75 Facts That Will Make You Want More

Bright Side

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Transcript

00:00:00Is this safe to eat?

00:00:02We sometimes see strange dots on our potatoes and wonder if we should just throw them away.

00:00:07Here are 10 eat or toss facts.

00:00:11Did you know that every year 119 billion pounds of food is wasted only in the United States?

00:00:19To put it in perspective, this number means nearly 40% of all food in America is wasted.

00:00:26People throw away food if they don't have confidence in the ingredients.

00:00:30They're being cautious and it makes sense.

00:00:32But what if the food is safe to eat and only looks weird?

00:00:36The first item on the list is beef.

00:00:39When it comes to meat, people naturally get extra cautious.

00:00:42Imagine you buy some raw beef in the store.

00:00:45Later on, you realize it's got some brown spots.

00:00:48If you toss it immediately, hear me out.

00:00:51This is normal. In fact, you can see brown layers also inside the beef.

00:00:56Bright red color equals fresh meat, huh?

00:00:59Not necessarily.

00:01:00When the meat is first cut, it's maroon.

00:01:03If the meat is quickly vacuum packaged, it will keep that shade.

00:01:07But if the meat is exposed to air for like 15 minutes, then oxygen will cause a change in the look to red.

00:01:14The redness can turn brown when the biochemical reaction starts.

00:01:18This can take a few hours.

00:01:20Workers at the grocery stores grind the meat several times a day to achieve that bright red color.

00:01:25Because they know consumers are cautious about maroon looking beef.

00:01:29If the beef is wrapped in an oxygen permeable plastic, it turns bright red after exposure to oxygen.

00:01:36As long as the meat smells and feels fresh, and if it's been stored properly, it should be safe to eat.

00:01:43Have you ever come across dark lines under a shrimp shell?

00:01:47This one has a similar story to beef.

00:01:50Black lines on your shrimp's flesh are related to a natural phenomenon.

00:01:54They gradually occur after shrimps are taken from the water.

00:01:58Meat is exposed to oxygen, and the blackness gets more visible over time.

00:02:02Here also, the pattern of the animal itself can be a factor.

00:02:06These black lines can be a naturally occurring discoloration on the shrimp.

00:02:11Think of cats.

00:02:13Shrimps can also have different color patterns, but they're the same in terms of species.

00:02:17Next time, you can conduct a mini experiment in your kitchen.

00:02:21Put a couple of shrimps side by side and observe the mild differences in the shrimp's color patterns.

00:02:26Shrimp will have a distinct bad odor when it's no longer edible.

00:02:30So if it smells and tastes fresh, don't toss it.

00:02:34Should you eat moldy yogurt?

00:02:36That green substance on the surface doesn't look appealing at all.

00:02:40If you scoop it out, you seem to have clean yogurt underneath.

00:02:44The short answer is toss it.

00:02:46The mold could be seen on the top only, but it has probably gone deep.

00:02:50Not to mention that it'll taste bad.

00:02:52Many molds are harmless, but some produce toxic substances.

00:02:57Green mold is a type of penicillium.

00:02:59Does this word sound familiar?

00:03:01That's the same type of mold used in the antibiotic penicillin.

00:03:05Don't get too excited.

00:03:07Eating moldy yogurt won't magically cure bacterial infections.

00:03:10It only spoils your dairy product.

00:03:13In 2013, there was an outbreak related to one line of yogurts.

00:03:18The company handed the products to stores as usual.

00:03:21After some time, they received customer complaints.

00:03:24They said that the yogurt looked like yogurt soup and tasted really old.

00:03:29Turns out that a type of fungus probably released some carbon dioxide.

00:03:34It made the product fizzy and bloating.

00:03:37The company and another independent scientist both said that this fungus in question wasn't usually harmful to people.

00:03:45Yet, more than 200 people reported becoming affected by it.

00:03:49So, these sorts of things can still happen.

00:03:52You should trust your spidey sense.

00:03:54If you've ever been lucky enough to see some mold in a freshly opened package, reach out to the manufacturer.

00:04:00You'll potentially save others from facing the same scenery by notifying the company about a systemic issue

00:04:06and preventing potential future product waste.

00:04:09Plus, the company probably wants to make amends and either reimburse your sad yogurt with a happy one

00:04:15or better, they'll give you coupons for free products.

00:04:19Why do avocados sometimes have brown dots inside?

00:04:23Technically, it's edible, but you might not want to eat it.

00:04:27Avocados are a source of many vitamins like C, E, K, and B6, as well as healthy stuff like magnesium, potassium, and more.

00:04:37The avocado works hard to become such a health storage.

00:04:40Nutrients, water, and sugars wander around this fruit.

00:04:44Yes, technically, avocado is classified as a fruit.

00:04:48Anyway, avocados have their own transport channels like veins.

00:04:52These channels are normally invisible to us.

00:04:55Until something goes out of the ordinary, the avocado may be stored in too cold temperatures for a longer time than it should.

00:05:02As a result, the tissue cells might be weakened and start to deteriorate.

00:05:06Experts say that after the fruit is harvested, if it stays in the refrigerator for a few weeks before you buy it, vascular browning can occur.

00:05:14This phenomenon becomes visible after you keep the avocado at room temperature for a few days.

00:05:19Don't be hard on yourself. It's not because of you.

00:05:22So, should you eat it or toss it?

00:05:24You can eat the brown dotted avocados, but you may want to taste them first.

00:05:28They might not taste good compared to a regular one.

00:05:31What about the white area under the potato peel?

00:05:35Eat or toss?

00:05:36This area is also like dark bruise marks, but it's not black.

00:05:40If the outer layer of the potato looks normal, that odd-looking white knot is not mold.

00:05:46The moldy potatoes deteriorate.

00:05:48They'll get softer, wrinkled, or squishy.

00:05:51As long as the exterior of this potato appears clean and regular, there's probably no harmful microbial growth inside of it.

00:05:58These strikingly white areas can be shaped due to potatoes being bruised, possibly in the field during the harvesting period.

00:06:05To sum up, you can eat it.

00:06:07There's also an issue of white smears coming out when we slice potatoes.

00:06:12You see the marks on the cutting board?

00:06:14Experts say that some potatoes have a higher level of water and starch content.

00:06:19As a result, your cutting board gets a bit messier than usual.

00:06:22No need to worry about it.

00:06:24I'm going to carry on with another form of potato.

00:06:27Not because I love every version of potato and I can eat it in all meals from breakfast to dinner, but because I want to know.

00:06:34What are those brown spots on potato chips?

00:06:37Should we eat or toss them?

00:06:39Consider these as minor imperfections.

00:06:42They don't affect the safety of the chip.

00:06:44They're there again because of the bruises they get or as a result of frying.

00:06:50Sometimes you see that your garlic is trying to make more garlic out of itself.

00:06:54Yep, it has sprouted.

00:06:56The question is, is it okay to eat sprouted cloves?

00:06:59Or should you toss them?

00:07:01If the green sprout is in the center of the garlic clove, that's fine.

00:07:04Be aware that the taste of the garlic will be stronger than it usually is.

00:07:08It will still be perfectly okay in a cooked meal since it'll be alongside other ingredients.

00:07:13The taste shouldn't be that harsh.

00:07:16Can we eat an apple with worms?

00:07:19Most people can't even stand the idea of accidentally eating an apple with a worm.

00:07:24But that's a cultural thing.

00:07:26So the answer is yes, we can eat it.

00:07:29After all, worms add a little protein to the fruit.

00:07:33These animals don't carry any harmful parasites.

00:07:36They make their way into the apple.

00:07:38The entrance point of the fruit might have an off flavor since it got sort of rotten in time.

00:07:44Besides the taste, the rotten part is all safe to bite.

00:07:48What might not be so safe is eating the fallen apples though.

00:07:52Those have probably been hanging out on the ground for quite some time.

00:07:56This period might be enough for the harmful bacteria from the soil to sneak into the apple.

00:08:02There were some cases where people experienced health issues by drinking unpasteurized apple juice made from dropped apples.

00:08:09Yeah, the ones that interact with unhealthy bacteria.

00:08:18The original Superman from comic books didn't fly.

00:08:21He leaped from one tall building to another in a single bound.

00:08:25But animators who were working on a Superman animated series in the 1940s

00:08:30complained that the whole leaping thing would look silly on the screen.

00:08:34That's how Superman got his superpower of taking off into the air.

00:08:39Just 20% of laughter is caused by jokes and funny situations.

00:08:44The rest is people reacting to questions like,

00:08:46How are you doing?

00:08:48And regular statements.

00:08:50It helps to form social bonds.

00:08:52People who laugh together get closer.

00:08:55We humans are just one of the world's 8.7 million estimated species.

00:09:00This number includes 611,000 mushroom mold and other fungi species,

00:09:05298,000 plant species,

00:09:087.8 million animal species.

00:09:11You've got the idea.

00:09:13There are four main facial expressions.

00:09:16Angry, afraid or surprised.

00:09:18Happy and sad.

00:09:20But besides these basic ones, you can create up to 7,000 more.

00:09:25By the way, facial expressions that are genuine are more likely to be symmetrical.

00:09:31The mountains on Venus are covered with a snow-like substance.

00:09:35But the temperatures on the planets are scorching and no snow can exist there.

00:09:39The frost is actually metallic.

00:09:43An apple is almost 20% air.

00:09:46That's why it floats when placed in the water.

00:09:51Mysterious Pacific sleeper sharks live in an underwater volcano in Kavachi.

00:09:56It's not far from the Solomon Islands.

00:09:59Scientists have to send in robots to learn more about these creatures.

00:10:03People can't stand the heat and acidity of that environment.

00:10:08The University of Oxford is older than the Aztec Empire.

00:10:12The educational institution was established in 1096

00:10:16and the Aztec Empire was founded 332 years later in 1428.

00:10:23The tardigrade, a.k.a. the water bear, is a microscopic creature that's famous for its survival skills.

00:10:30It can live through extreme temperatures from 300 to negative 458 degrees Fahrenheit

00:10:36and the pressure that's six times stronger than the ocean floor.

00:10:40The creature can also survive in a complete vacuum.

00:10:44Tardigrades sometimes spend almost 10 years without food.

00:10:49Pluto was discovered in 1930 and lost its planetary status in 2006.

00:10:55Within this rather long time, it still didn't manage to make a full orbit around the Sun.

00:11:01The former planet needs 248 Earth years to complete its orbit.

00:11:08In 400 BCE, Persian engineers built an ice machine in the desert.

00:11:14They noticed that ice tended to appear in the shadows during the night.

00:11:18They started to dig holes in the clay in the shaded spots.

00:11:22Then they filled these holes with water.

00:11:25In the morning, they dug the ice out of the holes

00:11:28and stored it in special super-insulated constructions filled with hay.

00:11:33This helped the ice last even on the hottest days,

00:11:36and Persians always had something to help them stay cool.

00:11:41Those who cheated in the Olympics in ancient Greece were severely punished.

00:11:45They had to pay fines and could even be banned from any kind of competition.

00:11:51Interestingly, the fines were used to build bronze statues of those cheating athletes

00:11:56near the entrance of the Olympic Stadium with a description of how they had cheated.

00:12:01On average, a drop of water spends around 9 days in the atmosphere before it falls back to Earth.

00:12:08And if it ends up in the ocean, it sometimes takes more than 3,000 years before it evaporates again.

00:12:16John Mitchell was the first person to speculate about the existence of black holes.

00:12:22It happened in 1783.

00:12:25In his paper, he called them black stars.

00:12:28Unfortunately, his theory was forgotten until the 1970s.

00:12:34Raw sweet potatoes aren't actually sweet,

00:12:37but once you start heating them during cooking,

00:12:39a special enzyme called beta-amylase breaks down the tasteless starch, turning it into sugar.

00:12:47The M100 galaxy is 55 million light-years away from Earth.

00:12:52This is a mind-boggling distance.

00:12:55The galaxy itself is 107,000 light-years across.

00:13:00It's a bit bigger than our home Milky Way galaxy.

00:13:05In 2006, Qatar Telecom had a charity auction where they offered a unique phone number,

00:13:11666-6666.

00:13:14An anonymous bidder bought it for 2.7 million dollars.

00:13:20Showers are famous for being able to spark creativity.

00:13:24When you're taking a warm shower, you usually feel relaxed and happy.

00:13:29Your dopamine level grows, increasing your chances of getting excellent ideas.

00:13:36The hashtag symbol has an official name, Octothorpe.

00:13:40It's a made-up word that was created in the same place where the telephone came from, Bell Laboratories.

00:13:47Back in the past, when there were no terabytes or even gigabytes yet,

00:13:52megabytes used to weigh a lot.

00:13:55The first computer, which was built in 1956, had a hard drive, or something similar to that.

00:14:01This hard drive's capacity was 5 megabytes,

00:14:05but the cabinet it was kept in weighed around 1 ton.

00:14:10Butterflies taste food with their feet because their taste sensors are there.

00:14:15If you were a butterfly, you could taste your pizza just by standing on it.

00:14:21Octopuses lay from 20,000 to 100,000 eggs at a time.

00:14:26The mother octopuses doesn't eat for half a year, protecting the eggs.

00:14:31When baby octopuses get born, they aren't bigger than rice grains.

00:14:37A big oak tree can drink 100 gallons of water a day,

00:14:41and a giant sequoia usually consumes 500 gallons daily.

00:14:48The inhabitants of Cetenillo de las Bodegas in Spain literally live under a rock.

00:14:53People work, study, and go for a walk beneath a huge rocky outcropping.

00:14:58Their homes are built right into the side of the rock.

00:15:03However hot it is outside, you still won't be able to cook an egg on a sidewalk.

00:15:08The highest sidewalk temperature can be more than 140 degrees Fahrenheit.

00:15:14But to cook an egg, you need at least 158 degrees Fahrenheit.

00:15:19Concrete is a great heat conductor, but it's not hot enough to make breakfast.

00:15:25There is a sea with borders defined not by land, but by ocean currents.

00:15:31It's the Sargasso Sea in the Atlantic Ocean, not far from Bermuda.

00:15:35Several currents create a large still area of salty water filled with floating seaweed.

00:15:42Hummingbirds are tiny creatures, but one particular species, the bee hummingbird, breaks all records.

00:15:49The thing is so minuscule it often gets mistaken for an insect.

00:15:53The bird also weighs less than a dime.

00:15:57Hot chocolate tastes better if you drink it out of an orange cup.

00:16:02Researchers asked 57 volunteers to try the same hot chocolate out of red, cream, white, and orange cups.

00:16:10Almost all the participants agreed that the chocolate tastes better when served in orange cups.

00:16:15It proved that the way something is served influences your perception of its taste.

00:16:21Gravity-defying geckos have millions of tiny branched hairs on their bulbous toes.

00:16:27This system lets geckos stick and unstick their feet at breakneck speed, scurrying across surfaces at 20 body lengths per second.

00:16:37It's a proven fact that when you're on the computer, you blink less.

00:16:41In everyday life, you blink around 20 times per minute.

00:16:45But when you're using a computer, it's only 7 times per minute.

00:16:48What's even more interesting, you also read 10% more slowly when you're looking at a computer screen or any other electronic device.

00:16:58African buffalo herds often make decisions by voting.

00:17:02For example, when they choose where to travel, animals would stand up one by one, look in a particular direction, and then lie down again.

00:17:10In most cases, the herd then moves in the direction that's got the most looks.

00:17:16One bamboo species holds the world record for being the fastest growing on Earth.

00:17:21It grows 35 inches per day.

