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00:30This is the upper region of the Amazon River.
00:44A descendant of dinosaurs inhabits this dense jungle.
00:53It is a bird called the hoatzin and has deep maroon eyes.
01:00Living in swamp areas, the hoatzin only eats leaves and fruits.
01:05It has a few peculiar characteristics.
01:15The reason why hoatzin is called a descendant of dinosaurs is because juvenile hoatzins have
01:20two claws on each wing.
01:27These claws will disappear once they become adults, so no claws can be seen on these adult
01:32hoatzins.
01:38But the bird has inherited something more marvelous from dinosaurs.
01:46Feathers, a marvelous invention of nature.
02:15This exhibit at the Natural History Museum in Berlin, Germany shows beautiful bird feathers.
02:23There is one eye-catching display of a feather imprinted on stone.
02:28It is a delicate imprint that perhaps a master painter could have drawn.
02:32But in reality, it is a 150 million-year-old fossil.
02:43And the feather is from Archaeopteryx, the oldest known bird.
02:50Yet, Archaeopteryx is more like a dinosaur than a bird in some ways.
02:58It has a bony tail like a dinosaur and sharp claws on its wings.
03:09It also has teeth.
03:14However, its feathers are unmistakably bird feathers.
03:20Is Archaeopteryx the earliest ancestor of modern birds, or is it a dinosaur?
03:27One hundred fifty million years ago, a single feather from an Archaeopteryx fell and became
03:52fossilized, holding the key to the evolution of birds and dinosaurs.
04:04Some facts in history are sometimes upended by new discoveries.
04:13In 1996, a Chinese farmer in a small village in Liaoning discovered a rock that challenged
04:19the existing body of knowledge on dinosaurs.
04:30The rock contained a fossil of a creature that looked like a lizard.
04:36But what made this find astonishing was the fact that it had primitive feathers.
04:45The fossil was that of a carnivorous dinosaur.
05:15Dinosauropteryx means Chinese reptilian wing, and several other fossils of this dinosaur
05:20have been found, ranging in different sizes.
05:24It was an important discovery because it showed a dinosaur with a furry coat.
05:30Fossils are not just ancient rocks.
05:32They can reveal secrets from the past.
05:35Xu Xing, a famed paleontologist, identified feathers on a 120 million year old fossil.
05:41The dinosaur was covered with feathers.
06:08Unlike existing bird feathers, these were thick, proto-feathers.
06:19This dinosaur was Bapiosaurus, a carnivore.
06:26More fossils of feathered dinosaurs were unearthed.
06:44China became the focus of interest among paleontologists from around the world when the first feathered dinosaur was found in the country.
06:51Long ago in prehistoric times, feathered dinosaurs might have been the dominant species on the Asian continent.
06:58The linoraptor lived in a region that is now Inner Mongolia.
07:05As an agile predator, it could quickly chase prey and pounce on it using its claws.
07:12It was a bird-like dinosaur that had proto-feathers.
07:19It was a bird-like dinosaur that had proto-feathers.
07:21The linoraptor lived in a region that is now Inner Mongolia.
07:27The velociraptor was portrayed inaccurately in a movie where it was shown without feathers and larger than its actual size.
07:42The velociraptor was portrayed inaccurately in a movie where it was shown without feathers and larger than its actual size.
07:49This feather-covered velociraptor looks quite different from typical illustrations of dinosaurs.
08:10But there is a mystery as to why carnivorous dinosaurs needed feathers.
08:17Let us take a look at another feathered dinosaur.
08:36Despite being small in size, De Long is a member of Tyrannosauridia, of which the Tyrannosaurus rex belongs to.
08:56However, De Long's proto-feathers had different characteristics.
09:01Dr. Xu Xing thought dinosaur feathers were used as thermal insulation.
09:16A fossil discovered in 2004 supported his hypothesis.
09:21Mei Long means sleeping dragon in Chinese.
09:39Mei Long means sleeping dragon in Chinese.
09:42Ni數 YouTuber
09:59Standing erect, it reveals its small body.
10:07W rope
10:11Melong was a small carnivorous dinosaur and probably took naps after chasing small prey
10:20all day.
10:22But it moved like a bird.
10:41At that time, the tail had a very long tail.
10:45So the head and the mouth, because it's very hot, it will be warm.
10:50So it can prove that it could be used for the heat.
11:00Meanwhile, Professor Richard Prum of Yale University found that dinosaur's proto feathers were similar to that of the earliest bird feathers.
11:11It's a simple hollow tube.
