigger and tends to weigh more, and your heart is to blame for it since
00:35:07your ticker tilts to the left a little bit.
00:35:09This creates a small indentation in the left lung called the cardiac impression, which
00:35:15is also what funny heart doctors do at comedy clubs.
00:35:19The right lung may be bigger, but it's a bit shorter since it needs to make room for
00:35:23the liver.
00:35:24Doesn't your house have a liver room?
00:35:28Many of your body measurements are quite symmetrical in surprising ways.
00:35:32If you were to stretch out both of your arms, your wingspan, and measure it, it should show
00:35:37how tall you are.
00:35:39Based on these similar measurements, specialists can even produce theories about what ancient
00:35:43humans used to look like.
00:35:46Looks like we've evolved to be increasingly symmetrical to appear more attractive and
00:35:50healthier to attract mates.
00:35:53More so, since we've evolved to also walk on two legs, our symmetrical features help
00:35:58us to move around with the least amount of energy because it creates balance.
00:36:04Humans aren't natural champions when it comes to the scent of smell, that's for
00:36:08sure, but our noses can pick up about 1 trillion different scents.
00:36:14Scientists are still performing research on this subject and believe the number may be
00:36:18even higher.
00:36:19Some dog breeds may be able to notice scents somewhere between 10,000 and 100,000 times
00:36:25better than we do, but turns out the best nose in the animal kingdom may be attributed
00:36:30to the elephant because of its staggering number and type of olfactory receptor genes
00:36:36– over 10,000, while humans and chimpanzees have less than 400.
00:36:43We tend to look at our pinkies as our most delicate fingers, but we do have more power
00:36:48in them than we think.
00:36:50Turns out that should our pinky finger be lost or affected, the overall strength of
00:36:55our grip may decrease by up to 33%.
00:37:00The liquid in our stomach, made of hydrochloric acid, potassium chloride, and sodium chloride,
00:37:06is way more powerful than any acidic food you can think of, like lemons, pineapples,
00:37:11or tomatoes.
00:37:12The pH of healthy stomach acid should be between 1 and 3, so if you think about it, it's
00:37:18just below that of battery acid.
00:37:22Our hair strands are strong too, so strong that research is performed on them to duplicate
00:37:27their resistance into human-made materials.
00:37:30A healthy head of hair should be able to withstand up to 26,000 pounds.
00:37:35It's due to a little protein in the hair strand called keratin, which you can also
00:37:40find in your nails and skin.
00:37:44Only about one-third of us humans have perfect vision.
00:37:47There are a lot more glasses and contacts out there than you'd think, making up about
00:37:5166%.
00:37:53Apart from different eye conditions, our vision also gets worse with age.
00:37:58When we're born, our heads amount to one-quarter of our total length.
00:38:03By the time we reach 25, our head will only be one-eighth of it.
00:38:07That's because our heads won't change their size a lot as we grow older, as opposed
00:38:12to the rest of our body, mostly when it comes to the legs and torso.
00:38:16Our brains are these super-powerful computers, and a single human brain cell can hold five
00:38:22times as much information as the entire Encyclopedia Britannica.
00:38:27Maybe you remember that.
00:38:29We've yet to pinpoint the exact amount of data it can support, but in electronic terms,
00:38:34the storage capacity of the brain is around 2,500 terabytes.
00:38:39For comparison, the National Archives of Britain, which keeps over 900 years of history, only
00:38:45takes up 70 terabytes.
00:38:48That's probably the reason our brains need the most amount of oxygen compared to other
00:38:52organs.
00:38:54About 20% of the total oxygen that enters the bloodstream, and that's despite the
00:38:59fact that it makes up only 2% of our body mass.
00:39:03Our normal activities, plus the effect of gravity, make the cartilage in our ankles,
00:39:08knees, hips, back, and neck slowly compress.
00:39:12Once you rest overnight, the cartilage goes back to normal.
00:39:16On average, you are somewhere around 0.4 inches taller in the morning than you are
00:39:21later at night, and that's why they call me Stretch.
00:39:27In the airport, they usually ask you to take your laptop out of your backpack and put it
00:39:31in a separate bin while going through the security check.
00:39:35Laptops are dense and the x-rays can't see through them, so you could be hiding something
00:39:39dangerous there.
00:39:41If it's out and it's on its own in a separate bin, it's easier for the scanners to capture
00:39:45a prospective hazard.
00:39:47Normally, the messages you send using iMessage are blue, but look, this time it turned green.
00:39:54No need to panic, it's not like the user blocked you or anything, it's just that you sent a
00:39:58regular SMS and not an iMessage.
00:40:01iMessages can only be sent to people who own an Apple device, so if the recipient doesn't
00:40:06have one, they're all gonna be green.
00:40:09Another reason your phone might opt for an SMS is that your iPhone isn't connected to
00:40:13the internet.
00:40:15Messages go through the web and SMS uses a cellular signal.
00:40:20The jacks you put in your devices have little plastic rings on them that separate different
00:40:25sections.
00:40:26These sections are called pins and each of them serves a different purpose.
00:40:31Each plug will have at least one plastic ring because any plug must be separated into at
00:40:35least two pins.
00:40:38One of them is there to cancel out any interference and the other to carry the signal.
00:40:42If for example your headphones have one ring and two sections, they have a mono playback.
00:40:48They deliver the same sound to both your right and your left ear.
00:40:51If there are two rings and three sections, then there is a basic one to cancel out interference
00:40:57and the other two for either ear.
00:41:00Three rings and four sections mean that you have a set, one basic, one for either of the
00:41:05ears and the last one is the microphone pin.
00:41:10I bet you've never even noticed but all credit cards, no matter what bank or country they
00:41:15come from, are the exact same size.
00:41:18The first ever credit card was issued in 1958 by the Bank of America and later the International
00:41:24Standard was established for every issuer around the world to follow.
00:41:29The standard dictates both the proportions and the thickness.
00:41:33Whistles can work perfectly fine even if they don't have that ball inside, yet they all
00:41:38have it.
00:41:40That's because even though there's a sound without the ball, the noise it creates is
00:41:44very flat and not distinguishable enough.
00:41:48When you blow, the ball starts moving around inside, creating different pitches and making
00:41:52the noise more noticeable.
00:41:56Jeans have had those metal rivets ever since they were invented.
00:41:59Jacob Davis, the man who made the first pair of jeans, added copper rivets to those spots
00:42:04where the pants were more likely to rip to make them stronger.
00:42:08Today, they have more of a decorative purpose because they're distinctive and traditional
00:42:12for jeans.
