Category
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Short filmTranscript
00:00:00 [VIDEO PLAYBACK]
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00:00:05 - Istanbul, as Constantinople, capital city
00:00:15 of the Byzantine Empire, as Istanbul,
00:00:20 capital of the Ottoman Empire.
00:00:23 More than 2,000 years of history steeped
00:00:25 in great culture and international power struggles.
00:00:29 In the Sea of Marmara, south of the Bosphorus
00:00:37 that slices through the city, lies
00:00:39 the island of Buyukada, the biggest of the prince's
00:00:42 islands, a haven of peace and tranquility
00:00:46 12 miles from the urban chaos of the city.
00:00:55 No roar of engines, no blaring horns, no exhaust fumes
00:00:59 to mar the tranquility of its luxurious mansions,
00:01:03 just the clip-clop of horse carriages,
00:01:06 the only means of transport on Buyukada.
00:01:08 When Istanbul was called Constantinople,
00:01:14 this island was known as Prinkipo.
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00:01:20 Buyukada can be best described in the words
00:01:40 of the German author Gustav Schlumberger,
00:01:42 written 100 years ago.
00:01:45 A ferry runs alongside a long, picturesque quay, which
00:01:49 is always filled by people.
00:01:50 Here, coffee houses are never empty.
00:01:58 Various flowers and trees, cascades
00:02:01 of ivies, white-flowered acacias,
00:02:04 Judas trees, jasmine.
00:02:15 All of which provide a colorful background
00:02:17 for this cheerful town.
00:02:18 Its name came from its function, a place of exile
00:02:28 for the princes of the city.
00:02:43 In 1929, just six years after the new Republic of Turkey
00:02:47 replaced the Ottoman Empire, it served again
00:02:51 as a place of exile, this time for the co-leader
00:02:54 of the Russian Revolution, Leon Trotsky.
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00:04:19 The seagulls meant that land was close by,
00:04:27 for Leon Trotsky, who had been traveling
00:04:29 since the beginning of January, it
00:04:32 was an unknown country with a language he could not speak.
00:04:36 It would be home for the immediate future,
00:04:44 or perhaps, as he feared, the place of his death
00:04:47 at the hands of an assassin.
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00:04:52 It was February the 12th, 1929, and it was very cold.
00:05:02 [MUSIC PLAYING]
00:05:05 The Iliyich had left the Soviet port of Odessa
00:05:10 on the Black Sea six days earlier.
00:05:13 Leon Trotsky had led the opposition to Stalin
00:05:16 since Lenin's death in 1924.
00:05:20 Now 2,000 oppositionists were in Soviet prisons,
00:05:25 but Trotsky was being deported to the Republic of Turkey.
00:05:29 Trotsky was accompanied by his wife, Natalia Sedova,
00:05:33 their youngest son, Leon Sedov, whom they called Lvova,
00:05:38 and agents of Stalin's secret police.
00:05:42 [SPEAKING RUSSIAN]
00:05:44 [SPEAKING RUSSIAN]
00:05:47 Leon Trotsky had been expelled from the Soviet Union
00:05:55 by the GPU, Stalin's secret police.
00:05:59 The GPU agents were there to escort Trotsky.
00:06:08 They were agents of Stalin's regime,
00:06:11 which wanted to silence Trotsky.
00:06:12 [MUSIC PLAYING]
00:06:15 [SPEAKING RUSSIAN]
00:06:19 [BIRDS CHIRPING]
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00:07:26 Stalin's secret police were not the only threat.
00:07:52 Trotsky faced in his new land of exile.
00:07:54 There were the remnants of the white Russian armies,
00:07:57 which had fought a long, bitter four-year war
00:08:01 against the Soviet Union.
00:08:03 The last commander of the white army, General Vrangel,
00:08:06 had died the previous year.
00:08:08 But many of the 150,000 men who had fled with him to Istanbul
00:08:12 in 1920 were still there.
00:08:16 Two leaders and two tendencies opposed each other
00:08:20 when Lenin died in 1924.
00:08:27 Leon Trotsky, born Lev Bronstein,
00:08:30 a brilliant array term writer, co-leader of the October
00:08:34 Revolution, and leader of the Red Army.
00:08:36 [MUSIC PLAYING]
00:08:39 And Joseph Stalin, born Yosef Djugashvili,
00:08:59 General Secretary of the Communist Party,
00:09:02 who Lenin opposed and tried to remove in December 1922,
00:09:07 making his views known in his political testament, which
00:09:11 was suppressed during Stalin's lifetime.
00:09:14 [MUSIC PLAYING]
00:09:17 Under Stalin, the Communist Party
00:09:19 had become a bureaucratic apparatus,
00:09:22 destroying party democracy for 1 and 1/2 million members
00:09:26 and crushing all opposition to Stalin's central policy,
00:09:31 socialism in one country.
00:09:35 Trotsky took his stand on the first four
00:09:37 congresses of the Communist International,
00:09:40 the liberation of workers and peasants
00:09:42 in all countries from capitalist poverty, oppression, and war.
00:09:47 He founded the left opposition.
00:09:50 With the growing support of workers and young students
00:09:53 in the Soviet Union, in 1927, the Communist Party's
00:09:57 central committee expelled the left opposition
00:10:01 and began arrests, exile, and imprisonment.
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00:10:07 The czars of Moscow and the sultans of Constantinople
00:10:12 had been sworn enemies for many centuries.
00:10:14 But almost simultaneous revolutions in the 20th century
00:10:22 had consigned both empires to history
00:10:25 and created a wary solidarity between the young, new,
00:10:29 but ideologically different regimes of Russia and Turkey.
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00:10:53 Just before he disembarked at Constantinople,
00:10:55 Trotsky wrote two letters.
00:10:58 The first, angry one, was to the central committee
00:11:00 of the Soviet Communist Party in Moscow.
00:11:03 Stalin, the GPU, and the nationalist Turkish regime
00:11:07 were conspiring against him, he wrote.
00:11:10 And if he were to be killed during his Istanbul exile,
00:11:13 the responsibility would lie with the central committee
00:11:16 and, of course, Stalin.
