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00:00To be continued...
00:30Amphibians were the first backbone animals to leave the water and colonise the land.
00:52Today there are some 6,000 species of them and new ones are constantly being discovered.
00:58We may not often see them, but during the breeding season we certainly hear them.
01:14Choruses like this ensure that we are well aware of frogs and toads.
01:20But there are other kinds of amphibians that don't make themselves so obvious.
01:33Newts and their close relatives, the salamanders.
01:37And even ones that have completely lost their legs.
01:44But all amphibians have one thing in common, a moist skin.
01:49If that dries, they die.
01:52And dealing with that danger dominates their lives.
01:55How are they to survive away from water?
02:08400 million years ago, the only backbone animals on the earth were fish.
02:12The land was empty, except for insects and other invertebrates.
02:17But then one of those fish managed to haul itself out of the water and up onto the land.
02:24You can see what sort of creature that might have been if you go to northeast Australia.
02:29There, the rivers only too often dry up.
02:32But one remarkable, ancient and extraordinary fish managed to survive.
02:41Because it has a rare talent for a fish.
02:45It has lungs and can breathe air.
02:49And there's one at my feet, right here.
02:53Fossils just like it date from precisely the time when the great invasion of the land took place.
02:59On occasion, it rises to the surface and gulps air.
03:06The air goes into a pouch that opens from its throat, where the oxygen from it is absorbed.
03:13This is a lungfish.
03:19It punts itself along the river bottom, using two pairs of fleshy, muscular fins placed low on its body,
03:27just like simple legs.
03:29Some time around 360 million years ago, one of its remote ancestors used such limb-like fins to push itself up onto the land.
03:48That pioneer may have looked much like this strange monster that haunts the waterways of Japan.
03:55It's the giant salamander, the biggest of all living amphibians, that grows to a metre or more in length.
04:07It, too, has lungs and breathes air.
04:16But even so, it almost never leaves the water.
04:21Males make their dens in both natural and man-made retreats in the riverbanks,
04:27and defend them against all other males.
04:29A newcomer arrives, looking for a breeding den of his own.
04:35Let's go.
04:49Oh, come on.
04:49Let's go.
04:54Oh, come on.
04:55It won't be here.
05:19The resident male has good reason to be so defensive.
05:23He's guarding a batch of eggs left by a female who visited him a few days earlier.
05:33Like fish eggs, amphibian eggs have no protective shell.
05:37They can only develop in moisture of some kind and amphibians, no matter where they
05:41live, must find ways to provide that.
05:48The alpine newt lives on land for about half the year, hunting for slugs and worms.
05:55In winter they lie dormant beneath the snow, but come the spring they get the urge to breed.
06:06A female is swollen with eggs and needs to lay, so she has to go back to water.
06:20And there, a male is awaiting her.
06:25He has already developed his breeding colours and knows how to flaunt them to impress her.
06:35He wafts a pheromone, a sexual stimulant towards her, with beats of his tail.
06:54She senses it through her nostrils.
07:07She tastes it in her mouth.
07:15Having caught her interest, he turns and moves away from her.
07:22His genital opening is greatly swollen, and from it comes a small, wide capsule.
07:28It's a packet of sperm.
07:34The female, led by the male, walks directly over it.
07:40He stops, and so does she, with her genital opening exactly above the sperm packet.
07:47So, as in many fish, mating occurs with little or no physical contact between the two partners.
08:04Two or three days later, she begins to lay.
08:12Each of her eggs is deposited individually.
08:29As an egg emerges, she wraps the leaf around it with her hind legs,
08:33and then holds it there while the edges bond.
08:36She will lay several eggs a day, for week after week,
08:41until eventually she may have produced several hundred.
08:50But all this has to be done in water.
08:53She has still not broken her link with her fishy ancestry.
08:57In North America, in the eastern half of the country,
09:04there are many kinds of small salamanders, only a few inches long,
09:08that have taken one further step away from the aquatic life.
09:15In spring, the woodlands are drenched in rain,
09:18and suddenly, in response, an amphibian army appears among the leaf litter.
09:27Marbled salamanders.
09:33First to emerge are the males.
09:35They're in search of females.
09:37They have spent the winter deep in the damp leaf litter,
09:42breathing by absorbing oxygen from the air through their moist skins.
09:46For them, the land is truly home.
09:49If they were submerged in water for any length of time,
09:52they might well drown.
