Islam: Faith and Nations (1983) / Türkçe Altyazı

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Dünyanın en hızlı yayılan dini The Story of Islam 1983 Documentary of the Worlds Fastest Growing Religion  Fereidun G. Jorjani https://www.imdb.com/name/nm3681195/?ref_=nv_sr_srsg_0

Transcript

00:00:28oh

00:00:56oh

00:01:10ah

00:01:25six centuries after the birth of christ

00:01:28a barely known nomadic people emerging

00:01:30from arabia

00:01:31were on the point of thrusting

00:01:32themselves into history

00:01:35they will travel far beyond the limits

00:01:37of the desert to make their

00:01:38mark on the rich land of europe and of

00:01:41north africa

00:01:42they were arabs the followers of a new

00:01:45faith islam

00:01:46and one century later this faith will

00:01:49hold its way over a large area of our

00:01:51world

00:01:53they will threaten and conquer part of

00:01:55the christian empire of byzantium

00:01:58a barbarous europe spain sicily southern

00:02:01france and part of italy

00:02:03and of the newly planted christian faith

00:02:05already dispossessed

00:02:07of some of its oldest strongholds

00:02:25what does it mean to us what was islam

00:02:28before our time what do we know of it

00:02:31today

00:02:33what is this religion which our western

00:02:35world out of fear

00:02:37pride or indifference has most often

00:02:40refused to acknowledge

00:02:41and which it has for a long time looked

00:02:44at

00:02:45only through the distorting glass of the

00:02:48crusades what

00:02:50islam says today is said by nearly a

00:02:52billion

00:02:53human beings who are muslims in arabic

00:02:56the muslim moon those who profess the

00:02:59islamic faith

00:03:00they are in the arabian peninsula in

00:03:03cairo egypt

00:03:04in damascus syria in baghdad iraq

00:03:12more in new delhi india

00:03:15in lahore pakistan in samarkand

00:03:18in the soviet union

00:03:22in kuala lumpur malaysia in istanbul

00:03:26between europe and asia

00:03:30in sarajevo in yugoslavia

00:03:39and likewise in timbuktu in the heart of

00:03:42africa

00:03:45in paris just as they are in the modern

00:03:48cities

00:03:49of america

00:03:57this mosque is in the city of washington

00:04:05geographically the muslim religion

00:04:06reaches over an extensive portion of the

00:04:08earth

00:04:09between the atlantic and the pacific its

00:04:12frontiers are not

00:04:13sharply defined here and there they are

00:04:16taking non-muslim minorities

00:04:18while even beyond them the faith is

00:04:20spreading

00:04:25islam has conquered some of the most

00:04:26isolated deserts in the world

00:04:28from the indian to the sahara

00:04:37and in contrast some of the most

00:04:39populous spots on our globe

00:04:41the valleys of the nile and the ganges

00:04:43and the islands of indonesia

00:04:47muslim civilization extends from the

00:04:49unshaded eastern deserts

00:04:51to the high steps of iran afghanistan

00:04:54and central asia

00:05:00here muslims call themselves kurds

00:05:02turkmons

00:05:04caregives or patans some nomadic

00:05:08some settled forming a mosaic of peoples

00:05:11and customs

00:05:12the same varieties all the way from

00:05:15snows

00:05:16to the warm seas of indonesia malaysia

00:05:19and the southern philippines millions of

00:05:21people

00:05:22living on far away islands millions more

00:05:27muslims

00:05:30but beyond nationality and the

00:05:32difference of cultures

00:05:33beyond all division of politics faith is

00:05:36a strong bond which links together these

00:05:50souls

00:06:08at every moment of the day there are

00:06:09muslims somewhere in the world

00:06:11turning towards mecca to pray

00:06:29the sacred core where pilgrims are to be

00:06:31found every year bearing witness to the

00:06:33spiritual unity

00:06:34this brotherhood which knows no

00:06:36frontiers

00:06:41the faith of islam is gaining new

00:06:43territory it is spreading in africa from

00:06:46senegal to somalia

00:06:47from mauritania and chad into cameroon

00:06:50and southern equatorial of africa

00:06:57but it encompasses other contrasts

00:06:59besides those of country

00:07:00those of manner of life at one extreme

00:07:04rural communities with closely guarded

00:07:06traditions and the other

00:07:08modern cities

00:07:22progress

00:07:29industry

00:07:53in some countries islam is the

00:07:54inspiration for every aspect of

00:07:56political life

00:07:58as in arabia where the king is also the

00:08:00prime minister and commander-in-chief of

00:08:02the army

00:08:03and where the sole source of the law is

00:08:05the quran

00:08:07where and how god whose prophet is

00:08:09muhammad

00:08:10as he revealed himself to man where did

00:08:13this civilization begin

00:08:21in arabia or as its own people call it

00:08:24the island of arabia

00:08:26it is virtually an island in the past

00:08:29to travel a real knowledge of navigation

00:08:32was required

00:08:35across the waves of sand and stretches

00:08:37of rock in the north

00:08:42over the waters of the red sea to the

00:08:44west

00:08:48over the indian ocean and the persian

00:08:50gulf to the south

00:08:52and to the east cut off from asia and

00:08:55africa by sea

00:08:56and from the ancient lands of persia and

00:08:58the eastern mediterranean by the desert

00:09:01this half continent three times the size

00:09:04of france

00:09:05shows many faces but forms in its

00:09:08occupants

00:09:08a sort of common consciousness

00:09:12on the west along the red sea rises a

00:09:14frontier of mountains over a mile high

00:09:17in the south and southwest chains of yet

00:09:20higher mountains

00:09:21form the more fertile regions of yemen

00:09:23and hadra mount

00:09:24sloping down in the center to the

00:09:27persian gulf

00:09:28a huge desert plateau a giant tableland

00:10:08history already had numerous and

00:10:10long-established relationships with the

00:10:12settled part of arabia

00:10:14we find evidence of these contacts in

00:10:16the valley of the nile

00:10:18here in fibs in upper egypt thirty-five

00:10:20centuries ago

00:10:21lived queen hatshepsut who sent out an

00:10:24expedition against what was then known

00:10:26as the land of punt

00:10:27situated on both sides of the mouth of

00:10:29the red sea

00:10:31the story of the whole expedition is

00:10:33related along the walls of the queen's

00:10:35tomb

00:10:36the landings the offerings the welcoming

00:10:38ceremonies

00:10:44in the south close to the sources of the

00:10:46nile in ethiopia

00:10:47archaeology has proved that people from

00:10:50southern arabia crossed the red sea

00:10:52in the sixth or fifth century before

00:10:54christ and settled here in the highlands

00:10:56of ethiopia

00:10:58which were in so many ways like the

00:11:00territories they have left

00:11:02here the arabs established a great

00:11:03independent kingdom

00:11:05more and more traces of which are being

00:11:07discovered each year

00:11:10the greatest settlement of the arab

00:11:11civilization in ethiopia

00:11:13was at axum the capital of the kingdom

00:11:16which began

00:11:17arab and became ethiopian and christian

00:11:20in the 16th century a.d

00:11:22a kingdom which was able to survive in

00:11:24complete isolation well beyond the year

00:11:28all these traces bear witness of what

00:11:31was certainly a great arab civilization

00:11:34which we know so little about but it is

00:11:37not only stones that remind us

00:11:39the memory of man is recorded in the

00:11:41manuscripts of christian ethiopia

00:11:43continued to describe to us the life of

00:11:46this queen of sheba

00:11:47whose huge kingdom stretched along both

00:11:50sides of the red sea

00:11:52she is the lady as we are told in the

00:11:54biblical book of kings

00:11:55who gave a large quantity of spices and

00:11:58precious stones to solomon

00:12:02in craft more imposing the leaves but

00:12:05perhaps of the same model

00:12:07the red sea carried men and products

00:12:09between africa

00:12:10and asia for many centuries across the

00:12:14sea the trade was carried on

00:12:16turning southern arabia into a cradle of

00:12:22civilization

00:12:35this was the arabia felix the happy

00:12:38arabia of antiquity

00:12:40the country of perfumes incense and more

00:12:43an enchanted and fabled land

00:12:46if this arabia had sailors and kings it

00:12:49had more important than all

00:12:51peasants by their efforts the land

00:12:54became

00:12:54rich irrigated and fertile people said

00:12:58that the areas of cultivation were so

00:13:00thick that the horsemen could ride for a

00:13:02month without leaving the shade

00:13:05the whole agricultural and hydraulic

00:13:07system depended upon a huge

00:13:09dam at maddim of which not a trace

00:13:18remains

00:13:20it is here at sana the capital of yemen

00:13:23that we can visualize what the towns of

00:13:25this old civilization were like

00:13:27by themselves these palaces of stone

00:13:30reveal the originality of the settled

00:13:32countries of the south

00:13:33proud of their strength and their

00:13:35traditions here can be learned something

00:13:37of the golden age of the southern arabia

00:13:40before the coming of the prophet between

00:13:427th century bc

00:13:44and 2nd century a.d there were also

00:13:47fabrics perfumes and different woods

00:13:50which the harbors today seeming so

00:13:52modest

00:13:52received from india and eastern africa

00:13:55gathered into the towns these products

00:13:58were carried by caravans along the

00:14:00routes to egypt

00:14:01to syria to the roman west and to

00:14:03mesopotamia

00:14:05the vast trade from which southern

00:14:07arabia was the starting point

00:14:09changed fundamentally the relations

00:14:11between the nomads of the center

00:14:13and the settlers of the south the

00:14:15antiquity between two worlds between two

00:14:17ways of life

00:14:19gave way to an inevitable collaboration

00:14:22the nomad could not do without the

00:14:24merchant who paid him for the right of

00:14:26crossing his territory

00:14:27and a merchant couldn't do without the

00:14:29nomad who guided his caravans

00:14:33soon the ports and warehouses of the

00:14:35south were in touch with the great

00:14:36markets of the north

00:14:38the city-states of petra and palmyra

00:14:41centuries at the gates of arabia

00:14:43nudging the economic and cultural

00:14:44borders of the mediterranean

00:14:56jordan a narrow path 12 miles long

00:14:59and at the end an enormous half circle

00:15:02of cliffs

00:15:04this town which can only be reached via

00:15:06a single road

00:15:08this walk town in petra this town which

00:15:10arab tribes called

00:15:12nabataeans founded in the fifth century

00:15:14before christ

00:15:15was influenced by greek culture but even

00:15:18if written in aramaic

00:15:20the spoken language was arabic

00:15:26generations of bedouins have stopped

00:15:38here

00:15:42these temples these stores

00:15:46these tombs these ruins

00:15:49bear witness to the busy life of a large

00:15:52town

00:15:53a caravan port petra became the capital

00:15:56of an arab merchant state

00:15:58which redistributed the produce of the

00:16:00east throughout the mediterranean

00:16:03rome objected made sure of her control

00:16:06over the town

00:16:07and then absorbed it for good under

00:16:09trajan in the first century of our

00:16:11era

00:16:17another great desert port created by

00:16:19arab nomads turned settlers palmyra in

00:16:22syria

00:16:23at the crossroads of roots coming from

00:16:25the south and the east

00:16:27itself a relay point on the route to

00:16:28central asia and china

00:16:42in the time of its splendor between the

00:16:44first and third century a.d

00:16:46palmyra or as it is called here tatmur

00:16:49was governed by a local aristocracy

00:16:51which made it one of the great forces in

00:16:53the eastern mediterranean

00:16:55the history of palmyra which ends with

00:16:57queen zenobia in arabic

00:16:59zainab is that of a merchant aristocracy

00:17:02which believed it could rival rome

00:17:04and persia

00:17:21in the second half of the third century

00:17:22palmyra which governed

00:17:24all the caravan traffic to asia minor

00:17:26mesopotamia arabia

00:17:28egypt and western mediterranean palmyra

00:17:31the proud rebelled against rome

00:17:34a few overwhelming victories and then

00:17:37the roman war machine reacted

00:17:39the emperor aurelian captured queen

00:17:41zenobia and led her away in chains of

00:17:44gold

00:17:45nonetheless it is in relation to persian