00:11:17 [MUSIC PLAYING]
00:11:20 [SPEAKING RUSSIAN]
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00:12:03 The second letter, polite but ironic,
00:12:06 was addressed to Mustafa Kemal Ataturk, the president
00:12:10 of the new Turkish Republic.
00:12:11 [MUSIC PLAYING]
00:12:14 "Dear Mr. President, at the gates of Constantinople,
00:12:23 I have the honor to inform you that it is not
00:12:25 by my own free will that I have arrived
00:12:28 at the frontier of Turkey.
00:12:31 I am crossing this frontier only because I
00:12:34 must submit to force.
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00:12:38 I would have preferred to go to a country I know
00:12:43 and whose language I speak.
00:12:44 [MUSIC PLAYING]
00:12:47 But those who exile seldom consider
00:12:50 the wishes of the exiled.
00:12:52 Please, Mr. President, accept my appropriate sentiments.
00:12:56 Leon Trotsky, February 12th, 1929."
00:13:00 [KNOCKING]
00:13:01 [SPEAKING RUSSIAN]
00:13:04 "Trotsky's harrowing journey into foreign exile
00:13:12 had begun in Almaty, Kazakhstan, 22 days before the Ilyich
00:13:17 mourned at Istanbul.
00:13:20 At the end of the voyage, right at the gates of Istanbul,
00:13:24 he received one final communication
00:13:26 from Stalin's Central Committee--
00:13:29 an envelope containing $1,500.
00:13:47 World War I had shattered Europe,
00:13:49 bringing down most of the continent's empires
00:13:52 and replacing them with nation states.
00:13:57 With Trotsky's arrival, two revolutions
00:14:00 crossed paths at the gates of Istanbul.
00:14:03 Trotsky had helped to destroy Tsarist Russia.
00:14:06 Ataturk had formed a new republic from the rubble
00:14:12 of the Ottoman Empire.
00:14:13 It had taken a costly four-year war of independence
00:14:20 to achieve and marked not only popular rejection of a map
00:14:25 imposed by foreign powers, but also a determination
00:14:29 to change into a modern, westernized society.
00:14:33 When Trotsky arrived in Istanbul,
00:14:35 the republic was only six years old.
00:14:38 No longer the sick man of Europe,
00:14:41 Turkey was young and healthy.
00:14:43 Hats and suits ousted the fez and the kaftan.
00:14:50 Latin characters replaced the Arabic alphabet.
00:14:55 Women who had been slaves in harems
00:14:57 now had the right to vote.
00:15:18 The films of the time told the importance of the day
00:15:22 and the dynamism of the country.
00:15:25 [music]
00:15:28 [music]
00:15:56 At 4 p.m., Trotsky entered the arrival hall
00:15:59 of the port of Istanbul.
00:16:00 Along with the Turkish security officials to greet him
00:16:06 was Suslov, the Soviet consul.
00:16:08 It was more like the arrival of a foreign dignitary
00:16:12 than a common exile.
00:16:13 [speaking Turkish]
00:16:15 Your passport, please.
00:16:33 [speaking Turkish]
00:17:00 On the instructions of Turkish Interior Minister
00:17:03 Şükrü Kaya to the governor of Istanbul,
00:17:06 security was tight.
00:17:08 There were no journalists.
00:17:09 [speaking Turkish]
00:17:13 [speaking Turkish]
00:17:15 [speaking Russian]
00:17:21 While the paperwork was being completed
00:17:36 and pleasantries exchanged,
00:17:38 young Sidov stood guard over 12 chests,
00:17:41 everything that Trotsky owned.
00:17:43 They contained no money or jewelry,
00:17:48 only the books and documents the exile would use
00:17:51 to direct the opposition against Stalin.
00:17:54 Officials told Trotsky on his arrival
00:18:02 that they'd not been told he was being exiled,
00:18:04 only that he was arriving for health reasons.
00:18:07 Ataturk knew he had to be careful.
00:18:10 Any mishap that might befall Trotsky in Turkey
00:18:13 could have major international implications.
00:18:16 He instructed Muhyiddin Ustundag,
00:18:23 the governor of Istanbul,
00:18:24 to reply to Trotsky's letter.
00:18:26 "Our police have taken all the necessary security measures
00:18:30 regarding your safety.
00:18:32 It would be advisable for you to inform the officers
00:18:35 in charge of your security
00:18:37 of any suspicious movement or activity you may perceive."
00:18:41 But implementing that security was another question.
00:18:46 Trotsky would first reside at the Soviet consulate,
00:18:51 which was Soviet territory,
00:18:53 and where the Turks could not protect him.
00:18:55 But no one believed Stalin would be foolish enough
00:18:58 to make an attempt on his rival's life inside the compound.
00:19:02 The Turkish authorities could only help
00:19:05 once Trotsky stepped outside the consulate,
00:19:08 which meant he had to inform the police beforehand
00:19:10 of his every move.
00:19:12 The authorities were particularly uneasy
00:19:15 with the white Russian population of Istanbul,
00:19:18 victims of Trotsky's Red Army.
00:19:21 Police headquarters were flooded
00:19:33 with informants' reports of hitmen flocking to Istanbul,
00:19:37 ready to empty their guns on Trotsky when the moment came.
00:19:41 The list of suspects grew by the hour.
00:19:46 But Trotsky was not Turkey's only security problem.
00:19:51 There was considerable opposition to Ataturk's reforms.
00:19:55 Anti-Western riots throughout the country,
00:19:58 some of them foreign-inspired,
00:20:00 were an almost daily occurrence.
00:20:03 With Trotsky's arrival,
00:20:05 Communist sympathizers joined demonstrations,
00:20:09 posters mushroomed everywhere,
00:20:11 calling for a people's uprising.
00:20:14 Ataturk was confident, however,
00:20:26 and did not see the Communist movement
00:20:28 as a threat to Turkey or its way of life.
00:20:32 [Dramatic music]
00:20:34 Trotsky's first home in Istanbul
00:20:48 still stands today as the Russian consulate.
00:20:51 During the first days of Trotsky's stay,
00:20:58 the consulate staff treated him cordially
00:21:01 and were diplomatically correct.