11:14This is the kind of feather that's very like the hypothesized structure of the very earliest feather, a simple tube.
11:25The black tube that Professor Prum showed us is from the feather of cassowary, a bird that inhabits tropical forests in Australia and New Guinea.
11:34The cassowary is a flightless bird that uses its feathers to stay warm.
11:41Likewise, primitive feathers probably kept dinosaurs warm.
11:45The first feather was probably hollow like a cassowary's feather and began as a strand of fiber.
11:57This simple tube-shaped fiber evolved into a complex structure with interlocking barbules.
12:02A vein feather has branches, which are called barbs.
12:07Barbs, in turn, have smaller branches called barbules that have minute hooks.
12:17The evolution of feathers began from such a simple structure.
12:21And over millions of years, it evolved and diversified into various colors and sizes.
12:30Magnificent flowers cannot be replicated by man.
12:39Other mysteries about feathers can be unlocked through scientific analysis.
12:44Professor Prum has studied many different kinds of birds and found evidence that dinosaur feathers had other uses than thermal insulation.
13:06One of the more exciting discoveries that have recently been made about fossil feathers
13:13have been the discovery that one of the most abundant or common pigments of feathers
13:20actually fossilize very well under good conditions.
13:27This fossil is dated 160 million years and has well-preserved pigments.
13:32It is the fossil of Anchiornus, a feathered dinosaur.
13:38This bird feather is magnified under an electron microscope.
13:41The tiny flecks are melanosomes, which contain melanin, a common natural pigment in nature.
13:49It determines the color of the feathers.
13:56Professor Prum and a team of researchers discovered melanin pigments in Anchiornus fossils as well.
14:01Melanin pigments that make the black, brown and deep reddish colors of hair or feather are packaged into tiny organelles that look like grains of rice.
14:20The pattern of melanin pigments found in the Anchiornus fossil is similar to that of Hamburg chickens.
14:25Angiornus probably sported colors similar to modern chickens 160 million years ago.
14:31The native species of Nihonus made the elafusil, who are drunk and 300 million years ago.
14:34The native species of Nihonus so that the назв poverty of Halida Nihonus is present in an ancient figure of ancient earth,
14:36the native species of Nihonus, which was within a total of 10 year olds.
14:37Featuring a red cone, the angiornis had white and black striped wings, which it likely showed
14:59off to rivals.
15:15Modern birds like hoatzin uses its feathers for extravagant display.
15:20The male's beautiful plumage helps it court females.
15:36Not only does the hoatzin use them to court females, but it's also used to ward off competitors.
15:50Meanwhile, Dr. Xu Xing learned that angiornis also used its plumage for courtship.
16:00Long feathers grow on angiornis' hind legs.
16:26Long feathers grow on angiornis' hind legs.
16:41And they served a special purpose.
16:44The feathers allowed angiornis to glide like a flying squirrel.
16:47The birds of a fly will fly.
17:04Australia boasts unique animal life that is not found elsewhere on the planet.
17:06The ostrich-like emu grows as tall as two meters, making it the world's second largest bird.
17:17But it is flightless.
17:23The reason why emus cannot fly is because of their feathers.
17:27It's impossible to fly with such easily bendable wings.
17:41What does the feather of a flying bird look like?
17:45The rachis, or shaft, is not placed in the middle of the feather.
17:56In this veined feather, you can see that rachis is closer to one side, demonstrating its asymmetrical design.
18:04Flightless birds like an ostrich have feathers where its shaft is placed in the middle, giving it a symmetrical design.
18:23A bird with such feathers cannot fly.
18:27Only birds that have asymmetrical feathers can fly.
18:39In order to create the physical forces that are required for bird flight, the feathers on the bird have to be asymmetrical.
18:48A flying robot was tested at KAIS to see how asymmetrical and symmetrical feathers affect flight.
18:56A basic model of symmetrical feathers found in flightless birds was tested in a wind tunnel.
19:13The feathers in the model could not withstand the crosswinds and began shaking vigorously.
19:21Under stronger winds, the feathers were blown away.
19:25This feather model would never make flight possible.
19:30Now, the asymmetrical feather model was tested under the same conditions.
19:34The model stayed stable under the crosswinds.
19:44And maintained its balance under stronger winds.
19:53The
20:19People cannot tell if a bird has asymmetrical feathers on sight.
20:26But all birds of flight have these feathers.
20:30In this case, the bird is located in the wind, so that the bird is located in the wind, so that the bird is located in the wind.
20:41On the other hand, the bird is located in the direction of the bird.
