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00:00The Arctic, 66 million years ago.
00:07The world of snow and ice is home to dinosaurs.
00:13But dinosaurs aren't supposed to be able to live in such cold climates, are they?
00:21And these fiberly colored animals are not the familiar image of dinosaurs we know from the movies.
00:36And how about a dinosaur that uses bugs as bait to catch fish?
00:47Were dinosaurs really that smart?
00:51Humanity has only known about the existence of dinosaurs for a little more than 150 years.
00:58Now our picture of their appearance and behavior is being radically redrawn.
01:07Yes, it turns out that the world of dinosaurs is even more amazing than we thought.
01:17Our new understanding comes from the latest discoveries made by researchers across the globe.
01:31Vividly rendered in computer graphics to bring the world of dinosaurs back to life.
01:38Dinosaurs ruled the earth for a remarkable 150 million years.
01:44What was the secret to their extraordinary success?
01:50Scientists now think feathers played a significant role.
01:54Feathers may have given the dinosaurs a revolutionary advantage.
01:58Today we journey back in time, back to the age of the dinosaur.
02:08Our first stop is the Gobi Desert in Mongolia.
02:24This is known as one of the richest dinosaur fossil sites on the planet.
02:31Fifty years ago, in this desert, a curious fossil was found.
02:39Here is that famous fossil.
02:49Two giant arms.
02:55Each a little over two meters long and tipped with gigantic 30 centimeter long claws.
03:01From the shape of the bones, experts concluded this was a relative of Tyrannosaurus rex.
03:18But extrapolating from the size of the arms suggested a creature triple the size of T-Rex.
03:24A monster, 30 meters long.
03:37This dig attracted attention from researchers in the field of dinosaur studies.
03:41It drew much interest and surprise.
03:43Because no digs of carnivorous dinosaurs ever excavated in the past had such huge arms as these.
03:49It was given the name Dinochirus, meaning horrible hand.
04:03Ever since, scientists have been hunting for the rest of the skeleton to shed more light on its true form.
04:10It's been discovered, and now a complete skeleton of Dinochirus will be assembled for the first time.
04:29Yoshisugo Kobayashi of Hokkaido University was part of the team that discovered these fossils.
04:35We have seen it in bits and pieces, but this is our first time trying to assemble the complete skeleton.
04:44I can't wait.
04:47Here they assemble a hundred pieces to get a full glimpse of the huge armed dinosaur for the first time ever.
04:57Four hours later, the whole skeleton has been laid out.
05:02This is Dinochirus.
05:05It turns out that the Dinochirus was 11 meters long, far shorter than 30.
05:16The giant arms are far out of proportion to the rest of its body.
05:21A dinosaur of unbalanced appearance.
05:23In addition, though it's supposed to be carnivorous, it had no teeth.
05:35So how did it eat?
05:44Another unusual anatomical feature is now evident.
05:47A huge sail along its back.
05:55In the 150-year history of fossil hunting, no dinosaur like this has ever been found.
06:01It's far beyond our common understanding.
06:04Our new discovery gives a complete and mind-boggling picture of the Dinochirus.
06:19What was life like for this outlandish-looking dinosaur?
06:23Based on the latest research, we reconstructed its appearance and behavior.
06:30To travel back to prehistoric Mongolia, a flourishing habitat for dinosaurs.
06:38And watch as the dramatic life story of one Dinochirus unfolds.
06:43Although today, the Gobi is desert.
06:51Long ago, it was lush with vegetation.
06:58And rich with wildlife.
07:00A herd of agnominus.
07:15Colorful feathers cover their two-meter-long bodies, just like birds.
07:24A larger species of dinosaur comes running right behind them.
07:30It's Dinochirus, with its long arms.
07:38Dinochirus also has a full coat of feathers.
07:45Recent fossil discoveries reveal that there were far more feathered dinosaurs than previously thought.
07:52One, two, three.
08:04Looks like a whole dinosaur family.
08:07Plus a smaller one running behind.
08:14A bite has been taken out of its sail.
08:22It appears the Dinochirus family is chasing after prey.
08:29Things are not always as they appear.
08:32They are the prey being chased too.
08:36By a ten-meter-long carnivore called Tybosaurus.
08:39This species preys on Dinochirus.