00:21:03 Their personal belongings were never searched,
00:21:06 no questions were asked,
00:21:08 and they were free in their movements.
00:21:10 Trotsky chose to remain mostly indoors,
00:21:12 while his wife and son
00:21:14 stepped into the lively streets of the city
00:21:16 to run their errands.
00:21:27 The consulate was near Beoglu.
00:21:30 At the turn of the century,
00:21:35 Pera, as it was then known,
00:21:37 with its diplomatic missions, theaters,
00:21:40 hotels, casinos, cafes, music halls,
00:21:43 foreigners, had been the symbol
00:21:45 of Western civilization for the Ottoman Empire.
00:21:49 [Music]
00:21:51 Dinner at the Tocatlian Hotel
00:22:07 would be followed by drinks
00:22:09 and a game of billiards at the Luxembourg,
00:22:11 and a late stop at the Concordiae
00:22:13 to dance what was left of the night away.
00:22:17 [Music]
00:22:19 In one corner were women
00:22:22 who avoided gazing eyes
00:22:24 with extremely polite but ignoring eyes.
00:22:28 On the other hand,
00:22:30 there were men who tried equally hard
00:22:33 to steal the women's hearts
00:22:35 and draw their attention.
00:22:37 A major contribution to the nightlife
00:22:43 came from Trotsky's sworn enemies,
00:22:46 the bankrupt generals and aristocrats
00:22:48 of Tsarist Russia,
00:22:50 had brought with them a style of entertainment
00:22:52 the city had never known before.
00:22:54 [Music]
00:22:58 [Music]
00:23:00 They performed in cabarets
00:23:18 and ran restaurants,
00:23:20 introducing exotic Russian fare
00:23:22 such as Chicken Kiev,
00:23:24 Lamkarskiy and Beef Stroganov,
00:23:26 which were to become staples on Turkish menus.
00:23:29 [Music]
00:23:32 Proud generals who once guarded
00:23:41 the borders of the Russian Empire
00:23:43 now stood guard for small tips
00:23:45 at nightclub toilets,
00:23:47 and pale-skinned countesses
00:23:49 struggled to eke out an existence
00:23:51 as prostitutes.
00:23:53 [Music]
00:23:55 Mercifully for the Turkish police,
00:24:02 Trotsky's days at the Soviet consulate
00:24:04 were numbered.
00:24:06 Less than a month after he first
00:24:11 walked through its gates,
00:24:13 all pretense of courtesy disappeared.
00:24:15 Trotsky decided to leave
00:24:18 and the doors of the consulate
00:24:20 closed behind him.
00:24:22 [Music]
00:24:24 The glamorous Tocatlyan Hotel
00:24:28 stood just a few hundred yards
00:24:30 from the consulate.
00:24:32 Trotsky and his family
00:24:34 made a discreet entrance
00:24:36 at midnight through the service door.
00:24:38 They took over rooms 67,
00:24:40 68 and 70.
00:24:42 In the dying days of the Ottoman Empire,
00:24:47 guests would have consisted
00:24:49 of French, Italian,
00:24:51 British officers
00:24:53 and fallen Russian aristocrats
00:24:55 who had to sell their jewelry
00:24:57 to afford the Tocatlyan.
00:24:59 [Music]
00:25:03 In the early days of the Republic,
00:25:14 well-off Turks from out of town
00:25:16 and visiting foreign businessmen
00:25:18 made up most of the clientele.
00:25:21 [Music]
00:25:23 The businessmen spent much of their time
00:25:28 lounging around the lobby,
00:25:30 the restaurant and bar.
00:25:32 [Music]
00:25:35 [Music]
00:25:37 Their number was to increase considerably
00:25:55 after Trotsky arrived.
00:25:57 The hotel was full of Turkish,
00:25:59 Soviet, German and British agents
00:26:01 keeping an eye on the
00:26:03 illustrious new guest.
00:26:05 Trotsky's followers from all over Europe
00:26:08 came to visit him in his new quarters.
00:26:11 One particularly welcome guest
00:26:14 was Maurice Paz and his wife,
00:26:16 Madeleine, who came from Paris
00:26:18 bearing a gift of 20,000 francs.
00:26:21 Trotsky had very little money.
00:26:24 He was waiting for 10,000 dollars
00:26:26 in royalties for his books
00:26:28 that never seemed to arrive
00:26:30 from the United States.
00:26:32 He needed the money not only
00:26:34 for his family's survival,
00:26:36 but also to publish a newsletter
00:26:38 for the opposition in Russia.
00:26:40 Trotsky and Maurice Paz
00:26:42 worked for five days
00:26:44 discussing future strategy
00:26:46 under an ever watchful
00:26:48 and mounting Turkish police presence.
00:26:51 The Turkish police were not concerned
00:26:54 about the discussions
00:26:56 between Trotsky and Paz,
00:26:58 but they did care about Stalin's secret service.
00:27:01 They did not want a political assassination
00:27:03 on their territory.
00:27:05 The need to find a really safe place
00:27:07 for Trotsky to live
00:27:09 was becoming more and more urgent.
00:27:11 As Trotsky searched for a new home
00:27:16 from the safety of his suite,
00:27:18 his son, Lvov, kept track
00:27:20 of political developments
00:27:22 from the newspapers.
00:27:24 The German press interested Trotsky the most,
00:27:28 firstly because of the political
00:27:30 situation there,
00:27:32 also because he had applied for a visa
00:27:34 and had many supporters there.
00:27:36 About a month after his arrival,
00:27:42 Trotsky began to give interviews
00:27:44 and to write for newspapers
00:27:46 around the world,
00:27:48 the Paris Journal, the New York Times,
00:27:50 the English Daily Express.
00:27:52 And he revealed his feelings
00:27:54 about his host country
00:27:56 in his first interview with a Turkish newspaper,
00:27:58 Milliyet,
00:28:00 considered at the time to be a mouthpiece
00:28:02 of the Turkish government.
00:28:04 "The Turkish government
00:28:08 showed me great hospitality.
00:28:10 Before I came, I did not know
00:28:12 how I was going to be received here.
00:28:14 I wrote a letter to the president.