00:17:25When some Massachusetts residents feel like playing a song or two instead of grabbing a guitar, they go for a typewriter.

00:17:33In 2004, the Boston Typewriter Orchestra performed for the first time.

00:17:38The orchestra members produced unusual music with the help of old typewriters

00:17:43and have already released one album.

00:17:47The horseshoe crab has eyes all over its body.

00:17:50The creature has 10 of them, some on top of the animal's shell, some down on its tail, and the rest near its mouth.

00:17:58All these eyes help the crab get around.

00:18:01If you ever want to call someone, hoping they won't really answer, try Super Bowl night.

00:18:07Over 100 million people are enjoying America's favorite sports finals, which is the most watched television program of the year.

00:18:15American football is called this way, although you play it with your hands, because it developed from two sports, rugby and soccer, known as football in Europe.

00:18:25Also, before some major changes in the rules, they both used hands and feet to play.

00:18:31The 1958 NFL championship game was the first and so far the only NFL title game to ever end in overtime.

00:18:40That night, the Baltimore Colts were playing against the New York Giants.

00:18:45The stadium was full with 68,000 fans and hundreds of thousands were watching it on NBC.

00:18:51At some point, the crowd got so wild that the NBC cable responsible for the broadcast somehow got disconnected.

00:18:58The game was about to be over at any moment, so they had to do something immediately.

00:19:03Earlier that year, the New York Times asked the producer if they had any plan B for such a scenario.

00:19:09He laughingly answered, they'd probably have to send someone onto the field to delay the game.

00:19:14And that's exactly what they did.

00:19:16They sent their business manager to run up and down the field after the timeout.

00:19:20Officers were chasing him for a while, and everyone thought that was just a rowdy fan.

00:19:24That's how NBC saved the broadcast, missing only the first play out of the timeout.

00:19:30It's hard to imagine a football game without huddles.

00:19:33I mean those times when they all gather in a tight circle to discuss the strategy, motivate each other or celebrate.

00:19:39But those huddles only became a thing in the 1890s thanks to Paul Hubbard, a hearing impaired quarterback for Gallaudet.

00:19:46He didn't want the other teams to read his hand signals, so he gathered his teammates in a tight circle to protect their secrets.

00:19:52The 1982 Stanford Cardinal and California Golden Bears went down in history because of the play that unfolded in the final seconds.

00:20:01Stanford had a 20-19 lead, and there were just four seconds left.

00:20:06You'd think that's nothing, but the time was enough for Golden Bears to turn the tables.

00:20:11They did five backyard passes, and BAM! Final touchdown! They won 25-20.

00:20:18Unlike professional football balls, the balls used at college games have white stripes painted at one of the ends to make it easier to spot the ball during nighttime games.

00:20:28Wilson, a famous sports equipment company, has been the exclusive provider of footballs for NFL games since 1941.

00:20:36They now produce 4,000 footballs every day.

00:20:39The first American football game in history was played between Rutgers and Princeton colleges.

00:20:44It was popular among students, but soon became quite a rough sport.

00:20:49At some point, it was even banned to play football in public spaces.

00:20:53Walter Camp, a famous rugby player, became Yale's football team captain and saved the day.

00:20:59He changed the rules of the game and made it a lot as we know it today.

00:21:03The 20-yard line to the end zone is known as the red zone.

00:21:07Red was chosen for the name, as it's a warning color for the defense.

00:21:10Once the offense reaches this zone, they are in the best scoring position.

00:21:15Gridiron football is another name for the game.

00:21:18No fun stories here, the only reason is that the playing field does look like a gridiron used in cooking.

00:21:24It seems almost impossible that brothers would be coaching NFL teams that play at the Super Bowl, but it happened in 2013.

00:21:32Jim Harbaugh and John Harbaugh coached the San Francisco 49ers in Baltimore Ravens and stood against each other at the big game.

00:21:41Their parents were watching in the Superdome.

00:21:43John, the elder brother, won.

00:21:46They briefly exchanged congratulations after the game, but didn't speak for weeks after it.

00:21:51Both admitted that the game was emotionally super hard for them.

00:21:55There used to be the National Football League and the American Football League,

00:21:58each with its own champion, until they merged in 1970.

00:22:02They had to decide about the new structure and couldn't come to an agreement.

00:22:06And guess how they finally solved it?

00:22:08Well, they just dropped five options into a vase and took one out at random.

00:22:13Kansas City chief Lamar Hunt coined the name Super Bowl, as he was inspired by a toy for just 98 cents.

00:22:20His wife found it at a toy store in Dallas, Texas, and told him the little ball could bounce over a small house.

00:22:26Not everyone liked this idea, and there were even contests for a different name, but nothing has beaten the toy-inspired one.

00:22:34The first Super Bowl took place on January 15, 1967.

00:22:39The tickets were just $12, compared to the $100,000 that you'd have to pay for the VIP suite today.

00:22:45Yet, there were still many empty seats at Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum, where it took place.

00:22:51They chose the location only six weeks before kickoff.

00:22:53Now it's known three years before the actual game.

00:22:57Ever since the fifth Super Bowl, they have used Roman numbers for identifying the games.

00:23:02It helps avoid some confusion.

00:23:04For example, Super Bowl 2023 would take place at the beginning of that year, but the majority of the season would have been played in 2022.

00:23:13The only exception was Super Bowl 50.

00:23:15The NFL believed naming it Super Bowl L might have lowered ticket sales.

00:23:19The NFL never pays any of those superstar singers that perform at halftime shows.

00:23:24Appearing there at the prime time brings the artists much more money in the long run, as their record sales always spike after the game.

00:23:31They do get money to cover the expenses they have to prepare for the show, though.

00:23:35It can be more than $10 million, so that's not a bad deal after all.

00:23:40Each Super Bowl team gets 108 balls.

00:23:4354 of them serve as practice balls, and another 54 are used during the game.

00:23:47The usual halftime of the NFL game is 12 to 15 minutes, but the Super halftime is 20 to 30 minutes, depending on the performance that's going on.

00:23:57The coin they flipped at the 44 game to decide which team would start the kickoff had spent 11 days on a NASA spaceship orbiting the Earth.

00:24:06To make sure the game is always fair, there must be seven officials with different functions present on the field.

00:24:13You can recognize them by their black and white striped shirts.

00:24:17The referee is the highest rank among them and has the most responsibilities.

00:24:21Then comes the umpire, the back judge, the headlinesman, the side judge, the line judge, and the field judge.

00:24:29Miami has hosted the Super Bowl the most, with 11 games.

00:24:33The runner-up is New Orleans with 10.

00:24:36It normally takes place in a warmer climate or at an indoor stadium.

00:24:39The only exception was the game that took place at Tulane Stadium in New Orleans, when the temperature at game time was 39 degrees Fahrenheit.

00:24:47The Arizona Cardinals are older than the state they represent.

00:24:51The team was founded in 1898, and Arizona officially became a state only 14 years later.

00:24:57The team also had the longest period in NFL history when they didn't win a single game postseason.

00:25:0351 years!

00:25:04NFL gives the winning team members the Super Bowl rings.

00:25:07Those never repeat each other, as the winners choose how to customize it to make it special.

00:25:13Designing them takes up to four months.

00:25:15The ring will normally have the team name and logo, the world champion's title, and the Super Bowl logo and number.

00:25:22The team can award the rings to whomever they decide.

00:25:25Not just players, but coaches, trainers, executives, personnel, staff, and the fans.

00:25:30That's why the total price of the set is around $5 million.

00:25:34The Green Bay Packers' Super Bowl XLV ring had over 100 diamonds, 13 of them representing every title the team has won since 1929.

00:25:43Now, I've tried this one myself, too.

00:25:46Pinch your elbow as hard as you can.

00:25:49You barely feel pain.

00:25:51How come?

00:25:53Well, it's because the ring is made of plastic.

00:25:55Pinch your elbow as hard as you can.

00:25:57You barely feel pain.

00:25:59How come?

00:26:01Well, different areas of your skin have different nerve endings.

00:26:04Our bodies are designed to be more sensitive to pain in places that are at higher risk of getting damaged.

00:26:10Those important parts have more nerve endings so that we're more alert and able to protect ourselves.

00:26:15And thick skin, like that on elbows, has fewer pain detectors.

00:26:19Now, I'm not talking about the tingling, jolting pain you can feel when you hit your elbow against something.

00:26:25Oh, that feels almost like your entire arm has been electrocuted.

00:26:29It's not a feeling I would consider funny.

00:26:32But it comes from the funny bone.

00:26:34Now, the funny bone isn't actually a bone.

00:26:37It's a nerve that starts in your spine, goes through your neck, through your elbow, and through your fingers.

00:26:43Its real name is the ulnar nerve.

00:26:45It's one of the three primary nerves in your arm, and it provides sensation to the fingertips.

00:26:51Your ulnar nerve is well-protected by muscle, fat, and bone.

00:26:55But there's one spot at your elbow where this nerve is exposed.

00:26:59And that spot is… yeah, the funny bone.

00:27:02A different but real version of Achilles' story, huh?

00:27:05Okay, so now you know why it hits so different when you bump your funny bone,

00:27:10and why you feel nothing when you pinch your elbow.

00:27:13Now, the next phenomenon is related to socially awkward moments.

00:27:17Okay, maybe not entirely.

00:27:19It might happen when your crush gives you a compliment.

00:27:22I'm talking about blushing.

00:27:23Now, I'm not sure those butterflies in your stomach exist when you're in love.

00:27:28But I'm sure of this.

00:27:30When you blush, your stomach lining also turns red.

00:27:33Yeah, I've looked.

00:27:35The stomach lining is the tissue that protects your stomach walls from the acid inside.

00:27:40When you blush, it also turns red because blushing happens when the blood rises to the surface of the skin.

00:27:46This affects the stomach too.

00:27:47Now, this is a natural process, a physiological response to the change in your emotions.

00:27:53Now, since we're talking about the stomach,

00:27:55it might be a good time to mention that the stomach fluid has the ability to melt a steel table.

00:28:01Yup.

00:28:03This means the acid would be able to digest your internal organs.

00:28:06Luckily, the stomach lining prevents this from happening.

00:28:09Number three is about letting you know that you can glow in the dark.

00:28:13Now, don't turn off the lights just yet.

00:28:14You can't see it with the unaided eye.

00:28:17These visuals of glittering human bodies come from ultra-sensitive cameras.

00:28:22Japanese scientists were the first to capture the images of human bioluminescence.

00:28:27Only ultra-sensitive cameras can reveal that our bodies emit tiny amounts of light

00:28:33because this light is a thousand times weaker than the human eye can detect.

00:28:37Apparently, all living creatures produce a small amount of light

00:28:41thanks to the chemical reactions in their cells.

00:28:44Humans are newly added to this list.

00:28:47The researchers had been photographing the upper bodies of the volunteers for several days.

00:28:52The results showed that the amount of emitted light followed a 24-hour cycle.

00:28:57The glow is at its highest in late afternoon and lowest late at night.

00:29:01Plus, the brightest light is emitted from the cheeks, forehead, and neck.

00:29:06Interestingly, this does not correspond with the brightest areas caught by thermal cameras.

00:29:11Did you know you're a little bit taller in the morning than you are later at night?

00:29:15Yes, I've been measuring you.

00:29:17Seriously.

00:29:19This height difference is related to gravity.

00:29:21Its force compresses the cartilage in your spine and knees when you stand up or sit down throughout the day.

00:29:27But when you're lying down, your spine decompresses and relaxes.

00:29:32That's why when you wake up in the morning after resting in bed all night, you're taller.

00:29:36The increase in height is not even above an inch, so don't bet on who is taller after hearing this information.

00:29:43Fun fact, astronauts returning from a mission are a few inches taller than they usually are on Earth.

00:29:49It's because of the lack of gravity on the International Space Station.

00:29:53They don't remain that tall forever, though.

00:29:55When they're on the Earth again, gravity gradually squeezes them back down to their usual height.

00:30:01Now, let's get back to the organ we've already spoken about – the skin.

00:30:05Yes, the skin is an organ.

00:30:07In fact, it's the largest organ in your body.

00:30:10It contributes to about 15% of your body weight.

00:30:13What else does this organ do, besides covering your body?

00:30:17It performs vital functions.

00:30:19For instance, it protects your body from external physical and biological harm.

00:30:23Plus, it prevents excessive water loss.

00:30:26Now, I can't help wondering what other surprises the human body has in store for us.

00:30:30But right now, let's move on to the animal planet.

00:30:34Owls don't have eyeballs.

00:30:37Instead, they have something called eye tubes.

00:30:39Their rod-shaped eyes do not move in their sockets as our eyeballs do.

00:30:44That's why owls would have to move their entire bodies to look around.

00:30:48But moving their torsos would make some noise, and other animals would hear it.

00:30:52So owls have evolved to have necks that can twist to around 270 degrees, and they move super silently.

00:31:00But why the concern?

00:31:02Well, night vision requires large corneas to get as much light as possible.

00:31:07This is the main reason why most nocturnal animals, such as the slow loris or tarsier, have big eyes.

00:31:13For owls, it works a little differently.

00:31:16Since they have small heads, such large eyes wouldn't be able to fit inside.

00:31:20Now, even though these creatures don't have eyeballs, they have three sets of eyelids.

00:31:24One set is for blinking, one is for sleeping, and the last one is for keeping their eye tubes clean.

00:31:31So, do the owls give a hoot about that?

00:31:33Yes, yes they do.

00:31:35Moving on from nocturnal animals to the ones you're more familiar with.

00:31:39Meow.

00:31:41Cats have an extra organ that allows them to taste scents in the air.

00:31:44This organ is called Jacobson's organ or the vomeronasal organ.

00:31:49Jacobson's organ is located inside the cat's nasal cavity and opens into the roof of the mouth.

00:31:55This organ can detect specific chemicals by using nerves that lead directly to the brain.

00:32:00That's not a regular sniffing though.

00:32:02The odor receptors of Jacobson's organ aren't designed to catch ordinary smells.

00:32:07They detect chemicals that have no odor at all.

00:32:10In other words, cats can detect undetectable smells.

00:32:14It's not just this. Jacobson's organ increases the sense of smell.

00:32:18For instance, when kittens need to find their mother's milk, imagine there are two mother cats and four kittens.

00:32:25Kittens can distinguish their mother from the other grown-up cat with the help of their sense of smell.

00:32:30Now, when two people meet, they assess each other's body language.

00:32:34Cats can usually do this by sniffing each other's heads.

00:32:37This greeting releases pheromones that can tell a lot about one cat to the other,

00:32:42like what the other feline likes to eat or if they are healthy or not.

00:32:45They can even evaluate whether the other cat is happy or moody, all thanks to Jacobson's organ.

00:32:52Now, another fact about cats.

00:32:54Their nose has distinct ridges that look like a pattern.

00:32:58Similar to our fingerprints, every cat has a unique nose print.

00:33:02It can be used as a form of identification.

00:33:05Okay, cat, we can nail you for breaking the vase.

00:33:08We have your nose prints all over it.

00:33:10Now, do you want to cut a deal?

00:33:11Just tell us what you know about the dog and that chewed-up DVD.

00:33:16Dog lovers, no, I didn't forget about you.

00:33:19Here's a myth you've probably heard.

00:33:21Dogs are colorblind.

00:33:23But they aren't.

00:33:25However, it is true that the color range they can detect is limited compared to the spectrum humans can see.

00:33:31Their color palette consists mostly of yellows, blues, and violets.

00:33:35Our reds, greens, and oranges are not noticeable to them.

00:33:38Now, this one is about turtles.