08:46This species preys on Dinochirus.
08:49And four of them are after the young straggler.
08:53You can't open the barrel, you can't open the barrel.
08:56You can't open it for a young straggler.
08:58TARBOSAURUS
09:20TARBOSAURUS
09:24The pursuing Tarbosaurus are unable to descend the steep cliff and go after the remaining Dinochirus family.
09:54TARBOSAURUS
10:04TARBOSAURUS
10:08TARBOSAURUS
10:20Now, this young Dinochirus is alone and must fend for itself in this dino-eat-dino world.
10:30TARBOSAURUS
10:44TARBOSAURUS
10:48We now know many dinosaurs were feathered.
10:54The first fossil specimen of feathered dinosaur was found in China in 1996.
11:00Called Sinoceropterus, it was about one meter long.
11:06Notice the black markings that surround its body.
11:15Paleontologists realized that each of these lines was a single feather.
11:26Then, in 2012, a fossil of a much larger 10-meter dinosaur with feathers was found.
11:36Until this discovery, scientists thought it was only small dinosaurs that were feathered.
11:41But this fossil, from a large one, shows clear traces of feathers.
11:49It was a groundbreaking discovery.
11:54After that, came further discoveries of many different feathered dinosaurs.
11:59Now, it's clear that they were.
12:02And feathers overturned long-held ideas about dinosaurs.
12:13They indicate that the dinosaurs were the ancestors of another clan of feathered creature.
12:21The birds.
12:25Birds are the descendants of dinosaurs.
12:27They are living legacy.
12:32Before these discoveries, scientists thought dinosaurs were scaly, cold-blooded animals, like lizards and snakes.
12:43Cold-blooded animals cannot maintain high body temperatures without sunning, meaning they can't move quickly in a cold environment.
12:52But birds are different.
12:56They're warm-blooded.
12:58Feathers help them maintain a stable body temperature.
13:02So they can be active at any time of day or night.
13:06Feathered dinosaurs, the ancestors of the birds, may also have had colorful feathers.
13:13And these feathers should have enabled them to maintain a stable body temperature.
13:20The weird-looking Dinochirus was also a member of the feathered dinosaurs.
13:26Feathered dinosaurs.
13:33The fossil also gives a clue to their life.
13:37Curiously, its stomach was filled with rocks.
13:41These are not just ordinary rocks.
13:47They are called gastrolytes.
13:49The dinosaur swallows them, intentionally.
13:53It's another weird fact about Dinochirus.
13:57A body suggesting a carnivore, but with no teeth.
14:01But these rocks in its stomach reveal what they ate.
14:04Let's return to the Mongolian Plateau of 66 million years ago.
14:14There's the orphan, juvenile Dinochirus.
14:16There's the orphan, juvenile Dinochirus.
14:36It's eating leaves.
14:45This carnivorous-looking dinosaur is actually an herbivore.
14:51Having no teeth, Dinochirus gulps food down, unchewed.
14:57Then the gastrolists in its stomach grind up the food for digestion.
15:04The Dinochirus begins roaming around in search of food.
15:08A smaller dinosaur pops out of a tunnel in the ground.
15:16It's a protoceratops.
15:20Recently, a fossil of a protoceratops was found trapped inside a tunnel.
15:27Den-dwelling dinosaurs.
15:29Once again, a find that upended a long-held idea.
15:38That dinosaurs did not burrow.
15:47Alone, she arrives at the shore of a lake.
15:59She's joined by a small white dinosaur.
16:14One was just discovered in 2017, called Hulskoraptor.
16:19It specializes in diving.
16:29Dinosaurs that dive underwater are another major recent discovery.
16:34Based on their body features, scientists believe they maneuvered underwater to snap up fish.
16:41In fact, Dinochirus fossils have been found with fish bones inside their stomach.
16:59It can catch fish with a swipe of its arm.
17:09Those big, awkward-looking arms prove their usefulness.
17:15Dinochirus evolved from carnivorous species, but gave up eating meat for a diet of plants and fish.
17:36The first known omnivorous dinosaur, Dinochirus, really is weird and wonderful.
17:45Even though she's all on her own, she seems to be making her way in this world of dinosaurs.
17:58Feathers did not only make dinosaurs colorful and help them keep warm.