00:28:18 I got a reply from the governor
00:28:20 immediately.
00:28:26 The Turkish government never
00:28:28 limited my movements."
00:28:30 Ataturk, in response to Trotsky's
00:28:38 safety concerns,
00:28:40 in the letter from the boat, the Ilyich,
00:28:42 had replied through Governor Ustundag.
00:28:44 "The violence that you mention in your letter
00:28:48 cannot take place in Turkey.
00:28:50 You are free to go to any country you like.
00:28:52 If you wish to extend
00:28:54 your stay in Turkey,
00:28:56 you will benefit from Turkish hospitality.
00:28:58 You will fully enjoy
00:29:00 all the rights extended to all foreigners
00:29:02 living in Turkey."
00:29:04 Why did Trotsky first settle
00:29:12 in the Soviet consulate?
00:29:14 And why did he leave?
00:29:16 He explained to the newspapers.
00:29:18 "I had applied
00:29:20 to go to Germany.
00:29:22 I didn't move to a hotel
00:29:24 because I thought a reply
00:29:26 would come quickly."
00:29:28 Trotsky had made clear in his letter
00:29:36 to Ataturk that Turkey was not
00:29:38 his first choice.
00:29:40 "You may ask why I want to leave Turkey.
00:29:42 It's because I do not speak the language.
00:29:44 I am old now,
00:29:46 and I cannot learn a new language.
00:29:48 There is no other reason why I should not
00:29:50 go to your country, which I love,
00:29:52 and where I am shown great hospitality."
00:29:54 Trotsky knew Turkey
00:30:00 and the Turkish people fairly well.
00:30:02 He had written of Turkey's experiences
00:30:04 in its search for freedom
00:30:06 and followed the War of Independence closely.
00:30:08 He admired Ataturk.
00:30:10 He told Milliyet,
00:30:14 "You owe your independence
00:30:16 to the will of your great leader.
00:30:18 Ataturk's greatness
00:30:20 has been acknowledged by the entire world.
00:30:22 It is a pleasure
00:30:24 for me to repeat this fact here."
00:30:26 Trotsky's growing visibility
00:30:38 in the media was an added
00:30:40 safety risk.
00:30:42 Turkish security reports were tense.
00:30:44 Istanbul was full of agents
00:30:46 and most of them
00:30:48 were after Trotsky.
00:30:50 One informant said
00:30:54 white Russians were planning to kill Trotsky
00:30:56 for allegedly having ordered the deaths
00:30:58 of 60,000 people in the Crimea
00:31:00 after it was evacuated
00:31:02 by General Vrangel's army.
00:31:14 For days on end,
00:31:16 police picked up and questioned
00:31:18 former czarist officers and soldiers.
00:31:20 Many were summarily expelled from Turkey.
00:31:24 Trotsky had driven them
00:31:26 from their homes 12 years before.
00:31:28 Now, because of him,
00:31:30 they were being forced
00:31:32 from their chosen land of exile.
00:31:34 [music]
00:31:36 [music]
00:31:38 [music]
00:32:00 [music]
00:32:02 [music]
00:32:08 [music]
00:32:14 [music]
00:32:20 [music]
00:32:26 [music]
00:32:28 [music]
00:32:36 All Trotsky wanted
00:32:50 was a safe place
00:32:52 where he could devote himself to his writing.
00:32:54 [music]
00:32:56 [music]
00:33:08 A red-cliffed island
00:33:12 set in deep blue,
00:33:14 Buyu-Kadah crouches in the sea
00:33:16 like a prehistoric animal, drinking.
00:33:18 Trotsky wrote these words
00:33:22 in his published memoirs.
00:33:24 The village cemetery seemed
00:33:26 more alive than the village itself.
00:33:28 Around 1930,
00:33:36 Buyu-Kadah was still as deserted
00:33:38 as it probably was
00:33:40 when the disgraced brothers and cousins
00:33:42 of the Byzantine emperors
00:33:44 lingered away their lives on its shores.
00:33:46 Nature itself seemed to have
00:33:50 designed the spot to be a regal penitentiary.
00:33:52 The islanders,
00:33:56 a few fishermen and shepherds,
00:33:58 lived as their forefathers did
00:34:00 a thousand years earlier.
00:34:02 The horn of a motor car never disturbed the stillness.
00:34:04 Only the braying of an ass
00:34:06 came down from the outlying
00:34:08 cliffs and fields into the main street.
00:34:10 For a few weeks in the year,
00:34:14 noisy vulgarity intruded.
00:34:16 In the summer,
00:34:18 multitudes of holidaymakers,
00:34:20 families of Istanbul merchants
00:34:22 crowded the beaches and the huts.
00:34:24 Then calm returned,
00:34:30 and only the braying of the ass
00:34:32 greeted the still
00:34:34 and splendid onset of the autumn.
00:34:36 Trotsky had finally found a safe home.
00:34:38 The islanders,
00:34:58 a few fishermen and shepherds,
00:35:00 lived as their forefathers did
00:35:02 a thousand years earlier.
00:35:04 Buyukadar was relatively difficult to access,
00:35:06 and comings and goings were easy to control,
00:35:08 and the Turkish security was happy.
00:35:10 Trotsky changed addresses several times
00:35:12 before he found his final home.
00:35:14 In some places he was simply uncomfortable,
00:35:16 in others, mysterious fires broke out,
00:35:18 blamed on the GPU,
00:35:20 but never proven.
00:35:22 The islanders,
00:35:26 a few fishermen and shepherds,
00:35:28 came to the island
00:35:30 and settled there.
00:35:32 [music]
00:35:34 [music]
00:35:36 [music]
00:36:04 Trotsky liked the new house,
00:36:06 a spacious, dilapidated villa
00:36:08 rented from a bankrupt pasha.
00:36:10 He immediately got to work.
00:36:12 The authorities allowed friends to visit,
00:36:14 and one of the first to join him
00:36:16 was his secretary.
00:36:18 Madame Sarah,
00:36:20 we continue.
00:36:26 In the near future,
00:36:30 the fate of not only Germany,
00:36:32 but also the whole world
00:36:34 will depend on
00:36:36 who will come to power in this country.