00:33:41Turtles cannot leave their shells and get back whenever they want.

00:33:44In fact, they are completely attached to their shells.

00:33:47These shells grow with turtles, similar to the human skin.

00:33:51A turtle's shell consists of 50 bones.

00:33:54It also includes a skeleton with the spine and rib cage.

00:33:58So, they go on vacation with it.

00:34:00It's kind of like an RV that you can't get rid of.

00:34:03The button on the top of your baseball cap is there purely for aesthetic purposes.

00:34:08By the way, this little thing has a name.

00:34:11Professionals call it a Squatcho.

00:34:14Its initial function was to hold the four panels of the cap together.

00:34:18As hat making improved, the panels stopped needing it to hold together, and Squatcho was removed.

00:34:24But hats didn't look the same without it.

00:34:26Soon after, the Squatcho returned due to popular demand.

00:34:30Originally, high-heeled shoes weren't intended for galas and proms.

00:34:35Back in the 10th century, horse riding was pretty tough with flat-soled shoes,

00:34:38and many riders' feet would constantly fall out of the stirrups.

00:34:42Higher heels helped deal with that problem.

00:34:45The grip was much firmer with them, and they grew in popularity.

00:34:49It wasn't long before they became a fashion accessory to match stylish outfits.

00:34:53Notable people wouldn't want to be seen without them.

00:34:56Riding a horse with fancy heels was the equivalent of owning a luxurious sports car.

00:35:01Even though heels were worn mainly by men at the start,

00:35:04ladies picked up on the iconic trend in the 17th century.

00:35:08It's been one of the biggest ever since.

00:35:11In ancient Rome, salt was so precious that people even called it white gold.

00:35:17With scorching heat and no fridges, its purpose was to preserve food, mainly meat and fish.

00:35:23As a bonus, it made everything tastier.

00:35:26Sal, which is salt in Latin, was used instead of money to pay salaries.

00:35:31Here is where the word salary originated.

00:35:34Rice is the oldest cultivated food in human history.

00:35:38Its origins as wild grass started in a small valley around 15,000 years ago in Southeast Asia.

00:35:45Today, it's served globally as a staple diet and popular ingredient to 3.5 billion people.

00:35:53It would be difficult to imagine a world without video calls you use through your phone camera or laptop.

00:35:59The technology has helped game-changing innovations like working from home.

00:36:04Still, video calls' original purpose is far from how we use them today.

00:36:09The technology was introduced to confirm if the coffee was still in a pot.

00:36:14In 1993, researchers at the University of Cambridge found it frustrating when they took a break to get a cup of coffee,

00:36:20only to find that the pot was empty.

00:36:23So, they invented a device to monitor it and hooked up a camera that provided their computer with a live stream of the coffee pot.

00:36:31Thanks to these researchers, we can work in pajamas now.

00:36:35We know Albert Einstein for various achievements, but there's something he co-invented that goes overlooked.

00:36:42Together with his student, he invented a modified refrigerator.

00:36:46It's not like the ones we use today.

00:36:47In the 1920s, fridges weren't quite as safe as they produced poisonous gases.

00:36:53He wanted to create a safer version that didn't require electricity, without moving parts, and only needed a heat source to operate.

00:37:00Unfortunately, there wasn't enough funding, so the project dried up.

00:37:04Later, in the 1950s, electric fridges became popular.

00:37:08But in 2008, engineers from Oxford University revived this retro design.

00:37:13They're still working on it, but once they finish, the Einstein fridge will come in handy for rural areas without power and people who want to live off the grid.

00:37:23That random, qwerty design doesn't make things easier.

00:37:27In the 1870s, Christopher Scholz invented a layout that ensured typing was twice as fast.

00:37:33But with commonly used letters next to each other, it was a bit too fast, and the machines constantly jammed.

00:37:39So, he then developed the qwerty design.

00:37:42It forced typists to adopt a pecking style.

00:37:45This way, they would search for a letter and slowly type with their index fingers.

00:37:50The keyboards remain unchanged even today, and people all over the world have somehow adapted to them.

00:37:57The plastic end of your shoelace is an aglet, and people have used it since ancient Rome.

00:38:03Sure thing, they had no plastic back then, so those aglets were made of stone, glass, or even metal.

00:38:10Extra-wealthy people could accessorize their shoes with precious metals, like brass or silver.

00:38:16What came first, the TV or the remote control?

00:38:20The technology that functions in the remote is older by several decades.

00:38:24In 1898, Nikola Tesla created a machine to control mechanical devices with radio waves.

00:38:31Initially, he tried selling the idea of a radio waves device operating I.O. through remote-controlled boats.

00:38:37But the potential buyers were not interested.

00:38:41He was way ahead of his time, as remote controls were finally used with televisions in 1956.

00:38:47As engineer Percy Spencer initially invented something brilliant in 1945,

00:38:52he was working on a new vacuum tube, the Magnetron, which was used with early radar systems.

00:38:58While working on the project, he found that the chocolate in his pocket had melted.

00:39:03Realizing the heating potential of the Magnetron, he used it on corn kernels.

00:39:07Which turned into popcorn.

00:39:09Then, he tried testing it with eggs, but things got a bit messy.

00:39:13So once the yolk was washed away, he built a metal box, keeping the energy within.

00:39:18And the first microwave oven was built.

00:39:22In 1733, a duke in England requested William Kent, an architect, to make a traveling device for his kids.

00:39:30William accepted and built the first ever stroller.

00:39:33But nobody had to push it.

00:39:34Instead of handles, it was built like a carriage and pulled by a goat or a small pony.

00:39:39Only a few were made as it was pricey.

00:39:42More than 100 years later, in 1848, the first stroller with push handles became available and more affordable.

00:39:51Police are often associated with donuts.

00:39:54And there is actually a reason why.

00:39:56During the 1950s in the USA, police officers that worked night shifts found it hard to locate anywhere open for a midnight snack.

00:40:03Donut shops at this time were family owned.

00:40:06They were working hard throughout the night, providing fresh donuts for the coming day.

00:40:10The shops were vulnerable at night, becoming the perfect relationship.

00:40:13Nourishment for the police and extra protection for the shops.

00:40:18Popping bubble wrap is an excellent source of relaxation.

00:40:22And it's also helpful with delicate packages.

00:40:25In 1957, two engineers glued together two shower curtains, trapping the air bubbles between.

00:40:30This is how the first bubble wrap was made.

00:40:33The result they were looking for was a sort of textured wallpaper.

00:40:37Still, it didn't go well on the market.

00:40:40Sometime later, they tried to sell it as insulation for greenhouses.

00:40:44And once again, they failed.

00:40:46Everything changed in 1960, when IBM needed to ship delicate computer parts.

00:40:51The bubble wrap was perfect, and they continued to collaborate.

00:40:54Using maps with your phone has become a far easier way to navigate.

00:40:58But the old-fashioned handheld maps were once the only option, creating a competitive industry.

00:41:03So much so, that map makers would draw in phantom settlements to avoid rivals stealing from them.

00:41:10These fake towns were called a copyright trap.

00:41:13However, one of these fake settlements became real.

00:41:17Aglo in New York was drawn into a map by General Drafting Co.

00:41:20Another competing map maker had also included this town on their own, and the copyright trap was sprung.

00:41:26But in court, they found that in 1950, a general store had actually been built there.

00:41:31And the owner assumed that Aglo was a real area based on the map, so he named the shop after it.

00:41:37So, there was no violation found, as technically, Aglo was real, thanks to that general store.

00:41:43In 1945, Aglo was sold to IBM.

00:41:47In 1943, Vesta Stout from Illinois was working with securing parcels.

00:41:52She was disappointed with the poor paper tape, as it would fall apart when wet.

00:41:57So, she asked her boss to try to make waterproof tape.

00:42:00Her request was ignored, but she wrote a letter to President Roosevelt with an idea of how to make a better tape.

00:42:07Not only did she explain her concept, but she also provided it with detailed designs.

00:42:11He approved the idea and ordered the changes.

00:42:14The new tape was so helpful for freight transport that everyone wanted it, and they started selling it at hardware stores.

00:42:21In the 1950s, many people would wrap air ducts, and it was then deceptively named duct tape.

00:42:27Still, the adhesive on the sticky side wasn't suitable for cold and hot temperatures, which caused the tape to fall off.

00:42:34Despite this, people continued to use that tape for almost everything.

00:42:38In the airport, they usually ask you to take your laptop out of your backpack and put it in a separate bin while going through the security check.

00:42:45Laptops are dense, and the x-rays can't see through them, so you could be hiding something dangerous there.

00:42:51If it's out and it's on its own in a separate bin, it's easier for the scanners to capture a prospective hazard.

00:42:58Normally, the messages you send using iMessage are blue, but look, this time it's blue.

00:43:04Messages you send using iMessage are blue, but look, this time it's green.

00:43:09No need to panic. It's not like the user blocked you or anything.

00:43:13It's just that you sent a regular SMS and not an iMessage.

00:43:16iMessages can only be sent to people who own an Apple device, so if the recipient doesn't have one, they're all gonna be green.

00:43:24Another reason your phone might opt for an SMS is that your iPhone isn't connected to the Internet.

00:43:29iMessages go through the web, and SMS uses a cellular signal.

00:43:35The jacks you put in your devices have little plastic rings on them that separate different sections.

00:43:41These sections are called pins, and each of them serves a different purpose.

00:43:46Each plug will have at least one plastic ring because any plug must be separated into at least two pins.

00:43:52One of them is there to cancel out any interference, and the other to carry the signal.

00:43:56If, for example, your headphones have one ring and two sections, they have a mono playback.

00:44:02They deliver the same sound to both your right and your left ear.

00:44:06If there are two rings and three sections, then there is a basic one to cancel out interference, and the other two for either ear.

00:44:14Three rings and four sections mean that you have a set.

00:44:18One basic, one for either of the ears, and the last one is the microphone pin.

00:44:22I bet you've never even noticed, but all credit cards, no matter what bank or country they come from, are the exact same size.

00:44:30The first ever credit card was issued in 1958 by the Bank of America.

00:44:35And later, the international standard was established for every issuer around the world to follow.

00:44:41The standard dictates both the proportions and the thickness.

00:44:45Whistles can work perfectly fine even if they don't have that ball in them.

00:44:49Yet, they all have it.

00:44:51That's because even though there's a sound without the ball, the noise it creates is very flat and not distinguishable enough.

00:44:59When you blow, the ball starts moving around inside, creating different pitches and making the noise more noticeable.

00:45:07Jeans have had those metal rivets ever since they were invented.

00:45:11Jacob Davis, the man who made the first pair of jeans, added copper rivets to those soles.

00:45:16To make them stronger.

00:45:18Today, they have more of a decorative purpose because they're distinctive and traditional for jeans.

00:45:24A basketball has little dots all over its surface, and they serve as friction points.

00:45:30It's important for that ball not to slip out of the hands.

00:45:33There were times when they played basketball with a soccer ball.

00:45:37The floor was very slippery, and it was impossible to play because it was too slippery.

00:45:42The floor was very slippery, and it was impossible to play because you'd have to be very careful just to keep the ball in place.

00:45:49So, they had to redesign it.

00:45:52The more points of contact any object has with some surface, the more friction there is, and the less likely it is to slip on the surface.

00:46:00So, that's how the ball got its dots.

00:46:03Those holes at the end of the handles aren't just there for you to hang your pans easily.

00:46:08You could also place your cooking spoon in there while making a meal.

00:46:12It'll hang right above the pan, and the sauce won't spill around.

00:46:17Make sure to tap off the sauce or food beforehand, though, so that it doesn't go down the spoon's handle.

00:46:23You unload the dishwasher, and while everything is dry, your plastic containers get all wet once again.

00:46:30Seems like they never get dry, and that's actually true.

00:46:33The reason for it is the material.

00:46:34The dishes heat up and cool down slowly, so the remaining water evaporates and dries out easily.

00:46:41When you take out those plastic containers, they cool down way too fast, so the water doesn't dry out of the surface and just stays there.

00:46:51Another water source is those upside-down cups that collect water on top.

00:46:56But have you noticed that cups have chips on the bottom?

00:46:59They serve as a water drain in the dishwasher.

00:47:02So yeah, these cups don't accumulate water in the dishwasher.

00:47:06Take a look at aluminum foil.

00:47:09One side of it is always shiny, and the other one is dull.

00:47:13When producing the foil, they flatten it with rollers.

00:47:16It's so thin that the rollers tear it, so they take two layers at a time.

00:47:21So the sides facing the roller remain shiny, and those in the middle stay dull.

00:47:25We say it all the time, 2 a.m. and 2 p.m., without thinking.

00:47:30Why such a choice of letters?

00:47:32It's just Latin, which is still used for many other abbreviations.

00:47:36A.M. stands for ante meridiem, which means before noon.

00:47:41P.M. stands for post meridiem, meaning afternoon.

00:47:46Same with pounds, which are noted as L.B. from the Latin phrase Libra Pondo.

00:47:51Most movie theater seats are red, and the reason isn't better visibility, but quite the opposite.

00:47:57In low-light conditions, red is the first color that fades away in our eyes.

00:48:02And that's what we want in a movie theater, to see nothing but the screen.

00:48:07Also, movie theaters were inspired by fancy Italian opera houses, so that's another reason too.

00:48:14Have you ever wondered why so many Disney characters have red seats?

00:48:18Have you ever wondered why so many Disney characters wear white gloves?

00:48:23Well, back when animated movies were black and white,

00:48:26putting white gloves on characters was a way to make the hands stand out from the rest of the body.

00:48:31Then animation evolved, but the gloves stayed as a Disney tradition.

00:48:36But there are other reasons too.

00:48:38Human hands make animal characters more humanized and relatable.

00:48:42Also, those gloves are way easier to animate, which speeds up the process.

00:48:47Cats often rub their bodies against your legs, but do you know why they do it?

00:48:52This way, they transfer their scent to you, marking you as their territory and as their human.

00:48:58It's also a sign of affection.

00:49:01By doing this, they show that you're part of their inner circle.

00:49:05Wonder why it's so hard to swat a fly?

00:49:09Well, to a fly, we're sloths.

00:49:12That's because they see things in slow motion compared to us.

00:49:16Species have a different perception of speed.

00:49:19The speed we see will be twice as fast for a turtle, and it will be four times slower for a fly.

00:49:25Turn a video to .25 speed and imagine someone approaching you at this pace.

00:49:31Well, that's how a fly sees you.

00:49:33So yeah, it has enough time to escape.

00:49:38Road signs have different shapes and colors to send different signals to your brain.

00:49:42Oval shapes are more friendly, and squared ones are very familiar and secure, so they're usually regulatory.

00:49:49Triangles reflect instability, so they're usually warning signs.

00:49:53And finally, the stop sign has a special octagon shape, the most unusual and unsettling.

00:50:00It's supposed to draw your attention to it.

00:50:02Together with the red color, this sign stands out the most, just like it's supposed to.

00:50:08Some sidewalks have little plates with bumps on them.

00:50:11We don't pay much attention to them, but they're very important for visually impaired people.

00:50:16They signal a slope that then leads to a crosswalk.

00:50:20Also, there are several patterns that signal different things.

00:50:24Name the school grades.

00:50:26A, B, C, D, and F.

00:50:30No E, but Y.

00:50:32The modern grading system dates back to 1897.

00:50:35In the beginning, it was all the letters from A to E.

00:50:38A meant excellent.

00:50:41B was good.

00:50:43C was fair.

00:50:46And D was past.

00:50:48Below that was an E, or fail, which was often confused with the opposite, excellent.