20:46In this case, the bird is located in the wind.
20:54Even this 150 million year old feather of Archaeopteryx has an asymmetrical design.
21:00This means that Archaeopteryx was probably able to fly.
21:18Paleontologists who studied feathered dinosaurs realized this as an important discovery.
21:24The theory that Archaeopteryx could fly despite its dinosaur-like body.
21:29They needed to focus on feathered dinosaurs that had asymmetrical feathers like the Archaeopteryx.
21:36Dr. Xu Xing and his team of researchers found a dinosaur that had asymmetrical feathers.
21:54The feathered dinosaur, Microraptor, lived 120 million years ago.
22:01The curve feed in this Microraptor fossil is an indication that it dwelled in trees like the Archaeopteryx.
22:07Its body was also covered with feathers.
22:10Strangely, it also had long feathers on its hind legs.
22:17Faint patterns showed it had a feathered tail too.
22:22A bird with a bird with an eagle is a flying bird with an eagle.
22:23The bird had an overlapping bird and an eagle is a beautiful bird in the middle of the night.
22:27The bird with a bird with an eagle is a wild eagle is a littleες.
22:30So, when we watched this event, it was very excited.
22:34This means that the
22:38spacecraft may be able to have a plane.
22:58Possessing feathers designed for flight,
23:01the Microraptor's legs also had long feathers.
23:04If you look at the
23:08The most remarkable thing is that
23:11the tail has a very long tail.
23:15If you look at the tail,
23:17the tail will fly with the tail.
23:21It's like a tail.
23:23It's like a tail.
23:25That's why we call it four tails.
23:28Paleontologists from around the world were drawn to this four-winged dinosaur.
23:42Among them was Professor Larry Martin of the University of Kansas.
23:46Microraptor is the animal that turned the corner on the theories about the origin of flight.
24:00Microraptor had a tail that was several times the length of its body.
24:04From studying its bone structure,
24:06paleontologists can tell how it flew in the air,
24:08its habitat,
24:09and if it was a meat-eating carnivore.
24:11We were able to see that the bones would articulate in such a way that it could, for instance,
24:22climb a tree very easily.
24:24But it could also take the arms and spread them out to form a wing,
24:30and to take the legs and spread them out to form a wing too.
24:45This is a model of a microraptor with its muscle structure and feathers recreated.
24:53With its wings spread, it looks like a bird.
24:59The long feathers on its legs prove that microraptor inhabited trees like modern birds.
25:06It means that it couldn't walk comfortably on the ground, let alone run.
25:13And that means that this was an animal that probably lived entirely in the trees
25:20and was using these wings to glide from tree to tree.
25:25120 million years ago, in a prehistoric forest,
25:34this four-winged microraptor climbs a tree using its claws.
25:40Like a modern bird, the microraptor was at home in trees.
25:55When it moved to another tree, it spread all four of its wings to glide.
26:14This is probably how the earliest flight in the animal kingdom occurred.
26:21The discovery of microraptor and four-wings, and recently of Ancheornis, which also has four-wings,
26:33in fact is older than Archaeopteryx, indicates very strongly that the protobird was an arboreal quadrupedal.
26:46Like the microraptor, which lived 120 million years ago, the Hoatzin dwells in trees.
26:58It has far superior flying capabilities compared to the microraptor.
27:13The secret to how feathers in flight evolved is revealed by studying Hoatzin feathers.
27:26Using a microscope to magnify the feather, you can see small barbs with hooked barbules interlocking with each other.
27:33This is a characteristic of feathers from birds of flight.
27:38After the evolution of a coherent vein or a tight vein with hooked barbules that create a surface,
27:45it was only then that we could have the evolution of feathers that were useful in flight.
27:51As feathers evolved into more complex structures, they improved the flying capabilities of birds.
28:01This proves that feathered dinosaurs that mastered flight were actually a new evolution in dinosaurs.
28:08The theory that these feathered creatures could fly have altered our knowledge of dinosaurs.
28:30Like the velociraptor, there were other dinosaurs on land that had primitive feathers instead of scaly, lizard-like skin.
28:49The mounting evidence of feathered dinosaurs has also affected studies linking birds to dinosaurs.
28:59We conceptualize dinosaurs far from being big, sluggish lizards with their tails dragging on the ground.
29:06Actually, very active animals, like birds.
29:13And then when we found the feather impressions on that, that only cemented the argument.
29:23Dr. Luis Chiappe of the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County proposes a theory that velociraptors might have been the ancestors of birds.