00:36:38 The construction of socialism in the Soviet Union,
00:36:46 the revolution in Spain,
00:36:48 the pre-revolutionary situation in England,
00:36:52 the crisis of French colonialism,
00:36:56 the national liberation movement in China and India,
00:37:00 all these problems
00:37:02 depend on one question.
00:37:04 Who will come to power?
00:37:08 The fascists or the communists?
00:37:12 Who should I give this to?
00:37:18 Give it to Sidow.
00:37:20 Let him send a postcard to the New York Times.
00:37:22 You'll make Stalin angry again.
00:37:26 You know that the world does not listen to his voice,
00:37:28 but your speech is printed
00:37:30 in all American newspapers.
00:37:32 You're talking nonsense.
00:37:34 Wait.
00:37:36 With Trotsky's arrival,
00:37:38 the Turkish communists became more visible.
00:37:40 Posters and leaflets mushroomed.
00:37:42 May Day demonstrations
00:37:48 rocked Istanbul and Izmir.
00:37:50 Many were arrested.
00:37:52 All eyes turned to Trotsky
00:37:56 when one of those arrested
00:37:58 said the communist pamphlets
00:38:00 he'd been caught distributing
00:38:02 were given to the Communist Party.
00:38:04 The pamphlets he'd been caught distributing
00:38:06 were given to him by the owner of a club on Boyukata.
00:38:08 Was Trotsky the source?
00:38:14 Nothing came out of the investigation.
00:38:18 The Turkish security forces were becoming apprehensive.
00:38:22 More and more people showed up on Prinkipo.
00:38:26 The police were certain
00:38:28 that some of them were communists.
00:38:32 When a policeman came to the house
00:38:34 and asked for a list of the people inside,
00:38:36 Trotsky was furious.
00:38:38 He immediately wrote to the Istanbul police chief
00:38:40 and complained.
00:38:42 "Today a policeman came to my house
00:38:44 and asked for a list of the people
00:38:46 staying and working with us.
00:38:48 I'm sure you were not informed of this incident,
00:38:50 but I find it unacceptable.
00:38:52 This is a violation
00:38:54 of my personal rights.
00:38:56 However, if you like,
00:38:58 I am prepared to come to your office
00:39:00 and answer all your questions."
00:39:02 Still, Trotsky was not always correct
00:39:06 in his judgments about the growing number
00:39:08 of visitors on Boyukata.
00:39:10 Among those who came to the island
00:39:14 was Sobolevikos,
00:39:16 a Lithuanian who appeared to be
00:39:18 a militant oppositionist.
00:39:20 He settled in the house
00:39:22 after Trotsky personally asked for him
00:39:24 to be granted a visa.
00:39:26 He and his brother
00:39:28 lived together for three years
00:39:30 and they also worked as bodyguards
00:39:32 and were always armed.
00:39:34 Thirty years later, in 1960,
00:39:36 Sobolevikos was arrested
00:39:38 in the United States
00:39:40 for spying, carrying papers
00:39:42 that identified him as
00:39:44 Jack Sobol.
00:39:46 He told FBI agents
00:39:48 during interrogation
00:39:50 that he had been in the employment
00:39:52 of the GPU, reporting on the activities
00:39:54 of the Boyukata household
00:39:56 directly to Stalin.
00:39:58 Jacob Blumkin
00:40:00 had been recruited by Trotsky
00:40:02 into the Communist Party.
00:40:04 He was an officer of the GPU.
00:40:06 He asked for a meeting
00:40:10 with Trotsky, which was arranged
00:40:12 by Trotsky's son, Leon Sidov,
00:40:14 who said that he'd met Blumkin
00:40:16 in the street by chance.
00:40:18 Jacob Blumkin
00:40:20 offered to smuggle Trotsky's writings
00:40:22 into the Soviet Union
00:40:24 to help young Turkish fishermen.
00:40:26 Trotsky declined,
00:40:28 but the two men had a long talk
00:40:30 and Trotsky gave Blumkin
00:40:32 a carefully worded message
00:40:34 to the oppositionists back home.
00:40:36 A few months later,
00:40:38 news came that Stalin had executed
00:40:40 Blumkin for being a Trotskyist.
00:40:42 The informant was said to be Blumkin's lover,
00:40:46 Liza Gorskaya, herself a GPU agent,
00:40:48 who Blumkin had confided in
00:40:52 and told about his meetings with Trotsky.
00:40:54 Trotsky, shocked,
00:40:58 called on his supporters around the world
00:41:00 to raise a storm of protest
00:41:02 over the execution of Blumkin.
00:41:04 The circle around Trotsky
00:41:14 became wider with every passing day and week.
00:41:20 They came from all over Europe
00:41:22 and they spent most of their time
00:41:24 in Trotsky's study.
00:41:26 Some were no strangers to the Turkish police.
00:41:30 The recent crisis in Germany
00:41:32 turned into a revolution.
00:41:34 It was necessary to shift
00:41:36 the small bourgeoisie
00:41:38 towards the working class.
00:41:40 This did not happen.
00:41:42 The opposite happened.
00:41:44 The small bourgeoisie
00:41:46 joined Hitler.
00:41:48 This threatens the death
00:41:50 of the entire working class.
00:41:52 We must immediately
00:41:54 change our tactics.
00:41:56 What is the Communist counterattack?
00:41:58 They must switch to defense.
00:42:00 If Hitler goes to a direct
00:42:02 confrontation with the working class,
00:42:04 he will expose himself
00:42:06 and this will be his end.
00:42:08 If this does not happen,
00:42:10 he can be supported by the Social Democrats,
00:42:12 who are part of the working class.
00:42:14 So they must tell them,
00:42:16 "Comrades,
00:42:18 if you are attacked,
00:42:20 we will defend you.
00:42:22 And the rest
00:42:24 will be left to the enemy.
00:42:26 We will defend you.
00:42:28 Will you do the same
00:42:30 to us?"
00:42:32 We must address
00:42:40 the millions of workers in Europe.
00:42:42 Your future is in your hands.
00:42:44 If fascism comes to power,
00:42:46 the Nazis will crush
00:42:48 the proletariat of Europe
00:42:50 with tanks.