00:50:55So soon enough, it was changed.

00:50:57F for fail is way more intuitive.

00:51:05You find yourself at a food fair in Iceland when you see it for the first time.

00:51:10Volcano bread.

00:51:12You eat a slice and oddly enough, it actually tastes good.

00:51:16Unsure of how this works, you check out the baking process.

00:51:20Hmm, is this kitchen really strange looking, or is it just me?

00:51:25The baking spot is in nature, specifically in a hot springs field.

00:51:30You better watch your step so you don't get burned by the hot vapor jolting from the ground.

00:51:35Now, a local baker shares their traditional rye bread recipe with you.

00:51:40Rye flour, check.

00:51:42Yeast, check.

00:51:44You mix it all together and pour it into a metal pot.

00:51:47Next on the list is digging the hole where you'll place the pot to bake.

00:51:51You dig for about 16 inches until you can see the water bubbling from the ground.

00:51:56If you want to do it like a local, you'll use your finger to check the water temperature.

00:52:01Yikes, that's hot!

00:52:02Actually, the ground is heated by lava.

00:52:05Iceland is one of the most volcanic regions in the world with over 30 active volcanoes at any one time.

00:52:13After you bury the bread in volcanic soil, you leave it there and wait 24 hours until it's ready.

00:52:20The next day, the bread is fully baked and super tasty.

00:52:24Ah, and the best part is, you just participated in an ancient Icelandic tradition.

00:52:29People have been doing this since at least the 1800s.

00:52:34Imagine it's your first day of work in a museum, and your assigned task is to clean the mask of Tutankhamen.

00:52:41You grab your cleaning utensils and then, oh no, this can't be happening!

00:52:46You just broke Tutankhamen's beard!

00:52:48I'd never wish this to happen to anyone, but this is actually a true story.

00:52:53Back in 2014, an employee at the Egyptian Museum knocked off the beard of Tutankhamen's mask and glued it back on, hoping no one would notice.

00:53:03This mask was discovered in 1922 and is considered one of the 10 symbols of our human civilization.

00:53:10Oh, and the best part of this story?

00:53:13It took historians until 2016 to discover the poor glue job.

00:53:16So, if you visited the museum between 2004 and 2016, maybe you saw the glued beard.

00:53:24If I say Sahara, what comes to mind?

00:53:28An infinite desert landscape, right?

00:53:31Well, according to scientists, the Sahara isn't always a desert.

00:53:35From time to time, it becomes green.

00:53:38But you probably won't be seeing this in your lifetime.

00:53:41Every 10,000 years, the Sahara lives through a humid period, where the sand gives way to lush green vegetation and sparkling lakes.

00:53:51This happens due to a tilt in the Earth's axis, which affects different weather patterns around the globe.

00:53:57Can you imagine the Sphinx surrounded by rainforest?

00:54:00It's mind-blowing!

00:54:02And speaking of the Sahara, say you traveled back to 1800 BCE.

00:54:07If you timed it right, you might get to see the construction of the so-called Black Pyramid in the city of Dahshur.

00:54:14These are not the famous Giza pyramids, but they serve the similar purpose of being a final resting place.

00:54:21In 1892, archaeologists excavating the area found an important part of the Black Pyramid that was lost for centuries.

00:54:29The Benben, also called a Pyramidian, was the tip of ancient Egyptian pyramids.

00:54:34A Benben consists of a solid block, usually made of limestone.

00:54:39Most of them were covered with gold and reflected the first rays of light from the sun every day.

00:54:44Hmm, can anyone get me a time machine please?

00:54:48Remember when you ate something really spicy, your cheeks turned red?

00:54:53Apparently, that can happen to birds too.

00:54:56For example, canaries can change colors after eating peppers.

00:55:00These birds have a special pigment that allows them to switch shades depending on their diet.

00:55:05So, if a yellow canary eats red peppers, it can turn orange or red.

00:55:11Can rocks move on the ground on their own?

00:55:14Well, you might be under that impression if you visit Racetrack Playa in California.

00:55:19The site is a dry lakebed and home to one of the world's strangest phenomena, the so-called sailing stones.

00:55:25Think hundred-pound rocks moving around alone, leaving behind trails as long as 1,500 feet.

00:55:32They were discovered in the 1900s, and until recently, no one was lucky enough to be on the site while they were moving.

00:55:39It was only in 2014, after much observation and research, that scientists solved this mystery.

00:55:46The sailing stones appeared because of the perfect balance between wind, ice, and water.

00:55:51When it rains, the water that falls on the ground freezes and forms a coat of ice above the ground.

00:55:57If it's windy, the rocks are easily pushed around, sailing along the lakebed.

00:56:02But hey, if you ever visit Racetrack Playa, don't disturb the rocks.

00:56:08On the western coast of France, you'll find the vacation hotspot known as the Island of Ré.

00:56:14It attracts tourists looking for scenic landscapes and beautiful beaches, but that's not all it's famous for.

00:56:19There, an extraordinary phenomenon occurs when two different wave patterns collide with each other, something called a cross-sea.

00:56:27It's almost as if the sea were a checkerboard divided into hundreds of squares.

00:56:33And no, it's not an optical illusion. A cross-sea only happens in places where different quality waters meet.

00:56:40For a tourist to see the cross-sea in Ré, this probably means that there was a storm in a different sea nearby.

00:56:46This stormy water travels with the help of currents and meets the water of Ré, creating these oddly-shaped riptides.

00:56:54Oh, and apart from this island and Israel, there's nowhere else in the world where you could see such a thing.

00:57:01The following sight will either give you goosebumps or make you marvel at its weirdness.

00:57:07I'd say it depends on the time of day you visit.

00:57:09Next to the small town of Gryfina in Poland, you'll find a very unusual sight, a pine tree forest where each tree is bent at its base.

00:57:19If you visit during the daytime, I guess you'll be fascinated by these trees' sharp 90-degree curves.

00:57:25You can even use their trunks as a stool if you decide to have a picnic, for example.

00:57:30But visiting the site at night will most likely give you chills.

00:57:33A thin layer of fog hovers around, making the forest seem quite unwelcoming.

00:57:38Scientists still can't explain why the trees are the way they are.

00:57:42So, are you a daytime or nighttime visitor?

00:57:47You went for a hike and suddenly encountered a big cloud of fog.

00:57:51This may ruin your photo ops, but there's one thing you can hope for.

00:57:55Foggy days are the perfect conditions for a phenomenon called fog blizzard.

00:57:59Foggy days are the perfect conditions for a phenomenon called fog bow, otherwise known as a white rainbow.

00:58:06This happens because of numerous tiny water droplets that cause fog, smaller than 0.002 inches.

00:58:14So, instead of the multicolored bow, you get a transparent one, with red outer edges and a bluish inner edge.

00:58:22Now, say you're roaming in a little town in Europe, appreciating the century-old buildings and good summer weather.

00:58:29You feel hungry and decide to type into your Google Maps the name of that restaurant your friend recommended.

00:58:35Ah, it's only 10 minutes away by foot.

00:58:38You follow the blue dot on your GPS and arrive at your destination, quick and easy.

00:58:43We all love this free piece of technology, don't we?

00:58:45But what if I told you that the U.S. spends over $2 million daily to maintain the satellites to make it work?

00:58:53Yep, that's the price.

00:58:55And to implement it, they spent over $12 billion U.S. dollars.

00:59:00Have you ever heard of something called a natural snowball?

00:59:05This could be proof that nature is really perfect.

00:59:08In 2016, the beaches of the Gulf of Ob in northwest Siberia were filled with rows of giant snowballs.

00:59:17Think balls measuring up to 3 feet across.

00:59:20This rare, yet beautiful natural phenomenon happens when small pieces of ice are rolled by strong winds and water.

00:59:28The further they roll, the more ice they gather and the more that ice is polished.

00:59:33They end up as giant, perfectly shaped snowballs.

00:59:35They look pretty amazing on their own, but it's quite a sight when hundreds of them are together.

00:59:42There are sharks that glow in the dark.

00:59:45For example, swell sharks.

00:59:47They live in the dark ocean depths, almost 1,700 feet under the surface.

00:59:52No one knows why exactly, but they emit a fluorescent glow only other swell sharks can see.

00:59:59Scientists detected the glow because they used filters that blocked out yellow light.

01:00:03They think that could be the way for these big fish to communicate with their buddies.

01:00:09This glow helps sharks fight infections on a microbial level.

01:00:13Cowbirds have secret passwords they use to recognize each other.

01:00:18They're a specific type of parasite bird since they lay their eggs in other bird species' nests.

01:00:24The young cowbirds have an inner mechanism where they recognize their species singing, like some sort of secret password only they know.

01:00:30That's how they manage to find others of their kind.

01:00:34A grizzly bear has an incredibly strong bite.

01:00:38It may look cute, but if you're close to this big guy, you better stay out of reach of its sharp claws and especially its mouth.

01:00:45Its bite force is more than 8 million pascals, which means it can crush a bowling ball.

01:00:52Some animals have skin-deep stripes and others have more superficial ones.

01:00:58Tigers are in the first group. Not only is their fur striped, but their skin is as well.

01:01:04It's the same with some other furry big cats, like snow leopards.

01:01:08Giraffes and zebras are in the second group since they have patterns only on their coats.

01:01:14Speaking of zebras, do you think they're black with white stripes or white with black stripes?

01:01:20At first, it really looks like the second option is correct.

01:01:22Their black stripes mostly end towards the inside of their legs and on their bellies, and the rest of it is white.

01:01:30But that's not true. Surprisingly, they're black with white stripes.

01:01:34All of their fur, both white and black, grows from follicles that have something called melanocyte cells.

01:01:41All animals have these cells. They produce a pigment called melanin, and it gives color to their hair and skin.

01:01:49When it comes to zebras, chemical messengers tell which melanocytes send pigment to which area of fur.

01:01:56That's why zebras have a black and white pattern.

01:01:59But white is not actually its own pigment. It's an absence of melanin.

01:02:04So, black is their default color.

01:02:07Koalas have fingerprints that are so close to ours that they could even taint crime scenes.

01:02:13It doesn't seem like they have a lot in common with humans, but take a closer look at their hands.

01:02:18They have distinctive loops and arches.

01:02:21So if any koalas want to do something illegal, it would be a good idea for them to wear gloves.

01:02:27Ghost crabs growl when they're around creatures they don't like or find threatening.

01:02:32They do it using teeth in their stomachs.

01:02:35First, they'll let you know they'll defend themselves if you try anything by showing you their claws.

01:02:41If that doesn't work, they'll go for fearsome growling noises like dogs.

01:02:45But the noise is coming from rubbing their three elongated hard teeth inside their stomach.

01:02:51Ghost crabs produce the same noise when they're grinding up food.

01:02:55Speaking of teeth, did you know narwhal tusks are actually some sort of an inside-out tooth?

01:03:02Unlike the majority of other whales, narwhals are the ones that come with a large tusk or tooth that grows from the inside of their jaw.

01:03:10It has up to 10 million nerve endings.

01:03:13And they're unprotected, which means its tusk is very sensitive to any type of contact.

01:03:18It's almost like a piece of skin, because tusks usually don't have many nerve endings.

01:03:24Up to 95% of humans are right-handed, and it's the same with bottlenose dolphins.

01:03:30There are even more right-handed ones among them than among humans.

01:03:34During one study, scientists found that bottlenose dolphins turn to their left side over 99% of the time, which means they're right-handed.

01:03:44They place their right side and right eye closer to the ocean floor as they go for prey, such as squids, shrimps, or smaller fish.

01:03:53More cool facts from the ocean.

01:03:55Did you know humpback whales use bubbles when they go after their prey?

01:03:59You might think they don't need any special method considering how large they are.

01:04:02But when they're lurking for prey in the open waters, these whales team up and use something called a bubble net technique.

01:04:11While swimming in an upward spiral, they blow bubbles underwater.

01:04:15These bubbles make it difficult for fish to escape.

01:04:19The oldest evidence we have of domesticated cats dates up to 12,000 years ago.

01:04:25Researchers discovered this almost 20 years ago when they were digging through an ancient village in Cyprus.

01:04:32They found cat bones right next to human ones, which suggested they were close even when their lives came to an end.

01:04:39Humans were hunters, so they domesticated dogs first, somewhere up to 29,000 years ago.

01:04:45Dogs helped them catch other animals, but they didn't think they needed cats until they started to settle down and store surplus crops.

01:04:53Mice became frequent guests in grain stores, so cats came in handy in those times.

01:04:59Puffins are quite innovative when they want to scratch their bodies.

01:05:03They can surely be proud of their stunning beaks, but they obviously think it's not enough for scratching.

01:05:09Researchers noticed they tend to spontaneously take a small wooden stick to scratch an itchy spot.

01:05:16There's a special type of ant that only lives in a small part of Manhattan.

01:05:21The Broadway Medians at the 63rd and 76th Street is the area these crawling critters decided was the best spot for them.

01:05:29The Manhattan ant looks like it's from Europe, but no European species can actually match it.

01:05:35Hey Potterheads, can you believe there's a thing like chocolate frog? Well, not quite, but it looks like it.

01:05:42New Guinea and Australia weren't always separated.

01:05:45They spent millions of years together until about 12,000 years ago, rising sea levels divided them.

01:05:52Since they were together for so long, some animals and plants still inhabit both areas, including green tree frogs.

01:06:00These frogs have spread really far and wide, and some of them, who live in hot, swampy regions surrounded by plenty of crocodiles, actually look like they're made of chocolate.

01:06:10We all know flamingos for their specific color, but they're not actually pink.

01:06:15They're born gray, and that's how they would stay if it weren't for their diet of blue-green algae and shrimp.

01:06:22These foods have a specific natural dye, which is why flamingo feathers turn pink over time.

01:06:29These little Tasmanian devils grow up and leave their moms. They socialize together, forming bonds that last for the rest of their lives.

01:06:37Not only them, cows also have stronger social ties than we think. They like to socialize, and they make long-lasting friendships.

01:06:45One research even discovered their heart rates significantly increase as a sign of stress when they're separated from their BFFs.

01:06:53Imagine you could simply freeze yourself solid during the cold winter days instead of listening to your teeth chatter and trying to tighten your jacket.

01:07:01That's what frogs can do.

01:07:03Aquatic frogs mostly hibernate underwater and spend most of the winter at the bottom of a pond, lake, or some other body of water.

01:07:11Toads and frogs are generally cold-blooded, which means the temperature of their body takes on the temperature of their surroundings.

01:07:19So, frogs can freeze during the winter because of a high concentration of sugar or glucose in their vital organs.

01:07:26Once they unfreeze, they continue as if nothing happened.

01:07:30Octopuses have three hearts and blue blood.

01:07:34They can move at speeds of 25 miles per hour, and they spray ink that not only blurs the predator's visual field but actually harms them.

01:07:43Also, they have nine brains, the central one and eight smaller brains located in their arms.

01:07:49That's why their arms can open a shellfish while the central brain is busy doing something else.

01:07:54An octopus even tastes with its arms.

01:07:57They have cells in their suckers that enable the arms to touch and taste in a way that they detect chemicals marine creatures produce.

01:08:05That way, an octopus can distinguish prey from rocks.

01:08:11Braces for dogs, unimaginably colorful shrimps, fireworks spitting fish.

01:08:17The animal kingdom is full of surprises that prove that nature has the most inventive mind.

01:08:23A single strand of hair can hold up to three ounces, meaning, theoretically, all the hair on your head could hold the weight of two full-grown elephants.

01:08:33Some snails can sleep for up to three years.