00:42:14A basketball has little dots all over its surface and they serve as friction points.
00:42:20It's important for that ball not to slip out of the hands.
00:42:23There were times when they played basketball with a soccer ball.
00:42:27The floor was very slippery and it was impossible to play because you'd have to be very careful
00:42:32just to keep the ball in place.
00:42:34So they had to redesign it.
00:42:37The more points of contact any object has with some surface, the more friction there
00:42:41is and the less likely it is to slip on the surface.
00:42:44So that's how the ball got its dots.
00:42:48Those holes at the end of the handles aren't just there for you to hang your pans easily.
00:42:53You could also place your cooking spoon in there while making a meal.
00:42:57It'll hang right above the pan and the sauce won't spill around.
00:43:02Make sure to tap off the sauce or food beforehand though so that it doesn't go down the spoon
00:43:07handle.
00:43:08You unload the dishwasher and while everything is dry, your plastic containers get all wet
00:43:13once again.
00:43:15Seems like they never get dry and that's actually true.
00:43:18The reason for it is the material.
00:43:20The dishes heat up and cool down slowly so the remaining water evaporates and dries out
00:43:25easily.
00:43:26When you take out those plastic containers, they cool down way too fast.
00:43:31So the water doesn't dry out of the surface and just stays there.
00:43:37Another water source is those upside down cups that collect water on top.
00:43:41But have you noticed that cups have chips on the bottom?
00:43:45They serve as a water drain in the dishwasher.
00:43:48So yeah, these cups don't accumulate water in the dishwasher.
00:43:52Take a look at aluminum foil.
00:43:54One side of it is always shiny and the other one is dull.
00:43:58When producing the foil, they flatten it with rollers.
00:44:01It's so thin that the rollers tear it.
00:44:04So they take two layers at a time.
00:44:06So the sides facing the roller remain shiny and those in the middle stay dull.
00:44:13We say it all the time, 2am and 2pm, without thinking.
00:44:17Why such a choice of letters?
00:44:20It's just Latin, which is still used for many other abbreviations.
00:44:23AM stands for ante meridiem, which means before noon.
00:44:28PM stands for post meridiem, meaning afternoon.
00:44:33Same with pounds, which are noted as LB from the Latin phrase Libra Pondo.
00:44:40Most movie theater seats are red and the reason isn't better visibility, but quite the opposite.
00:44:46In low light conditions, red is the first color that fades away in our eyes.
00:44:51And that's what we want in a movie theater, to see nothing but the screen.
00:44:56Also, movie theaters were inspired by fancy Italian opera houses.
00:45:00So that's another reason too.
00:45:03Have you ever wondered why so many Disney characters wear white gloves?
00:45:07Well, back when animated movies were black and white, putting white gloves on characters
00:45:13was a way to make the hands stand out from the rest of the body.
00:45:17Then animation evolved, but the gloves stayed as a Disney tradition.
00:45:21But there are other reasons too.
00:45:23Human hands make animal characters more humanized and relatable.
00:45:27Also, those gloves are way easier to animate, which speeds up the process.
00:45:33Cats often rub their bodies against your legs, but do you know why they do it?
00:45:37This way, they transfer their scent to you, marking you as their territory and as their
00:45:42human.
00:45:43It's also a sign of affection.
00:45:46By doing this, they show that you're part of their inner circle.
00:45:51Wonder why it's so hard to swat a fly?
00:45:54Well, to a fly, we're sloths.
00:45:57That's because they see things in slow motion compared to us.
00:46:02Species have a different perception of speed.
00:46:04The speed we see will be twice as fast for a turtle, and it will be four times slower
00:46:08for a fly.
00:46:10Turn a video to 0.25 speed and imagine someone approaching you at this pace.
00:46:15Well, that's how a fly sees you.
00:46:18So yeah, it has enough time to escape.
00:46:23Road signs have different shapes and colors to send different signals to your brain.
00:46:27Oval shapes are more friendly, and squared ones are very familiar and secure, so they're
00:46:32usually regulatory.
00:46:34Triangles reflect instability, so they're usually warning signs.
00:46:38And finally, the stop sign has a special octagon shape, the most unusual and unsettling.
00:46:45It's supposed to draw your attention to it.
00:46:47Together with the red color, this sign stands out the most, just like it's supposed to.
00:46:54Some sidewalks have little plates with bumps on them.
00:46:57We don't pay much attention to them, but they're very important for visually impaired people.
00:47:02They signal a slope that then leads to a crosswalk.
00:47:06Also, there are several patterns that signal different things.
00:47:10Name the school grades.
00:47:12A, B, C, D, and F.
00:47:16No E, but Y.
00:47:18The modern grading system dates back to 1897.
00:47:22In the beginning, it was all the letters from A to E.
00:47:26A meant excellent, B was good, C was fair, and D was passed.
00:47:35Below that was an E, or fail, which was often confused with the opposite, excellent.
00:47:42So soon enough, it was changed.
00:47:45F, for fail, is way more intuitive.
00:47:50Two flight attendants stood in the galley, smiling at each other as the plane prepared
00:47:54for takeoff.
00:47:55Usually, it would be a hectic time, ushering passengers in and settling them.
00:48:00Yet, this is a time for fun.
00:48:02Their flight is a ghost flight, devoid of passengers.
00:48:05If you ever wondered what the crew gets up to on empty flights, you're about to find out.
00:48:10They took a serving tray each, but had no intention of preparing food, and headed into
00:48:14two separate aisles.
00:48:16It's aisle-surfing time!
00:48:18The engines fired up as the plane rolls from the terminal to the beginning of its designated
00:48:22runway.
00:48:23The attendants placed the trays on the floor and stand on them.
00:48:26They held onto the seats and awaited takeoff.
00:48:29They're laughing as the plane quickly accelerates.
00:48:31In no time, it's hurtling down the runway.
00:48:34As it rises into the air, the interior tilts.
00:48:37They let go of the seats, and as the acceleration continued, so did they.
00:48:42Straight down the aisle.
00:48:43The first person crashes out on row 8, while the second continues until the end.
00:48:47A new personal best.
00:48:49Victory is sweet.
00:48:51While it does sound over the top, according to a safety trainer on the travel forum of
00:48:55Quora, aisle-surfing is a real thing.
00:48:58The faint of heart could take the softer option to sit on the tray as it slides downwards.
00:49:03The imagination fires as to what else they may get up to.
00:49:06Laps around the interior, cartwheels down the aisles, skipping.
00:49:11They have a closed-air cinema with their colleagues.
00:49:13Air discos or karaoke on board of the plane.