00:42:52 Only the consolidation
00:42:54 of the entire working class
00:42:56 can stop fascism.
00:42:58 Only a single front
00:43:00 can stop fascism.
00:43:02 There is no time left.
00:43:04 We must not lose a minute.
00:43:06 The Russian Revolution
00:43:14 and Trotsky had many
00:43:16 sympathizers in Turkey.
00:43:18 Although early during
00:43:22 the years of independence,
00:43:24 Mustafa Kemal, reflecting on the revolution,
00:43:26 wrote,
00:43:28 "Our friendship with Russia continues.
00:43:30 However,
00:43:34 the state of our country,
00:43:36 the domestic situation of the nation,
00:43:38 and the vigor of our national traditions
00:43:40 make it clear that communism
00:43:42 cannot be an option for Turkey."
00:43:44 [Music]
00:43:46 Trotsky continued to search for a visa.
00:43:58 He applied to Germany,
00:44:00 to England, and to France.
00:44:02 All of the applications
00:44:04 were rejected.
00:44:06 No government would accept him.
00:44:08 He applied for an American visa
00:44:10 and wrote to the U.S. consulate
00:44:12 in Seoul.
00:44:14 Leaving aside the question
00:44:16 of medical consultation
00:44:18 necessary for my wife and for myself,
00:44:20 the aim of my voyage
00:44:22 is of a purely scientific nature.
00:44:24 I recently published
00:44:26 in the United States a work
00:44:28 in three volumes on the history
00:44:30 of the Russian Revolution,
00:44:32 which I noted with satisfaction
00:44:34 met with a favorable reception
00:44:36 on the part of almost the entire
00:44:38 American press.
00:44:40 The fourth volume will be devoted
00:44:42 to the history of the Red Army
00:44:44 and the Civil War.
00:44:46 While studying in connection with this theme
00:44:48 the history of the wars of Cromwell
00:44:50 in England and the war between
00:44:52 the northern and southern states in America,
00:44:54 I was struck by the
00:44:56 extraordinary resemblance
00:44:58 in point of form and method
00:45:00 between the Civil War in the United States
00:45:02 and the Civil War in Russia.
00:45:04 The consul never replied.
00:45:06 The first official
00:45:08 U.S. communication he received
00:45:10 was from the Internal Revenue Service.
00:45:12 The records of this office disclose
00:45:16 that you have received income
00:45:18 from sources within the United States.
00:45:20 It is requested
00:45:22 that you advise whether you filed
00:45:24 returns with any collector
00:45:26 of internal revenue in the United States
00:45:28 for the year 1932.
00:45:30 While Trotsky pursued his quest for a visa,
00:45:32 Turkey organized its first beauty pageant
00:45:34 with all Turkish contestants.
00:45:36 Hundreds of young women applied.
00:45:38 Trotsky and other problems
00:45:40 were forgotten for a few months
00:45:42 as the secluded, veiled women
00:45:44 of a decade earlier
00:45:46 were forced to leave
00:45:48 the country
00:45:50 and go to the United States
00:45:52 to work as a nurse.
00:45:54 The first woman to be appointed
00:45:56 was a young woman
00:45:58 who was a nurse.
00:46:00 The veiled women of a decade earlier
00:46:02 appeared before the world
00:46:04 clad in bathing suits.
00:46:06 Feriha Tevfik became the first Miss Turkey.
00:46:08 Her successor two years later,
00:46:10 Keriman Halis,
00:46:12 was crowned the most beautiful woman
00:46:14 in the world.
00:46:16 [Music]
00:46:18 [Music]
00:46:20 [Music]
00:46:22 [Music]
00:46:24 (soft music)
00:46:53 - Kotsky had arrived on Boyukhada
00:46:55 with only his wife, his son, and a secretary.
00:46:58 By 1931, he was surrounded by a large group of supporters.
00:47:03 When they took strategy, they went outdoors for a picnic,
00:47:07 but Turkish security was always close by.
00:47:10 Nothing was left for chance.
00:47:12 (soft music)
00:47:16 (people chattering)
00:47:19 Among them were the French banker, Raymond Molinier,
00:47:27 and his young and attractive wife, Jeanne.
00:47:30 Raymond had plans to transform Trotskyism
00:47:33 into a major movement,
00:47:35 backed by mass circulation newspapers
00:47:38 that would have wide appeal.
00:47:40 (Raymond speaking in foreign language)
00:47:44 (soft music)
00:47:46 (Raymond speaking in foreign language)
00:47:51 (Kotsky speaking in foreign language)
00:48:00 (Raymond speaking in foreign language)
00:48:15 (Kotsky speaking in foreign language)
00:48:20 (Raymond speaking in foreign language)
00:48:29 (Kotsky speaking in foreign language)
00:48:34 (Raymond speaking in foreign language)
00:48:38 (Kotsky speaking in foreign language)
00:49:07 Molinier practically took over the Buyukheda House,
00:49:10 bought new furniture,
00:49:11 and hired secretaries and writers from Europe.
00:49:14 In the meantime, his wife, Jeanne,
00:49:18 fell in love with Lvova, Trotsky's son.
00:49:22 Their love affair grew.
00:49:23 While Trotsky and Raymond worked on their projects,
00:49:29 Lvova and Jeanne took long walks in the garden.
00:49:31 When Raymond decided to return to Paris,
00:49:36 Jeanne was on the pier waving goodbye.
00:49:39 (Raymond speaking in foreign language)
00:49:43 (Jeanne speaking in foreign language)
00:49:58 (Jeanne speaking in foreign language)
00:50:02 (Raymond speaking in foreign language)
00:50:07 (Jeanne speaking in foreign language)
00:50:12 (Raymond speaking in foreign language)
00:50:16 (Jeanne speaking in foreign language)
00:50:31 (Raymond speaking in foreign language)
00:50:35 Trotsky decided to send his son to Germany
00:50:38 to organize the Bureau of the Left Opposition there.
00:50:41 Lvova was his right hand,
00:50:45 the only person he really trusted.
00:50:47 He wrote to the German and Turkish governments
00:50:56 saying his son had to go to Germany for health reasons.