01:08:37But they usually get in 13 to 15-hour snoozes and wake up with a 30-hour boost of energy.

01:08:43Periodical cicadas come out of their underground shelters every 13 or 17 years.

01:08:48This is a biological adaptation so that no other animal can depend on them as a food source.

01:08:54Most animals' lifespans are shorter.

01:08:57Scientists theorize that early humans lost their fur so they wouldn't overheat while hunting.

01:09:03We instead evolved to store fat to keep warm, which is why your head is covered in long, thick hair.

01:09:09There's no fat on your scalp.

01:09:12Dogs can wear braces to fix their teeth, just like humans.

01:09:15And you might not believe it, but this invention has existed for over 30 years now.

01:09:20Dogs can also have dental fillings if they chipped one of their teeth in case of cavities and crowns.

01:09:26The smallest monkey in the world, the pygmy marmoset, could hug your thumb like a tree trunk.

01:09:33Owls are the birds able to see the color blue.

01:09:37And they don't exactly have eyeballs like humans.

01:09:39Theirs are more like eye tubes, since they can't move inside the eye socket like your eyes.

01:09:44An owl must rotate its whole head.

01:09:48Butterflies feel smells with their feet.

01:09:51Snakes with their tongues.

01:09:53And octopuses with their arms.

01:09:56Blind mole rats live underground and send each other information by banging their heads on the tunnel walls.

01:10:03Reindeers change their eye color depending on the weather.

01:10:06Reindeers change their eye color depending on the season.

01:10:10Their eyes are golden in the summer and blue in the winter.

01:10:14Bees show the location of pollen source to other bees with a waggle dance.

01:10:20The fastest registered human punch is 45 miles per hour.

01:10:25A mantis shrimp strikes at 50 miles per hour.

01:10:29These creatures also have 16 light-sensitive cones in their eyes against our three.

01:10:36And thanks to that, they can see colors unimaginable for us humans.

01:10:40They're very colorful too, even to our eyes.

01:10:43And how they see each other is beyond our wildest fantasies.

01:10:47Pistol shrimps, however, beat their relatives in power because they close their big right claw with such speed that it creates a white-hot air bubble underwater.

01:10:56And it's literally hot.

01:10:59The temperature of this tiny bubble momentarily reaches almost that of the surface of the sun.

01:11:05The oldest tree we know is called Methuselah.

01:11:09It's 4,700 years old.

01:11:12This thing was a sapling in the 27th century BCE.

01:11:16Dolphins sleep with one half of their brain resting while the other remains alert.

01:11:21Horses have one heart like you and me, but they have a heart-like organ at the bottom of each foot called a frog.

01:11:29It pumps blood up the leg every time the horse stands on it.

01:11:33Many types of seahorses are similar to chameleons.

01:11:37Not only because of their ability to change color, but also in that their two eyes move independently from each other.

01:11:45Some seahorses can't change color at will.

01:11:47Some seahorses can't change color at will.

01:11:50But they're born with color to blend with their habitat.

01:11:53For example, red for coral or green for algae.

01:11:58Baby flamingos are grayish-white.

01:12:01Algae and seafood they feed on contains a substance called carotenoids.

01:12:07And thanks to it, over time, flamingos acquire pink plumage.

01:12:11It's the same substance that's present in carrots, and your skin can turn orange too if you eat too much of it.

01:12:18The black and white color of a zebra doesn't help it hide from predators.

01:12:23What it does is help avoid bites from dangerous insects, such as tsetse fly.

01:12:28A fly sees a zebra, but when approaching, it flies by or crashes into the animal and bounces off.

01:12:34Nobody knows exactly why this happens.

01:12:36One theory says that the black and white coat of a zebra creates an optical illusion that confuses insects.

01:12:43Thanks to their tallness and good eyesight, giraffes can see danger approaching from afar.

01:12:49Their head is like a watchtower, and they warn each other of the threat in a very unusual way, with the help of their low humming sound.

01:12:58Seagulls can drink salt water.

01:13:01There are salt-secreting glands near their eyes.

01:13:03These glands purify seawater very quickly, and the salty residue that comes out through the nostrils.

01:13:10Perhaps the most impossible creature in the world is a jellyfish.

01:13:14It doesn't have any sensory organs we're used to, like eyes, ears, and nose.

01:13:19It has no skeleton, but most importantly, it hasn't got a brain or a heart.

01:13:25Its body is almost entirely made of water.

01:13:28That's why if you take a jellyfish out of the sea and put it on the shore, it will soon melt.

01:13:34At the same time, there's a species of jellyfish that can live forever in a safe environment.

01:13:41Horseshoe crabs have two eyes on the sides of their head, five more on top of their shell, two near their mouth, and one on the tail.

01:13:50The latter is used as a photoreceptor.

01:13:53It catches the sunlight and tells the crab if it's day or night outside.

01:13:58Hippos don't get their skin burned in the blazing sun because they produce their own sunscreen.

01:14:04It's kind of pink sweat that covers their whole body.

01:14:08Kangaroo rats can go without water for years, and sometimes even throughout their entire lives.

01:14:14They live in extremely arid deserts and get all the water they need from the seeds and plants they feed on.

01:14:21Plumed basilisk lizards have an uncanny ability to run on water.

01:14:26First, their hind feet are equipped with long toes with fringes of skin that can spread out in the water.

01:14:33As a result, a bigger surface of the lizard's foot comes into contact with the water.

01:14:38Then it pumps its legs incredibly fast when it runs on water.

01:14:42This creates little pockets of air that prevent the animal from drowning by keeping it on the surface.

01:14:49The cardinal fish has been called firework spitting for a reason.

01:14:53When this little critter guzzles too many ostracods, a type of zooplankton,

01:14:58the tiny creatures start to glow inside the fish's body due to their bioluminescence.

01:15:03As a result, the cardinal fish becomes more visible, exposing it to predators.

01:15:08That's why the fish spits the ostracods out, which looks like it breathes outbursts of bluish fire.

01:15:16Opossums are immune to snake venom.

01:15:18The secret is a peptide that helps these critters neutralize dangerous chemicals.

01:15:23This is why snakes are a favorite treat on opossums' diet.

01:15:28Meerkats have dark patches around their eyes, but these black circles aren't just there to make the critters more adorable.

01:15:35They also function as built-in sunglasses.

01:15:38The dark fur on the patches blocks the blazing sun, so meerkats can gaze directly at the sky.

01:15:45On top of that, the sentry, a meerkat that watches out for birds and other predators, can easily see danger and alert its mates.

01:15:54Salmon are skilled navigators who could put most drivers to shame.

01:15:58However, this competition wouldn't be fair.

01:16:01After all, salmon can sense the planet's magnetic field and use this knowledge if they get lost.

01:16:08Dingoes have rotating wrists, just like humans.

01:16:11This helps them climb trees, use their paws like hands to catch food, and even open doors.

01:16:18Sponge crabs are the icons of style in the animal kingdom.

01:16:22They dig and cut into sea sponges to make their very own hats.

01:16:26The purpose of this hat is protective, though.

01:16:29Sponge crabs use them to hide from predators and protect themselves against bites.

01:16:35Flying squirrels glow under UV light, emitting pink light.

01:16:39It happens because they can absorb light and emit it back in another wavelength.

01:16:46Pockets are usually on the left side of shirts because most people are right-handed.

01:16:50Is this a myth or a fact?

01:16:53This is actually true.

01:16:55Many products favor the righties.

01:16:57Left-handed people will relate to this on so many levels.

01:17:00Let's say public transport.

01:17:02Have you ever noticed that the scanner at stations is typically on the right side?

01:17:06Household equipment and devices are one more example.

01:17:09Scissors, tweezers, bottle openers, and many other kitchen and household appliances are designed with right-handed people in mind.

01:17:17The same goes for shirt pockets.

01:17:19While some people use both hands equally and others change their hand preference between tasks, overall, most people are right-handed.

01:17:27A study has revealed that 75% to 90% of the world's population are right-handed and 10% are left-handed.

01:17:34This means it's more convenient for most people to have pockets on the left side than on the right side of their garments.

01:17:41Try it out for yourself.

01:17:43Your elbow kind of folds when you try to reach into the pocket on the right side.

01:17:47Whereas on the left side, your elbow makes an arc shape, which makes it easier to put things inside the pocket and take them out.

01:17:55Eating more protein leads to having bigger muscles.

01:17:58What do you think about this, bodybuilders?

01:18:00Myth or fact?

01:18:01This is a myth.

01:18:03It's true that eating protein is essential for building bigger muscles.

01:18:07I mean, proteins are building blocks of your body.

01:18:10And yet, eating more than you need is unnecessary.

01:18:14Everyone should drink eight glasses of water a day.

01:18:17Do you think this is a myth or a fact?

01:18:20This is a myth.

01:18:22So don't blame yourself for drinking less water than recommended.

01:18:25Eight glasses are not a magic number.

01:18:27Hydration needs differ from one person to another.

01:18:30How much water you should drink every day depends on your activity and exercise level.

01:18:35The temperature of the place where you live affects this number, too.

01:18:38If you live in a hot area, you sweat more and need to drink more water.

01:18:42Soup, coffee, tea, fruits, and other things you eat daily also contain water.

01:18:49Carrots are high in sugar, so you should avoid eating them.

01:18:52If you're on a diet, you should avoid eating carrots.

01:18:54Bunnies are high in sugar, so you should avoid eating them.

01:18:57If this is true, we should warn bunnies.

01:19:00Any guesses, fact, or myth?

01:19:02It's a myth.

01:19:04Carrots are about 85% water.

01:19:06One pound of cooked carrots only contains three teaspoons of sugar.

01:19:10Compared to the amount of sugar in desserts, this is nothing.

01:19:14Plus, carrots are high in phytochemicals, and eating them can help lower blood sugar.

01:19:20Medieval people believed in flat Earth.

01:19:22Is this a myth or a fact?

01:19:25Obviously, flat Earth is a myth.

01:19:28But so is the history built around this myth.

01:19:31You can't say that at those times.

01:19:33The whole world was skeptical about Earth's spherical shape.

01:19:36Even everyday visible things proved that.

01:19:39For example, medieval people could see that the twilight glow during sunrise and sunset formed an arc over the horizon.

01:19:47Vikings wore horned helmets.

01:19:50Is this a myth or fact?

01:19:52The well-known image of a Viking warrior is almost always completed with a horned helmet.

01:19:58But in reality, there were no horns.

01:20:01There's no evidence that Viking helmets were horned.

01:20:05Detox juices cleanse your body.

01:20:08Is this a fact or myth?

01:20:10It's a myth.

01:20:12Detoxification doesn't work that way.

01:20:14Your internal organs are responsible for the process of cleansing.

01:20:17The spleen, liver, kidneys, especially the liver.

01:20:21Your body is always in a natural state of cleansing itself.

01:20:25A person doesn't need to drink juices for detoxification.

01:20:29Nuts are junk food.

01:20:31Any thoughts?

01:20:33Myth or fact?

01:20:35You're right. This is a myth.

01:20:37Nuts are full of healthy fats.

01:20:40They're good for your heart and other organs.

01:20:43The average American throws away about 82 pounds of textile waste per year.

01:20:48Is this a fact or myth?

01:20:52Fact. Imagine all that waste.

01:20:55When someone throws their clothes away, they don't disappear into thin air.

01:20:59These items most likely reach landfills as their final destination.

01:21:03Donating clothes and selling them in second-hand stores are a much better option.

01:21:08Now, you've probably heard about life-saving laundry tricks

01:21:12that are said to make your clothes super clean and as good as they were on day one.

01:21:16What if those laundry tips are actually myths?

01:21:19I got three of them lined up for you.

01:21:22Shirts should be buttoned when you put them in the laundry.

01:21:25Is it true or not?

01:21:27This is a myth.

01:21:29You'd better keep zippers closed to keep their teeth from catching the fabric of other clothes.

01:21:33But fastening the buttons of a shirt can expand the button net and the buttonhole.

01:21:38In the long term, buttons will start slipping out of place.

01:21:41Washing clothes in hot water is the most effective way to clean them.

01:21:45Is this a myth or fact?

01:21:48That's another laundry myth.

01:21:50You want to rid your clothes of germs, yet hot water alone won't be enough for this.

01:21:55Nowadays, many detergents can clean clothes in cold or warm water.

01:22:01You should remove stains from the face of the fabric.

01:22:04Is it true?

01:22:06Most people apply water and soap to the stain,

01:22:08starting from the front side of the fabric, but that's not the best option.

01:22:12A much better way is to start from the back.

01:22:15The stain can go deeper if you treat it from the front.

01:22:18Try to make the stain move up to the surface rather than push it inside.

01:22:24Listening to music is an effective tool for learning languages.

01:22:28Is it a myth or fact?

01:22:30It's a fact.

01:22:32Scientists say listening to a song and humming along can help you learn a language.

01:22:36Most people struggle to learn grammar, yet in our daily lives, we don't always follow grammar rules.

01:22:42Songs can help you pick up informal expressions.

01:22:46Scientists have also concluded that music can help you remember new words and add them to your vocabulary.

01:22:52Let me give you an example.

01:22:54It's from your first year at school.

01:22:56Yep, the alphabet song.

01:22:59Are you a morning person or a night owl?

01:23:02Either way, you might want to know these facts and myths about sleep.

01:23:16This is a fact.

01:23:18Randy Gardner set the record for the longest amount of time a person went without sleep.

01:23:23It was an experiment carried out by Stanford sleep researcher Dr. William C. Demond.

01:23:28The doctor recorded and monitored Randy Gardner's sleep activity.

01:23:32Gardner managed to stay awake for 11 days and 25 minutes.

01:23:43It's a myth.

01:23:45There are many studies proving that your body and especially your brain can't get used to sleeping less.

01:23:50Have you noticed that after a few nights of insufficient sleep, you begin to feel groggier during the day?

01:23:56That's your body trying to adjust to not getting enough rest.

01:23:59Long-term sleep deprivation affects your daytime performance, focus, and decision-making.

01:24:11Well, this one's easy.

01:24:13It's a myth.

01:24:14Experts from the National Sleep Foundation recommend that the average adult sleeps 7 to 9 hours per night.

01:24:20Some people have a genetic mutation thanks to which they wake up refreshed after a short night's sleep.

01:24:26But such people are an exception.

01:24:28One in four million.

01:24:31The ability to fall asleep in any place and at any time means you're a good sleeper.

01:24:36What do you think? Myth or fact?

01:24:39It's a myth.

01:24:41A good sleeper gets a proper amount of sleep and has a regular sleep schedule.

01:24:46Cats spend two-thirds of their life asleep.

01:24:48Do you believe that?

01:24:50This will probably come as no surprise.

01:24:53It's a fact.

01:24:55How many of the facts and myths did you guess correctly?

01:24:59You know, people come up with the craziest ideas, don't they?

01:25:03I mean, candies on a stick?

01:25:05How did we even get there and why?

01:25:07And how about the name lollipop?

01:25:10Well, let's look at some of the history and facts of the popular tree.

01:25:14Okay, it wasn't called a lollipop to begin with.

01:25:16We'll get to that name a bit later.

01:25:19But the initial lollipop-like sweet treat was most likely invented by people that roamed the Earth thousands of years ago while still living in caves, no less.

01:25:29We know that they enjoyed honey and used a stick to collect it from beehives.

01:25:34Remember, this was way back when people had very few resources when it came to food or anything else for that matter.

01:25:41So, since they did not want anything to go to waste, they probably ended up licking the stick to make sure they ate every single drop of the nectar.

01:25:51Ancient Egyptians also had a lollipop of their own.