00:49:16If you're a flight attendant and your crew wants to party, choose a song on the seat
00:49:20screen and take the announcement mic.
00:49:22Your colleagues are waiting.
00:49:24There are no passengers around to watch your dancing.
00:49:26You can do anything.
00:49:27The sky is the limit.
00:49:29A crew member made a viral video while singing in the aisle of an empty plane.
00:49:33Millions have watched the quirky video.
00:49:35It's a shame there were no passengers.
00:49:37It would have been excellent entertainment.
00:49:40Some have even said they ate food designated for passengers.
00:49:43However, anyone admitting to such conduct or being caught would see them face immediate
00:49:47dismissal, even with a new surfing record.
00:49:50You may be wondering why there would be a ghost flight in the first place.
00:49:54There are many reasons.
00:49:55In Europe, airlines must fulfill their obligations and continue the flight even if no passengers
00:50:00are on board.
00:50:01Similar legislation exists in America.
00:50:04There are time slots that allow for take-off and landing.
00:50:07The European Commission has a use-it-or-lose-it rule.
00:50:10If airlines don't comply at least 80% of the time, they risk losing their slots to
00:50:14the competition.
00:50:16Aircraft also can't be left at the airport overnight, as you might with a car.
00:50:21Sometimes they need to be prepared for storage and return to a particular location.
00:50:25In some situations, airlines continued flights and used passenger jets to transport freight
00:50:30instead.
00:50:31This type of proactive thinking has saved the financial lives of some companies.
00:50:36When you hear the term ghost flights, you may be thinking something a little spookier,
00:50:40like in a horror movie.
00:50:41And you'd be right.
00:50:42There have been actual documented ghost flights.
00:50:45In 1943, a flight on a combat mission disappeared following a raid on Naples.
00:50:50In Libya, the wreck was discovered.
00:50:53But not until 15 years later.
00:50:55None of the crew was found.
00:50:57The following year, a second expedition to the site found water fresh enough to drink,
00:51:02coffee that still had flavor, and radios and machine guns in working order.
00:51:06The public became fascinated.
00:51:08It was a ghost flight mystery.
00:51:10For most flight attendants, their everyday experiences aboard an empty plane aren't
00:51:14particularly spooky or as much fun as our aisle surfers.
00:51:18They're far too busy for all of that.
00:51:21Your typical plane will land, and the passengers depart, leaving behind quite a mess.
00:51:26But everyone is as tidy as you and I.
00:51:28At this point, the cleaners race on board, vacuuming floors, picking up rubbish, and
00:51:33wiping down all surfaces so that the new passengers have an excellent clean environment.
00:51:38The cleaners must work fast.
00:51:40They have a deadline.
00:51:41The plane must be ready to take off again in under 80 minutes, sometimes a lot less,
00:51:46depending on the aircraft.
00:51:48This time is called turnaround.
00:51:50The more extended the plane sits on the tarmac, the less money the airline makes.
00:51:54They want to make the turnaround to be as short as possible.
00:51:57Time is money, after all.
00:51:59While the plane is being cleaned, the ground crew are refueling.
00:52:03Many thousands of gallons are required, depending on the aircraft's size, weight, and length
00:52:08of the necessary journey.
00:52:10Without waiting for the cleaning crew to finish, the catering crew enter the plane.
00:52:14They often have to step around each other as meals are stored in the galley.
00:52:18The allocated meals must at least match the number of passengers on the imminent flight.
00:52:23Like fixing a torn seat, any minor repairs have to wait until a more extended stopover.
00:52:28As the organized chaos continues, the baggage holds are emptied by ground staff, while the
00:52:33new baggage arrives.
00:52:35Some of the more complex handlings can be moving the luggage to the carousels.
00:52:39There isn't much room, and sometimes the handler will have to crouch down low to get
00:52:43the job done.
00:52:44A lot of strength and skill is required, and the clock is ticking.
00:52:48The attendants are busy, too.
00:52:50They must ensure that the catering crew has filed the upcoming meals and drinks in their
00:52:54proper places.
00:52:56They check off their inventory and prepare for the incoming passengers.
00:53:00They exercise their face muscles.
00:53:01Soon, they'll be wearing that smile non-stop and saying, good day, 200 times in a row.
00:53:08While they're always friendly, they have to deal with all sorts of behaviors, which
00:53:12can test the patience of even the sturdiest of attendants.
00:53:15Based on a list of 17 behaviors observed through the years, a flight attendant would give the
00:53:20following recommendations to the passengers.
00:53:23The flight attendants at the boarding door say hello to every passenger.
00:53:27Sometimes, over 200 times in a row, would you please say hello back?
00:53:32They're happy to help and recommend passengers push the buzzer only when necessary.
00:53:36The attendants collect trash during specific times, wear gloves, and prefer not to race
00:53:41back and forth.
00:53:42There's something that bothers most people when passengers take off their shoes.
00:53:46Please make sure to have a fresh pair of socks.
00:53:49If you sit in the exit row, please don't put any luggage under the seat in front of
00:53:52you because it can block the way of the flight attendants.
00:53:56For example, if they need to use rubber slides urgently.
00:53:59Everybody knows about the rule to turn off the mobile phone, but not everybody knows
00:54:03why it's so important.
00:54:05Let's suppose all the passengers turn on their phones.
00:54:08In that case, the high-frequency electromagnetic fields of the mobile phones can disturb the
00:54:13plane's navigation system and cause false indications.
00:54:17There is a risk the pilot can make a wrong decision about the landing, especially if
00:54:21it's in terrible weather.
00:54:23The crew recommends keeping the seat belt fastened during the whole flight, even if
00:54:27the sign is turned off, because heavy turbulence can occur unexpectedly, and the plane can
00:54:32be put 900 feet lower.
00:54:34You can loosen up your belt to feel comfortable, so the flight attendants will be happy you're
00:54:38safe.
00:54:39Passengers get into a confined space on board an airplane and may unconsciously begin an
00:54:44instinctive struggle for a place under the sun.
00:54:47Please keep in mind that this is a temporary condition.
00:54:49Treat each other with respect, and keep your seat back straight while the food is served,
00:54:53or when your neighbor gets to the seat.
00:54:56Passengers sometimes leave their headphones on while conversing with a flight attendant.
00:55:00The attendants may ask the passenger if they want refreshment, and they might get a blank
00:55:04stare in return.
00:55:05Would you mind taking off your headphones?
00:55:08Something that happens on every flight is when the plane is about to take off, and someone
00:55:12decides that they want to go to the bathroom.