00:17:47and roman empires in its context of

00:17:49politics and international trade of

00:17:51those times

00:17:52that they began in central arabia in the

00:17:55area of the red sea

00:17:57the economic ascendancy of a country

00:17:59called the

00:18:00jazz

00:18:11it is in the central regions in the

00:18:13areas faster than say

00:18:15all france shaped in large part by

00:18:17mountains

00:18:18gorgeous cliffs and craters it is in

00:18:21this land

00:18:22formed by the wind and heat with sand

00:18:25that the bedouin nomads live exactly

00:18:28as they have done for thousands of years

00:18:31amongst them we are in the heart of a

00:18:33country

00:18:34that seems to have no history but today

00:18:39the nomad always on the move finds his

00:18:42biggest challenge in these mountains

00:18:45the peaks rise very high more than a

00:18:48mile in the region of

00:18:50southern arabia but these same mountains

00:18:53have found

00:18:53favor with the bedouin tribes helpful in

00:18:56the defense of their independence

00:18:58they permit them to hold on to their two

00:19:00means of existence

00:19:02water and pasture it has always been

00:19:05as it is today the water in this desert

00:19:08was to be found at distances

00:19:10which measured by days of travel from

00:19:13here to the nearest well

00:19:15is two days journey and sometimes you

00:19:17arrive there and find no

00:19:19water either for yourself or for your

00:19:22camel

00:19:30bedouin pasture land scatty pastorage

00:19:33which to us appears to be as arid as the

00:19:35rest of the desert

00:19:37and yet bunches of this dirty plant are

00:19:40enough to banish the hunger of the

00:19:42bedouins camels and goats

00:19:47whenever the pasture appears the tents

00:19:50spring up

00:19:51and thus for centuries little islands of

00:19:54life

00:19:54have arisen out of nothing in the midst

00:19:56of hostile environment

00:19:59before the coming of the prophet bedouin

00:20:01society lived

00:20:02just as it does today the daily life of

00:20:05a bedouin family

00:20:07simple austere patriarchal has gone on

00:20:11for centuries

00:20:12in the shade of a tent raised on the top

00:20:14of a bare hill

00:20:16a few reserves of food which dry in the

00:20:18sun the milk and cheese

00:20:20of goats a little rice and flower

00:20:23procured at some oasis now forgotten in

00:20:26exchange of dairy products in some yard

00:20:28here daily life begins before dawn

00:20:32by sunrise the men are already some way

00:20:34off

00:20:35leaving the old people to light the fire

00:20:50and the women to make the bread no mad

00:20:52women have always been

00:20:54less confined and freer than those who

00:20:56live at the oasis in the towns

00:20:58and above all they have had their roles

00:21:01as mothers

00:21:02in a society otherwise extremely

00:21:04patriarchal

00:21:05for the real wealth is the children

00:21:08from 8 of 10 children are taught to lead

00:21:11and guard the animals

00:21:13and they say there is nothing to shape

00:21:15character more than this unending

00:21:17solitude

00:21:18according to complex social attitudes

00:21:21and moral conventions based on the

00:21:23moruva

00:21:24manly honor this honor means pride in

00:21:27the closeness of the group

00:21:29respect for the elder and the weak

00:21:31generosity and forgiveness

00:21:34a tribe is an association of families

00:21:36who trace their beginnings back to a

00:21:38common ancestor

00:21:42hospitality is the chief virtue the

00:21:45arrival of a guest is the signal for

00:21:47celebration

00:21:48an opportunity to show one's generosity

00:21:50no matter what time of day or night

00:21:59by unanimous and unspoken consent they

00:22:01acknowledge the authority of a sheikh

00:22:04a chief chosen from among themselves

00:22:07the sheik has no force at his disposal

00:22:10only his moral influence

00:22:12and his skill in speaking for everybody

00:22:14in the class

00:22:15can make his authority prevailing

00:22:19the theme is unchanging through all the

00:22:22joys and struggles and great events of

00:22:24the people

00:22:24the song exalts the glory of the tribe

00:22:29this is their greatest sensitivity

00:22:31poetry serves to express the vital need

00:22:33of the communal life which we'll meet

00:22:34with throughout islam

00:22:36the group alone allows the individual to

00:22:39survive

00:22:40in a hostile environment loners and

00:22:42outcasts are rarely met with

00:22:44and those few are inevitably led to a

00:22:47life of solitude

00:22:49listen to one of them the old poet shan

00:22:54how many weary days did i live through

00:22:56in the merciless heat without shelter

00:22:58and its drags

00:23:00before my tribe finally banished me

00:23:03forever and condemned me to perish in

00:23:07solitude

00:23:09here am i brought down to nothing

00:23:13tormented forever in the midst of the

00:23:14desert

00:23:16do not bury me i do not want the sands

00:23:20to heap over my head

00:23:22thou o wind blow over me and release me

00:23:25from the spot of the sands

00:23:27and at last my head will be covered

00:23:31and my body abandoned in the field

00:23:35of combat

00:23:41there is another aspect of the desert

00:23:43life the necessity of survival in those

00:23:46regions where an increased dryness

00:23:48upsets the delicate balance of life and

00:23:50causes a sudden raid

00:23:52the gazo rarely murderous against the

00:23:55rival tribe

00:23:56or against the people settled at the

00:23:58oasis

00:23:59these oasis on the fringes of the desert

00:24:01where some nomads have settled to enjoy

00:24:03a secure way of life

00:24:05guaranteed by the water

00:24:08it was in this region in the city of

00:24:10mecca in 570 a.d

00:24:13that a boy was born into the bani hashem

00:24:15family

00:24:16of the quraish clan he was named

00:24:19mohammed

00:24:20an ordinary child like any other child

00:24:25muhammad lost his father abdullah and

00:24:27his mother amene

00:24:29very early in childhood he was raised

00:24:32first by his grandfather

00:24:33abdul muttalib and then by his uncle

00:24:36abu talam it is believed that muhammad

00:24:40was sent to a nomadic tribe to be raised

00:24:42according to his clan's tradition in the

00:24:44desert like this child

00:24:47like these bedouin children the young

00:24:49orphan was carrying on responsibilities

00:24:51like other boys in the bedouin tribes

00:24:54looking after animals and performing

00:24:56other duties young muhammad

00:25:01was looking after the animals on the

00:25:02hillside where two angels appeared in a

00:25:05golden cloud

00:25:07and took hold of him with secret

00:25:10gestures

00:25:10they reached to his chest and washed his

00:25:13heart

00:25:14from a golden goblet this action

00:25:17placed in him the breath of god

00:25:21muhammad passed most of his youth here

00:25:24close to the route

00:25:25which caravans took to carry the goods

00:25:27leaving mecca for the north

00:25:29the caravan traders of mecca controlled

00:25:31the routes to the mediterranean

00:25:33it is believed that muhammad with his

00:25:35uncle abu taleb

00:25:37a merchant traveled along the caravan

00:25:39routes to the north

00:25:40and to syria through the years the

00:25:43caravan

00:25:44routes from mecca led muhammad out of

00:25:47the limits of the arabian peninsula

00:25:49into the mediterranean where at that

00:25:52time not only trade was spreading

00:25:54but also the great ideas were at hand

00:25:57the ideas of christianity

00:25:59and monotheism the startling doctrine

00:26:02of one and only god

00:26:06muhammad talked to rabbis monks and

00:26:09christian merchants

00:26:10and learned about christianity and of

00:26:12hebrew doctrine

00:26:14and of the final day of judgment

00:26:18in muhammad's time hermits lived in

00:26:20caves throughout the hijaz

00:26:22later on muslim tradition would say that

00:26:24these arab hermits

00:26:26foreshadowed what was to come they were

00:26:29early followers of monotheism

00:26:31which would become the true religion

00:26:39at age 25 muhammad was a young merchant

00:26:42whose wisdom and honesty had already won

00:26:44him the nickname

00:26:45al-amin the trustworthy he was

00:26:48unlettered

00:26:49but sophisticated haditha a rich

00:26:52merchant widow

00:26:53had heard of muhammad she asked his

00:26:56cooperation

00:26:57mohammed led her caravan to syria and

00:27:00brought back

00:27:00goods to be sold in mecca haditha heard

00:27:04admiration from the other and more

00:27:06experienced caravan members about him

00:27:09through a friend khadija proposed to

00:27:11marry the young mohammed

00:27:12she was 15 years older than he

00:27:15khadija became his wife

00:27:21thus muhammad gained an important

00:27:23position

00:27:24but wealth and business could not

00:27:26satisfy his concern about

00:27:28religions he seeks a deeper meaning for

00:27:31his society and god

00:27:33the concept of allah the one and only

00:27:37muhammad felt the need to find solitude

00:27:40often he climbed to a small cave amongst

00:27:43the rocks of mount hera

00:27:44just north of mecca fasting and

00:27:47meditating

00:27:48in order to get close to his god in the

00:27:51light of what he had learned

00:27:53the old pagan idols of arabia looked

00:28:00shameful

00:28:02one night in the middle of the month of

00:28:04ramadan

00:28:05the moment of revelation came

00:28:10the archangel gabriel appeared to

00:28:12muhammad

00:28:13a blinding vision of thunder and light

00:28:18that frightened him to his knees and

00:28:20said to him

00:28:22recite muhammad heard the angel as

00:28:26commanding him

00:28:27three times recite in the name of allah

00:28:31who created man from a clot who teacheth

00:28:34man

00:28:35that which he knew not

00:28:38muhammad quietly replied

00:28:41but i do not know how to recite

00:28:46muhammad deeply troubled in fear and

00:28:50trembling at his destiny

00:28:51brought himself down out of the mountain

00:28:54he questioned himself

00:28:56would i be the same as one of those

00:28:58clairvoyants who finds

00:29:00lost animals

00:29:03he returned home bewildered to his wife

00:29:06who calmed him and was first to believe

00:29:10muhammad was to lead his people to the

00:29:12right path

00:29:20for three years after this day muhammad

00:29:23returned to mount hera

00:29:25and the revelation continued it was

00:29:28clear to him

00:29:29that the voice was a messenger of allah

00:29:32the supreme being

00:29:33the god of jews and christians the

00:29:35creator of everything

00:29:37the creator of stars and sky mountains

00:29:40and seas

00:29:41moon and heaven and man who must appear

00:29:45before allah

00:29:46on the day of final judgment

00:29:50at the time the ka'ba was dedicated to

00:29:52many gods

00:29:53the chief of which were the three in one

00:29:56allah

00:29:58muhammad begins preaching to his people

00:30:03is a sacred house built by abraham the

00:30:05prophet of one god the father of jews

00:30:09arabs and christians

00:30:11it must be cleansed of man-made idols

00:30:14punishment soon comes to those who have

00:30:16refused to hear the word of allah

00:30:19those of you who worship these idols are

00:30:22pagans

00:30:24a few close friends of the prophet

00:30:26understood this message

00:30:28but more important it went straight to

00:30:30the heart of the poor people

00:30:32slaves the laborers and all the others

00:30:35who were humiliated by the class

00:30:37conscious merchants of mecca

00:30:44meccans are threatened they react

00:30:46harshly

00:30:47muhammad has discredited their gods and

00:30:49called them pagans

00:30:51and most of all he has threatened their

00:30:53pocket books

00:30:55muhammad says a moral life is a life

00:30:58which a man

00:30:58uses his wealth for a just cause and the

00:31:01wealthy and powerful must give to the

00:31:04poor and oppressed

00:31:07man should not marry to more than four

00:31:10wives at the same time

00:31:11and must treat them equally and

00:31:13respectfully

00:31:15women have the right to inherit property

00:31:18the rich must pay

00:31:19taxes to the poor and no one should lend

00:31:22money for profit making

00:31:24the meccans receive these messages as

00:31:26threatening ideas

00:31:28the merchants and the rich men of mecca

00:31:29whose great source of income was the

00:31:31kaaba

00:31:32with its old idols were afraid to lose

00:31:34their benefits

00:31:35they decided to plot against muhammad

00:31:40time and time again openly muhammad and

00:31:42his followers were harassed