09:57Nonetheless, their courtship techniques are much the same
10:00as those used in water by news.
10:07The males produce pheromones that excite the females.
10:19They deposit capsules of sperm on the damp ground.
10:24And the females crawl over them and take them in.
10:30In due course, each female lays her soft-skinned eggs on the ground
10:34and stays beside them on guard.
10:38Here, it's damp enough to prevent her eggs from drying,
10:41and they're already developing rapidly.
10:51Eventually, the continuing rains flood the woodland floor.
10:57But now, the female's needs and those of her eggs are exactly opposite.
11:01They will need water in order to breathe.
11:05But she could drown in it.
11:07So she has to leave.
11:15The young inside their capsules are developing into creatures
11:18fundamentally different from their parents,
11:20a form that is characteristic of amphibians.
11:23They are becoming tadpoles.
11:26They swim free, equipped with feathery gills
11:28that enable them to extract oxygen from the water.
11:30They are truly aquatic creatures.
11:33But they have front legs as well as gills.
11:37And within days, they develop back legs as well.
11:41As time passes, they grow stronger.
11:43Their gills wither and disappear,
11:45and at last, they are miniature versions of their parents
11:47and are ready to leave the water forever
11:49and to start on their land-living lives.
11:53But what tempted those ancient fish to leave the water in the first place?
12:08Food.
12:09When the first amphibians moved out of water, the land was already swarming with insects.
12:27And the amphibians have evolved a special weapon with which to catch them.
12:32Salamanders, however, have not yet developed the athleticism needed
12:45for a high-speed chase on a lightning pounce.
12:49Their hunts are rather solemn, sedate affairs.
13:02A simple contraction of the muscles surrounding the tongue
13:17is all that's needed to shoot it forward.
13:25Some salamanders have a tongue that is about three-quarters the length of the body,
13:29but most species have to get pretty close to their prey if they're to catch it.
13:42Although the adult marbled salamander lives entirely on land,
13:45it nonetheless needed water at the very beginning of its life.
13:50But there are other species of salamander in North America
13:52that have managed to break even that link with their distant aquatic past.
13:59This is a gold mine.
14:07The people who dug it found nothing.
14:10But biologists who came later found gold of their own special kind.
14:15They discovered a colony of a species called the slimiest salamander
14:28that could be properly observed throughout the summer
14:31when normally they're hidden in the leaf litter.
14:34They were all females, and their behaviour proved to be very surprising indeed.
14:38These salamanders come down in early summer, in about June,
14:51and will travel several hundred metres down along this mine shaft
14:56to exactly the same ledge within an inch or so that they used the previous year.
15:03And they have been seen doing that for at least five or six years.
15:08And they don't eat.
15:10They will stay down here for six or seven months, sustained only by the food reserves
15:17that they've accumulated in their fat tails.
15:23Down here, there is permanent moisture, however hot and dry it gets outside.
15:28The salamanders clearly prefer to cluster together close to one another,
15:36for the rock walls of the mine shaft elsewhere are totally uninhabited.
15:41However, this open plan way of life, while it's clearly very successful,
15:48none the less comes at a price.
15:50Some of the females here are up to no good.
15:56They've failed to fatten up enough during the spring,
16:00and they're hungry and in search of a good meal.
16:04And the eggs and young of their other salamanders will do very well.
16:13To see exactly what these creatures are doing,
16:15we need to turn off our torches and turn on the infrared camera.
16:28Here comes one of those marauding females.
16:31She must have located this mother guarding her eggs by smell,
16:46for all this is going on in total darkness.
17:01So, some amphibians, when needs be, are neither sluggish, insensitive,
17:14nor lacking in maternal concern.
17:21And mother wins the day.
17:27The salamanders' need to keep moist
17:29moist means that they seldom come out into the open,
17:32but find their prey by pushing through the leaf litter.
17:36And to do that, it helps to be slim.
17:39Very slim.
17:41Legs are less in the way if they're small.
17:47And one great group of burrowing amphibians
17:50has lost its legs altogether.
17:52You might think that this was a giant earthworm.
18:03But if you picked it up, you would immediately realize
18:06it's got a strong, firm backbone.
18:09It's a Sicilian.
18:12Sicilians are found in almost all rain forests.
18:15But they are seldom seen, for they spend nearly all their lives underground.
18:23The female, having produced her young, stays in her nest chamber to protect them.