18:03They also made possible another great change.
18:06For more on that, let's consult Kohei Tanaka, of Tsukuba University.
18:20Tanaka is a dinosaur expert, of course.
18:23But his research focus is a bit unusual.
18:28It's what's here in his hand.
18:31Pieces of dinosaur egg.
18:32Fossilized eggs contain a lot of information about reproductive behavior,
18:39rearing of offspring, and so on.
18:43I like eggs more than bones.
18:46What do eggs have to do with the dinosaur's feather revolution?
18:52The fossil that provided a key clue was found in China.
18:57Today, with special permission from the museum, Tanaka is examining the precious fossil directly.
19:11Dinosaur eggs.
19:14But apparently conspicuous is their size.
19:18It's a set of huge eggs, 40 centimeters each, laid in a ring formation.
19:23They belong to a species of Oviraptor.
19:27A fairly close relative of Dinochirus that was also a large-sized feathered dinosaur with an eight-meter-long body.
19:40Tanaka says that this fossil's proof that dinosaurs used feathers to make a big change in their behavior.
19:46But how does a donut-shaped ring of dinosaur eggs relate to feathers?
19:55Let's head back to the age of the dinosaurs again.
20:08Mongolia, 66 million years ago.
20:11The Dinochirus orphan has survived and has grown much bigger.
20:18And her feathers have turned redder.
20:21Scientists say it's possible that dinosaur down in feathers may have changed color as they matured.
20:32Like modern birds.
20:33Now another Dinochirus approaches.
20:47The swan's neck and sail are blue.
20:51It seems to be a male.
20:53The swan's neck and sail are blue.
20:57It seems to be a male.
20:59Feathers may have also been useful to visually distinguish the sexes.
21:14The male raises his head and spreads his long arms.
21:20It's a mating behavior.
21:23Like modern birds, plumage could have also been important in mating.
21:32I don't know.
21:34I don't know.
21:36I don't know.
21:36I don't know.
21:36I don't know.
21:37I don't know.
21:37I don't know.
21:38I don't know.
21:38I don't know.
21:39I need to wait until the sun is going to be open.
21:43I've been walking for a while.
21:44Some time later,
22:14our survivor is squatting on the ground.
22:28Beneath her is a clutch of eggs, a breakthrough made possible by feathers.
22:41Like modern birds, feathered dinosaurs sat over their eggs to keep them warm.
22:49But this dinosaur nest has a clever feature not found in birds' nests.
22:57The arrangement of the eggs in a donut-shaped ring.
23:04The dinosaur that laid these eggs was quite large.
23:08So to avoid trampling on its own eggs, it left an open space in the center of the circle,
23:14where the parent could sit without crushing any eggs.
23:17Then, using the feathers on its arms, perhaps, it kept the eggs warm.
23:23It incubated them.
23:29This behavior is exhibited by many birds.
23:32By covering them with feathers, the parent can keep eggs at a stable temperature.
23:40So that eggs can be hatched even in bad weather and cold climates.
23:50From fossil evidence, researchers thought many smaller feathered dinosaurs may have incubated their eggs as modern birds do.
24:00But it was long believed that large dinosaurs did not, because of the risk of crushing their eggs.
24:11However, this fossil clutch showed some larger feathered dinosaurs could also incubate their eggs,
24:17by cleverly avoiding that problem.
24:22This is a fantastic specimen, as it shows how dinosaur parents cared for their young.
24:39Tanaka believes the dinachyrus also incubated their eggs using their large feathered arms.
24:50By regularly shifting its seating position to cover different groups of eggs in turn, it may have kept them all warm.
24:58This led to higher rates of hatching than leaving the eggs alone.
25:07By keeping close to the eggs, the parent dinosaur could also protect its offspring from predators.
25:14A small carnivorous dinosaur species, called Xenobaser, lurks in the background.
25:23They want to feast on the eggs.
25:29A small carnivorous land.
25:30快ies,��ű extremely strange.
25:33Anointing hopings,ὶ Stanley,
25:45ESTER ITEM!
25:47people rating!
25:48Those goods, glove yourself.
25:49They will not pollute ourselves.
25:50They will not pollute teil in the eggs.
25:52They will not pollute ourselves.