00:55:14It's all about good timing, preferably not when the plane is hurtling down the runway
00:55:19at full speed.
00:55:20Please wait till the takeoff is over because it may be dangerous.
00:55:24While their job can be tiring, fortunately for us, flight attendants are patient, kind,
00:55:29and friendly people.
00:55:31They push on regardless of how tired they may be.
00:55:34International flights in particular can be long, taxing affairs.
00:55:37So who could blame them if they find themselves on a ghost flight and decide to let their
00:55:41hair down, isle surfing a bit with pleasurable distraction?
00:55:45And what would you get up to if you happened to find yourself on an empty flight?
00:55:52Braces for dogs, unimaginably colorful shrimps, fireworks spitting fish, the animal kingdom
00:55:59is full of surprises that prove that nature has the most inventive mind.
00:56:04A single strand of hair can hold up to three ounces, meaning theoretically all the hair
00:56:09on your head could hold the weight of two full-grown elephants.
00:56:15Some snails can sleep for up to three years, but they usually get in 13 to 15-hour snoozes
00:56:21and wake up with a 30-hour boost of energy.
00:56:25Periodical cicadas come out of their underground shelters every 13 or 17 years.
00:56:31This is a biological adaptation so that no other animal can depend on them as a food
00:56:35source.
00:56:36Most animals' lifespans are shorter.
00:56:40Scientists theorize that early humans lost their fur so they wouldn't overheat while
00:56:43hunting.
00:56:44We instead evolved to store fat to keep warm, which is why your head is covered in long,
00:56:49thick hair.
00:56:50There's no fat on your scalp.
00:56:54Dogs can wear braces to fix their teeth, just like humans.
00:56:57And you might not believe it, but this invention has existed for over 30 years now.
00:57:03Owls can also have dental fillings if they chipped one of their teeth in case of cavities
00:57:07and crowns.
00:57:09The smallest monkey in the world, the pygmy marmoset, could hug your thumb like a tree
00:57:14trunk.
00:57:17Owls are the birds able to see the color blue, and they don't exactly have eyeballs like
00:57:22humans.
00:57:23Theirs are more like eye tubes, since they can't move inside the eye socket like your
00:57:27eyes.
00:57:28An owl must rotate its whole head.
00:57:33Bats feel smells with their feet, snakes with their tongues, and octopuses with their arms.
00:57:40Blind mole rats live underground and send each other information by banging their heads
00:57:45on the tunnel walls.
00:57:48Reindeers change their eye color depending on the season.
00:57:51Their eyes are gold in the summer and blue in the winter.
00:57:56Bees show the location of pollen source to other bees with a waggle dance.
00:58:02The fastest registered human punch is 45 miles per hour.
00:58:06A mantis shrimp strikes at 50 miles per hour.
00:58:11These creatures also have 16 light-sensitive cones in their eyes against our three, and
00:58:16thanks to that, they can see colors unimaginable for us humans.
00:58:21They're very colorful too, even to our eyes, and how they see each other is beyond our
00:58:26wildest fantasies.
00:58:29Pistol shrimps, however, beat their relatives in power because they close their big right
00:58:33claw with such speed that it creates a white-hot air bubble underwater.
00:58:38And it's literally hot.
00:58:40The temperature of this tiny bubble momentarily reaches almost that of the surface of the
00:58:45sun.
00:58:47The oldest tree we know is called Methuselah.
00:58:50It's 4,700 years old.
00:58:52This thing was a sapling in the 27th century BCE.
00:58:58Horses sleep with one half of their brain resting while the other remains alert.
00:59:04Horses have one heart like you and me, but they have a heart-like organ at the bottom
00:59:09of each foot called a frog.
00:59:12It pumps blood up the leg every time the horse stands on it.
00:59:17Many types of seahorses are similar to chameleons, not only because of their ability to change
00:59:22color, but also in that their two eyes move independently from each other.
00:59:28Some seahorses can't change color at will, but they're born with color to blend with
00:59:33their habitat.
00:59:34For example, red for coral or green for algae.
00:59:40Baby flamingos are grayish-white.
00:59:43Algae and seafood they feed on contains a substance called carotenoids, and thanks to
00:59:48it, over time, flamingos acquire pink plumage.
00:59:52It's the same substance that's present in carrots, and your skin can turn orange too
00:59:57if you eat too much of it.
00:59:59The black and white color of a zebra doesn't help it hide from predators.
01:00:03What it does is help avoid bites from dangerous insects, such as tsetse fly.
01:00:08A fly sees a zebra, but when approaching, it flies by or crashes into the animal and
01:00:13bounces off.
01:00:15Nobody knows exactly why this happens.
01:00:17One theory says that the black and white coat of a zebra creates an optical illusion that
01:00:22confuses insects.
01:00:25Thanks to their tallness and good eyesight, giraffes can see danger approaching from afar.
01:00:30Their head is like a watchtower, and they warn each other of the threat in a very unusual
01:00:35way with the help of their low humming sound.
01:00:40Seagulls can drink salt water.
01:00:42There are salt-secreting glands near their eyes.
01:00:45These glands purify seawater very quickly, and the salty residue that comes out through
01:00:50the nostrils.
01:00:52Perhaps the most impossible creature in the world is a jellyfish.
01:00:56It doesn't have any sensory organs we're used to, like eyes, ears, and nose.
01:01:01It has no skeleton, but most importantly, it hasn't got a brain or a heart.
01:01:07Its body is almost entirely made of water.
01:01:10That's why if you take a jellyfish out of the sea and put it on the shore, it will soon
01:01:14melt.
01:01:15At the same time, there's a species of jellyfish that can live forever in a safe environment.
01:01:23Horseshoe crabs have two eyes on the sides of their head, five more on top of their shell,
01:01:28two near their mouth, and one on the tail.
01:01:31The latter is used as a photoreceptor.
01:01:34It catches the sunlight and tells the crab if it's day or night outside.
01:01:39Horseshoes don't get their skin burned in the blazing sun because they produce their
01:01:43own sunscreen.
01:01:44It's kind of pink sweat that covers their whole body.
01:01:49Kangaroo rats can go without water for years and sometimes even throughout their entire
01:01:54lives.
01:01:55They live in extremely arid deserts and get all the water they need from the seeds and
01:01:59plants they feed on.
01:02:02Plumed basilisk lizards have an uncanny ability to run on water.
01:02:07First, their hind feet are equipped with long toes with fringes of skin that can spread
01:02:12out in the water.
01:02:14As a result, a bigger surface of the lizard's foot comes into contact with the water.
01:02:19Then it pumps its legs incredibly fast when it runs on water.