29:32As evidence, he points to their bone structure.
29:36This is the wishbone of the velociraptor.
29:40There's a bone here in the wrist that allowed the wrist to be fold and essentially to swivel just the same way that it swivels in modern birds.
29:54Here's a reconstruction of Archaeopteryx.
29:56You can see again the wishbone.
29:58You can see the details in the wrist that are very similar to those of velociraptor.
30:08The feathered dinosaur velociraptor lived 80 million years ago and might have been evolving into a bird at the time.
30:21On its chest, it had a V-shaped bone.
30:24And its wrist could swivel side to side.
30:31The direction of its hipbone was facing forward.
30:40This bone structure is similar to an owl's bones.
30:44A V-shaped chest bone is a pronounced trait among flying birds.
30:48Dr. Chiappe posits that the bone structure of dinosaurs give away telling signs of how they evolved.
31:04This is the University of Montana Flight Laboratory.
31:19It's kind of like a tornado.
31:21Yeah, exactly. You can see how much...
31:23Professor Ken Dial uses a different approach from paleontologists and ornithologists to study bird flight.
31:32He unlocked the secrets to flight by studying how chicks flap their wings to climb.
31:46A one-day hatchling cannot fly at all.
31:59But it uses its wings to prevent itself from slipping as it climbs a ramp.
32:04Birds use their wings to move aerodynamically the air to help their feet when they're going up an incline,
32:20or they use their wings when they're coming to descend down.
32:23Over time, as the young bird's wings become more developed, its ability to fly also improves.
32:41An adult bird with fully grown wings can easily climb a ramp at a 90 degree angle.
32:46Every day, if you watch baby birds developed, they're teaching you how a partial wing,
32:56how a half a wing, how a three-quarters shaped wing can be functional every day they grow up.
33:04The way young birds learn how to use their wings step-by-step
33:07could have been similar to the evolutionary stages of feathered dinosaurs.
33:12During the period when feathered dinosaurs began to fly, there was also a flying reptile species.
33:28This is the fossilized footprint of a pterosaur, which was called the ruler of the skies.
33:35Some pterosaur specimens were rather small, while others became the largest flying animals of all time,
33:41with wingspans exceeding 10 meters.
33:44The size of this pterosaur can be deduced by the size of its footprint.
33:47When you see a large% of 30cm of the-, a large-sized giant shark can be found in 10 to 15 meters compared to the size of the big bird's wings.
33:49The size of this peatosaur is upwards of 215 million years ago.
33:50The size of this- is still the size of the peatosaur.
33:51At 40- is still the size of the lion's giant권.
33:52The highest- is still the size of the giant lion.
33:53It may be seen as a giant lion's giant lion's giant,
33:54a large-sized tail- is still the size of the lion's giant.
33:55This is still the size of the lion's giant.
33:56The amount of AL seen in the lion's giant lion's giant wings.
33:57All this is a big help to do its contar mm.
33:58that can be a giant animal in the distance.
34:12Pterosaur first appeared 215 million years ago,
34:15which is much earlier than the evolution of feathered dinosaurs.
34:19These reptiles ruled the skies unchallenged for 200 million years.
34:24But the wings of a pterosaur were different from that of feathered dinosaurs or modern birds.
34:34Professor David Martel of the University of Portsmouth is knowledgeable about pterosaurs
34:39and explains the structure of its unique wings.
34:44This is the palm of the hand, whereas our palm of the hand is very, very short.
34:48In pterodactiles, it's very, very long.
34:51And then most pterodactiles have three very, very short fingers just here.
34:59They seem to have lost the thumb, but they have one very, very long finger,
35:04which is equivalent to our number four finger.
35:07And this finger extends all the way along here.
35:11So this is an enormous finger, one of the longest fingers you'll find in the animal kingdom.
35:15And all of this makes the spar of the wing.
35:20This is the support for the wing.
35:22How did the pterosaur fly with such long wings?
35:25First, it had to crouch into a launching posture,
35:28after which it would have lifted its rear legs and then lean on its forelimbs.
35:32It could flap its wing at this point to fly.
35:41With its membrane-covered wing, the pterosaur flew gracefully in the air.
35:46It had the ability to cover hundreds of kilometers in a single flight,
35:55and experts considered the pterosaur to be a very well-adapted animal,
35:59as it survived for 200 million years.
36:04Its bone structure gave it an advantage.
36:07Pterosaur had hollow bones that were less than a millimeter thick.
36:20These hollow bones are even lighter than bird bones.