00:31:45meccans were afraid to kill muhammad

00:31:47because of the powerful quraysh clan

00:31:50who might revenge him but the increasing

00:31:52harassment had threatened muhammad's

00:31:54followers

00:31:55in addition to these problems now his

00:31:58wife

00:31:59khadijah dies muhammad gathered his

00:32:03followers quietly and told them to leave

00:32:05mecca

00:32:06they went and crossed the red sea to

00:32:08abyssinia

00:32:09where the quraysh clan had been trading

00:32:11for many years

00:32:13this was the first muslim community

00:32:15outside the arabian peninsula

00:32:21lonely and sad muhammad prays to his god

00:32:24at kaaba

00:32:25suddenly the archangel gabriel appeared

00:32:28again

00:32:29took him up gently placed him on the

00:32:32wing of a fabulous creature

00:32:34among other angels flew him to jerusalem

00:32:37and then lifted him up into the seventh

00:32:40heaven

00:32:40where muhammad spoke to the past

00:32:42prophets abraham noha

00:32:44moses and jesus the angels brought him

00:32:47back to kaaba

00:32:48where muhammad proved the truth of

00:32:50messages of other prophets

00:32:57was busy plotting against muhammad and

00:33:00each tribe took part in the conspiracy

00:33:02to kill muhammad and his followers

00:33:05it was a time for yearly pilgrimage to

00:33:08mecca

00:33:11yathrib an oasis 200 miles to the north

00:33:14had already heard of muhammad's messages

00:33:16of brotherhood

00:33:19they decided to send a delegation to

00:33:21mecca as pilgrims

00:33:22but secretly they must meet with

00:33:24muhammad and invite him and his

00:33:26followers to their town

00:33:39the delegation met with him secretly

00:33:46meccan conspirators became aware of

00:33:48these and set the time for action

00:33:51for the next day but they were too late

00:33:55muhammad and his followers slipped away

00:33:56from mecca under the veil of moonless

00:33:59night

00:33:59mounting camels they embarked for the

00:34:02oasis of yatrib

00:34:04this immigration which is called an

00:34:06arabic hedrah

00:34:07starts the first year of the muslim

00:34:09calendar

00:34:13it took muhammad and his followers

00:34:15several days to reach the safety of

00:34:16yathrib

00:34:18they had traveled fast avoiding the main

00:34:20caravan route

00:34:21and water wells

00:34:30people of yathrib were alerted of his

00:34:32coming

00:34:33a small band of muslim converts living

00:34:35at the oasis

00:34:36were waiting for him when muhammad

00:34:39arrived there

00:34:40they shouted he has come he has come

00:34:44tears staining their cheeks they offered

00:34:47him their homes

00:34:48but muhammad said god will guide my

00:34:51camel to a chosen spot

00:34:54his camel stopped and kneeled near a

00:34:56small barn

00:34:58here muhammad with his own hands with

00:35:00help of his followers

00:35:02built the world's first mosque from then

00:35:05on

00:35:05the oasis at yathrib became known to the

00:35:08world

00:35:08as medina tall nabi city of the prophet

00:35:12or simply medina

00:35:15the extraordinary personality of

00:35:17muhammad the small muslim community

00:35:19began to flourish

00:35:20and became a political force muhammad

00:35:23marries

00:35:24and has children the revelation

00:35:27continued and was written down

00:35:30these revelations form the quran the

00:35:32muslim holy book

00:35:35now the quran sets the guidelines on the

00:35:37practical matters

00:35:38such as taxes trades marriage divorce

00:35:41and military matters

00:35:43and details how a muslim should conduct

00:35:46his prayers

00:35:58allah commands muhammad to make a war

00:36:00against non-believers

00:36:04the first target was the annual caravan

00:36:06moving south from damascus

00:36:10a thousand camels full with goods the

00:36:13meccan merchants were forewarned of the

00:36:15muslim plans

00:36:16and they rushed in reinforcements to

00:36:18defend the caravan

00:36:33at the walls of battered near the red

00:36:35sea coast they surprised muhammad's army

00:36:37of 300

00:36:39muhammad shouted all who died today

00:36:43will enter paradise

00:36:46outnumbered three to one the muslims

00:36:50fought bravely and fiercely

00:36:53and triumphed

00:36:59a year later at mount uh near medina the

00:37:02meccans retaliated

00:37:04history records 27 raids

00:37:07slowly by treaty and skirmish muhammad

00:37:11converted the bedouin tribes of the

00:37:12surrounding desert

00:37:15mastering their swords to the cause of

00:37:17islam

00:37:19after almost two decades muhammad the

00:37:22prophet re-entered his native city mecca

00:37:24now leading an army of ten thousand

00:37:27mecca was surrendered

00:37:29without a fight the prophet walked to

00:37:31the ka'aba

00:37:32touched the black stone and made the

00:37:35prescribed seven

00:37:36circuits he ordered to smash the idols

00:37:41he declared a general amnesty and

00:37:44meccans swore allegiance to the prophet

00:37:46of god

00:38:05mecca joins islam and ka'aba

00:38:09becomes the holy shrine of islam

00:38:12in respecting the kaaba muhammad avoided

00:38:15hurting the feelings of his compatriots

00:38:17of mecca

00:38:18the old forms of pilgrimage were kept

00:38:21but

00:38:21quietly changed within two years

00:38:25much of arabia was united under the

00:38:27banner of islam

00:38:29but the prophet's mission was nearing

00:38:31its end

00:38:32back in medina he fell ill weakening

00:38:36in each passing day and finally on june

00:38:40632 in the arms of his favorite wife

00:38:43aisha

00:38:45muhammad whispered his last devotions

00:38:47then

00:38:48peacefully surrendered to allah's will

00:38:53aisha's father abu bakr gave the news of

00:38:55his death

00:38:58men may all those who knew muhammad

00:39:01learned that he is dead

00:39:03may all those who worship the god of

00:39:05muhammad

00:39:06know that he is alive and immortal

00:39:19the one and only god is the god of

00:39:22biblical tradition

00:39:24muslims believe in god in what has been

00:39:26revealed in

00:39:27abraham in esmael in isaac in jacob

00:39:31in what was given to moses and jesus in

00:39:33what was given to the prophets on the

00:39:35part of the lord

00:39:37muhammad always said that abraham moses

00:39:39and jesus

00:39:40were his predecessors the quran is quite

00:39:43clear about

00:39:44jesus by denying him a divine nature it

00:39:46is this which divides islam from

00:39:48christianity with their faith in jesus

00:39:50christ

00:39:51the only son of god born of the father

00:39:53at the beginning of the world

00:39:55in effect through the quran god says

00:39:59god cannot be penetrated he has no

00:40:02offspring

00:40:02he has no father none is equal to him

00:40:08the muslim community deeply believes

00:40:10that everything that is taking place

00:40:12is the divine will and is best for the

00:40:15community

00:40:16destiny after all is in the hands of

00:40:18allah and every muslim will be fulfilled

00:40:20of his expectation by god

00:40:22even if this fulfillment is deferred to

00:40:24the day of judgment

00:40:26the way muslims think of themselves and

00:40:28the way they interpret the meaning of

00:40:30life

00:40:31is the fact that human beings are

00:40:32created like everything else in the

00:40:34universe

00:40:35by force which neither they understand

00:40:38nor control men come into existence and

00:40:41pass away not by their own

00:40:43choice and decision but by an

00:40:45overwhelming

00:40:46power beyond their comprehension

00:41:20i bear witness that there is no god

00:41:23but allah and i bear witness that

00:41:26muhammad

00:41:27is the servant and apostle of allah

00:41:30the profession of the faith the first

00:41:32pillar of islam means

00:41:34to believe that there is no god but the

00:41:36divine supreme creator of everything

00:41:40the second pillar is prayer which holds

00:41:42this community together

00:41:44by means of certain common gestures in

00:41:46their worship

00:41:47and turns men's minds towards their

00:41:50creator

00:41:52islam has fixed the number of daily

00:41:54prayers at five

00:41:56dawn

00:42:00midday

00:42:04afternoon dusk

00:42:07and evening prayers are said in bare

00:42:10feet

00:42:10with the face turned to mecca but these

00:42:13prayers are said

00:42:14only after the compulsory rite of

00:42:16purification

00:42:18there are no altars in the mosques its

00:42:21minarets and domes

00:42:23stand over empty spaces which hold the

00:42:25mystery of god

00:42:27a niche indicates the direction of mecca

00:42:30and so a prayer

00:42:32sermons or readings from the quran are

00:42:35given from the pulpit

00:42:37islam has no priests every believer is

00:42:41himself

00:42:41face to face with god anyone can lead

00:42:45prayer or preach however little the

00:42:48community judges him to be worthy and

00:42:50able

00:42:52as the center of prayer and the meeting

00:42:54place for the whole community

00:42:56a mosque presupposes a city life all

00:42:58around it

00:43:00and so a mosque built today in the heart

00:43:02of the city

00:43:03reminds us of what the prophet foresaw

00:43:05in the beginning

00:43:07his word addressed to the people of the

00:43:09city the tradesmen

00:43:11craftsmen and workers

00:43:19the bedouins were on the outside of this

00:43:21emerging islam

00:43:23the washing which is called for before

00:43:25prayer could not take place here

00:43:28where it is difficult to find water it

00:43:31was only as an afterthought

00:43:32in the final syrahs of the quran that

00:43:35islam authorized sand

00:43:37for the ritual of purification

00:43:41and the nomad's prayer is often solitary

00:43:44and it was these same bedouins who

00:43:46assured the early success of islam

00:44:02the third pillar of islam unquestionably

00:44:05is almsgiving

00:44:07oh believer give out in alms

00:44:10whatever is the best of your possessions

00:44:15it is good to give alms by the light of

00:44:17day

00:44:18but to give them in secret is better and

00:44:21brings greater forgiveness

00:44:26empty squares and empty streets

00:44:30this is a town in islam which is usually

00:44:32busy

00:44:33but which we have arrived at during the

00:44:35month of ramadan

00:44:37the fourth pillar of islam is this month

00:44:40of fasting

00:44:41more faithfully observed than lent in

00:44:43the christian world

00:44:45it requires the faithful to refrain from

00:44:47food and drink

00:44:49from dawn to dusk in spirit of sacrifice

00:44:53and purification and out of respect for

00:44:55this month

00:44:56when the revelation came down to the

00:44:58earth for the first time

00:45:16ah

00:45:19the fifth and last pillar of the faith

00:45:22is pilgrimage to mecca

00:45:24the holiest place of islam here

00:45:27the sense of community reaches its

00:45:29highest points

00:45:30with a really universal dimension

00:45:46looking at this crowd so mixed in

00:45:49nationality culture and wealth we have

00:45:52to put to ourselves

00:45:54a question how has islam

00:45:57kept this unity for 13 centuries

00:46:01this belief in the soul of god

00:46:04of whom muhammad is the prophet

00:46:09to islam it was abraham who built the

00:46:11kaaba

00:46:12and placed the first house for the true

00:46:14god

00:46:15some rites in this pilgrimage also carry

00:46:17the memory of abraham

00:46:19there is the night before reassembly of

00:46:21pilgrims at a place called mazdalifa

00:46:24the pebbles they are looking for will be

00:46:26thrown at three rocks tomorrow

00:46:28for islam these rocks are the one where

00:46:30the devil stood and tried to persuade

00:46:32abraham

00:46:33from giving his son for sacrifice and

00:46:36these pebbles represent the ones

00:46:38abraham threw at the devil to chase him

00:46:40away

00:46:41another ritual is connected with this

00:46:43portico which links to hills called safa

00:46:46and marva the pagan arabs made this

00:46:49portico the seat of mysterious natural

00:46:52forces

00:46:53but these pilgrims we watch following

00:46:55the ritual of walking back and forth

00:46:57seven

00:46:57times bring back the memory of agar

00:47:00the reputed wife of abraham looking for

00:47:03water for her son ishmael

00:47:06it was at mecca on this hill of arafat

00:47:09which is now one of the final points in

00:47:11the pilgrimage of the faithful

00:47:13where muhammad already sick gave his

00:47:16last sermon in the year

00:47:18632 of the hajjira men

00:47:22listen to my words and weigh them in

00:47:24your hearts

00:47:26i have fulfilled what was intended for

00:47:28me in this life