00:51:00 Visas arrived quickly,
00:51:02 and Lvova and Jeanne left Turkey together.
00:51:06 (Raymond speaking in foreign language)
00:51:11 (gentle music)
00:51:14 (Raymond speaking in foreign language)
00:51:19 (gentle music)
00:51:21 After Lvova left Bujukada,
00:51:48 Trotsky's daughter, Zina, arrived.
00:51:50 (gentle music)
00:51:56, (gentle music)
00:52:01, (gentle music)
00:52:06 (gentle music)
00:52:08 (Zina speaking in foreign language)
00:52:29 (Raymond speaking in foreign language)
00:52:32 (gentle music)
00:52:34 (Raymond speaking in foreign language)
00:52:39 (gentle music)
00:52:49 (Zina speaking in foreign language)
00:52:56 (gentle music)
00:52:58 Zina was one of two daughters Trotsky had
00:53:11 from his first marriage with Alexandra Sokolovskaya,
00:53:16 a revolutionary comrade from the 1900s.
00:53:19 (gentle music)
00:53:22 (gentle music)
00:53:25 Trotsky had left her when he fled
00:53:30 his first Siberian exile for Europe in 1902.
00:53:34 When he returned to Russia in 1905,
00:53:38 it was with Natalia, whom he had met in Paris.
00:53:41 Zina was not well.
00:53:48 The death at a young age of tuberculosis
00:53:51 of her sister Nina had depressed her,
00:53:54 and she suffered from depression
00:53:56 in addition to serious respiratory problems.
00:53:59 Trotsky wanted her to come to Turkey first
00:54:03 and immediately travel on to Germany for treatment.
00:54:06 Again, Trotsky faced a visa problem.
00:54:09 In a telegram he sent to Tevfik Rustu Aras,
00:54:13 the foreign minister, he indicated
00:54:15 that Zina was waiting sick in Odessa,
00:54:18 and he asked for an urgent visa to have her brought to Turkey.
00:54:22 Trotsky also said he was ready
00:54:24 to pay all telegraph and visa fees.
00:54:27 The next day, the foreign minister sent him a telegraph.
00:54:33 Order given to our Odessa consulate
00:54:35 to issue visa for Miss Zina Volkova, stop.
00:54:38 No need for a telegraph fee, stop.
00:54:44 Tevfik Rustu.
00:54:45 (somber music)
00:54:48 But Zina was happy on Buyukheda.
00:54:52 She didn't want to leave her father's side.
00:54:56 The pine-rich air of the island was good for her lungs,
00:54:59 and being with Trotsky and Natalia
00:55:01 and helping around the house was good for her soul.
00:55:04 Trotsky was convinced she needed treatment in Germany.
00:55:09 (somber music)
00:55:12 (glass clinking)
00:55:14 (somber music)
00:55:18 (speaking in foreign language)
00:55:22 (glass clinking)
00:55:25 (speaking in foreign language)
00:55:28, (laughing)
00:55:33 (speaking in foreign language)
00:55:37 (laughing)
00:56:01 (speaking in foreign language)
00:56:05 - Zina!
00:56:15 - Zina felt unwanted and went into a severe depression.
00:56:19 She wrote to her mother complaining
00:56:22 of her father's aloofness.
00:56:24 She felt that he did not want her around.
00:56:26 (speaking in foreign language)
00:56:30 (somber music)
00:56:33 Zina finally accepted her father's wishes
00:56:47 and went to Germany in 1932,
00:56:51 where the Nazis were growing in strength.
00:56:53 Zina had intensive treatment for pneumonia and depression.
00:57:01 But her health was not improving,
00:57:03 and the situation in Germany with the Nazis frightened her,
00:57:07 for she was Jewish.
00:57:08 Lvova wrote to his father on January the 5th, 1933,
00:57:15 informing him that Zina had killed herself.
00:57:18 The final words on her suicide note
00:57:21 were thoughts for her little son,
00:57:23 who had joined her in Germany from Buryukheda
00:57:26 just before she took her own life.
00:57:30 I feel my end approaching.
00:57:32 I don't think I can take care of my child.
00:57:35 He doesn't speak a word of German.
00:57:37 Call my brother.
00:57:39 She then locked herself in the kitchen
00:57:44 and turned on the gas.
00:57:46 (knocking)
00:57:54 Trotsky was shocked and riddled with feelings of guilt.
00:58:00 (gentle music)
00:58:02 Pierre Frank, his secretary,
00:58:09 recounted that Trotsky locked himself up in his room
00:58:12 and would not talk to anyone for five days.
00:58:15 When he emerged, his hair had grown whiter than before.
00:58:27 (gentle music)
00:58:30 To escape the sorrow and the agony of Zina's death,
00:58:51 Trotsky returned to fishing.
00:58:53 He could be seen every day
00:58:55 with his fisherman friend, Haralambos,
00:58:58 who only spoke Turkish and Greek.
00:59:00 They communicated only with gestures,
00:59:03 but Trotsky soon became expert at handling the hooks,
00:59:06 the lines, and the nets.
00:59:08 News of his prowess as a fisherman was heard even in Russia.
00:59:23 (speaking in foreign language)
00:59:27 the news of his prowess as a fisherman was heard even in Russia.
00:59:32 (speaking in foreign language)
00:59:36 (gentle music)
00:59:39 (speaking in foreign language)
00:59:43 (speaking in foreign language)
00:59:47 (speaking in foreign language)
00:59:51 (speaking in foreign language)
00:59:55 (speaking in foreign language)
00:59:58 (gentle music)
01:00:03 (speaking in foreign language)
01:00:25 (water splashing)
01:00:27 (speaking in foreign language)
01:00:31, yeah.
01:00:32 (sighing)
01:00:43 (speaking in foreign language)
01:00:53 (laughing)
01:00:55 - In 1933, Turkey prepared to celebrate
01:01:06 its 10th anniversary as a republic.
01:01:09 Ataturk wanted to show the world
01:01:13 how far Turkey had gone in one short decade.
01:01:16 Countrywide gala events, balls,
01:01:19 and ceremonies lasted throughout the year.