36:25Air occupied the inside of the bones to assist flight.
36:37But the thin membrane on its wings was fragile and easily infected.
36:43If a pterosaur had an injured wing, it could not fly until it healed.
36:56Thus, these fragile wings, which were susceptible to the environment,
36:59put the pterosaur at a great disadvantage later on.
37:0265 million years ago, practically all life on Earth was wiped out by a cataclysmic event.
37:18Pterosaur and all dinosaur species became extinct.
37:21If there was a period of even just perhaps six months where they were unable to fly,
37:35because of high winds and other aspects of the climate that made it problematic for them to feed,
37:42it would be very, very easy to wipe out the last few pterosaur species.
37:47Yet how did birds survive this unfortunate event which exterminated pterosaurs?
38:01The answer is found in prehistoric birds.
38:04The prehistoric bird Confucius ornus existed 125 million years ago.
38:09Upon inspecting the bone structure of Confucius ornus, signs of the evolution of bird flight are revealed.
38:20Its tailbone was short and stunted.
38:25And it had a toothless beak like a modern bird.
38:29Based on these characteristics, Confucius ornus looks similar to birds of today.
38:38Prehistoric birds were able to avoid extinction because their bone structure allowed them to fly under any conditions.
38:56Not only did they have feathers, but they also had a body structure that was highly adaptable.
39:03They did a lot of water in the air.
39:08We had the most recent Next Project in the Earth.
39:09A electronic bird nails.
39:12We would definitely find a bit of its channel.
39:14We could see a different type of fish.
39:16We could see some of the bottom line as we'd like to avoid sufficient weight.
39:19We could see that the breastplate.
39:20We could see that the tailbone, the tailbone, the tailbone as we'd like to avoid reducing weight.
39:24We could see that the tailbone is a bit too short.
39:27Yin Ornus lived in the same period as Confucius Ornus and is even more similar to modern birds than its prehistoric relative.
39:37Small feathers were discovered on its wings and its shoulder blades were well developed, allowing it to flap its wings vigorously.
39:50Yin Ornus lived near the coast where food was plentiful.
40:15It flew freely in the skies 125 million years ago.
40:26It was able to adapt to a variety of environments, allowing the species to flourish for millions of years.
40:32Yin Ornus is an ancestor to modern birds.
40:36In other words, it also exists from other species.
40:44For example, the species can store food.
40:45These are also some of the plentions that are built in their legs.
40:51This is for the last year's shoulder blades to stabilize their waist.
40:55These are all for flying to the front.
40:57Birds that descended from prehistoric birds continue to hone their flying ability.
41:12The condor that inhabits the Indian mountains can fly 6,000 meters above sea level easily.
41:25Inhabiting the coastal regions of the Atlantic Ocean and Pacific Ocean, frigate birds can reach a maximum speed of 400 kilometers per hour.
41:41Hummingbirds, which are the world's smallest birds, can beat their wings 80 times per second.
41:47They can also hover mid-air and fly backwards.
41:54One flock of snipes migrated from Australia to Siberia, flying non-stop for five days and covering an astonishing 10,000 kilometers.
42:12When a bird can fly for five days non-stop using a million wing strokes and not develop lactic acid buildup and therefore just fall out of the sky,
42:28you come to learn that there's something about the physiology of birds that have become very specialized in certain groups for long distance movement.
42:40Birds have populated diverse habitats through their amazing feats of flight that defy human comprehension.
42:46The birds can also be a more advanced space.
42:53They can expand the space and use a more advanced space to enable food resources.
42:58The birds can also be a stronger adaptable.
43:01The birds can also be a better life.
43:04Every October, Baikal teal arrive in South Korea and then fly a thousand kilometers to
43:18their nesting grounds in Siberia when spring comes.
43:23Birds were able to survive and prosper on Earth because they possessed the ability to
43:27fly.
43:32Dinosaurs that once ruled the planet developed feathers.
43:41These feathers gave dinosaurs the ability to take flight and open up new unlimited possibilities.
43:49Flight feathers are one of the most interesting and important innovations in the history of
43:55vertebrate life.
43:59We have witnessed this marvelous innovation around us.
44:04So dinosaurs still rule.
44:06I guess we call this the age of mammals because we write the textbook.
44:11But if you're just counting number of species, the dinosaurs have been running the show for
44:16240 million years.
44:20A single feather dated 150 million years contained many secrets.
44:35Archaeopteryx is believed to be the ancestor of birds.
44:39But perhaps the feather of Archaeopteryx is a dinosaur feather.
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