01:25:55They took various fruits and nuts and glazed them in honey.

01:25:58Sure, it made the food taste better, but it also helped with preserving it for longer.

01:26:03Since it has such a high concentration of sugar, honey pushes the water out of any harmful cells that could damage the food and make it go bad faster.

01:26:13To avoid those sticky honey fingers, they used a stick for eating these treats too.

01:26:18Let's fast forward to the 1600s when sugar became far more available to the general public.

01:26:24We now know that the English loved boiled sugar candy treats, and they popped those in the sticks, making them easier to enjoy.

01:26:32It's probably during this time when we came up with the term lollipop, as linguists believe it basically translates to tongue slap.

01:26:41How come? Well, for the word tongue, they often used the word lolly in Northern England, and pop means slap.

01:26:49The lollipop timeline now takes us to 1912 when a man named Samuel Bourne actually invented a device that inserted sticks into candy.

01:27:00It became so popular that Samuel was awarded the keys to the city of San Francisco in 1916.

01:27:07However, it was a man named George Smith who owned a confectionery company that took credit for inventing the version of the lollipop which we've come to know and love to this day.

01:27:18Back in 1908, he even trademarked the name in 1931.

01:27:24He claimed the name for the treat came from a famous racehorse named Lollipop.

01:27:29As you can probably tell by now, there is still some competition regarding this name.

01:27:34But what we do know for sure is that the lollipop became more and more popular and has remained such ever since.

01:27:41I mean, some modern companies are capable of producing up to 3 million of these candies every day.

01:27:46And the numbers are continuously growing.

01:27:49The largest lollipop ever created goes back to 2012 when a Californian candy manufacturer made a staggering chocolate-flavored one.

01:27:59It weighed more than 7,000 pounds and stood proud at nearly 5 feet tall.

01:28:04And if we take the stick into consideration too, this huge lollipop was over 11 feet tall.

01:28:11One of the most famous lollipop brands in the world is Chupa Chups.

01:28:14Did you know this brand's logo has a very famous name behind it?

01:28:19It was that of none other than Salvador Dali himself, the famous surrealist artist.

01:28:25The company approached him in 1969 to design the logo.

01:28:29And he came up with a distinguishing design that we know and love which has the Chupa Chups name incorporated into a brightly colored daisy shape.

01:28:38The famous painter also came up with the idea that the logo should be placed on top of the candy instead of on the side.

01:28:46Why? So that you can always see it perfectly without any of the wrinkles that are often associated with candy packaging.

01:28:53Smart, right?

01:28:55More so, this brand is also associated with candies we enjoy in the most uncommon places.

01:29:01A story goes that a Chupa Chups was the first lollipop to be eaten in space.

01:29:05That was back in 1995, when an astronaut brought a Chupa Chups to the space station,

01:29:12officially making it the first lollipop to be consumed in a zero-gravity environment.

01:29:17Hmm, I wonder if it tasted any different?

01:29:20There's a Chupa Chups under the sea too, but it's not actually what you think.

01:29:25It's not the easiest thing in the world to enjoy a lolly underwater, right?

01:29:29But as they were advancing into an expedition to the Wardall Sea in the Antarctic Ocean back in 2000,

01:29:37a group of scientists stumbled upon a weird-looking sea sponge.

01:29:41It had a round-shaped head and was surprisingly similar to a lollipop.

01:29:46Obviously, it was given an inappropriate name.

01:29:49The short version was S. Chupa Chups.

01:29:52If you ever search for pictures of these creatures,

01:29:54they look like underwater lollipops scattered on the bottom of the seabed.

01:29:59Now, while we're on the subject of shape,

01:30:02ever wondered why lollipop sticks have that square hole featured in the plastic design?

01:30:07It actually has to do with the manufacturing process.

01:30:11When produced, the candy is melted into the stick.

01:30:14This ensures that the head of the lollipop stays firmly attached to its corresponding stick

01:30:19so that it doesn't come loose and end up falling off.

01:30:22Oh, what a pity!

01:30:24Another reason is more of a safety feature,

01:30:27so the lollipop stick doesn't become a choking hazard if swallowed by accident.

01:30:31Since it does allow air to go through,

01:30:34there's still some breathing room should it ever get stuck somewhere unfortunate.

01:30:38These days, the company Tutti Roll has become the largest manufacturer of lollipops.

01:30:44They make over 16 million candies each and every day.

01:30:48As for the Dum-Dum lollipops, they got their name from their inventor.

01:30:52He wanted a name that was easy to pronounce and remember by the younger generation,

01:30:57the main demographic for the product.

01:31:00How about the Dum-Dum mystery flavor?

01:31:03Is it actually that mysterious?

01:31:05Nah, it's actually a pretty straightforward recipe.

01:31:08They make it when one batch of flavor is running out and the next one is beginning.

01:31:12So the flavor comes out of random combinations of two different tastes, whatever they may be.

01:31:19But what does the famous writer Charles Dickens have to do with the lollipop?

01:31:25Well, it turns out that in the modern world, this name first appeared in one of his novels.

01:31:30That was back in the 1800s.

01:31:33Lollipops aren't all fun and games.

01:31:36Some of them are even used to cure people.

01:31:38They are especially handy for young ones who find it difficult to deal with traditional versions.

01:31:44But some of those lollipops are strictly for adults.

01:31:47If you're a big fan of this sweet treat,

01:31:50you might want to prepare for a nice celebration on the 20th of July each year.

01:31:55That's when people in America celebrate National Lollipop Day.

01:31:59It's common for people to give each other lollies during this day.

01:32:03Some stores even launch unique lines for this occasion

01:32:05and also put their best products on display.

01:32:09The lollipop has some neat world records attached to it too,

01:32:13like the longest chain of people licking lollipops,

01:32:16which featured a mind-boggling 12,831 individuals.

01:32:21They put the event together in Valladolid, Spain back in September of 2008.

01:32:27And for people looking for something fancier,

01:32:30you should know that the world's most expensive lollipop

01:32:32comes with a hefty price of over $10,000.

01:32:37It's not one single lollipop per se,

01:32:40but a chair made with 60 pounds worth of confectioner's sugar.

01:32:44We literally have no idea how many lollipops the world consumes each day in total.

01:32:49We do know what countries include the biggest fans though,

01:32:53and they are Germany, Ireland, Switzerland, Australia, and the UK.

01:32:58And we don't just call it a lollipop.

01:33:00There are different names for it, depending on where you are in the world,

01:33:04such as a lolly, sucker, or sticky pop, for example.

01:33:08Hey, I grew up with suckers!

01:33:10The most common flavor often associated with this sweet treat is cotton candy.

01:33:16It's probably because it's way easier to enjoy than the actual cotton candy,

01:33:20but you can still appreciate the flavor.

01:33:22For me though, nothing beats a cherry sucker.

01:33:25How about you?

01:33:27Tell me about your favorite flavor in the comments!

01:33:30Apples you usually grab in the supermarket seem super fresh,

01:33:35but they can be up to a year old.

01:33:38It's all about how they're stored.

01:33:40First, they're covered with wax.

01:33:42Next, the wax is dried with hot air,

01:33:44and finally, the apples go into cold storage.

01:33:47Sloths are better at breath-holding than dolphins.

01:33:50Those lazy buddies can slow their heart rate

01:33:53and hold their breath this way for up to 40 minutes.

01:33:56If they watched any breathtaking series,

01:33:58they'd literally breathe once per episode.

01:34:01If you look at any old photograph,

01:34:04you'll see that people didn't have those big smiles

01:34:06we love to have in the photos today.

01:34:08First, photographers preferred to keep things serious,

01:34:11so instead of cheese, people would say prunes

01:34:14to keep their lips tight, and other things.

01:34:17Earth is not the only planet with water.

01:34:20Scientists from NASA strongly believe

01:34:22one of Jupiter's moons, Europa,

01:34:24has an ocean with twice as much water as we have on our planet.

01:34:28It's hidden under a thick layer of ice.

01:34:31Even Mars has some liquid water flowing.

01:34:34Cicadas are some of the biggest flying insects

01:34:36you can find out there.

01:34:38Most species are not that impressive,

01:34:40only about 1 to 2 inches long.

01:34:42Only.

01:34:44But the largest one, known as the Empress cicada,

01:34:46has a body length of about 3 inches.

01:34:49In comparison, its wingspan reaches a whopping 8 inches.

01:34:52That's a really big bug.

01:34:55Not all goats peacefully munch on meadow grass.

01:34:58Some of them prefer climbing trees for food.

01:35:01Meet Moroccan goats,

01:35:03a natural phenomenon unique to North Africa.

01:35:05The thing is, they're way more attracted

01:35:07to argan tree fruits than to regular grass.

01:35:10That's quite understandable.

01:35:12Those fruits look just like golden apples.

01:35:14These goats are quite agile,

01:35:16so they easily climb up the trees to get the juicy treats.

01:35:19And they rarely need help from their nanny.

01:35:22Here's a creature that can technically live forever.

01:35:25You see, there's a species of jellyfish,

01:35:28known as Turseverva d'Oruda,

01:35:31or however you pronounce their name on the screen.

01:35:34Well, those guys have a superpower of respawning.

01:35:37So whenever they get any sort of physical damage or something,

01:35:40those jellyfish reset themselves back to the polyp stage

01:35:43and start all over again.

01:35:46Now let's test you.

01:35:48Are there more trees on Earth or stars in the Milky Way?

01:35:51If your answer is stars, sorry, you're wrong.

01:35:54According to scientists' estimations,

01:35:55there are up to 100 billion stars in our galaxy

01:35:59and about 3 trillion trees on Earth.

01:36:02Now that's impressive.

01:36:04Pluto still hasn't made a complete orbit since it was discovered,

01:36:08and now imagine that it was found back in 1930.

01:36:11It takes about 248 years for Pluto to make a full orbit around the Sun.

01:36:17By the way, Mercury is the fastest.

01:36:19It takes only about 88 days for this planet to make a full trip.

01:36:22However, Pluto will complete its first full orbit since its discovery in 2178.

01:36:29I can't wait.

01:36:31One more fun fact about planets.

01:36:33The dwarf planet Haumea has a very peculiar shape.

01:36:37It looks exactly like a potato.

01:36:39It's about the same size as Pluto and has rings similar to those Saturn has.

01:36:44If you ever want to find it, it's located beyond the orbit of Neptune.

01:36:48Nachos aren't some ancient Mexican food.

01:36:50They were invented less than 100 years ago.

01:36:53Ignacio Aña, nicknamed Nacho, is said to have created this dish in the 1940s.

01:36:59There's a nice story behind nachos.

01:37:01A regular customer got really hungry

01:37:03and asked if Ignacio could bring her and her three friends something different that day.

01:37:08He saw how hungry the ladies were and decided to cook something quick for them.

01:37:12He had to improvise using available ingredients,

01:37:15so he put some tortillas, grated loads of cheese on top of them,

01:37:18and heated the dish from above.

01:37:21To make the dish more savory, he added some jalapeno peppers on top.

01:37:25Mamie Finan, that very regular customer, asked what the name of the unusual snack was.

01:37:31Ignacio didn't think long and said the name was Nacho Special.

01:37:36Oranges aren't necessarily orange.

01:37:39If grown in subtropical regions, the climate isn't cold enough to break down the chlorophyll,

01:37:44so the fruit peel stays yellow or greenish.

01:37:46Such oranges usually get treated with ethylene gas that can help turn the oranges orange.

01:37:52Orange, you impressed with that?

01:37:54Okay, it's time for a little riddle for you.

01:37:57What's common between peanut butter and an engagement ring?

01:38:00Both of them contain diamonds.

01:38:02Scientists have learned how to turn peanut butter into diamonds.

01:38:06They extracted the oxygen from CO2,

01:38:09they got the carbon, and then put it under intense pressure,

01:38:12and in the end, they got diamonds.

01:38:14In a jiff, I suppose.

01:38:17Pufferfish, also known as blowfish, are famous for two things.

01:38:21It's clumsy, and it can literally turn into a sort of a balloon.

01:38:25Blowing themselves up helps them survive in the wild.

01:38:28They are inedible when swollen.

01:38:31Well, they're not entirely inedible even when they're deflated.

01:38:34Their poison is over a thousand times more toxic than cyanide.

01:38:38Don't count on antidotes, they just don't exist.

01:38:41Or, probably, we need more time to find one.

01:38:44Not only can people become knights, but penguins can do that too.

01:38:48There's one living in Edinburgh, and it was granted knighthood back in 2008.

01:38:53Meet Nils Olof III, the mascot and colonel-in-chief of the Norwegian Kings Guard.

01:38:59So, what size of shoes do you wear?

01:39:02I bet it's way smaller than the size the Statue of Liberty wears.

01:39:06No statue needs shoes, but if the Statue of Liberty wanted to grab a pair of new sneakers,

01:39:10she'd need to look for size 879.

01:39:14No surprise here, she's 151 feet tall.

01:39:18These are our muscles that can cause goosebumps.

01:39:22These tiny fan-shaped muscles are called erector pili,

01:39:25and we have them at the base of every hair follicle.

01:39:29Whenever it's cold, they get contracted, which makes our hairs literally stand up, creating goosebumps.

01:39:35You may think you're not an athlete,

01:39:37but if you've ironed your clothes in very uncomfortable locations at least once, you already are.

01:39:43Well, sort of.

01:39:45Extreme ironing is an extreme sport where people take ironing boards to very unexpected places,

01:39:50such as forests, canoes, or mountains, and iron the clothes there.

01:39:55Some do that even on the top of bronze statues or underwater.

01:39:59And yeah, there are even official championships.

01:40:02Haven't these people heard of permanent press?

01:40:04Wrap battles aren't something that appeared recently.

01:40:08In medieval England, there was something called flighting,

01:40:11which was very much like contemporary wrap battles.

01:40:14It was quite popular in the 15th and 16th centuries,

01:40:17when two opponents mocked each other in an improvised battle.

01:40:21Tongue map says we have different parts for different tastes.

01:40:25Well, not really.

01:40:27There are individual taste buds that sense certain flavors more than they do with some others,

01:40:30but it doesn't mean one area can taste sweet better than the other.

01:40:34Studies show that all mouth areas have taste buds sensitive to all tastes.

01:40:39Chameleons don't change colors because they want to match their surroundings.

01:40:43That would probably be a very tiring thing to do.

01:40:46In reality, some other things, like mood, temperature, or the amount of light they get, affect their color.

01:40:53When chameleons relax and stretch cells, crystals that are inside of them are affected by the light.

01:40:58These reptiles use crystals to communicate with each other.

01:41:02So, for example, darker shades show that they're not in such a good mood.

01:41:07It's more like they feel kinda grumpy.

01:41:09Ah, beware the grumpy chameleon!

01:41:12Turkeys can blush, just like people do.

01:41:15It works the same way. They blush when angry, excited, or even feel bad.

01:41:20You can see the skin on their necks and heads turn red.

01:41:23Opossums don't really sleep while hanging by their tails.

01:41:26You see that in cartoons and some photos, but in general, they don't.

01:41:30Their tails are strong, so these animals can grip branches and hold their weight, but only for shorter periods.

01:41:37Adults are really too heavy to stay in this position for too long, so they wouldn't get too much rest.

01:41:42So, I could say, hanging by their tail overnight is sort of impossible.

01:41:47There are things about your body you know for sure.

01:41:51Or don't you?

01:41:53Can you guess what exactly is a myth or fact?

01:41:56One point is for each correct answer.

01:41:59Let me know your score!

01:42:01Brown eggs are more nutritious than white eggs.