18:34Sicilian eyes are rudimentary.
18:36They're covered in skin and scarcely function.
18:39In the darkness underground, however, the animals have no need for them.
18:47The young enthusiastically lick a secretion from a gland at the end of their mother's tail.
18:53And their constant hunger seems to be the factor that keeps this little blind family together.
18:58In a single week, the young incredibly increased their weight by ten times,
19:14apparently just from drinking her secretion.
19:17But could that be their only food?
19:21As we filmed, one of the youngsters revealed a clue to their rapid growth.
19:26It yawned.
19:29It already had hooked teeth, like a baby shark.
19:33It surely doesn't need these if it's going to do nothing but drinking.
19:37Could it be feeding on something else?
19:44A few hours later, our cameras, for the first time, revealed the answer.
19:50There was a sudden frenzy of activity.
19:53The babies started swarming all over their mother.
19:58They were tearing at her flanks, ripping off segments of her skin.
20:14Skin that proved to be full of fat.
20:16It turned out that she re-grew her skin every three days to provide her young with another nourishing meal.
20:33Blind, elongated and legless Sicilians may be, but simple, inoffensive earthworms they are not.
20:52The most numerous and successful of all amphibians, however, have kept their legs and developed them spectacularly.
21:03Some are walkers.
21:04Some are walkers.
21:05Some are walkers.
21:06Some are walkers.
21:30Others are climbers.
21:40There are even gliders, who use the membranes on their feet like parachutes.
22:01If their skin is very moist, we call these creatures frogs.
22:23If it's less so, we call them toads.
22:26But they all belong to the same group.
22:30There are some 5,500 different kinds of frogs and toads in the world today.
22:46And here, in the leaf litter in this Madagascan forest, is the tiniest of them all.
22:53This is fully adult, and in its tiny body, which is only a centimeter long, is packed a beating heart, a skeleton, a gut, a brain.
23:08It's a miracle of miniaturization.
23:12And this basic body plan not only comes in all sizes, but many different shapes, which has enabled frogs and toads to colonize all kinds of different environments.
23:29Out of water, frogs found a new way to communicate with one another.
23:48Amphibian lungs are comparatively feeble, so frogs amplify their calls with cheek or throat pouches, which act as resonators.
24:00The call of a frog in this South African pool can be heard over a mile away.
24:08It's the painted reed frog, the loudest caller of all for his size.
24:26But a female is not only impressed by the loudness of a male's call.
24:31She also judges him by how frequently he manages to make that call.
24:51Calling is a very demanding activity, requiring a male to increase his energy consumption by about 20 times.
24:58So in picking the loudest and fastest caller, the female is also selecting the fittest and most vigorous male as the father of her offspring.
25:18He's the one.
25:19Success.
25:20And silence for a few minutes.
25:30In some circumstances, however, calls need reinforcing with gestures.
25:40The sound of rushing water could drown out the cause of a frog.
25:51However, here in this stream in Panama, there's a species living alongside that has developed a novel way of dealing with that problem.
26:00The rare and wonderful golden frog.
26:06It does have a voice, but it's not loud.
26:09Individual males set up their territories beside the river and then wait for females to turn up.
26:24And since good positions for the territory are not common, they may have to hold them against intruders.
26:33And here one comes.
26:37Just in case his call is inaudible, he makes his message clear with a wave.
26:42And his rival waves back.
26:54He repeats his message so there's no misunderstanding.
26:57But rival is not deterred.
27:12Well, that makes things perfectly clear.
27:19Another arrives.
27:20Perhaps at last this is a female.
27:27No, it's another male.
27:40So there will have to be a wrestling match.
27:48That should teach him.
27:52And his rival signals submission by keeping his head down.
27:57Now, where are those females?
27:58No, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no.
27:59I've got a sword.
28:00Now, where are those females?
28:25And here she is. She is pure, unblemished gold and much bigger than he is.
28:46While he is fully occupied, another challenger arrives.
28:55Since he is already in position, there is no point in breaking away for another wrestling
28:59match, so he hangs on.
29:08The golden frog has a powerful poison in its skin, so it can afford to be conspicuous.
29:14But most frogs find safety in camouflage.
29:23This is a South American red-eyed tree frog, a close match for the leaves on which it habitually
29:29sits.
29:34The eggs are not very conspicuous either, just little blobs in transparent jelly.
