Le Triton et la Salamandre documentaire animalier

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Transcript
00:30At the end of the winter, the lantern is set in motion by the vegetal and animal machines,
00:47engorged by months of sleepiness.
00:50Common toads and red frogs are among the early wake-up birds
00:56and seem not to believe in the arrival of spring.
01:04Tritons are also here.
01:07They also barely come out of the hole where the cold and snow had pushed them to flee
01:11to hibernate a few months earlier.
01:14After months of sleep, they seem hesitant, as if they had to re-learn the smells,
01:28the shapes of the places that are so familiar to them.
01:31Yet they are not, because the tritons know all the secrets of orientation.
01:36This allows them to make a slow and sometimes very long journey,
01:40the one they make every year at this time on their breeding grounds.
01:46The goal of their pilgrimage is located several hundred meters away,
01:51sometimes miles away from their usual refuge.
01:54It is a simple puddle of water, most often a pond or the edge of a pond,
01:59at the bottom of which the tritons totally change their lives.
02:11Because this is the originality of the tritons.
02:14They are stern, bad walkers, to put it all rather insignificantly when they are on land.
02:20These animals completely transform themselves when they reach the place of their future love exploits.
02:32First of all, a certain ease of movement in the aquatic environment
02:36replaces the clumsiness of the terrestrial walk.
02:40Then, the earthy and stern dresses, common to all species of tritons when they are on the ground,
02:46change into infinitely more seductive costumes, worn by the males.
03:07Each species wears its own colors, varies the drawings.
03:12We simply choose to distinguish ourselves by appendices, straight out of prehistoric times.
03:19In the animal world, the appearance of such a display of shapes and colors
03:23often only makes sense in the service of an imperial need.
03:27In this case, it is of course a parade of love.
03:30The tritons are a symbol of love, a symbol of the love of the human species.
03:35The tritons are a symbol of love, a symbol of the love of the human species.
03:41In the world of animals, the appearance of a certain display of forms and colors
03:46is, of course, a parade of love.
03:48These begin very early for most species
03:51and fill their stomachs for a good part of the spring.
03:55At the end of their journey, the tritons of different species
03:58are found in hundreds at the bottom of the seas or in the shallow water of the ponds.
04:03The first manifestations of their love frenzy then begin immediately.
04:08The nuptial parades of most tritons obey very precise rites.
04:13After having solicited a female by a few musou blows on the flanks,
04:17the male places himself in front of her and undertakes a singular manifestation.
04:22Steadily camped on his legs, he folds his tail and frantically shakes its extremity.
04:37If the female is somewhat indifferent to his advances,
04:40the male does not hesitate to restart his process,
04:43putting together all his conviction.
05:08Other species use the same manifestations,
05:11with different rhythms and intensities, but undoubtedly just as effective.
05:19Males have to repeat their dance many times in front of several females
05:23before finding a receptive partner to their advances.
05:27When the affair is finally concluded,
05:29the tritons of different species are found in hundreds at the bottom of the seas or in the shallow water of the ponds.
05:35When the affair is finally concluded,
05:37the triton places itself behind the male and follows his movements step by step.
05:52Little by little, this little game leads the male to an extreme state of excitement,
05:56at the end of which he emits by his cloaca the whitish mass of his sperm.
06:05At the exit of the genital organs, the triton's semen surrounds a gelatinous gangue.
06:11This capsule remains at the bottom for a few moments,
06:14until the female, in the same movement, passes over it.
06:18She then grabs it with the lips of her cloaca
06:21and makes it disappear inside her body.
06:26At the end of this curious operation,
06:28the female is released by the male,
06:31At the end of this curious operation,
06:33the triton therefore has a supply of reproductive cells
06:37that it will use as it pleases to fertilize its eggs as it climbs.
06:47The females of tritons lay their eggs on the aquatic vegetation,
06:51but with infinite caution.
06:54They first spend a long time choosing the branch,
06:58and especially the leaves, which will have the honor of receiving an egg.
07:03The sight, the smell, the touch,
07:06seem to play an important role at this moment.
07:12After long hesitations and several unsuccessful attempts,
07:16each triton manages to find the ideal place and finally decides to lay eggs.
07:23The operation is done with precision and surprising delicacy
07:26in these rather primitive animals.
07:29The hind legs turn into real expert little hands
07:33that mass, flutter and fold the leaves with delicacy
07:37to form a small corbella in which the egg is placed.
07:56All these precautions taken at the time of laying are not free.
08:00They allow the eggs to be concealed
08:03in view of the many predators that haunt the aquatic environment.
08:19The predator is the male.
08:23The presence of tritons in the seas and ponds
08:26often coincides with that of red frogs,
08:29which also go there in order to reproduce.
08:36After a few days of fierce and coupling,
08:39in this crowding crowd,
08:41masses of them gradually invade the bottom of the water.