01:01:21 (gentle music)
01:01:24 Stalin, aware of Turkey's growing role in the Balkans,
01:01:40 began keeping a close watch on Turkey
01:01:43 and started to develop relations from 1932 onwards.
01:01:48 There was a nonstop exchange of delegations
01:01:50 between the two countries,
01:01:52 and when the Turkish Prime Minister,
01:01:54 Esmet İnönü, returned from a visit to Moscow
01:01:57 with a credit line of $8 million,
01:01:59 the Istanbul newspapers were full of Stalin's praise.
01:02:04 Trotsky was anxious.
01:02:09 He was convinced Stalin was putting pressure
01:02:11 on Turkey to expel him.
01:02:13 Once again, it was time to leave.
01:02:16 (gentle music)
01:02:19 By early summer 1933,
01:02:25 Trotsky knew his days on Buryukhida were numbered.
01:02:28 He contacted a number of European countries,
01:02:32 asking them to urgently reactivate
01:02:34 his earlier visa applications.
01:02:36 (gentle music)
01:02:46 He pressed his friends in France in particular into action,
01:02:49 but weeks passed and there was no reply.
01:02:52 His hopes were raised when he was allowed to Denmark
01:02:56 to deliver a lecture,
01:02:58 but the Communist parties protested his trip through Europe
01:03:01 and he returned to Prinkipo.
01:03:03 His finances were dwindling
01:03:07 and money started to become a serious problem
01:03:10 for the first time since his arrival in Turkey.
01:03:13 He wrote to Henri Moliniere on June the 7th,
01:03:17 "I could even live in Corsica
01:03:19 "if only France would open its doors."
01:03:21 Finally, four and a half years after his initial request,
01:03:28 the French government granted him a visa,
01:03:31 but there were strict conditions.
01:03:33 Trotsky would not be allowed into Paris
01:03:36 and would have to live in a southern suburb
01:03:38 under constant police supervision
01:03:40 and the threat of immediate expulsion
01:03:43 if he failed to obey any of the conditions
01:03:45 put forth by the French government.
01:03:47 Trotsky accepted and started packing.
01:03:51 Isaac Deutscher wrote,
01:03:53 "It was not without a tug of emotion
01:03:56 "that he took leave of the splendor of the Sea of Marmara
01:04:00 "and the fishing expeditions,
01:04:02 "and that he thought of his faithful fishermen,
01:04:05 "some of whom their bones saturated through
01:04:07 "with the salt of the sea
01:04:09 "had recently found their rest in the village cemetery,
01:04:12 "while others had in these years of depression
01:04:15 "to struggle harder and harder to sell their catch."
01:04:19 Trotsky and Natalia left Bujukoda on June the 25th, 1933
01:04:29 to board the ship Bulgaria bound for France.
01:04:39 (birds chirping)
01:04:42 He wrote one final letter to the government in Ankara,
01:04:57 a letter of thanks for the hospitality
01:05:00 and the security they provided
01:05:02 during the past four and a half years.
01:05:04 (birds chirping)
01:05:07 But there was also emotion.
01:05:24 In his memoirs, he wrote of his last moments
01:05:27 in the villa in Bujukoda.
01:05:29 "The house is already empty.
01:05:33 "The wooden cases are already downstairs.
01:05:36 "Young hands are driving in the nails.
01:05:39 "The floor of our old and dilapidated villa
01:05:42 "was painted with such queer paint in the spring
01:05:46 "that even now, four months later,
01:05:48 "tables, chairs, and our feet keep sticking to it.
01:05:52 "Oddly, I feel as if my feet had gotten
01:05:56 "somewhat rooted in the soil of Prinkipo."
01:05:58 (gentle music)
01:06:01 Trotsky's French visa expired in 1935.
01:06:14 He was forced to leave Norway,
01:06:18 where the government was under pressure,
01:06:20 and finally traveled to his last place of exile, Mexico,
01:06:25 where he had been invited by the artist couple
01:06:28 of Diego Rivera and Frida Kahlo.
01:06:30 There, he would suffer another blow.
01:06:35 His son, Lvovo, whom he'd sent to Germany in 1931,
01:06:41 had fled to France after Hitler came to power in 1933,
01:06:46 and was leading a happy life there with Jeanne,
01:06:48 now his wife, and continuing his father's work.
01:06:52 With a new but trusted French supporter, Etienne,
01:06:56 Lvovo was organizing the left opposition in Paris.
01:07:00 Etienne had access to Lvovo's private letters,
01:07:04 and read all the instructions Trotsky sent his son.
01:07:08 Lvovo died mysteriously in 1938.
01:07:11 According to the official hospital report,
01:07:14 he fell from his bed and died in the hospital
01:07:17 where he had just undergone an operation for appendicitis.
01:07:22 In 1958, Etienne was arrested
01:07:26 under his true identity of Mark Sporovsky, GPU agent.
01:07:31 Mark Sporovsky said that the accident in the Paris clinic
01:07:36 was arranged on Stalin's orders.
01:07:38 All of Trotsky's children were now dead.
01:07:46 Trotsky devoted himself full-time to writing,
01:07:50 producing a flood of books, including "My Life,"
01:07:53 a matchless autobiographical history
01:07:56 of the Russian Revolution.
01:07:58 He survived at least one assassination attempt,
01:08:11 but on August the 20th, 1940,
01:08:14 seven years after he left Buryukheda,
01:08:17 Stalin's GPU finally caught up with Trotsky.
01:08:21 Ramon Mercader, a Stalinist agent
01:08:27 who'd made his way into Trotsky's household in Mexico,
01:08:30 fatally wounded him with an ice axe.
01:08:33 Trotsky died the following day.
01:08:41 He was 61 years old.
01:08:43 (somber music)
01:08:46 Years later, Isaac Deutscher wrote,
01:09:04 "Despite all the adversities,
01:09:07 "the years Trotsky had spent on Prinkipo
01:09:10 "were the calmest, the most creative,
01:09:13 "and the least unhappy time of his exile."
01:09:16 (somber music)
01:09:26 (dramatic music)
01:09:28 (dramatic music)
01:09:31 (dramatic music)
01:09:34 (dramatic music)
01:09:37 (dramatic music)
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