01:02:23This creates little pockets of air that prevent the animal from drowning by keeping it on
01:02:28the surface.
01:02:30The cardinal fish has been called firework spitting for a reason.
01:02:35When this little critter guzzles too many ostracods, a type of zooplankton, the tiny
01:02:39creatures start to glow inside the fish's body due to their bioluminescence.
01:02:44As a result, the cardinal fish becomes more visible, exposing it to predators.
01:02:49That's why the fish spits the ostracods out, which looks like it breathes outbursts of
01:02:53bluish fire.
01:02:57Opossums are immune to snake venom.
01:02:59The secret is a peptide that helps these critters neutralize dangerous chemicals.
01:03:04This is why snakes are a favorite treat on opossums' diet.
01:03:09Meerkats have dark patches around their eyes, but these black circles aren't just there
01:03:14to make the critters more adorable.
01:03:16They also function as built-in sunglasses.
01:03:19The dark fur on the patches blocks the blazing sun, so meerkats can gaze directly at the
01:03:25sky.
01:03:26On top of that, the sentry, a meerkat that watches out for birds and other predators,
01:03:31can easily see danger and alert its mates.
01:03:35Salmon are skilled navigators who could put most drivers to shame.
01:03:39However, this competition wouldn't be fair.
01:03:42After all, salmon can sense the planet's magnetic field and use this knowledge if they get lost.
01:03:49Dingoes have rotating wrists, just like humans.
01:03:52This helps them climb trees, use their paws like hands to catch food, and even open doors.
01:04:00Sponge crabs are the icons of style in the animal kingdom.
01:04:03They dig and cut into sea sponges to make their very own hats.
01:04:08The purpose of this hat is protective, though.
01:04:11Sponge crabs use them to hide from predators and protect themselves against bites.
01:04:16Flying squirrels glow under UV light, emitting pink light.
01:04:21It happens because they can absorb light and emit it back in another wavelength.
01:04:27Apples you usually grab in the supermarket seem super fresh, but they can be up to a
01:04:32year old.
01:04:33It's all about how they're stored.
01:04:35First, they're covered with wax, next the wax is dried with hot air, and finally the
01:04:40apples go into cold storage.
01:04:43Sloths are better at breath-holding than dolphins.
01:04:46Those lazy buddies can slow their heart rate and hold their breath this way for up to 40
01:04:51minutes.
01:04:52If you watched any breathtaking series, they'd literally breathe once per episode.
01:04:58If you look at any old photograph, you'll see that people didn't have those big smiles
01:05:02we love to have in the photos today.
01:05:04First, photographers preferred to keep things serious, so instead of cheese, people would
01:05:09say prunes to keep their lips tight.
01:05:14Earth is not the only planet with water.
01:05:16Scientists from NASA strongly believe one of Jupiter's moons, Europa, has an ocean
01:05:21with twice as much water as we have on our planet.
01:05:24It's hidden under a thick layer of ice.
01:05:27Even Mars has some liquid water flowing.
01:05:30Cicadas are some of the biggest flying insects you can find out there.
01:05:34Most species are not that impressive, only about 1 to 2 inches long.
01:05:38Only.
01:05:39But the largest one, known as the Empress cicada, has a body length of about 3 inches.
01:05:45In comparison, its wingspan reaches a whopping 8 inches.
01:05:48That's a really big bug.
01:05:51Not all goats peacefully munch on meadow grass.
01:05:54Some of them prefer climbing trees for food.
01:05:57Meet Moroccan goats, a natural phenomenon unique to North Africa.
01:06:01The thing is, they're way more attracted to argan tree fruits than to regular grass.
01:06:06That's quite understandable, those fruits look just like golden apples.
01:06:10These goats are quite agile, so they easily climb up the trees to get the juicy treats.
01:06:15And they rarely need help from their nanny.
01:06:19Here's a creature that can technically live forever.
01:06:22You see, there's a species of jellyfish, known as Turseverva d'Oruda, or however
01:06:27you pronounce their name on the screen.
01:06:29Well, those guys have a superpower of respawning.
01:06:32So whenever they get any sort of physical damage or something, those jellyfish reset
01:06:37themselves back to the polyp stage and start all over again.
01:06:42Now let's test you.
01:06:43Are there more trees on Earth or stars in the Milky Way?
01:06:47If your answer is stars, sorry, you're wrong.
01:06:50According to scientists' estimations, there are up to 100 billion stars in our galaxy
01:06:55and about 3 trillion trees on Earth.
01:06:58Now that's impressive!
01:07:00Pluto still hasn't made a complete orbit since it was discovered, and now imagine that
01:07:05it was found back in 1930.
01:07:07It takes about 248 years for Pluto to make a full orbit around the Sun.
01:07:13By the way, Mercury is the fastest.
01:07:15It takes only about 88 days for this planet to make a full trip.
01:07:19However, Pluto will complete its first full orbit since its discovery in 2178.
01:07:25I can't wait!
01:07:27One more fun fact about planets.
01:07:29The dwarf planet Haumea has a very peculiar shape.
01:07:33It looks exactly like a potato.
01:07:35It's about the same size as Pluto and has rings similar to those Saturn has.
01:07:40If you ever want to find it, it's located beyond the orbit of Neptune.
01:07:44Nachos aren't some ancient Mexican food.
01:07:47They were invented less than 100 years ago.
01:07:50Ignacio Aña, nicknamed Nacho, is said to have created this dish in the 1940s.
01:07:55There's a nice story behind nachos.
01:07:57A regular customer got really hungry and asked if Ignacio could bring her and her three friends
01:08:03something different that day.
01:08:04He saw how hungry the ladies were and decided to cook something quick for them.
01:08:09He had to improvise using available ingredients, so he put some tortillas, grated loads of
01:08:14cheese on top of them, and heated the dish from above.
01:08:17To make the dish more savory, he added some jalapeno peppers on top.
01:08:21Mamie Finan, that very regular customer, asked what the name of the unusual snack was.
01:08:27Ignacio didn't think long and said the name was Nacho Special.
01:08:33Oranges aren't necessarily orange.
01:08:35If grown in subtropical regions, the climate isn't cold enough to break down the chlorophyll,
01:08:40so the fruit peel stays yellow or greenish.
01:08:43Fresh oranges usually get treated with ethylene gas that can help turn the oranges orange.
01:08:48Orange you impressed with that?
01:08:50Ok, it's time for a little riddle for you.
01:08:53What's common between peanut butter and an engagement ring?
01:08:56Both of them contain diamonds!