29:41And they are always laid over water.
29:47They develop very rapidly.
30:11In less than a week, they have become recognisable tadpoles, almost ready for freedom.
30:17Then the jelly liquefies and they simply drop into the water beneath.
30:25But some don't survive long enough to do so.
30:33Wasps raid the cluster and carry off the unhatched tadpoles to feed their young.
30:42But the tadpoles are not entirely helpless.
31:11By the time they're five days old, they know when they're under attack.
31:18And what's more, they can do something about it.
31:23There.
31:26Quick wriggle, and the tadpole drops to safety.
31:38The alarm spreads quickly through the whole cluster, and they all take a dive.
31:55Their tails are not yet fully developed, but they can swim well enough to take refuge beneath
32:00the leaves of the water plants.
32:02So, if there's a choice between being carried off by a wasp and taking an early bath, there's
32:09no competition.
32:24But not all frogs abandon their young.
32:37If you're big enough, you can stay and defend them, and the male giant African bullfrog is
32:44as big as a football.
32:47His pool, which formed during the rainy season, lies near the margin of a much bigger pond.
32:57The nursery pool was a good place to lay, for it had none of the predators that abound in the
33:02bigger permanent pond.
33:04But as the dry season warms up, that smaller pool begins to evaporate.
33:13Tadpoles are now in real danger.
33:17Father takes action.
33:22He starts to dig a canal to enable his endangered tadpoles to reach the deeper pond nearby.
33:38It will be touch and go.
33:40But if they can only get to the bigger pond, they're now vigorous enough to have a reasonable
33:44chance of survival.
33:49Breakthrough.
34:03And Father leads the way.
34:18In the rain forests of South America, the daily rains create a multitude of tiny pools
34:25in the centre of many plants.
34:28This tiny poison arrow frog is carrying his tadpole pickerback.
34:33It hatched on a leaf, and now he's taking it to a pool in a bromeliad, high up in the branches.
34:40The tadpole wriggles off.
34:43He may have half a dozen babies, each of which he puts into its own tiny pool.
34:58He makes regular tours of all his nurseries, checking on his tadpole's welfare.
35:03This youngster is hungry, and tells him so by nibbling his legs and vibrating against his body.
35:18But the male can't feed the tadpole himself.
35:27He needs help.
35:30He has to find a female.
35:40There she is.
35:45There she is.
35:52He calls.
35:57And she follows.
36:09He has to lead, for only he knows exactly where he deposited each tadpole.
36:12This one is now very hungry indeed.
36:30He calls to the female encouragingly.
36:37She jumps in, perhaps to assess the situation.
36:45Out she comes, without having done what's required, so he keeps calling.
36:53In she goes, a second time.
36:56This time, she produces food for the hungry tadpole.
37:00An infertile egg.
37:06There.
37:12Out she comes, and mother and father embrace.
37:30Baby has its dinner.
37:35Australia, in the southeast, has temperate rainforests.
37:49A cluster of frogs' eggs on the damp ground.
37:53When these hatch, the tadpoles will also need a moist nursery.
37:58Father, a marsupial frog, is on guard.
38:02The eggs are developing fast.
38:10The male has to keep a careful eye on them,
38:13for he must be close beside them at the very moment when they hatch.
38:25It's going to be a long wait.
38:27At least 11 days.
38:32He seems to have decided that the crucial moment has arrived,
38:44and lowers himself onto the eggs.
38:49As he does so, the tough egg membranes liquefy, and the young wriggle free.
38:59He has two pouches in his skin, one on each hip, and the tadpoles start to squirm into them.
39:06Competition between the tadpoles is intense, for there are more of them than he can accommodate in his pouches.
39:22At last, he's taken on board as many as he can.
39:40He will now look after them for up to six weeks.
39:58The young remain in his pouches, continuing their development,
40:06fueled by the remains of the yolk in their infant stomachs.
40:10And then, one night, his behaviour changes.
40:20His flanks are rippling.
40:24The first of his young is emerging.
40:36He's going to be clogged.
40:37He is touching him and crashed.
40:38The first and the new one is functioning.
40:39He is staying there, and he is staying there, to thank him.
40:40He's doing so, to think, your fingers and interests.
40:41And he can't wait for him, to take his feet.
40:43The second and the next thing the owner is staying there.
40:44Because he's also walking around with us.
40:45He can't wait for me.