00:47:30and leave you a cause which is clear

00:47:34you will take pains never to lose it for

00:47:37it is the book

00:47:38of god and the law of his prophet

00:47:41listen to my words know that every

00:47:44muslim

00:47:45is a brother to all the others a

00:47:48faithful muslim believes that the law of

00:47:50islam

00:47:51is the essential of his religion in

00:47:54islam

00:47:55law is more important even than theology

00:47:59to understand islam thoroughly one must

00:48:02understand

00:48:03islamic law in islam the law of the

00:48:06quran is virtually as important as the

00:48:08quran itself

00:48:10the religious law sets guidelines and

00:48:13governs the life of

00:48:14every believer violation of the islamic

00:48:17laws is not only considered a commitment

00:48:20of a crime

00:48:21but also is considered to be a sin quran

00:48:25sets the guidelines even in practical

00:48:27matters

00:48:28such as trades taxes marriage divorce

00:48:31and military matters in trading for

00:48:34example

00:48:35koran forbids taking interest and

00:48:38prohibits

00:48:38any speculative transaction any

00:48:41transaction

00:48:42that results in unjustified profit

00:48:44making of one party

00:48:46if a profit were made it should be given

00:48:48to the needy

00:48:50this doctrine is driven from a quranic

00:48:52phrase

00:48:53god will abolish interest and cause

00:48:56charity

00:48:57to increase in the case of exchanging

00:49:00goods without using money

00:49:02quran sets two principles first the two

00:49:05goods to be exchanged must be equal

00:49:08in weight or quantity and second

00:49:11there must be no time delay in

00:49:14exchanging

00:49:15because it is possible that during the

00:49:17interval the value of one good

00:49:19might fluctuate and this may result in

00:49:22loss

00:49:22for one and profit for the other party

00:49:26in tax matters the quran is very clear

00:49:29as the third pillar of the faith every

00:49:31believer has to pay

00:49:32zakat zakat is not a kind of tax that

00:49:35governments levy on the public

00:49:37but it is an act of monetary worship

00:49:41the quran has generally mentioned zakat

00:49:44after prayer

00:49:45and has enjoined it as an important

00:49:47foundation

00:49:48of the divine religion which has been

00:49:50the creed of the former prophets in all

00:49:53ages

00:49:54the great moral and spiritual benefits

00:49:56that accrue from the

00:49:57institution of zakat for the muslim

00:50:00society

00:50:01and mankind at large can become possible

00:50:04only if the payer practices it as an act

00:50:07of benevolence and worship

00:50:09and does not regard it as a mere tax the

00:50:12quran also gives guidelines for

00:50:14upgrading the women's status

00:50:16in the society for instance a man

00:50:19is permitted to marry up to only four

00:50:21wives at the same time

00:50:23but he must treat them equally and women

00:50:26have the right to inherit

00:50:27property in the case of divorce islam

00:50:30does not involve

00:50:31a complicated or a long procedure the

00:50:34grounds for divorce and islam however

00:50:36are more liberal

00:50:37than in the west they are not limited to

00:50:39proven adultery or

00:50:41cruelty or long separation the couple

00:50:43may apply for separation

00:50:45simply when they realize that they

00:50:47cannot live together happily

00:50:49for any reason when divorce is completed

00:50:52the wife has to wait a certain period

00:50:54of time after separation from her

00:50:55husband by death or divorce

00:50:57before she can remarry this waiting is

00:51:00to determine whether she is pregnant

00:51:02from her ex-husband

00:51:03before she remarries and thereby guard

00:51:06against confusion of the paternity of

00:51:08the child

00:51:09but also to give the woman an

00:51:11opportunity to relax and somewhat forget

00:51:13her former association

00:51:15the quran also sets guidelines for

00:51:17alimony

00:51:18a divorced husband has to pay for the

00:51:20full maintenance of his divorced wife

00:51:23for the full waiting period this period

00:51:26is four months

00:51:27and 10 days for non-pregnant women and

00:51:30in case of a pregnancy

00:51:31until the child is born in the case of

00:51:34custody of children

00:51:36islam prescribed that the mother who is

00:51:37not incapacitated by a mental

00:51:40moral or religious cause has the first

00:51:43right to custody of her child

00:51:44boy or girl until the child reaches the

00:51:47age of seven

00:51:49when the right of custody reverts to the

00:51:51father the father has to support the

00:51:53child until such time

00:51:55as he can manage by himself if a boy or

00:51:58gets married

00:51:59if a girl a girl does not have to earn

00:52:01her own living

00:52:02her support is the duty of her father

00:52:05until she marries

00:52:22on the death of muhammad in 632 although

00:52:25a significant part of arabia had already

00:52:27been converted by the message of koran

00:52:30the muslim community was still very

00:52:32fragile and easily upset by the

00:52:34rivalries between the nomadic bedouins

00:52:36and the people who had settled at the

00:52:38oasis and towns

00:52:41there was also a quarrel between the

00:52:42inhabitants of mecca

00:52:44the guardians of the ka'aba and the

00:52:46people of medina

00:52:47were proud of being the first to embrace

00:52:50islam as a thorough religion

00:52:52at the heart of the family itself

00:52:54amongst the first companions of the

00:52:56prophet

00:52:57ambitions were beginning to show

00:52:58themselves

00:53:00there was a problem of a temporal

00:53:01spiritual succession to the prophet

00:53:04the word khalif means successor in

00:53:07arabic

00:53:08was the khalif just a substitute chosen

00:53:11by the community as the most worthy

00:53:13and authorized only to defend and to

00:53:15apply the thought revealed by the

00:53:17prophet

00:53:18or on the contrary was the quranic

00:53:21message

00:53:22much more an inspiration continuously

00:53:25renewed through descendants of the

00:53:27prophet

00:53:28whose successor was to be not only the

00:53:30leader of the community

00:53:31but also the source of religious law

00:53:38these two divergent attitudes of the

00:53:40young islam

00:53:41would make themselves felt throughout

00:53:43its history

00:53:45and yet in spite of these antagonisms in

00:53:48fact by going beyond

00:53:50the muslims set off on a spiritual and

00:53:53temporal conquest of the old

00:53:54civilizations

00:53:57do not yield yourselves out to the

00:54:00infidels

00:54:01struggle against them drawing strength

00:54:04from the quran

00:54:06fight the agents of satan his traps are

00:54:09truly weak

00:54:11the word of god made the inhabitants of

00:54:14arabia forget their squabbles

00:54:16and transform them into historical

00:54:18figures

00:54:20the reasons for the overwhelming

00:54:22victories of young islam

00:54:23are partially beyond our knowledge how

00:54:26did the arabs come to break out of their

00:54:28desert

00:54:29at a single stroke and abandon the life

00:54:31they knew as merchants caravan followers

00:54:34and shepherds

00:54:35there was a sudden explosion of energy

00:54:38reaching further and further

00:54:39in successive waves and the conversion

00:54:42of the conquered country was measured by

00:54:44the enthusiasm of the warriors

00:54:46and genius of the leaders if 20

00:54:50bold men are to be found among you

00:54:53they are worth 200 if you have

00:54:57a hundred they will be worth a thousand

00:55:00unbelievers facing the attack of a

00:55:03handful of ill-equipped nomads

00:55:05the two great empires of byzantium and

00:55:08sassanid

00:55:09persia revealed themselves as impotent

00:55:13the first four khalifs successors of the

00:55:15prophet

00:55:16were abu bakr father-in-law and

00:55:18companion of the prophet

00:55:20who died from an illness two years later

00:55:22then

00:55:23omar followed by othman and last of all

00:55:26ali son-in-law of the prophet these

00:55:30three were all murdered in dramatic

00:55:33but it was in this atmosphere of tension

00:55:36over a period of 25 years

00:55:38that the muslims became masters of the

00:55:40whole arabic peninsula

00:55:43capturing from byzantium syria palestine

00:55:46egypt installing themselves in tripoli

00:55:49landing on cyprus and after numerous

00:55:51battles

00:55:52conquering the whole of persia advancing

00:55:55toward

00:55:56india and central asia all this

00:55:59in 25 years

00:56:11to account for such extraordinary

00:56:13successes the high middle ages finds no

00:56:16explanation

00:56:17other than divine will for some

00:56:20the invaders were the supernatural

00:56:22forces of the antichrist

00:56:24for others they were judges sent by god

00:56:31certainly the religious element must not

00:56:33be underestimated

00:56:35the new faith praising its disciples

00:56:38struggles and promising them victory or

00:56:40paradise

00:56:42played a determining role we shall grant

00:56:45a reward without limit

00:56:48to whoever fights along god's road

00:56:51whether he be killed or victorious

00:56:55but the rapid collapse of the persian

00:56:57empire and the sassanid dynasty

00:56:59and the retreat of the byzantian empire

00:57:02is also accounted for by their own state

00:57:04of impotence and degradation

00:57:08here are the ruins of a byzantine city

00:57:11if such mighty walls were overcome and

00:57:14if so many monuments like these were

00:57:16smashed down

00:57:17it was because the advancing arabs

00:57:19sometimes found only

00:57:21shadows defying them the empires against

00:57:25which the turbulent

00:57:26young arab armies of islam measured

00:57:28themselves

00:57:29concealed behind their facades of power

00:57:31the far advanced

00:57:33weakness of a very sick body undermined

00:57:36by social inequalities

00:57:38and religious squabbles and these were

00:57:40made worse

00:57:41by the authoritarianism of its princes

00:57:46moreover these two great empires had

00:57:48been exhausting themselves in skirmishes

00:57:50and wars for many generations

00:57:53capturing and recapturing the provinces

00:57:56which

00:57:56islam was about to take for good

00:58:00the local populations were very quick to

00:58:03greet the newcomers as representatives

00:58:05of a more

00:58:05just society

00:58:10for the peasants of iran oppressed by

00:58:12the sassanid aristocracy

00:58:14as well as for the common man of asia

00:58:17minor in mediterranean africa

00:58:19harassed by the vicious taxes of

00:58:21byzantium

00:58:22islam met a relief after centuries of

00:58:26misery and exploitation

00:58:29by the grace of god you have become our

00:58:32brothers

00:58:33while you were once our enemies may you

00:58:36form a community

00:58:38with us poor man

00:58:42speaking to poor man

00:58:45they recognized each other and

00:58:47understood each other

00:58:48having already been acquainted since the

00:58:50time when the arab shepherd

00:58:52caravan driver or merchant had lingered

00:58:55on the outskirts of the cities

00:58:57nonetheless during the final years of

00:59:00the first period of conquest

00:59:02islam went through a particularly

00:59:04dramatic crisis

00:59:05which left scars behind which could be

00:59:08seen for centuries to mar

00:59:10unity after the murder of the third

00:59:13caliph of islam othman

00:59:15in his home at medina 656

00:59:18ali cousin and son-in-law of the prophet

00:59:21found himself inheriting the prophet's

00:59:23mentors

00:59:25although ali was easily able to defeat

00:59:28partisans

00:59:29encouraged by aisha one of the prophet's

00:59:32widows

00:59:33at the so-called battle of the camel he

00:59:35was obliged to come to understanding

00:59:37with the head

00:59:38of the umayyad clan from mecca who was

00:59:41the arab governor of syria and egypt

00:59:44they later took over the caliphate after

00:59:47the murder of ali in 660

00:59:49and introduced the dynastic principle

00:59:52into the succession of the prophet

01:00:03the umayyad dynasty was to govern the

01:00:05destiny of islam

01:00:06for nearly a hundred years during its

01:00:09predominance

01:00:10the conquest would be continued towards

01:00:12the west

01:00:13after desperate battles against the

01:00:15barbarous tribes of the maghreb

01:00:20the arabs reached the atlantic ocean and

01:00:23experienced perhaps the same torments

01:00:25and desire as the conqueror ugba

01:00:28even when he arrived there

01:00:31after galloping across libya he urged