01:08:59Scientists have learned how to turn peanut butter into diamonds.
01:09:02They extracted the oxygen from CO2, they got the carbon, and then put it under intense
01:09:07pressure, and in the end, they got diamonds.
01:09:11And a gif, I suppose.
01:09:13Pufferfish, also known as blowfish, are famous for two things – it's clumsy, and it can
01:09:19literally turn into a sort of a balloon.
01:09:21Blowing themselves up helps them survive in the wild – they are inedible when swollen.
01:09:26Well, they're not entirely inedible even when they're deflated.
01:09:30Their poison is over a thousand times more toxic than cyanide.
01:09:34Don't count on antidotes, they just don't exist.
01:09:37Or probably, we need more time to find one.
01:09:40Not only can people become knights, but penguins can do that too.
01:09:44There's one living in Edinburgh, and it was granted knighthood back in 2008.
01:09:49Meet Nils Olof III, the mascot and colonel-in-chief of the Norwegian Kings Guard.
01:09:56What size of shoes do you wear?
01:09:58I bet it's way smaller than the size the Statue of Liberty wears.
01:10:02No statue needs shoes, but if the Statue of Liberty wanted to grab a pair of new sneakers,
01:10:07she'd need to look for size 879.
01:10:10No surprise here, she's 151 feet tall.
01:10:15These are our muscles that can cause goosebumps.
01:10:18These tiny fan-shaped muscles are called erector pili, and we have them at the base of every
01:10:23hair follicle.
01:10:25Whenever it's cold, they get contracted, which makes our hairs literally stand up,
01:10:30creating goosebumps.
01:10:32You may think you're not an athlete, but if you've ironed your clothes in very uncomfortable
01:10:37locations at least once, you already are.
01:10:40Sort of.
01:10:41Extreme ironing is an extreme sport where people take ironing boards to very unexpected
01:10:46places, such as forests, canoes, or mountains, and iron the clothes there.
01:10:51Some do that even on the top of bronze statues or underwater.
01:10:55And yeah, there are even official championships.
01:10:58Haven't these people heard of permanent press?
01:11:01Rap battles aren't something that appeared recently.
01:11:04In medieval England, there was something called flighting, which was very much like
01:11:08contemporary rap battles.
01:11:10It was quite popular in the 15th and 16th centuries when two opponents mocked each other
01:11:15in an improvised battle.
01:11:18Tongue map says we have different parts for different tastes.
01:11:21Well, not really.
01:11:22There are individual taste buds that sense certain flavors more than they do with some
01:11:26others, but it doesn't mean one area can taste sweet better than the other.
01:11:31Studies show that all mouth areas have taste buds sensitive to all tastes.
01:11:36Chameleons don't change colors because they want to match their surroundings.
01:11:39That would probably be a very tiring thing to do.
01:11:43In reality, some other things, like mood, temperature, or the amount of light they get,
01:11:48affect their color.
01:11:49When chameleons relax and stretch cells, crystals that are inside of them are affected by the
01:11:54light.
01:11:55These reptiles use crystals to communicate with each other.
01:11:58So, for example, darker shades show that they're not in such a good mood.
01:12:03It's more like they feel kinda grumpy.
01:12:05Ah, beware the grumpy chameleon!
01:12:09Turkeys can blush just like people do.
01:12:11It works the same way.
01:12:12They blush when angry, excited, or even feel bad.
01:12:16You can see the skin on their necks and heads turn red.
01:12:20Opossums don't really sleep while hanging by their tails.
01:12:23You see that in cartoons and some photos, but in general, they don't.
01:12:27Their tails are strong, so these animals can grip branches and hold their weight, but only
01:12:31for shorter periods.
01:12:33Adults are really too heavy to stay in this position for too long, so they wouldn't get
01:12:37too much rest.
01:12:38So, I could say, hanging by their tail overnight is sort of impossum-ble.
01:12:43Pilots can't eat similar meals when they're working.
01:12:46Imagine that you're on a transoceanic flight.
01:12:48The airplane is flying over the Pacific Ocean.
01:12:51Flight attendants deliver the dinner meals.
01:12:54Everyone is enjoying the pasta.
01:12:55The sauce tastes a bit funny, though.
01:12:58Hmm, that's probably okay.
01:13:00After all, you are eating an aircraft meal.
01:13:03It can't taste like a five-stars chef plate.
01:13:06Time goes by.
01:13:07Oh no!
01:13:08You were right!
01:13:10Something was indeed wrong with the food.
01:13:12But if all the passengers have the same problem, so do the pilots.
01:13:17To prevent both of them being out of order, pilots are advised not to eat the same meal
01:13:22at the same time.
01:13:23In such a scenario, if one pilot feels bad, the other one can take over.
01:13:28I mean, this is not an imperative rule stated by the Federal Aviation Administration, but
01:13:34most airlines make their own rules about this matter.
01:13:38Flight attendants have access to hidden equipment, such as a defibrillator, supplemental oxygen,
01:13:43a fire extinguisher, and duct tape.
01:13:46But probably the most interesting gear they have is handcuffs.
01:13:49These objects are there to protect passengers from others, and sometimes from themselves.
01:13:55Turns out that flight attendants have everything they need to defuse a troublemaker.
01:14:00Aviator sunglasses look cool on pilots in movies.
01:14:03But in real life, they don't wear polarized glasses.
01:14:07First off, they have a glare-reducing effect.
01:14:09This can cause some trouble in the cockpit.
01:14:11A pilot has to read instruments, but the stuff in the cockpit, such as LCD displays, emits
01:14:17polarized light.
01:14:19So a pilot with those cool polarized glasses can't read the displays with 100% efficiency.
01:14:25Pilots shouldn't wear these glasses simply because of safety concerns.
01:14:28Imagine a shimmer of glare coming from another plane's windscreen, but the pilot missed
01:14:33the sign because of polarized sunglasses.
01:14:36Ever noticed a hole in the tail of an airplane?
01:14:39Well, most commercial airplanes have it.
01:14:42Next time you get into an airplane, take a closer look.
01:14:45The hole has a fancy name – auxiliary power unit.
01:14:48It looks like a hole from the outside, but that is actually a hidden turbine engine.
01:14:53Most of the time, the APU will remain off for the entire flight.
01:14:57It will start working when the plane lands.
01:14:59It provides power to the cabin lights, air conditioning, and cockpit electronics.
01:15:03Don't underestimate the APU's power, though.
01:15:06It can also provide the power required to start the main engines.
01:15:10You've watched a Bright Side video and learned what the APU is – a perfect icebreaker.