25:53A rat that one will not pollute ourselves in their réservations instead.
25:55They will not pollute ourselves,
25:56as it is called their holistically.
25:58One of the Xanabazers sneaks past her defenses.
26:14By the time she notices, it's too late.
26:28By the time he notices, it's too late.
26:38Based on the size of the eggs, the incubating period for Deinachyrus was probably 90 days.
27:08The hatchlings are about 50 centimeters in size.
27:37She was once an orphan, now she's a mother.
27:49With the help of feathers, dinosaurs could be more active and molded.
28:07They gained the ability to incubate eggs and greatly increased their hatchling rate.
28:16This was the Feather Revolution.
28:21It propelled the dinosaurs to expand their habitat range into further reaches of the globe.
28:28And even colonizing a region where scientists had long believed it would be impossible for dinosaurs to survive.
28:40The Arctic.
28:47Recent series of fossil finds have revealed that many dinosaurs did inhabit the Arctic year-round.
28:58It's early winter in the Arctic.
29:01Temperatures can plunge to a freezing 20 degrees Celsius below zero.
29:13This is a herd of Pachorhinosaurus.
29:16They're seven meters long.
29:24Recent fossils have been found which indicate that Pachorhinosaurus had feather-like fur.
29:33The covering of bushy fur would have made living in snowing conditions much more feasible.
29:49The harsh Arctic was also home to a species of feathered dinosaur just as revolutionary as Dynachyrus.
29:59Called Troodon, it adapted to life in a frigid climate by acquiring an unusual capability.
30:08They're thought to have some kind of intelligence.
30:15Troodon is believed to be the most sophisticated of all dinosaurs.
30:24What made Troodon so smart?
30:28Lawrence Whitmer of Ohio University in the U.S. figured it out.
30:33Based on Troodon's skull fossils, he created this 3D model.
30:40The size of the brain is shown in blue.
30:47When we compare its brain-for-skull ratio with that of a Tyrannosaurus,
30:54Troodon's is three times bigger.
30:58Whitmer believes it had the biggest brain in the dinosaur world.
31:04He said feathers had a considerable influence on the development of a big brain in dinosaurs.
31:11The key factor in it is brain energy consumption.
31:16That is, the brain is a very energy-hungry organ.
31:20The evolution of feathers provided insulation that allowed them to evolve endothermy,
31:26which may have been very important for them to develop large brains and high intelligence.
31:30As a result, they actually need bodies that can feed the brain.
31:35And so, the feathers and the endothermy contribute to the agility and the ability to capture all that food.
31:41Thanks to feathers, Troodon could inhabit the frigid cold Arctic.
31:46And there, they further develop their brains to adapt to smarter survival behaviors.
32:00Troodon uses his intelligence to survive in the harsh conditions of the Arctic.
32:04The troodon nail comes across a fallen log.
32:22The Troodon male comes across a fallen log.
32:50He knows where to find bugs at this time of year.
32:56But he's not swallowing it. Why not?
33:03With the bug in his teeth, he heads over to a nearby stream.
33:20And now, a fish is lured in by the bug.
33:36He is fishing.
33:39This behavior is found among modern herons.
33:43It's possible Troodon may have used this strategy, too.
33:50A small bug wouldn't have been a filling meal.
33:53Troodon may have used its intelligence to turn small bugs into bigger prey.
34:00Such smart behaviors may have greatly helped them survive.
34:10The next day, the weather has turned rough for the Troodon.
34:21When a storm hits here in the harsh Arctic, animals hunker down.
34:31When the blizzard lets up, he'll need a smart strategy to get a meal.
34:45Quickly, he digs the ground.
34:51In fact, he's buried these nuts himself in the fall.
34:56This food-stashing behavior is observed in modern birds, like crows.
35:03But while the Troodon is busy feeding, an enemy stalks him.
35:11It's a nonuxaurus, the apex predator of the Arctic.
35:19But the nonuxaurus also uses its brain to survive the harsh Arctic.
35:28Dive the Troodon out onto a snowy plain, with no place to hide.
35:34Dive the Troodon out onto a snowy plain, with no place to hide.
35:40Dive the Troodon out onto a snowy plain, with no place to hide.
36:01It's a life and death battle of wits.