01:00:34his horse into the waves and cried

01:00:37my god i call upon you to witness that

01:00:40if there were a way through here

01:00:42i would also cross this sea

01:00:48from morocco with the help from the

01:00:50berbers the armies of islam crossed into

01:00:52spain

01:00:53and from there they penetrated into the

01:00:55valley of rome

01:00:57and as far as poitiers in 732

01:01:01in the east the armies crossed the

01:01:03hindus

01:01:04and in the north got beyond samarkand

01:01:08these conquests mark the end of the

01:01:11first period

01:01:12of impetuous expansion from then

01:01:15onwards islam set about the organization

01:01:19of the conquered territory the umayyad

01:01:23khalifs

01:01:23moved the political capital from medina

01:01:26in arabia

01:01:27to damascus in syria and came to a

01:01:29decisive stage

01:01:31in the meeting of arabia and islam with

01:01:33the old cultures of mediterranean

01:01:35for the first time two words extending

01:01:39from the mouth of the hindus to spain

01:01:41found themselves united under the same

01:01:43authority

01:01:44fused in the same economic community

01:01:48dedicated to the same culture

01:02:02the first result of this new islam in

01:02:04the years after the conquest

01:02:06is the building of cities cities

01:02:09everywhere always

01:02:10bigger always more of them the muslims

01:02:13from arabia at the end of their long

01:02:15gallop across the desert

01:02:17set up miles of stone with these men the

01:02:20old cities took on new life

01:02:23and new cities arose on the earth either

01:02:25replacing ancient capitals

01:02:27fallen into ruin or growing up where

01:02:30there was nothing before

01:02:32to create new and important centers of

01:02:34islam's trade

01:02:35and defense

01:02:40damascus kufa basra and

01:02:43fustat corps of future cairo in the west

01:02:47cairo n the first town to be followed by

01:02:49others

01:02:51fez tunis baghdad they are either old

01:02:55cities which have come to life

01:02:57or new cities bursting with trade and

01:03:00politics and people's lives

01:03:02it was in this climate of the middle

01:03:04ages that islam

01:03:06reached its zenith baghdad

01:03:09the capital of the abbasid caliphs

01:03:12flourished in a sort of feverish pump

01:03:14when today we think back to it we can

01:03:17see that this was the high summer of

01:03:19islam

01:03:20the abbasids like the umayyads they

01:03:23dethroned

01:03:24were arabs of the original stock

01:03:26descended from abbas

01:03:27an uncle of the prophet

01:03:31baghdad on the tigris and not far from

01:03:33the ruins of babylon

01:03:35is today a modern city only its name

01:03:38and a few ruins remind us of its past

01:03:41history

01:03:42the splendor of the abbasids was on show

01:03:45with

01:03:46varying fortunes for five centuries from

01:03:49750 to 1258

01:03:52the abbasid period was characterized by

01:03:55intense activity

01:03:56in all branches of learning and of art

01:04:00baghdad which have become the capital of

01:04:02world culture

01:04:04gathered the best scholars philosophers

01:04:06and poets from the east

01:04:07with the encouragement of the great

01:04:09colleagues

01:04:11we have all heard of haruna rasheed the

01:04:13prince of the thousand and one knights

01:04:16but there was also moon who lived at the

01:04:19time of the zenith of this culture and

01:04:21science

01:04:22and the whole muslim world was united

01:04:26abbasid science is arab because it is

01:04:29written in arabic

01:04:30and because the arabs in creating islam

01:04:33and the empire

01:04:34were wise enough to promote a renewed

01:04:36interest in the science of the ancient

01:04:38world

01:04:49a symbol of these great assemblies is

01:04:52the treaty of the fixed stars

01:04:54by the great astronomer and

01:04:55mathematician kharasmi

01:04:57an arabized persian who lived in the 9th

01:05:00century

01:05:02in the work of harassment there was

01:05:03something new

01:05:05zero and the numerals we call arabic

01:05:08or as the scholar himself called more

01:05:10correctly

01:05:11indian but before everything else

01:05:15kharesmi is known as the inventor of

01:05:18algebra

01:05:19and logarithmic tables

01:05:29maps of the heavens stand opposite those

01:05:32of the earth

01:05:33they are drawn up to show the trade

01:05:35routes and to point out the way to

01:05:37provincial officials

01:05:38who are returning to their posts but

01:05:40they were also drawn from sheer

01:05:42scientific curiosity muslim geographers

01:05:47determined the length

01:05:48and the degree on our globe and took

01:05:51pains

01:05:51to correct ptolemy's map here is a map

01:05:55of the mediterranean

01:05:56with italy and sicily drawn by adressi

01:06:00a geographer of the 12th century the

01:06:03south is at the

01:06:04top and it is only by turning it upside

01:06:07down that we can discover the features

01:06:10we are familiar with today

01:06:14this is the university of kuwait above

01:06:17the entrance

01:06:18are the words from the quran oh lord

01:06:22may our knowledge increase

01:06:27all muslim universities from the most

01:06:29modern

01:06:30to oldest and most glorious keep fresh

01:06:33the memory of the great discoveries in

01:06:36science

01:06:36in philosophy of the medieval arab world

01:06:40not one student or teacher

01:06:43can forget that glorious moment in the

01:06:46muslim history

01:06:47when to be a muslim meant to belong to

01:06:50the most advanced

01:06:51scientific cultural and technological

01:06:54society

01:06:55known to man the west was able to profit

01:06:59best from the scientific discoveries of

01:07:00the arab scholars

01:07:02they were discoveries which

01:07:03revolutionized every aspect of science

01:07:06from optics to chemistry from

01:07:09mathematics

01:07:10to medicine and mechanics so they were

01:07:12practical discoveries

01:07:14also needed for the correct solution for

01:07:16technological

01:07:17problems the muslim world for example

01:07:20was a past

01:07:21master in manufacture of the complicated

01:07:24clocks

01:07:25and of gears of all sorts moved by the

01:07:27force of

01:07:28water or wind indeed the windmills which

01:07:31you can still see in the mediterranean

01:07:33basin

01:07:34from spain all the way to greece and

01:07:36turkey

01:07:37have probably come down to us from the

01:07:39high plateaus of iran

01:07:41or of tibet by way of the muslims

01:07:45from spain and sicily arab thought

01:07:48either theoretical or practical soon won

01:07:51over a europe which was very far

01:07:54from reaching a similar level of culture

01:07:57at salerno

01:07:58in southern italy or at montplier with

01:08:00its joyously preserved manuscripts

01:08:03arabic medicine established for

01:08:05centuries its domination

01:08:07over an astounded old world

01:08:10this was the school of medicine which

01:08:12flourished under the famous

01:08:13abhisina avacena was the first man who

01:08:18was able to hit upon the difficult

01:08:19synthesis between koran theology

01:08:22and the philosophy of the ancient

01:08:23classical world

01:08:26this was in the 11th century he

01:08:29elaborated the most important

01:08:30philosophical system of the time

01:08:32which became known in the western world

01:08:34too

01:08:36admiration for aristotle and other greek

01:08:38philosophers

01:08:39stopped where the word of god began

01:08:43this word of god was written in the

01:08:45quran and was to be interpreted

01:08:47sometimes in the liberal sense but more

01:08:49often

01:08:50in a broad and indirect sense it must be

01:08:53added

01:08:54that such philosophy needs an

01:08:56intellectual elite

01:08:57which is able to interpret its own

01:08:59beliefs liberally

01:09:01and stand up to the opposition of

01:09:02theologians and bigots

01:09:05toleration was general official

01:09:08condemnations were rare

01:09:10these verses of omar khan the great

01:09:13persian poet of the 12th century

01:09:15are a proof why did our

01:09:18creator when he made the world and

01:09:21adorned it

01:09:22then yielded up to the power of death

01:09:26if the work was good why slather it

01:09:29and if not good who's the fault

01:09:32the girdle which bounds our mortal world

01:09:35does not whisper where it begins

01:09:38or how is its ending on that matter

01:09:42no person has spoken a word of truth

01:09:45and no one knows our beginnings

01:09:48or our fate

01:09:51these ideas which would have led

01:09:53directly to the stake in europe arose

01:09:55from the ancient cultures

01:09:57reawakened and invigorated by islam

01:10:03islam did not only produce universal

01:10:05scholars like abasina

01:10:07or al-biruni it contributed greatly to

01:10:10the flowering of muslim

01:10:12figurative art architecture decoration

01:10:15and painting

01:10:29when you speak of muslim architecture

01:10:31you immediately speak of international

01:10:34art

01:10:35this architecture arose in the same way

01:10:37from islam's meeting with the old

01:10:39civilizations

01:10:40which surround her most of all persia

01:10:44and byzantium the arabs found a way to

01:10:48assimilate this new world

01:10:50which was emerging as the result of new

01:10:52needs of the faith and community life

01:10:55and they made of it something until then

01:10:59unknown the greatest invention of muslim

01:11:03architecture was the mosque the

01:11:05aesthetic value of which is based on

01:11:07three essential elements

01:11:09courtyard dome and minaret

01:11:13the relationship between the vertical

01:11:15minaret the horizontal body of the

01:11:17mosque

01:11:18and spherical dome suggested different

01:11:21and original interpretations of the

01:11:23muslim artists

01:11:24depending on the places and times they

01:11:26lived in

01:11:43starting from morocco in 716 and helped

01:11:45by berber troops

01:11:47the arabs shut off the mediterranean and

01:11:49crossed over into spain

01:11:50they were commanded by tariq abner whose

01:11:54story

01:11:54gave a name to a giant rock jabal tariq

01:11:58which became gibraltar to our ears

01:12:01undermined by rebellions and dynastic

01:12:04squabbles

01:12:05spain broke apart for a time the muslims

01:12:09were even across the pyrenees in the

01:12:11south of france near marseille

01:12:20these old deserted mills along the river

01:12:22are known as saracen

01:12:24mills the arabs did not just make a few

01:12:27raids

01:12:28they came to stay

01:12:34come face to face with the invaders the

01:12:36barbarous europe of the lombards and the

01:12:38franks

01:12:39seemed for a long time incapable of any

01:12:42reaction

01:12:43petrified for fear of seeing

01:12:45christianity disappear

01:12:46beneath the forces of the antichrist

01:12:50the spain which we are looking at here

01:12:52with all sides of christianity

01:12:54deeply integrated into everyday life was

01:12:57nonetheless

01:12:58shaped by islam for eight centuries

01:13:07the conquest was easy the first route

01:13:09was towards seville and cordova

01:13:11through the valley of the great river

01:13:13the wadi al-kabir

01:13:15known to us as the guadalquivir

01:13:18better than any other monument the

01:13:20mosque at cordova

01:13:21which is now a cathedral speaks of the

01:13:24arabs in spain

01:13:25and of their lasting influence over the

01:13:28years the courtyards facades and rooms

01:13:30have undergone many changes so the

01:13:33mosque

01:13:34cathedral is like a great book open to

01:13:37show us the vicissitude in taste

01:13:40in political and economic power and in

01:13:42faith

01:13:43but we must go inside if we really want

01:13:46to sense the arab past

01:13:48of andalusia built in the 8th century by

01:13:52a descendant of the umayyads of syria

01:13:55the amir abdar rahman

01:13:57the mosque was continuously enlarged and

01:13:59decorated by his successors

01:14:02in these double arches rising from the

01:14:05columns and tracing up two different

01:14:07curves

01:14:07you can see a symbol of the union of the

01:14:10arts of the west

01:14:11and the east brought together to

01:14:14contemplate the mystery of god

01:14:17this muslim spain was called by the

01:14:19arabs and the lucia

01:14:21al endelus an arabic reference to the

01:14:24vandals

01:14:25who lived in spain

01:14:31the tower of geralda in seville was one

01:14:34of the greatest glories of muslim spain

01:14:36and also signaled the beginning of her

01:14:40decline

01:14:50it may or may not commemorate the

01:14:53victory over the christians in 1195.