01:15:16Unfortunately, you're not in a chatty mood.
01:15:19You just want to take the plane, land, and start your vacation.
01:15:23Yet again, there is only one door to board.
01:15:26You are at the end of a queue.
01:15:28Why don't planes generally have multiple doors?
01:15:31According to the experts, the biggest issue is that the bridge takes up a lot of space.
01:15:36When an aircraft is loaded from the front and the rear, it takes up two slots.
01:15:40This is not ideal for the administrators.
01:15:43Newly remodeled or constructed terminals tend to have dual boarding compared to the older terminals.
01:15:50Change of scenery, let's jump into a cruise ship.
01:15:54There are hidden passageways and secret doors in ships.
01:15:58These secrets are from an insider.
01:16:00Staff on the ship mostly work in their designated area.
01:16:03How does a worker get from one place to another without using the stairs and doors that the passengers use?
01:16:09There is a network of corridors and stairs all around the ship, used only by the crew.
01:16:15I mean it when I say secret doors.
01:16:17They blend with the walls, so they go undetected by those who don't know where the door is.
01:16:22Maybe you can stumble by accident.
01:16:25Here is a clue.
01:16:26Pay attention to the walls near the guest stairs.
01:16:30Try to think of those gigantic cruise ships as floating metals.
01:16:34This leads me to a cruise cabin fun fact.
01:16:36The walls of the cruise ship cabin are magnetic.
01:16:39Imagine you're traveling to multiple countries on board a cruise ship, a single-month voyage.
01:16:44You collect destination-themed magnets and decorate your cabin.
01:16:48True cruise fans know this magnet magic, so they put a couple of magnetic hooks into their luggage.
01:16:54Neat tip, use magnetic hooks to add extra storage in your cabin.
01:16:58Hang clothes and accessories, postcards or hats.
01:17:02Speaking of ships, why do some ships and boats have small holes constantly releasing water?
01:17:08To keep the bilge free of water.
01:17:10Water builds up over time inside the bilge, and the bilge pump automatically pumps the water out again.
01:17:16Ships don't have headlights.
01:17:18Using a headlight could prevent accidents.
01:17:21If they work for cars, why not for ships?
01:17:24Headlights are the source of light, but the light that comes out of them bounces back at the light source at some point.
01:17:30With cars, for instance, headlights work because the area you want lit is narrow,
01:17:35and can easily take action if you see an obstacle on the road.
01:17:38For ships, this is super hard.
01:17:41The light source should be powerful enough to light the area the captain wants to see.
01:17:45Large cargo ships, for instance, need more than a mile to stop or take action.
01:17:50Plus, imagine how much brighter should the ship's light be to light the whole area in front of it.
01:17:56They do see each other with different sorts of lights called navigation lights.
01:18:00These are small, but practical.
01:18:04They arrange it in a standardized way so that ships could see each other.
01:18:09The exciting thing is that they don't just notice one another in the dark.
01:18:13They also understand each other's movements and directions.
01:18:16Here's an example.
01:18:18Imagine a ship with two nav lights.
01:18:20The one on the front is lower, near the ship floor.
01:18:23The other one on the back is high up.
01:18:25This means the vessel goes to the right.
01:18:27It can safely pass by the other ships without hitting them.
01:18:31Trains don't have seatbelts. A bit weird.
01:18:36Every time there is a crash related to trains, this matter comes up.
01:18:40Pretty much nowhere in the world seatbelts are used on trains.
01:18:43Various studies have been made about this issue.
01:18:46Some of them created simulations of accidents.
01:18:49And the results were surprising.
01:18:51Using a seatbelt on a train could potentially increase the number of injuries.
01:18:55In cars, seatbelts are highly effective in protecting the passenger and are used all the time.
01:19:00The logic behind the seatbelt is to protect the person when a collision causes rapid deceleration.
01:19:05But trains carry so much momentum that they don't stop rapidly.
01:19:09On a plane, passengers use a seatbelt on takeoff, during landing and if turbulence occurs.
01:19:15There are no such things for trains.
01:19:17Entering and leaving a station is not a high risk.
01:19:20Experts believe focusing and making investments are other ways to improve railway safety.
01:19:26Now, you are traveling by train.
01:19:28You look outside the window.
01:19:30There are small stones along the railway tracks to accompany you on the journey.
01:19:34Those stones are formally known as track ballast.
01:19:38They do a very important job.
01:19:40They provide support to and maintain the tracks.
01:19:43They are not there by mere coincidence, though.
01:19:46Now, look at the stones closer.
01:19:48You can notice that there is no single smoothly cut stone on the tracks.
01:19:52Because they are not regular stones randomly poured at the rails.
01:19:55Each rock has sharp and abrupt edges.
01:19:58Sharp edges hold on to each other.
01:20:00They protect the railroad from harsh concussions.
01:20:03They facilitate water drainage in heavy rain and keep down the grass and other weeds.
01:20:08Now, imagine replacing those with round pebbles.
01:20:11They will slide down.
01:20:12Eventually, the ballast will spread out and tracks will fall apart.
01:20:16The last thing you would want, especially if you were a passenger on that train.
01:20:22You find yourself at a food fair in Iceland when you see it for the first time.
01:20:27Volcano bread.
01:20:29You eat a slice and oddly enough, it actually tastes good.
01:20:33Unsure of how this works, you check out the baking process.
01:20:37Hmm.
01:20:38Is this kitchen really strange looking or is it just me?
01:20:42The baking spot is in nature, specifically in a hot springs field.
01:20:47You better watch your steps so you don't get burned by the hot vapor jolting from the ground.
01:20:52Now, a local baker shares their traditional rye bread recipe with you.
01:20:57Rye flour, check.
01:20:59Yeast, check.
01:21:00You mix it all together and pour it into a metal pot.
01:21:03Next on the list is digging the hole where you'll place the pot to bake.
01:21:08You dig for about 16 inches until you can see the water bubbling from the ground.
01:21:14If you want to do it like a local, you'll use your finger to check the water temperature.
01:21:18Yikes, that's hot!
01:21:20Actually, the ground is heated by lava.
01:21:23Iceland is one of the most volcanic regions in the world with over 30 active volcanoes at any one time.
01:21:31After you bury the bread in volcanic soil, you leave it there and wait 24 hours until it's ready.
01:21:37The next day, the bread is fully baked and super tasty.
01:21:41Ah, and the best part is, you just participated in an ancient Icelandic tradition.
01:21:46People have been doing this since at least the 1800s.
01:21:51Imagine it's your first day of work in a museum, and your assigned task is to clean the mask of Tutankhamun.