40:46The second one is staying there.
40:49The profound transformation that converted a tadpole into this young frog
41:15took place entirely within its father's moist pouch.
41:29The parched bush country of southern Africa.
41:33Here it rains only twice a year, and then only briefly.
41:40But when it does, the ground in places erupts.
41:45Rain frogs, as they're aptly called, have been waiting for months below ground for this moment.
42:04After starving for so long, they're keen to feed.
42:08As you can turn Yokaya Umm...
42:10Is that enough, poorly happened to the root of a bird?
42:14It's difficult.
42:16Ah no!
42:19So what is doing, it's not enough area to use just keep throwinggeld,
42:23but what we're too steady with the有效.
42:25alumni breathe away from the ridge to the ledge anymore.
42:30Female voiceover
42:31As darkness falls, the males begin to call.
42:58Females are fat with eggs.
43:01The males are so much smaller that they can't embrace a female, so they produce glue from
43:16glands on their underside and stick themselves to their partner's back.
43:23But sometimes that only results in a chain of enthusiastic but undiscriminating males
43:29stuck to one another.
43:39Their brief time above ground has come to an end.
43:42The female starts to dig.
43:45The diminutive male being stuck on goes with her.
43:49He will fertilise the eggs later below ground.
43:57Her stay on the surface is over.
44:08The female has excavated a little chamber for herself.
44:12And below that, she's made a second one, which is filled with a frothy foam.
44:20This is the nursery for her tadpoles.
44:45The female stays underground, away from the lethal heat, for several more weeks.
45:01By now, her offspring have almost completed their time as tadpoles.
45:17The rains return.
45:24Below ground, the youngsters await their release.
45:32The female leads the way.
45:52And her brood are with her.
45:54And her brood are with her.
46:24Amphibion is even rarer in Australia.
46:26There, in the central deserts, it may not fall for years on end.
46:33But there are amphibians even here.
46:37Little toads that remain underground in a state of suspended animation for years, just to take
46:43advantage of a few rainy days.
46:49After the rains have fallen, spade-foot toads all emerge together.
46:53They must feed and breed, if possible, before the sun rises.
47:05But the desert dries only too quickly, even after the heaviest of storms.
47:11Temperatures rise to 50 degrees centigrade.
47:14Now water will evaporate instantly.
47:17This is one of the hottest places on earth.
47:22So the toads have to retreat, once again, below ground.
47:26The miracle is that they're here at all.
47:32A toad that can live in as parts of the desert as this is impressive evidence of the versatility
47:41of the amphibians.
47:42The way they can adapt their behaviour and their anatomy to live so far away from water.
47:48But there's one group of animals that can really call the desert their own.
47:53The lizards.
47:55And we'll look at them in the next episode of Life in Cold Blood.
48:09Amphibians are the most threatened group of vertebrates on the planet.
48:14In recent years, a strange and lethal fungal disease has started to spread among them.
48:22The golden frog, which lives only in one small area in Panama, was in particular danger as
48:28the disease is already on the frontier of its territory.
48:31If we were to film it at all, we would have to move quickly.
48:38For series producer Miles Barton, that meant cutting short Christmas.
48:42We had been told that in Panama, the frog's few remaining breeding streams were being rapidly
49:01destroyed by the building of a new road, making the last tiny population even more at risk from
49:08the disease.
49:11The fungus clogs the animal's moist skin.
49:15Since all frogs breathe through their skin, infected animals die from suffocation.
49:22Frog biologist Eric Lindquist, who first described the golden frog's signalling behaviour, helped
49:28the film team to thoroughly disinfect their kit before travelling into the frog's territory.
49:37Freshly scrubbed up, Eric took the team to one of the golden frog's last known breeding
49:42sites.
49:44But would they still be there?
49:51Yeah, you hear that?
49:53That's a male calling.
49:55Okay, we have another male crawling up over here, crawling up the rock face.
50:07But with the fungus approaching at a rate of up to 25 miles a year, the frogs were rapidly
50:12disappearing from all their known breeding sites.
50:15The advance crew immediately set about filming as much of the behaviour as they could.
50:21By the time I arrived, there was only one remaining location where the frogs survived.
50:34Where exactly are we going?
50:43I would prefer not saying precisely.
50:46You see, this is really the last population of the golden frog left in the wild.
50:52And historically, the locals have been collecting out these animals as good luck talismans.