01:14:56but there is no doubt that hillard

01:14:58reminds us of

01:14:59buildings in morocco like the hassan

01:15:03tower in rabbat

01:15:04or the minarets at marrakesh

01:15:08and it was from morocco that the

01:15:09warriors set out who were summoned to

01:15:11defend muslim power

01:15:13in spain against the christian kings of

01:15:15the north

01:15:16who at the beginning of the 11th century

01:15:19had undertaken the reconquest of the

01:15:21peninsula

01:15:22this was the time of decision

01:15:25the warriors from north africa returned

01:15:28but not only to defend islam

01:15:30and fight the christians they came to

01:15:33to bring spain back to the right path

01:15:36they believed she had become decadent

01:15:39and forgetful of the prophet's teachings

01:15:42in two waves one from western sahara

01:15:45and one from atlas mountains in morocco

01:15:48these muslims

01:15:49overran north africa and spain in the

01:15:5111th century

01:15:52backing up the earlier arab victories

01:15:56but spain had changed she was no longer

01:15:59a country

01:16:00and had become a province governed from

01:16:02morocco

01:16:05rabbat here was to rise the greatest

01:16:08mosque in the world

01:16:09the mosque of an empire which wanted to

01:16:12unite north africa

01:16:14and reconquer spain

01:16:20the culture of arab spain had reached a

01:16:22very high level

01:16:24from this period dated the careers of

01:16:26the saints and scholars known throughout

01:16:28the world

01:16:35this valley called las navas de tulota

01:16:38saw the beginning of the ruin of

01:16:40muslim spain cordoba was to fall in 1236

01:16:44valencia in 1238 seville

01:16:47in 1248 mercia in 1269

01:16:52five centuries after islam's assault on

01:16:54spain

01:16:56the story was reaching its conclusion

01:16:58granada

01:16:59an interval during the catastrophe for

01:17:02two centuries more the town and the

01:17:04little kingdom of which it was the

01:17:06capital

01:17:06would maintain an arab island on spanish

01:17:09soil

01:17:10a retreat protected by its high walls

01:17:12and its mountains

01:17:14but its culture shone up to all the

01:17:16world

01:17:18granada inherited all the arts of old

01:17:21andalusia

01:17:23watching over the town both a symbol and

01:17:26a memory

01:17:27is the palace of alhambra

01:17:32here the architecture is more than

01:17:34delicate

01:17:35it is as fragile as the encircled

01:17:37kingdom

01:17:38as melancholy as things close to death

01:17:42but spain was not the only one along the

01:17:44mediterranean coast to become acquainted

01:17:46with

01:17:46islam the decision was made in tunisia

01:17:49at the beginning of the 9th century to

01:17:51invade sicily

01:17:53while she was still recovering from the

01:17:55byzantine empire

01:18:01the expedition was set out two centuries

01:18:05were enough to make the island

01:18:06a beacon of culture in the mediterranean

01:18:12palermo the capital of the island

01:18:15and one of the greatest cities of the

01:18:16arab world

01:18:18seems to the eyes of the surprise

01:18:20visitors to be hidden beneath her

01:18:22palms and orange trees while her palaces

01:18:26and mosques

01:18:27towered over them for many years in

01:18:30arab history the name of sicily

01:18:32conquered

01:18:33enriched and then lost

01:18:37the palaces of christian normans had

01:18:39arabic names and decorations

01:18:42these rich homes retreats cloisters and

01:18:46churches

01:18:47all indicate the attraction of the

01:18:49eastern arts

01:18:50for the conquerors here norman culture

01:18:53flourished

01:18:54and took over the best of the arab

01:18:56tradition

01:18:57language design institutions

01:19:01poetry court ceremonial and the art of

01:19:04living

01:19:06facing islam in spain and sicily was the

01:19:10christian

01:19:10west a west which accepted muslim

01:19:13culture

01:19:14but remained closed to any significant

01:19:16contact

01:19:18in this time of chivalry in the high

01:19:19middle ages the idea of the crusades for

01:19:22the freeing of the holy land was born

01:19:25pope erbin ii declared the holy war

01:19:28against

01:19:28islam and the goal was the invasion of

01:19:31jerusalem

01:19:33the first crusade was in 1095. the

01:19:36abbasid caliph of baghdad and their

01:19:38rivals

01:19:38the fatimids of cairo opposed only

01:19:42weekly the advance of the crusaders or

01:19:44as they were known in the east

01:19:46the franks the crusaders besieged

01:19:49jerusalem

01:19:50took it and celebrated their victory

01:19:52with an appalling bloodbath

01:19:54in these places which represented power

01:19:57and fear

01:19:58the christian knights lived for two

01:20:00centuries

01:20:01frankish castles in lebanon palestine

01:20:04syria

01:20:05tripoli saeed and so many more erected

01:20:08on the plain

01:20:09or on the riverbank in 1396

01:20:13the largest christian army of a hundred

01:20:15thousand men

01:20:16were defeated by the ottoman turks

01:20:19although a disaster for the west

01:20:21the crusades had at least one merit they

01:20:24dismissed all preconceived notions about

01:20:27sarah sands

01:20:28and introduced them as men of flesh and

01:20:30blood

01:20:31and showed their preoccupation like

01:20:33their enemies in the west

01:20:34with problems of politics trade and

01:20:37daily life

01:20:39in spite of all these conflicts recorded

01:20:41in history

01:20:42wherever islam set foot their treatment

01:20:44of other religions and faith

01:20:46showed great toleration each faith was

01:20:49free to follow its own belief

01:20:52only an annual payment of tax was set to

01:20:55be made by non-muslims to the mosque

01:20:59after the turks were converted to islam

01:21:01they took from the arab hands

01:21:03the torch of conquest against the

01:21:05infidels

01:21:07to the dynasty of the osman lees whom we

01:21:10call ottomans

01:21:11fell the glory of making turkey into a

01:21:14world

01:21:14power allowing byzantium to die in

01:21:18isolation

01:21:19the turkish sultans turned their

01:21:21attention to overcoming eastern europe

01:21:24let us travel up the danube like the

01:21:27guadalquivir

01:21:28in spain this river but on a much bigger

01:21:32scale

01:21:33traces the path of the conquerors

01:21:36romania

01:21:37bulgaria serbia hungary

01:21:40the countries fell and their cities

01:21:43belgrade

01:21:44budapest

01:21:50here is a reminder of these years of

01:21:52occupation

01:21:54these macabre skull towers built at the

01:21:56expense of the serbian rebels

01:22:00at last in 1529 suleiman the magnificent

01:22:04lay in wait outside vienna

01:22:06but vienna resisted just as she would

01:22:08resist sultan

01:22:09mammoth iv in 1683 to mark forever

01:22:14the limit of ottoman expansion into

01:22:16europe

01:22:19but before this in 1453 byzantium

01:22:23the rome of the east the rome of

01:22:25orthodox christianity

01:22:27had fallen

01:22:33the violence of the conquest has been

01:22:35forgotten

01:22:37islam as a civilization left behind

01:22:40enormous traces on the continent of

01:22:42europe

01:22:43for several centuries the different

01:22:45faiths have mingled

01:22:46bringing about the peaceful

01:22:48relationships which are the only ones

01:22:50that can ensure the peace of the world

01:23:14from here the muslims bearers of the

01:23:17word of the prophet

01:23:18made themselves known in successive

01:23:20raids along the valley of the hindus

01:23:23and then throughout all india these were

01:23:26bold excursions the results of which

01:23:28came to be of more and more importance

01:23:30for the future of india

01:23:33on the high plateau of afghanistan which

01:23:35is battered by the winds

01:23:37they built triumphal towers nothing

01:23:40or almost nothing remains of the glory

01:23:43of gaza

01:23:44the town from which round about the year

01:23:48the real muslim conquest of india began

01:23:52gaza today is scarcely more than a big

01:23:55market town for trade and agriculture

01:23:57in a sparse countryside a mile above sea

01:24:00level

01:24:01who would imagine that these streets and

01:24:03bazaars

01:24:04had known their hours of glory and high

01:24:06culture

01:24:08in these years when northern india was

01:24:10regularly pillaged

01:24:12gaza was the meeting place of poets

01:24:15artists and philosophers

01:24:16arriving from all corners of the muslim

01:24:19world

01:24:20at ghazna every year when spring returns

01:24:23the people partake in a game of strength

01:24:25and skill

01:24:26where the ferocious spirit of the turco

01:24:28iranian cavalry

01:24:30which once swept out across india seems

01:24:33to revive

01:25:05persia after the muslim conquest of the

01:25:077th century

01:25:08took great pains not to break with its

01:25:10past

01:25:11on the contrary she jealously guarded it

01:25:14enriched it

01:25:15and absorbed it into muslim civilization

01:25:18soon she would be able to win over the

01:25:20courts of the turkish countries

01:25:22and northern india to her culture

01:25:34pagan persia and islam iranian culture

01:25:38and the arab quran art and dance

01:25:42poetry and turkish traditions they all

01:25:45make up a mixed

01:25:46and adventurous culture

01:25:52impeccable warriors they may have been

01:25:53but all the same the invaders of india

01:25:56were not ignorant barbarians

01:25:58the attacks on india were often just

01:26:00raids after which the aggressors went

01:26:02back to their mountains

01:26:04in the northwest the special story of

01:26:07islam confronting india

01:26:09was going to be for centuries one of a

01:26:11mutual attempt to convert