01:42:04Myth or fact?

01:42:06Myth. There is no study saying brown eggs are healthier than white eggs.

01:42:10The only difference is the color of the eggshell.

01:42:13The color of the eggshell doesn't affect its nutrition or quality.

01:42:16That is related to the type of chicken.

01:42:18Chickens with white earlobes tend to have white eggs.

01:42:22Have you heard that a large amount of the dust in your home is actually decanted skin?

01:42:27Not cool, I know.

01:42:29Do you think this is a myth or a fact?

01:42:31This is a myth.

01:42:33You're not just mopping your skin flakes from the floor.

01:42:36Many other components make the house dust.

01:42:38Fibers, hair, building materials, mold, pollen, insect body parts, and ash are some of them, according to the study made in Canadian houses.

01:42:48This makes sense because a house nearby a busy highway or in a renovation area has more dust than a house in the middle of a forest.

01:42:57Skin is our largest organ.

01:42:59Is this a fact or myth?

01:43:01It's a fact.

01:43:03You might think for a second that the intestine can be quite large when you unfold it, but nope.

01:43:07Skin wins the contest.

01:43:09An adult carries around 8 pounds and 22 square feet of skin.

01:43:12Can't think of us without a skin.

01:43:14It's not just there to cover our bodies.

01:43:16It has an essential role in protecting us too.

01:43:19You can't breathe and swallow at the same time.

01:43:22Myth or fact?

01:43:24It's a fact.

01:43:26Maybe you already knew the correct answer, but you tried it anyway after reading this.

01:43:30So see it for yourself.

01:43:32So in your throat, there are two passageways important for your survival.

01:43:35I'm putting aside the fancy medical names, and I'm going to show you how to find them.

01:43:39I'm putting aside the fancy medical names, and I'm going to show you how to find them.

01:43:42I'm putting aside the fancy medical names, and I'm going to show you how to find them.

01:43:45They prevent breathing and swallowing simultaneously.

01:43:48Otherwise, food would enter the airway and cause severe complications.

01:43:56This doesn't always go as planned.

01:43:58That's why sometimes you end up coughing and preventing the piece of food from reaching the lungs.

01:44:04As well as having unique fingerprints,

01:44:05humans also have unique tongue prints.

01:44:08Is this a myth or fact?

01:44:10Fact!

01:44:12The human tongue is magnificent enough in its features that make us taste the food.

01:44:16It's also unique in its texture.

01:44:18People use biometric systems like fingerprints, voice scans, and iris scans for authentication.

01:44:24They are important to the identification and verification phases.

01:44:28Tongue print is unique, so it's very hard to copy it.

01:44:32It can be used as a biometric system tool too.

01:44:35What if people started using this system in their daily lives for safety reasons?

01:44:39Imagine locking a safe or your phone with a tongue print.

01:44:44An adult spends three hours in the bathroom every week.

01:44:48Do you think this is a fact or a myth?

01:44:50It's a fact!

01:44:52A poll by scientists reveals that an average adult spends three hours and nine minutes on the toilet every week.

01:44:58This is more than the time they spent exercising.

01:45:01Take your sweet time. No need to rush.

01:45:04You swallow eight spiders a year while sleeping. Myth or fact?

01:45:09Don't believe it? Lucky for us, and for the spiders of course, this is not true.

01:45:14Fear no more and have a good night's sleep.

01:45:17Most spiders don't deliberately come near humans.

01:45:20Plus, vibrations coming from a sleeping person might be uncanny for them.

01:45:24Or maybe the spider just lives in the habitat.

01:45:27It thinks that you are flatmates sharing a room.

01:45:30As long as there is actual evidence, I call this a myth.

01:45:34Your thigh bone can resist thousands of pounds of force.

01:45:37Do you think this is a myth or a fact?

01:45:40Yes, this is a fact.

01:45:42People generally refer to it as tight bone.

01:45:45But its actual name is femur bone.

01:45:47This bone is located on the upper part of your leg.

01:45:51Experts say that this bone is hard to break.

01:45:54It's one of the two strongest bones in our anatomy.

01:45:57The first one is the temporal bone of the skull.

01:46:00If you wondered about the first one.

01:46:01Anyway, a tight bone can support 30 times more of your body weight.

01:46:05Maybe it's because the femur bone is the longest and largest bone in the human body.

01:46:10Do you believe that shaving your hair makes it grow back thicker?

01:46:14Fact or myth?

01:46:16Watch how I debunk that myth.

01:46:18Experts say shaving doesn't affect the thickness of the hair.

01:46:21The hair's head didn't remove, so the root is still there.

01:46:25You only shave the upper part.

01:46:27After a shave, the hair grows bluntly because it's been cut.

01:46:29That's why you may feel it's getting thicker.

01:46:32It's safe to eat food that's been on the floor for 5 seconds or less.

01:46:36Is this a fact or a myth?

01:46:38Sorry for blocking the best way you justify eating something that fell on the floor.

01:46:42There's no such thing as the 5-second rule.

01:46:45Researchers found that a substantial amount of bacteria transferred to the food within 5 seconds.

01:46:51The moisture of the food directly affects contamination.

01:46:54Imagine you drop a slice of watermelon.

01:46:57Imagine you drop a slice of watermelon and chips on the floor.

01:47:00I don't know why you're eating both together or how you end up dropping them both.

01:47:04But let's continue with this example anyway.

01:47:07The watermelon will have more contamination than chips.

01:47:10Because watermelon has more moisture in it.

01:47:12The surface of the watermelon is more open to transferring bacteria.

01:47:16Blondes and redheads may soon disappear.

01:47:19Myth or fact?

01:47:21An easy one, right?

01:47:23This is a myth.

01:47:24Red or blonde colored hairs are connected to recessive genes.

01:47:28They can be carried from one generation to another without creating the hair color of the carrier.

01:47:33If both parents have the correct recessive genes, the chances are high that the next generation will have blonde or red hair.

01:47:41These genes are rare, but populations still have those genes carried out so they won't get lost forever.

01:47:47For that to happen, literally everyone on the planet who carries that gene must disappear.

01:47:52So, the chances are low.

01:47:57Drinking coffee dehydrates you.

01:47:59Is it a fact or myth?

01:48:01Myth! You can enjoy your morning coffee.

01:48:04Okay, you may visit the bathroom more frequently after drinking coffee.

01:48:07But it doesn't mean you're losing more water.

01:48:10There are numerous studies made about the effects of caffeine.

01:48:14Some of these studies reveal that drinking a reasonable amount of coffee a day doesn't increase the risk of dehydration.

01:48:22Eating yogurt helps your digestion.

01:48:25Do you think this is a fact or just another myth?

01:48:28A fact! But with the right choice of yogurt.

01:48:31Yogurt is food containing probiotics.

01:48:34They are the good bacteria that make everything flow smoothly in your gut.

01:48:38Eating yogurt alone may not be enough to have a healthy digestive system.

01:48:43It supports the digestive system positively.

01:48:46Keep in mind, though, not all yogurts are equal.

01:48:49Some of them have sugar in them or they come with toppings like candy or cookies.

01:48:54Go for the classic ones.

01:48:57Your hair will grow faster if you have it cut more often.

01:49:01Fact or myth?

01:49:03We were always told not to cry too much over the hair we lost because it would grow back faster.

01:49:07Unfortunately, the hair growth rate doesn't depend on how often you get a haircut.

01:49:13The average hair growth rate is 0.01 inches per day.

01:49:16Plus, many factors affect it, age, hormones, and even the time of year.

01:49:22Knowing this new fact may make some people postpone their hairdresser appointments.

01:49:29You'd need a drop of liquid, a state-of-the-art laser 3D printer,

01:49:33and a couple of hours of work to make the tiniest fidget spinner ever.

01:49:37Its width will be smaller than that of your hair strand.

01:49:40At least researchers at Oak Ridge National Laboratory managed to do just that.

01:49:45A double-stuffed Oreo cookie aren't double-stuffed, in fact.

01:49:49A math teacher weighed 10 regular Oreos, 10 double-stuffed Oreos, 10 mega-stuffed Oreos.

01:49:56Turns out, double-stuffed Oreos are only 1.86 stuffed Oreos.

01:50:02Chipotle peppers aren't some special type of pepper.

01:50:05They're good old jalapenos.

01:50:07Dried and smoked jalapeno is Chipotle.

01:50:10In its gaseous form, oxygen is colorless and doesn't have any odor.

01:50:15But when it's liquid or solid, this substance looks pale blue.

01:50:20After being caught by a black hole, a star gets ripped apart by its enormous gravitational forces.

01:50:26Some parts of the star's remains hurtle into the black hole.

01:50:30The rest, in the form of a huge jet of plasma, is ejected with such force that it travels hundreds of light-years away.

01:50:39Not so long ago, scientists decided the Deinos family tree had to be redrawn for the first time in 130 years.

01:50:47Apparently, two species of dinosaurs had to be grouped together from the very beginning.

01:50:52Those were the lizard-hipped meat-eaters like T. rex and bird-hipped vegetarians such as the Stegosaurus.

01:51:00A camel can drink up to 30 gallons of water in a bit more than 10 minutes.

01:51:05This water is stored in the animal's bloodstream.

01:51:07As for its fatty hump, it provides the camel with nourishment when there's little food around.

01:51:13Some sea animals like salmon or turtles use our planet's magnetic field to find their way home.

01:51:20Your lungs not only help you breathe, but they also produce blood cells.

01:51:25These cells are responsible for the clotting which stops bleeding.

01:51:29The lungs make more than 10 million of these tiny cells per hour.

01:51:35Only two letters never appear on the periodic table.

01:51:39Those are J and Q.

01:51:42Spin a ball when you drop it and it'll fly through the air while falling.

01:51:47This phenomenon is known as the Magnus effect.

01:51:50You can see it at work in different sports, for example tennis or baseball.

01:51:56Anatidaphobia is the fear that at any point, somewhere in the world, a duck or a goose may be watching you.

01:52:05The person isn't necessarily afraid that the duck or goose will get close to them or even touch them.

01:52:11They just don't like the feeling of being watched.

01:52:15It was first described in a comic strip to show you how anyone can be afraid of anything.

01:52:20Anything can be a phobia.

01:52:23A duck just watching my every move would certainly give me the heebie-jeebies.

01:52:27I might just quack up.

01:52:30Your favorite fruit candies may be shining because they're covered with carnauba wax.

01:52:36Many fruits, especially apples, have a thin layer of this wax too.

01:52:41Not only can it make the candies and fruit appear glossy, but it also makes your car shine.

01:52:47Peaches and nectarines seem different, but in fact, they're pretty much the same fruit.

01:52:53If the fluffiness gene is dominant, we get peaches. If not, we get smooth nectarines.

01:53:00Crows are pretty good at recognizing people's faces and have been found to remember people for a long time.

01:53:08This could be a good or a bad thing, depending on how nice you are to them.

01:53:12You don't want to come across a crow that's holding a grudge against you.

01:53:16You probably can't tell which crow is which very easily, so it might be better to play it safe and just give them a little wave.

01:53:25In the city of Yoro in Central America, they have an annual event known as the Rain of Fish.

01:53:32Not that the locals get a choice for it anyways.

01:53:35Every year in May or June, a torrential rainstorm rolls through the town, leaving a mass of fish flopping around in the streets.

01:53:44The phenomenon is believed to be caused by water spouts or water tornadoes, which drop the fish far from their home.

01:53:51Seafood delivery for free? Yes, please!

01:53:55A single strand of spaghetti onto your fork has a name. It's called a spaghetto.

01:54:01In the Italian language, an I at the end of a word means that it's plural, while an O is singular.

01:54:08This goes for all types, like gnocco instead of gnocchi.

01:54:11Fettuccino instead of fettuccine, and raviolo for a single parcel of goodness.

01:54:19Water can freeze and boil at the same time. This is called the triple point.

01:54:25That's when a substance can be solid, liquid, and gaseous at the same time.

01:54:30But there's only one pressure temperature that can make it possible.

01:54:34We're used to ranch dressing being white, but in reality, producers usually add titanium dioxide to make it as white as your sunscreen.

01:54:43Oh, sunscreen producers add some titanium dioxide to their products too. Same with Caesar and blue cheese dressings.

01:54:52Our moon used to have an atmosphere.

01:54:55Several volcanic eruptions happened on Earth's natural satellite around 4 billion years ago.

01:55:01They released immense volumes of gas, trillions of tons.

01:55:05It was so much that the gas didn't have enough time to escape into space. That's how an atmosphere was formed.

01:55:13Cold water heats up faster than hot. The speed of this process depends on the temperature difference between the liquid and its surroundings.

01:55:21That's why cold water needs less time to absorb heat, but it doesn't mean it'll boil faster than hot water.

01:55:28Zealandia is a drowned continent in the Pacific Ocean. It's often described as a continental fragment or a microcontinent.

01:55:37Its area is almost 2 million square miles, about half as big as the U.S.

01:55:43It went underwater about 23 million years ago. New Zealand is Zealandia's largest part that remains above sea level.

01:55:51People are still evolving. Scientists have been tracking several millions of human anomalies.

01:55:57It turns out some harmful genes are slowly but surely getting filtered out of human DNA.

01:56:05Stars look as if they're twinkling because of the turbulence in Earth's atmosphere.

01:56:10It makes the light from the stars move in a different direction before reaching our eyes, and this looks as if the light is shaking.

01:56:17It takes water 1,000 years to complete its continuous journey around the world.

01:56:22The whole process is known as the Global Ocean Conveyor Belt.

01:56:28Bismuth is a brittle, shiny white metal with a pink tinge.

01:56:32If you melt it and then let it cool really slowly, it'll form iridescent cubic crystals.

01:56:39Those Skittles and M&M candies are colored with beetles.

01:56:43Red food dye is made of carmine, which is made with cochineal beetles.

01:56:48Red lipsticks are made with these beetles too.

01:56:52The rocks, metals, and other minerals and things that make up the planet are packed into the ground more tightly in certain places than in others.

01:57:01This has surprising consequences. Gravity varies slightly depending on where you are.

01:57:07How high up you are also has an effect.

01:57:09So if you're at the top of Mount Everest, you'd also weigh slightly less.

01:57:14Don't look down!

01:57:16One scientist has a theory that a substance existed in ancient microbes before chlorophyll—that's the thing that makes plants green—evolved on Earth.

01:57:24This substance reflected sunlight as red and violet colors, which combined to make purple.

01:57:30If true, the young Earth may have been teeming with strange, purple-colored critters.

01:57:34If true, the young Earth may have been teeming with strange, purple-colored critters before all the green stuff appeared.

01:57:43Apples taste better when they're sliced because they're exposed to oxygen.

01:57:47It activates the enzyme called polyphenol oxidase, responsible for ripening and visible browning.

01:57:53The same thing happens when you hit an apple. The oxygen enters the apple through tiny cracks and it starts to ripen.

01:58:00Are you into white chocolate? Well, it's actually not even close to real chocolate.

01:58:05It's basically a mixture of sugar, milk, vanilla, and cocoa butter.

01:58:09Cocoa butter isn't enough for chocolate. It should contain chocolate liquor or powder.

01:58:16The only product that never expires, even if you don't store it in the fridge, is honey.

01:58:21It has a low pH and lots of sugar. That's why organisms that cause spoiling can't live in honey.

01:58:27If two pieces of the same kind of metal touch in space, they bond and get stuck together.

01:58:33It doesn't happen on Earth because water and air keeps pieces apart.

01:58:38People are more honest when they're tired. That's why most confessions are made during late-night conversations.