01:21:58You grab your cleaning utensils and then...
01:22:00Oh no, this can't be happening!
01:22:02You just broke Tutankhamun's beard!
01:22:05I never wish this to happen to anyone, but this is actually a true story.
01:22:10Back in 2014, an employee at the Egyptian museum knocked off the beard of Tutankhamun's mask and glued it back on, hoping no one would notice.
01:22:19This mask was discovered in 1922 and is considered one of the 10 symbols of our human civilization.
01:22:26Oh, and the best part of this story?
01:22:29It took historians until 2016 to discover the poor glue job.
01:22:34So, if you visited the museum between 2004 and 2016, maybe you saw the glued beard.
01:22:42If I say Sahara, what comes to mind?
01:22:45An infinite desert landscape, right?
01:22:48Well, according to scientists, the Sahara isn't always a desert.
01:22:52From time to time, it becomes green.
01:22:55But you probably won't be seeing this in your lifetime.
01:22:59Every 10,000 years, the Sahara lives through a humid period, where the sand gives way to lush green vegetation and sparkling lakes.
01:23:07This happens due to a tilt in the Earth's axis, which affects different weather patterns around the globe.
01:23:14Can you imagine the Sphinx surrounded by rainforest?
01:23:17It's mind-blowing!
01:23:19And speaking of the Sahara, say you traveled back to 1800 BCE.
01:23:24If you timed it right, you might get to see the construction of the so-called Black Pyramid in the city of Dahshur.
01:23:31These are not the famous Giza Pyramids, but they serve the similar purpose of being a final resting place.
01:23:38In 1892, archaeologists excavating the area found an important part of the Black Pyramid that was lost for centuries.
01:23:46The Benben, also called a Pyramidian, was the tip of ancient Egyptian pyramids.
01:23:52A Benben consists of a solid block, usually made of limestone.
01:23:56Most of them were covered with gold and reflected the first rays of light from the sun every day.
01:24:01Hmm, can anyone get me a time machine please?
01:24:06Remember when you ate something really spicy, your cheeks turned red?
01:24:10Apparently, that can happen to birds too.
01:24:13For example, canaries can change colors after eating peppers.
01:24:17These birds have a special pigment that allows them to switch shades depending on their diet.
01:24:22So, if a yellow canary eats red peppers, it can turn orange or red.
01:24:28Can rocks move on the ground on their own?
01:24:30Well, you might be under that impression if you visit Racetrack Playa in California.
01:24:36The site is a dry lakebed and home to one of the world's strangest phenomena, the so-called sailing stones.
01:24:42Think hundred-pound rocks moving around alone, leaving behind trails as long as 1,500 feet.
01:24:49They were discovered in the 1900s, and until recently, no one was lucky enough to be on the site while they were moving.
01:24:55It was only in 2014, after much observation and research, that scientists solved this mystery.
01:25:03The sailing stones appeared because of the perfect balance between wind, ice, and water.
01:25:09When it rains, the water that falls on the ground freezes and forms a coat of ice above the ground.
01:25:15If it's windy, the rocks are easily pushed around, sailing along the lakebed.
01:25:20But hey, if you ever visit Racetrack Playa, don't disturb the rocks.
01:25:26On the western coast of France, you'll find the vacation hotspot known as the Island of Ré.
01:25:31It attracts tourists looking for scenic landscapes and beautiful beaches.
01:25:36But that's not all it's famous for.
01:25:38There, an extraordinary phenomenon occurs when two different wave patterns collide with each other, something called a cross sea.
01:25:46It's almost as if the sea were a checkerboard divided into hundreds of squares.
01:25:51And no, it's not an optical illusion.
01:25:53A cross sea only happens in places where different quality waters meet.
01:25:59For a tourist to see the cross sea in Ré, this probably means that there was a storm in a different sea nearby.
01:26:06This stormy water travels with the help of currents and meets the water of Ré, creating these oddly shaped riptides.
01:26:13Oh, and apart from this island and Israel, there's nowhere else in the world where you could see such a thing.
01:26:20The following sight will either give you goosebumps or make you marvel at its weirdness.
01:26:25I'd say it depends on the time of day you visit.
01:26:28Next to the small town of Griffina in Poland, you'll find a very unusual sight, a pine tree forest where each tree is bent at its base.
01:26:38If you visit during the daytime, I guess you'll be fascinated by these trees' sharp 90-degree curves.
01:26:44You can even use their trunks as a stool if you decide to have a picnic, for example.
01:26:49But visiting the site at night will most likely give you chills.
01:26:54A thin layer of fog hovers around, making the forest seem quite unwelcoming.
01:26:59Scientists still can't explain why the trees are the way they are.
01:27:03So, are you a daytime or nighttime visitor?
01:27:08You went for a hike and suddenly encountered a big cloud of fog.
01:27:12This may ruin your photo ops, but there's one thing you can hope for.
01:27:16Foggy days are the perfect conditions for a phenomenon called fog bow, otherwise known as a white rainbow.
01:27:23This happens because of numerous tiny water droplets that cause fog, smaller than 0.002 inches.
01:27:31So, instead of the multicolored bow, you get a transparent one, with red outer edges and a bluish inner edge.
01:27:40Now, say you're roaming in a little town in Europe, appreciating the century-old buildings and good summer weather.
01:27:46You feel hungry and decide to type into your Google Maps the name of that restaurant your friend recommended.
01:27:52Ah, it's only 10 minutes away by foot. You follow the blue dot on your GPS and arrive at your destination, quick and easy.
01:28:00We all love this free piece of technology, don't we?
01:28:03But what if I told you that the U.S. spends over $2 million daily to maintain the satellites to make it work?
01:28:10Yep, that's the price.
01:28:12And to implement it, they spent over $12 billion U.S. dollars.
01:28:18Have you ever heard of something called a natural snowball?
01:28:22This could be proof that nature is really perfect.
01:28:25In 2016, the beaches of the Gulf of Ob in northwest Siberia were filled with rows of giant snowballs.
01:28:34Think balls measuring up to 3 feet across.
01:28:37This rare, yet beautiful natural phenomenon happens when small pieces of ice are rolled by strong winds and water.
01:28:45The further they roll, the more ice they gather and the more that ice is polished.
01:28:50They end up as giant, perfectly shaped snowballs.
01:28:53They look pretty amazing on their own, but it's quite a sight when hundreds of them are together.
01:28:58That's it for today. So hey, if you pacified your curiosity, then give the video a like and share it with your friends.
01:29:04Or if you want more, just click on these videos and stay on the Bright Side!

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