01:26:13each other the first conquerors

01:26:16sleep now at fatah in pakistan side by

01:26:20side with our distant successors the

01:26:22mongols

01:26:29there are more than 200 million muslims

01:26:31in pakistan and india today

01:26:34hindus were converted to islam in great

01:26:36numbers

01:26:37because they were fascinated by the

01:26:39message of the new faith

01:26:40which offered them an ideal based on the

01:26:43concept of

01:26:44absolute unity of god

01:26:51the idea of equality of all men in their

01:26:53religion

01:26:54was also very important wherever islam

01:26:58won through

01:26:58the ridiculous and inhuman caste system

01:27:01which have humiliated the indian people

01:27:04burst apart except for the north west

01:27:07and the northeast which were to become

01:27:09pakistan

01:27:10and where there were many conversions

01:27:12islam recruited principally from the

01:27:14middle classes

01:27:16which had everything to gain from a

01:27:17strong and immense empire

01:27:20craftsmen merchants and scribes below

01:27:23them

01:27:24the world of the peasants remained

01:27:26unchangeable

01:27:27poor and fanatically attached to its

01:27:30hinduism

01:27:40at the highest level of society islam

01:27:42attracted the warrior aristocracy

01:27:45including the sovereign at lahore at

01:27:48delhi

01:27:49everywhere the mosques bring together

01:27:51extraordinary diversified islam

01:27:54persians turks afghans indians from the

01:27:57south

01:27:57from bihar from bengal from dickens

01:28:01everywhere in the northern plains and in

01:28:03the heart of the continent

01:28:05luxury and art took form and stone

01:28:08and the great names rushed to our minds

01:28:11heder abbad where the naism ruled

01:28:14the richest man of the world

01:28:19the story of relationship between the

01:28:20two communities hindu and muslim

01:28:23is extremely complex and comes right

01:28:26down to the present day split between

01:28:28india and pakistan once the shock of the

01:28:31conquest was over

01:28:33the hindus converted to islam did not

01:28:36feel themselves so far away from their

01:28:38compatriots who had remained hindus

01:28:40for they kept their culture and family

01:28:43traditions

01:28:44so they became a very useful core which

01:28:47could understand

01:28:48and help both outlooks

01:28:52this is ajmar a sacred place of muslim

01:28:55india where the pilgrims come to visit

01:28:57the tomb of chishti

01:28:59one of those missionaries who did so

01:29:02much for the spreading of islam among

01:29:03the indian masses

01:29:06the enormous influence of these

01:29:07missionaries and the quiet impact they

01:29:10made on millions of people

01:29:12played perhaps a more important part

01:29:14than the military conquest

01:29:16which conventional history so often

01:29:22stresses

01:29:27we know that the infidel may not

01:29:29approach mecca but here at ashmore

01:29:32he worships side by side with the

01:29:36muslims

01:29:44the starting points of the trade routes

01:29:46to the far east

01:29:47where the coasts of malabar and further

01:29:50to the west

01:29:51southern arabia the red sea and the

01:29:54persian gulf

01:29:56islam ships followed the monsoon roots

01:29:58and looked

01:29:59very like the ones in use today

01:30:03from such duck yards as these the brave

01:30:06sailors had sailed as agents of a

01:30:09far-reaching trade

01:30:11and as missionaries of their faith their

01:30:14memories embody forever in the sinbad of

01:30:16the thousand and one nights

01:30:18the roots of this trade and its gospel

01:30:21talk may be summed up

01:30:22like this from madan and moscot

01:30:26which were ports on the red sea in the

01:30:27persian gulf

01:30:29to the coast of india in gotcha malabar

01:30:32and karamandu

01:30:38then down towards salon and the mallika

01:30:46peninsula

01:30:51muslim families live in the port of hong

01:31:00kong

01:31:05there are perhaps 20 million muslims in

01:31:08china

01:31:10some came into contact with the maritime

01:31:12trade

01:31:13others in the north and interior were

01:31:15affected by islam ventures into central

01:31:17asia

01:31:18or by the merchants on the silk route

01:31:22[Applause]

01:31:27the island of mindanao in the

01:31:29philippines

01:31:30on the edge of the forest is a little

01:31:32mosque made out of wood

01:31:34and stone very much worshipped

01:31:41this is telex ungai the most easterly

01:31:44point islam

01:31:45ever reached by starting from centers

01:31:48like this

01:31:49islam ensured itself of a peaceful

01:31:51conquest of the archipelagus

01:31:54but if a time was to come for scholars

01:31:56and missionaries in the far east

01:31:59islam continues to be most noticeable in

01:32:02the person of those who led the way

01:32:05sailors and merchants active

01:32:08and enthusiastic but not torn apart by

01:32:11theological arguments

01:32:13but skillful and compromise these first

01:32:16islamic missionaries knew very well how

01:32:19to reconcile the beliefs of islam

01:32:22with very old local customs

01:32:25their success in business had taught

01:32:28them

01:32:28about people

01:32:51from one end of the world to the other

01:32:53and across many centuries

01:32:55we have been watching history of islam

01:32:57with its many mentalities and customs

01:33:00islam is a religion but also a way of

01:33:03living

01:33:04it represents a whole procession of

01:33:06people we think of as

01:33:08being far away but who have all the same

01:33:11woven many strands into our own history

01:33:14and culture

01:33:16our journey has shown the strength of

01:33:18the expansion led first by the arabs

01:33:20and subsequently by the turks as they

01:33:23spread their faith

01:33:28the luxury of the courts contrasted with

01:33:31austerity of the desert

01:33:33there was power of the empires the

01:33:35vitality of trade

01:33:37the buzz of city life

01:33:41cordova samara

01:33:48istanbul mongol india

01:33:52and hundreds of other reminders had

01:33:54shown us the magnificence of an art and

01:33:56civilization

01:33:58which were so often far in advance of

01:34:00the rest of the world

01:34:02so now there are two questions why did

01:34:05this civilization so

01:34:07tragically bend under the military

01:34:09economic and cultural pressures

01:34:12whenever europeans set foot and what

01:34:15would be the future of the islamic

01:34:17countries

01:34:22africa could perhaps give us the

01:34:23beginnings of the reply to these

01:34:25questions

01:34:26it is really here where colonialism has

01:34:29sometimes gone as far as to impose the

01:34:31victor's language

01:34:33that one can perhaps grasp through islam

01:34:36the double dilemma of development and

01:34:39national determination

01:34:42we must go back over the history of

01:34:43islam in africa

01:34:47[Applause]

01:34:56aside from the north of africa the great

01:34:58root of muslim penetration was in the

01:35:00east

01:35:01where islam is doing no more than

01:35:03continuing a story

01:35:04which has been going on for a long time

01:35:07along the indian ocean

01:35:08and towards the upper nile much

01:35:12later on and much more difficult because

01:35:14of the desert and its nomads

01:35:16the entry into west africa began really

01:35:19only after the year of 1000 a.d

01:35:23immediately the arabs came into contact

01:35:25with the great kingdoms of medieval

01:35:27africa

01:35:28christian ethiopia and nubia and with

01:35:31other pagan kingdoms

01:35:33to the west

01:35:52in western africa on the other hand they

01:35:54had complete success

01:35:56in 1706 against the capital of ghana

01:36:00then came the turn of a new empire to

01:36:02the east of ghana

01:36:03much more open to the influences of

01:36:05islam the empire

01:36:20timbuk2 linked to the niger by a canal

01:36:23cut through the desert had its days of

01:36:26splendor in the 14th century

01:36:28when its riverbanks were crowded with

01:36:30boats and its streets

01:36:32with merchants and scholars

01:36:35these mosques are famous in the history

01:36:37of our muslim civilization

01:36:40this one was the university of sangori a

01:36:42place of study and worship of god

01:36:45here famous teachers from spain syria

01:36:48and morocco

01:36:49were active the libraries here were so

01:36:52rich in material

01:36:53that the city was called the capital of

01:36:55muslim thought

01:36:56and culture but today

01:36:59nothing remains of the grandeur of

01:37:04timbuktu

01:37:06the history of africa which is so often

01:37:08misunderstood by europeans

01:37:11also had its humanism which under

01:37:13different circumstances

01:37:14might have enriched the culture of our

01:37:16world but it happened that when there

01:37:18was contact between paganism and islam

01:37:22the relationships were primarily forced

01:37:24ones

01:37:25first between african slaves in the

01:37:27christian or islamic world

01:37:29and then between colonized africa either

01:37:31pagan

01:37:32or muslim and the occupying european

01:37:35powers

01:37:36the slave trade carried out for five

01:37:39centuries by both the european and

01:37:41islamic countries

01:37:42deprived the black continent of millions

01:37:45of tens of millions of human beings

01:37:48and as scarcely had that trade come to

01:37:50an end when the era of imperialism

01:37:53began against both the african and

01:37:55islamic countries

01:37:57britain france spain italy portugal

01:38:01and germany were convinced that through

01:38:03their activities

01:38:04the history of africa and islam was no

01:38:07more than a chapter in the greater

01:38:09history of europe

01:38:18[Applause]