01:58:46Firefighters usually extinguish flames with wet water.

01:58:50It's water mixed with special wetting agents.

01:58:52These are chemicals that help water soak into objects and spread everywhere more easily.

01:58:59The Sun is an average-sized star, and still it could fit 1,300,000 Earths.

01:59:05The star is also 333,000 times as heavy as our planet.

01:59:12People have been able to spell their emails in Morse code since 2004.

01:59:17That's when a new symbol, at, was added to the code for the first time.

01:59:22The character is actually called a comet, and consists of the A and C signals with no break in between.

01:59:32The Empire State Building's tower was designed to serve as a docking station for dirigibles.

01:59:38At that time, people believed that these airships would become the main means of transportation in the future.

01:59:44The project included gangplanks, check-in and customs offices, and so on.

01:59:48But then the engineers realized that the wind up there was too strong for their plans, and they gave up on their idea.

01:59:55Angel Falls, the largest uninterrupted waterfall on the planet, is more than twice as tall as the Empire State Building.

02:00:03During the dry season, the falling water sometimes evaporates before it reaches the ground.

02:00:08One of the most mysterious sounds ever heard on Earth was the bloop.

02:00:13It occurred in 1997 and resembled the noise of marine animals, but the volume was too great for a sound produced by a living creature.

02:00:21The bloop continued for one minute. It started from a low rumble, and then rose in frequency.

02:00:27Antarctica might just look like a giant field of ice, but there's actually a huge continent underneath.

02:00:34That means that it has volcanoes, mountains, and valleys, like any other continent.

02:00:38Scientists have recently discovered that the Antarctic landmass has the lowest point on the planet, as well as huge mountain ranges.

02:00:47If any of the numerous volcanoes were to erupt, it would melt a huge part of the surface ice and increase the spill of ice into the ocean.

02:00:55The sea level would rise and flood coastal areas around the world.

02:00:59The ocean waters would also be disrupted, putting marine life at risk, though all of these volcanoes are dormant at the moment.

02:01:08Each day on the South Pole lasts six months on this continent.

02:01:12The South Pole only has a single sunset and sunrise across an entire year.

02:01:17Early Earth might have been purple, not green.

02:01:21There's a theory that ancient microbes used molecules, rather than chlorophyll, to absorb sunlight.

02:01:27These molecules likely gave living organisms a violet tint.

02:01:32During the Stone Age, the entire population of Central Europe was around 1,500 people, which means they would all fit on a mid-sized cruise liner these days.

02:01:41Astronomers have figured out that the Milky Way weighs around 1.5 trillion solar masses, and one solar mass is the mass of our Sun.

02:01:51A tiny part of this weight is a supermassive black hole at the center of the galaxy and 200 billion stars.

02:01:57The rest is dark matter, mysterious and invisible.

02:02:02If all sheets of Arctic ice and glaciers melted at the same time, the sea level would rise for the height of a 26-story building.

02:02:10Under black or UV light, ripening bananas look bright blue.

02:02:15That's because of the chlorophyll that's breaking down when the fruit is ripening.

02:02:19Because of tectonic plate movements, the Pacific Ocean shrinks every year, and the Atlantic Ocean gets bigger by the same amount.

02:02:28These days, there are only two ice sheets in the world left after the planet's last ice age.

02:02:34The first is the Greenland Ice Sheet.

02:02:37The second, the Antarctic Ice Sheet, is enormous. It's the size of Mexico and the continental U.S. combined.

02:02:45Tsunami waves often go unnoticed.

02:02:49They don't rise for more than several inches above the surface until they reach shallow waters.

02:02:53When the ocean is deep, though, they can travel as fast as a long-distance passenger airplane.

02:03:01Corals that live in shallow waters produce their own protection from the sun.

02:03:05Without it, sunlight would harm the algae living inside them.

02:03:09To protect these algae, which are the main source of food for the corals, they fluoresce.

02:03:14This process makes proteins that act as sunscreen.

02:03:18Almost 90% of the volcanic activity on Earth happens in the oceans.

02:03:24The South Pacific has the largest concentration of volcanoes people know about.

02:03:29There's one volcano cluster that has 1,133 volcanic cones.

02:03:34All of them are active and cooped up in an area the size of New York State.

02:03:40The Zemchug Canyon in the middle of the Bering Sea is the largest underwater canyon ever discovered.

02:03:47There are more treasures and artifacts at the bottom of the ocean than in all museums in the world combined.

02:03:54In 1900, one of the biggest hurricanes struck near Central America and in the Gulf of Mexico.

02:04:00It then went as far as Florida and Texas and is considered to be the most devastating hurricane in the United States' history.

02:04:08They first detected it on August 27th and it lasted for many days.

02:04:12By the time it reached the Texas coast, the storm had turned into a Category 4 hurricane.

02:04:18Hurricanes are categorized on wind speed and intensity using something called a Saffir-Simpson scale.

02:04:24There are five different categories from 1 to 5, with 1 being the weakest and 5 being the strongest.

02:04:32The people of Galveston had less than four days to prepare for the arriving storm that even stretched out to Oklahoma and Kansas.

02:04:40The great hurricane then made its way to the Great Plains and turned towards the Great Lakes, New England, and reached southeastern Canada.

02:04:48The storm was so bad that more than 3,600 homes were damaged even though they were sturdy enough to withstand the storm.

02:04:55Given the population numbers back then, it was equivalent to hundreds of thousands of houses destroyed, if not millions.

02:05:03Spotted Lake, Canada. They call it the most magical spot in Canada.

02:05:07In winter and spring, this is just a regular lake that looks like any other, but try going there in the summer when the water starts to evaporate.

02:05:15It'll feel as if you've entered a different world, a polka-dotted landscape with blue, green, and yellow spots.

02:05:22Over the summer, there are over 300 pools there, and they all look magical.

02:05:27Over the centuries, people believed each of them had different healing properties.

02:05:31Oh, and the explanation for the vibrant colors is pure science.

02:05:34Each of them has a high concentration of different minerals.

02:05:38We live inside the sun. Its atmosphere stretches far beyond its visible surface, and even though Earth is 93 million miles away from the star, it's still within reach of the sun's atmosphere.

02:05:50Auroras happen when charged particles from the sun get caught by Earth's magnetic field and crash into the upper atmosphere near the poles.

02:05:58Our planet is gradually slowing down the speed of its rotation. It happens at an unhurried pace of 17 milliseconds per 100 years.

02:06:08Because of this, our days are becoming longer, and still, only after 140 million years, a day on Earth will last 25 hours.

02:06:17Earth's southernmost continent, Antarctica, is only the fifth largest one, but it contains almost 70% of the planet's fresh water and 90% of the world's ice.

02:06:30Antarctica is also considered to be a desert.

02:06:34Lots of rocks on Earth have a Martian origin.

02:06:38Scientists analyze the chemical content of some meteorites found in the Sahara Desert, Antarctica, and other places.

02:06:44It turned out that these rocks had arrived from the Red Planet.

02:06:49The largest sand castle in the world is located in Denmark.

02:06:5330 sand sculptors who created it used more than 5,000 tons of sand.

02:06:58To make it more durable, they added 10% of clay, together with a layer of glue.

02:07:03They built it to stand tall against long and stormy winters.

02:07:07Some photons that don't get absorbed are re-emitted, and their wavelength determines the color we see.

02:07:13When you expose a material to sunlight or photons of higher energy, it can damage its chromophores, which is why they won't be able to emit photons at certain wavelengths.

02:07:23Red materials fade in sunlight the most.

02:07:26Their chromophores emit red light in a way they mop up photons of the rest of the wavelengths.

02:07:31From 60 to 100 tons of space dust drift down to our planet's surface every day.

02:07:37These tiny cosmic particles are mostly released by comets, which are usually made of dust and ice.

02:07:43When the sun turns this ice into vapor, the remaining dust travels down to Earth.

02:07:49There are two sides to every story.

02:07:52Just like to a regular cotton pad, two different textures to be more precise.

02:07:56One is smooth, and you're supposed to use it for more sensitive areas of your face, for example, the eyes.

02:08:02The rougher side can help you remove makeup and clean your face in less sensitive areas, like the forehead.

02:08:09If you like having greenery in your home, you've probably noticed the flowerpots have holes at the bottom.

02:08:15These holes are the reason your green friends live a happy life.

02:08:19They're extremely important for water drainage.

02:08:22Thanks to these holes, you'll avoid stagnant water build-up that can eventually ruin your plant.

02:08:27Also, thanks to those holes, roots can grow and expand beyond the limits of your pot.

02:08:33Have you noticed aviator sunglasses mostly have green lenses?

02:08:38It has something to do with their origin.

02:08:41They're green because they're made of glass.

02:08:44First, they showed up in the 1930s.

02:08:47Before that, pilots had goggles to protect their eyes while they were in the air.

02:08:52High altitudes with glaring sun and sub-zero temperatures were a real test for their eyes.

02:08:58The goggles helped them with those issues, but there was another one.

02:09:03Since the temperature differences between the air outside and within the goggles were big,

02:09:07the lenses would fog up and obscure the pilot's view.

02:09:11So, the company Bausch & Lohm came up with teardrop lenses surrounded by a light metal frame.

02:09:17These lenses were dark green because this tint cuts out blue light,

02:09:22which is also a problem for pilots when they're flying above the cloud line.

02:09:27Plus, green lenses also reduce glare and improve comfort.

02:09:31Holes in the side of your Converse sneakers? Hmm, are those really necessary?

02:09:36Well, they allow air to enter your shoe so your feet can stay cool.

02:09:41You can also use them to style up your shoes and tie them in different ways, too.

02:09:46There are two reasons plastic bottles have grooves.

02:09:50First, if you're drinking from a plastic bottle, you can't see through the holes.

02:09:55Second, the plastic bottle is too small.

02:09:57There are two reasons plastic bottles have grooves.

02:10:00First, if you're drinking cold water and it's hot outside, you'll see there's a lot of condensation on your bottle.

02:10:06Or maybe if you're playing some sport or working out.

02:10:10Your hands are sweaty and if a bottle had a smooth surface, it would be more difficult to grip it,

02:10:15so the ridges are there to improve your hand grip.

02:10:18The second reason is that because of these ridges, manufacturers can use thinner plastic.

02:10:23That means they need less material in overall production.

02:10:27And that plastic is still firm enough for the bottle to maintain its shape.

02:10:33Wooden coat hangers are not just there to look nice.

02:10:37Since they're made of cedar wood, they bring a nice scent to your closet.

02:10:41Plus, they repel bugs.

02:10:43They're also quite firm so they come in handy for heavy clothes such as jackets.

02:10:48And it's hard to damage them, so they'll serve you longer.

02:10:53You may have noticed there's a colored square at the bottom of your toothpaste.

02:10:58These blocks mostly come in blue, red, green and black.

02:11:03They are some sort of eye marks, since they help manufacturing machines at the assembly line

02:11:09recognize where and when to cut the toothpaste and seal the end of the tube.

02:11:14Some boots have loops at their top and back.

02:11:18Looks like a fashion statement, doesn't it?

02:11:20Or maybe it's something that manufacturers add for fun.

02:11:23But those loops actually have their purpose.

02:11:26With them, you can pull the shoe up when trying to wear it.

02:11:29Plus, you can easily hang them or use the loop for better support for the laces.

02:11:35Confession time. Remember those attachments your vacuum cleaner came with?

02:11:40Did you also put them somewhere aside and never use them again?

02:11:44They're actually pretty helpful when you're cleaning the house

02:11:47because you can use them for particular areas that are sometimes hard to reach with the regular attachment.

02:11:53We all know what the vegetable peeler is for,

02:11:56but besides peeling the skin of carrots or potatoes, you can use it for onions too.

02:12:01It may be faster than doing it with a knife, plus it will save you some onion tears.

02:12:06Some sweatshirts have something pretty specific in the neck area.

02:12:11A V-shaped stitch you can see in the middle of the collar.

02:12:15The ribbed insert, similar to the ribbing at the hem and the sleeves,

02:12:19would allow the owner to put the garment on more easily

02:12:21and it wouldn't even lose shape.

02:12:24The V-insert would stretch so a person wearing the sweatshirt could get their head through the neck.

02:12:29Its purpose was also to absorb sweat.

02:12:32In its early versions, sweatshirts had both the back and the front of the collars.

02:12:36Through time, they lost the back one,

02:12:39and this V-insert became something decorative since manufacturers started to stitch a V at the collar

02:12:44without using the ribbed material they had added before.

02:12:48Brightly colored squares or circles you see on food packages

02:12:52aren't an indication of vitamins, minerals, or certain flavors that food contains.

02:12:57And nope, it's not some secret code consumers are supposed to crack.

02:13:01It's actually for printing engineers.

02:13:04They're called process control patches or printer's color blocks.

02:13:08During the process of printing the food packaging,

02:13:11manufacturers use those colored blocks to check if the printing ink is correct.

02:13:15They compare the color of blocks they print

02:13:18to make sure the brand they print for has a consistent and recognizable quality all over the world.

02:13:24The majority of printers only use four colors,

02:13:28yellow, magenta, cyan, and black.

02:13:31Some printers have additional colors, such as green, orange, and violet.

02:13:35That's why you sometimes see multiple circles on certain packages.

02:13:40They test each ink color.

02:13:43Margins in notebooks.

02:13:46They're not there as some sort of a guide for taking notes and writing.

02:13:49Someone came up with a potential solution that was supposed to protect the written work from, well, rats.

02:13:55They used to be pretty common residents in people's homes.

02:13:58They are known for their diet, including basically anything, like paper, for example.

02:14:03So, people started adding wide margins as an appetizer that was supposed to keep rats full.

02:14:09This way, they wouldn't want to get to the main dish, the written pages.

02:14:14Suits have a buttonhole close to the top of the lapel.

02:14:17Manufacturers sew it shut so you can't open it without ruining your suit.

02:14:22And when you compare it to the other lapel, you see that one is completely smooth, without any clues.

02:14:28You won't find such an unpartnered buttonhole on a suit jacket only.

02:14:32Camp shirts, pea coats, and some other clothing pieces have them too.

02:14:37And they have to do with the history of lapels.

02:14:40The earliest ones showed up at the beginning of the 19th century.

02:14:44Before this, men mostly wore frocks with high collars.

02:14:47They would button them all the way up to the top.

02:14:50During hot days, they would relax the button stance, turn down the collars, and leave the top button undone.

02:14:56It was a relief from the swelter.

02:14:58Plus, their folded overlaps would be symmetrical at the chest.

02:15:01And today, we recognize that as a lapel.

02:15:04People stopped using that buttonhole after they came up with a lapel, unless it was for some formal occasion.

02:15:10Like, for example, when you wanted to put a flower in there.

02:15:13That's why suit makers left it, as a fashion feature.

02:15:17Teabags. It's pretty easy to guess what they're for.

02:15:20But they come in handy if you have smelly feet after a long day in your shoes.

02:15:25Just pop teabags, unused of course, in your shoes during the night.

02:15:28By the time you wake up, teabags are going to effectively absorb all the unwanted odors.

02:15:34Binder clips can also have a helpful purpose besides their main one.

02:15:38You can clip your money to keep it together.

02:15:41Same is true for paper clips.

02:15:43If your favorite bracelet broke and you're looking for a way to hold it on, a paper clip might help.

02:15:49Just hook one through each end of the bracelet, twist it tightly, and your bracelet is good to go.

02:15:58That's it for today. So, hey, if you pacified your curiosity, then give the video a like and share it with your friends.

02:16:04Or if you want more, just click on these videos and stay on the Bright Side!

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