36:05But the pressure to survive the harsh climate surely pushed Troodon to boost its intelligence.
36:31Winter is almost here.
36:49His highly developed brain is his weapon to fight through the dark, brutal winter.
36:58The idea of dinosaur intelligence arose from recent discoveries about the high intelligence
37:15of birds, the descendants of dinosaurs.
37:21Let's watch a demonstration of bird intelligence by this parrot.
37:27The tiny basket inside this tube contains nuts.
37:34The tube sits on a table, along with a pipe cleaner and a string.
37:47The parrot picks up the pipe cleaner and deftly bends the tip of the wire.
37:53Now it flips the wire around and uses it to hook the basket.
38:07Recent research has revealed that bird brains are twice as dense with neurons as mammal brains.
38:19This enables some birds to have intelligence comparable to a human child.
38:24It's not a human child.
38:28We don't really know whether Troodon had that kind of brain structure.
38:33But if it did, that might suggest that Troodon might have had the kinds of behaviors that are
38:38fairly widespread in birds.
38:40That all of these dinosaurs may have had some kind of intellectual capacity.
38:44The intelligence that we see in many birds today.
38:47Which in turn may have provided the ability to have the high intelligence and the behavioral complexity.
38:53So everything may ultimately come back to the evolution of feathers and feather-like structures in dinosaurs.
39:05Let's return to the Troodon in the Arctic of 66 million years ago.
39:19It's spring now, and the winter snow is melting.
39:28A herd of Pachorhinosaurus is agitated.
39:31What's going on?
39:36A group of Troodon.
39:42They're confronting the herd.
39:55But Pachorhinosaurus are herbivores.
39:58They wouldn't attack Troodon.
40:00So why are the Troodon trying to drive them off?
40:12Nearby, there are more Troodon, incubating eggs.
40:28Our Troodon and his group prevented the Pachorhinosaurus from trampling their eggs.
40:35Just as in modern birds of similar size, Troodon males may have incubated the eggs.
40:54He heads back to his nest.
41:00His own eggs are broken.
41:07Did a predator make it through after all?
41:19Hatchlings.
41:24They must have hatched a little earlier than the other eggs.
41:31Now, the Troodon has something he wants to teach his offspring.
41:52Hatchlings.
42:09Fishing.
42:13Fishing.
42:21Fishing.
42:23Fishing.
42:26Fishing.
42:28Fishing.
42:32He's passing on hunting techniques to his offspring.
43:02One immediately tries to imitate him.
43:32The techniques he passes on will help more of his offspring to survive in this harsh environment.
43:50Feathers also paved the way for such caring dinosaur family traditions.
43:55Back in Mongolia.
44:05The Dynachyrus is a mother now, busy raising her brood.
44:24She and her young are in the midst of feeding.
44:44She may have taught them which plants are edible in this way.
44:55Tragically orphaned when young, she has made it to this fulfilling stage of life.
45:03But the predators that took her family are still out there.
45:11Again, a Tarposaurus attacks her.
45:14Tarposaurus attacks her.
45:24Tarposaurus attacks her.
45:28Using her long arms and sharp claws, she fights back ferociously to protect her young.
45:49It manages to drive off the Tarbosaurus.
46:13It manages to drive off the Tarbosaurus.
46:20The dinosaurs reigned on Earth for more than 150 million years.
46:44By caring for and fiercely protecting their offspring.
47:11It has not only transformed the dinosaurs physically, but also mentally.
47:16This is the picture of the amazing world of dinosaurs, supported by the latest research.
47:41Land that was roamed by dinosaurs is now roamed by researchers, who are seeking clues left behind by the dinosaurs.
47:52There were probably hundreds of thousands of dinosaurs.
48:04Perhaps millions.
48:05But we have only found about a thousand species to date.
48:09It's like all we've done is chip away at the edges of a glacier.
48:13There are so many, yet unknown, unique kinds of dinosaurs out there.
48:18But we will keep finding more of them.
48:22Today, we are finally starting to glimpse what the world of the dinosaurs was really like.
48:29The amazing dino world is still a vast and barely explored frontier of the history of life on Earth.
48:38The amazing dino world is still alive.
48:54The amazing dino world is still alive.
48:56The amazing dino world is still alive.