50:59And so now, left with just one population, I'm concerned that if the secret locality gets
51:07given out, there will be international collectors that would come.
51:12Really?
51:13Sure.
51:14They're rare enough now where many people would pay top dollar for these animals.
51:20Were they ever, what you might call, common?
51:23When I talked to people who had been here in the past, that the populations were so abundant
51:28that one would have to watch where they're stepping to keep from killing one.
51:32Really?
51:33Yes, yes.
51:35Eric has his own low-tech method of finding them, which he assures me normally works.
51:41See, when you call, sometimes they'll call back and they'll reveal their location.
51:56Sometimes they're tucked away behind leaves and they're really difficult to find.
52:00Hopefully, we can elicit a response.
52:02It's the fastest way to get them to shut up.
52:09Was that him?
52:11Yeah, that's him.
52:12Say that here.
52:13They're here.
52:14There's one over here.
52:15You see him right there?
52:16Yeah, yeah, yeah.
52:17Looks like a male.
52:18I can do it again.
52:20You have to hum and whistle at the same time.
52:21Come on, dude.
52:22See if he can.
52:23See if he can.
52:24See if he can.
52:25See if he can.
52:26See if he can.
52:30See if he can.
52:31See if he can.
52:32See if he can.
52:33See if he can.
52:38He, he, he, he, he, he, he, he, he, he, he.
52:45You have to hum and whistle at the same time.
52:47Come on, dude.
52:48See if he comes.
53:01Now we knew the frogs were still here, we could complete the filming.
53:07The local people have always treasured their remarkable little frog,
53:11but Eric was the first to document its signalling behaviour.
53:15It was an animal that was just walking.
53:17It wasn't sure if the animal was trying to flush out prey
53:20or if it was using it in a communication role.
53:24And so a group of us set out to look at whether or not this was communication.
53:29We tried mirror presentations to the animals
53:32and when you presented them with a mirror they would hand wave at the mirror
53:36as opposed to say maybe the backside of a mirror that didn't have a reflective surface.
53:40Some of us have looked specifically at an LCD screen,
53:45a little television with a hand-waving semaphoring frog
53:50and has elicited a number of responses specifically from males.
53:55Well, you show a television picture to a male and he waves back.
53:58He waves back and he'll even call to the mail on the television screen.
54:03It's really fascinating.
54:04Yeah, absolutely.
54:07They then experimented with a life-size plastic model complete with waving arm,
54:12the sort of high-tech gear I thought I might manage to operate myself.
54:16It's not as easy as you might think.
54:34Eric showed me how it should be done.
54:43You've got to get that slow-motion wave just right.
54:50The frogs waved.
54:52They called.
55:02They even attacked.
55:07So that wave really is a form of communication.
55:12So they're just saying, keep up. Keep up. Huh? Is that right?
55:17We're not sure.
55:18Sometimes there seem to be certain hand waves that may indicate appeasement,
55:22showing that I'm just walking through perhaps your territory.
55:26Don't bother me.
55:28Really? Ah, please.
55:32But how endangered is the golden frog?
55:36This is it.
55:37What you see, you're going to be the last crew to film these in the wild.
55:44And indeed, we were.
55:47Soon after finishing filming,
55:49the local scientists decided the time had come
55:52to take all the surviving golden frogs into captivity
55:56before the fungus arrives here and kills them all.
55:59They, and other rare species of frog also threatened,
56:03were being brought back to a special frog hospital
56:06where I was introduced to some of the other patients.
56:09So what are these?
56:10They're nocturnal, so they spend...
56:12Here, they're being treated daily with a fungicide.
56:15But without a vaccine to protect them,
56:17and with the fungus still at large in the forest,
56:20they can't be reintroduced into their proper home.
56:28Frogs, so common in these humid forests,
56:31are crucial links in the ecology.
56:33If they disappear, all kinds of food chains will be broken,
56:37and the effect could be little short of catastrophic
56:40to wildlife in general.
56:44And sadly, for now at least,
56:46it seems that the golden frog has waived its last in the wild.
56:49In the wild.
56:50In the wild.
56:54In the wild.
56:55I'm oh so bad.
56:57Yeah.
56:58Wonderful.
56:59In the wild.
57:00I am the wild.
57:01I don't think I'd visit
57:09on the byassee just.
57:12I am not a forest.
57:13To investigate the empty forest,
57:15Everywhere starts.