01:38:23[Applause]

01:38:28so

01:38:35so africa today aware of its own history

01:38:38faces the dilemma of foreign

01:38:42intervention

01:38:48islam once the conqueror and exploiter

01:38:51is now involved against colonialism

01:38:54and it seems likely that islam's

01:38:56influence will be of increasing

01:38:58importance

01:39:01in the ivory coast the muslims are our

01:39:05brothers

01:39:06that's all what the arabs and muslims

01:39:09did in the past

01:39:10doesn't matter now the vicissitudes of

01:39:13faith

01:39:15the muslim peoples and countries are our

01:39:17friends

01:39:18they have the same problems of poverty

01:39:20and development as we do

01:39:22and the same enemy the new white

01:39:24colonialism

01:39:26so our struggle is the same these

01:39:29memories of a tragic history overcome

01:39:32are to be found everywhere let us give

01:39:34illustrations

01:39:36one in africa and one in america the

01:39:40island of chiba in tunisia is at the

01:39:41head of one of the old routes into

01:39:43africa

01:39:48two different children two children who

01:39:50are brothers

01:39:52run together to the sound of drums of

01:39:54galala

01:39:56galala is the name of a region in chiba

01:39:58where a community of african origin

01:40:00lives which was at one time liberated

01:40:04by a muslim saint he is buried in this

01:40:07mosque

01:40:08and is fated once a year by a procession

01:40:11of brotherly union

01:40:48so

01:40:59in america the sect of black muslims

01:41:02have been created of the descendants of

01:41:04former slaves

01:41:06the center of the movement is in chicago

01:41:11the message of islam is spread through

01:41:13all the black community by the weekly

01:41:16papers

01:41:18american muslims have farms and

01:41:20greeneries which supply

01:41:21supermarkets with good natural food

01:41:24anyone can want

01:41:26the thing you couldn't find in these

01:41:28modern places would be alcohol

01:41:30and poker cards which as we know are

01:41:33contrary to their religious beliefs

01:41:36these initiatives springing a real

01:41:39dignity

01:41:40have allowed the black muslims to see

01:41:42the number in their community

01:41:43grow all the time

01:41:48following the roots of conquest and

01:41:49trade islam has continued to penetrate

01:41:52the african continent

01:41:55we muslim traders stop in villages and

01:41:58little towns where we win

01:42:00respect and friendship we try to give an

01:42:03example of dignity

01:42:04to demonstrate clearly by means of an

01:42:07orderly

01:42:07and respectable life that to be a muslim

01:42:10is reason to be proud whether you are

01:42:13facing europeans or

01:42:14africans not yet converted once upon a

01:42:18time the missionary traders were arabs

01:42:21now we are all of us africans so the job

01:42:24is still

01:42:25easier brothers understand each other

01:42:28better

01:42:30and in fact today muslims represent 40

01:42:35of the cities of black africa

01:42:54my

01:43:01is islam keeping pace with the

01:43:03adjustments necessary

01:43:04with the needs of modern society all the

01:43:07third world is

01:43:08asking this question when talking like

01:43:11this about

01:43:12islam we have to reply by bearing in

01:43:14mind

01:43:15both the cause of the decline of the

01:43:17great muslim empires

01:43:19and the reasons for the renewal of

01:43:21muslim societies today

01:43:24the crisis began towards the end of the

01:43:26middle ages

01:43:27the rhythm of city life was slowing down

01:43:30the unity of the muslim world was

01:43:32breaking apart year by year

01:43:35and europe was showing more and more

01:43:36adventurous policy of trade

01:43:39first in the mediterranean and then in

01:43:41the indian ocean

01:43:44at the beginning of this century islam

01:43:46for the most part found itself in the

01:43:48state of subjection

01:43:54after taking a back seat in the world's

01:43:56history

01:43:57islam today is free after struggles

01:44:00which took various forms

01:44:03the impetus to independence and the form

01:44:06it took

01:44:06depended in fact on the type of colonial

01:44:09domination

01:44:10and on the degree of culture and

01:44:12economic development

01:44:16but everywhere the battle for liberty

01:44:19went on in the name of national identity

01:44:22sometimes with the added weight of islam

01:44:26and this nationalism very often took the

01:44:28form of holding up before the foreign

01:44:30power

01:44:31the very principles which she preached

01:44:34herself

01:44:35liberty equality the right of the people

01:44:38to determine their own way of life

01:44:40their own culture and the use of their

01:44:42own resources

01:44:49in 1960 the armor hussein

01:44:52and his son faisal rebelled against the

01:44:55turks in hechas

01:44:57where muhammad was born as their ally

01:45:00they had the enigmatic figure of an

01:45:02englishman t.e lawrence

01:45:06when the war was over in 1919

01:45:09the arabs found themselves disappointed

01:45:12in their hopes

01:45:13france and britain divided up the

01:45:16remains of the ottoman empire

01:45:18then the people themselves so long

01:45:21prepared and ready for their liberty

01:45:24took over from the princes the second

01:45:27world war

01:45:27set the movement going lebanon and syria

01:45:31were free in 1946

01:45:33libya in 1950 iraq and egypt

01:45:37which had had independence at least on

01:45:39paper achieved it finally

01:45:41after the war in 1956

01:45:44tunisia morocco and the sudan became

01:45:47independent

01:45:52in 1962 algeria was at last

01:45:55quite free after eight years of war

01:45:59islam has played varying roles in the

01:46:01formation of these new states

01:46:03sometimes considered as the symbol of

01:46:05the out-of-date past perhaps

01:46:07but more often providing the banner for

01:46:10reform

01:46:11or even for rebellion

01:46:19the plains of arabia the legendary

01:46:22desert

01:46:22and the most modern of treasures oil

01:46:28kuwait bahrain saudi arabia

01:46:31but also iraq iran libya

01:46:35algeria these countries alone

01:46:38provide 60 of the world's oil

01:46:41this fantastic and sudden wealth

01:46:44bursting through in countries with a

01:46:47very traditional society

01:46:49has completely upset the way of life

01:46:51which has remained

01:46:52unchanged for centuries

01:46:56these walls were the city limits of

01:46:58kuwait our city

01:47:00a typical small arab town then

01:47:04center of a modest caravan trade until

01:47:06the second world war

01:47:08this was the gate into the city

01:47:12beyond here is the kuwait of today

01:47:16walls and gates have been preserved to

01:47:18remind us of the past

01:47:19but today new buildings squares and

01:47:23streets

01:47:23surround these remains on all sides

01:47:27if our ancestors returned they would

01:47:29think they were dreaming

01:47:32but the spirit of the old world hasn't

01:47:34disappeared with the same speed of the

01:47:37alleyways

01:47:38and bazaars have the souls of men

01:47:41need more time to change than is

01:47:44required to change

01:47:46things the ancient bedouin mentality

01:47:50with its values and its patriarchal

01:47:52sense about human relationships

01:47:54has left marked traces right on the

01:47:56heart of the cities

01:47:58and the fabulous palaces are perhaps

01:48:01only a new framework

01:48:03for rebuilding structures inherited from

01:48:05the past

01:48:11this falling in with the needs of the

01:48:1320th century

01:48:14or its myth perhaps is clear

01:48:18and it's on this territory that islam

01:48:21has to win its next struggle

01:48:24labor factories timetables work

01:48:27shared new relationships between men

01:48:30arise from this modern life and its

01:48:33battles

01:48:34and it develops a new awareness of their

01:48:36destiny

01:48:38while looking at these scenes of

01:48:40progress roads under construction

01:48:42airports bridges universities and

01:48:45harbors

01:48:46the question has to be asked

01:48:50what will the future of islam be

01:48:53let us take a look at one of the muslim

01:48:54countries the kingdom of saudi arabia

01:48:57where islam began

01:49:02new schools colleges and universities

01:49:04teach the young muslim generation

01:49:07modern techniques within the frame of

01:49:09islamic principles

01:49:16from early age on the children are

01:49:18strong in their faith

01:49:19for the benefit of themselves and the

01:49:22society

01:49:23these are the teachers nurses doctors

01:49:26and the scientists of the future

01:49:29although advanced industries are

01:49:31flourishing

01:49:32modern methods and machines do not alter

01:49:35the enduring

01:49:36values of islam modern medicine which

01:49:40has derived so much in the past

01:49:42from the fundamental discoveries of arab

01:49:44physicians and surgeons

01:49:46is now universally available

01:49:55the desert is turning green and bearing

01:49:57fruit

01:49:58through modern systems of irrigation and

01:50:01artificial fertilizers

01:50:29railroads roads and networks of highways

01:50:34throughout the desert and mountains

01:50:36now connecting all the cities and towns

01:50:38of the neighboring countries

01:50:45telecommunication has come a long way

01:50:47since the 20s

01:50:49now muslim countries are linked by radio

01:50:52telegraph

01:50:53telex telephone and television

01:51:02permanent earth satellite stations

01:51:04throughout the muslim world

01:51:06the pan-arab satellite serving arab

01:51:10nations from morocco

01:51:11to iraq with headquarters in riyadh

01:51:17this is the headquarters of saudia the

01:51:20airline of the kingdom of saudi arabia

01:51:22in china

01:51:23the nerve center of the entire

01:51:25organization with ticketing and

01:51:27reservation section

01:51:29and sophisticated computer system for

01:51:31day-to-day business

01:51:32and long-term planning countrywide and

01:51:35beyond

01:51:42now the airlines are covering the world

01:51:45america

01:51:46europe far east and africa

01:51:56one thing is certain with the stimulus

01:51:59of progress

01:52:00islam like christianity will change its

01:52:04face

01:52:05and in doing that will change the

01:52:07culture of which

01:52:08it's the bulwark but it is not only the

01:52:12universities

01:52:14everywhere amongst the people there is

01:52:17an enormous quest for knowledge

01:52:20today the youth of islam is going to

01:52:22tackle the world

01:52:23with the same enthusiasm which once

01:52:26urged their fathers onwards to conquer

01:52:29a double enthusiasm for freedom and

01:52:32faith

01:52:33today their union includes nearly a

01:52:36billion people

01:52:37who through the quran affirm their

01:52:40membership in a single community

01:52:43in many professions these people are

01:52:46conscious of a certainty

01:52:48it is a certainty which came to them in

01:52:51the 7th century

01:52:52but which remains of value as a guiding

01:52:55principle for life

01:52:57and as a light for the future until the

01:53:00end of time

01:53:02no matter how modern the world

01:53:05there is no divinity but god

01:53:09and muhammad is the prophet of god

01:53:52hello

01:54:20ah

01:54:48you

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