08:47Frogs have a reproduction strategy
08:50very different from that of tritons.
08:53They lay large quantities of eggs,
08:56but leave them without protection at the mercy of all predators.
09:00Among them are precisely tritons.
09:03These are indeed very active carnivores,
09:06for whom these gelatinous masses
09:09are curiously a choice dish.
09:21Tritons
09:44A few weeks later,
09:46the tritons continue their mischief against the frogs.
09:50Thousands of tritons invade the bottom of the water,
09:53and are as easy prey to capture as they are to swallow.
10:17Tritons
10:25Tritons are apparently of limitless voracity,
10:28and often attack prey that is far too large for them.
10:32This is added to by a particular conformation of their rear gorge,
10:36which forces them to make considerable efforts
10:39to manage to swallow the prey they have captured.
10:47Salamanders
10:55The salamanders become active at the same time as the tritons,
10:59but are less numerous and infinitely more discreet.
11:03The best way to discover them
11:06is to travel reasonably fast on forest roads,
11:09at night, after a good rainstorm.
11:17Salamanders
11:24When we meet them by chance on the roads at this time of year,
11:28the tame salamander females have left their usual territory.
11:32They are looking for a water source
11:35in which they will lay their offspring.
11:41Salamanders are not very difficult in choosing their breeding ground.
11:45It can be a simple puddle in the middle of a forest path,
11:48a stream, or the edges of a pond.
11:55When they arrive at a good harbour,
11:57the animal dives halfway into the shallow water
12:00and releases its eggs one by one.
12:03These have the particularity of giving birth instantly
12:06to small larvae that disperse immediately.
12:11A few minutes later,
12:13once this task is accomplished,
12:15the salamander leaves the water
12:17to join its domain somewhere in the forest.
12:36In the middle of spring,
12:38most of the forest water sources
12:40are used by nocturnal visitors.
12:43By dozens, by hundreds,
12:45salamander larvae discreetly occupy the bottom of streams and puddles.
13:02Whether they live in the olympic current of a stream
13:05or in the murky water of a pond,
13:07salamander larvae need oxygen to live.
13:10They obtain it thanks to very developed branches
13:13located at the back of their heads.
13:27Salamander larvae stay in the water for several weeks,
13:31during which they have to face occasional predators.
13:35Their only defense is camouflage,
13:38the art in which they have become masters.
13:41They are thus able to change colour
13:43depending on the environment where they live.
13:48As for this one, it is difficult to say
13:50whether it is the will to hide
13:52or the pleasure of a natural jacuzzi
13:54that has decided to settle here.
14:06Although they are mainly nocturnal,
14:08salamanders are sometimes active in the middle of the day
14:11when the humidity is sufficient.
14:13A thunderstorm or a thunderstorm
14:15makes them come out of their hideout
14:17and travel through their territory
14:19in search of their food,
14:21made of earthworms, lichens, insects or spiders.
14:26Physically poorly equipped for long journeys,
14:29salamanders have a small area of vitality.
14:34However, they know all the nooks and crannies
14:36and the alleys of their habitat.
14:39They have a very good sense of smell,
14:41and they are able to sense the smell of food.
14:46Salamanders, on the other hand,
14:48do not have a good sense of smell.
14:50They do not have a good sense of smell,
14:52but they know all the nooks and crannies
14:54and shelters in which they can disappear
14:56in case of need.
15:10At first glance, the coloration of salamanders
15:12seems very discreet.
15:15However, when the animal remains still on the ground,
15:18the bright yellow and irregular state of its dress
15:21perfectly imitates the flash of light
15:23falling from the foliage
15:25and makes it almost invisible.
15:34The bright colors of salamanders,
15:36like some other animals,
15:38are also interpreted as a kind of message
15:40addressed to potential predators,
15:42warning them of their toxicity.
15:46Salamanders are indeed able to secrete
15:48a very bitter poison,
15:50making many wild or domestic predators
15:52seem to retreat,
15:54who carefully avoid touching them.
16:12Under the blow of fear,
16:14the milky white venom
16:16comes out through the pores of a series of glands
16:18located on the back, the flanks
16:20and at the back of the head.
16:24This one is the origin of many legends
16:26attributing to salamanders
16:28supernatural powers,
16:30such as extinguishing fire,
16:32to the point that François I,
16:34king of France in the 16th century,
16:36made it his emblem.
16:38This belief still persists in a very vivid way
16:40in some regions.
16:43At the beginning of summer,
16:45most of the tritons
16:47left the ponds and the seas
16:49and found the charms of terrestrial life.
16:51But in the middle of the aquatic vegetation,
16:53their eggs, laid a few weeks earlier,
16:55gave birth to tiny translucent larvae,
16:57barely having the strength to swim.
17:12These delicate and tiny living machines,
17:14real jewels of glass and gold,
17:16infinitely fragile and vulnerable,
17:18spend the first days of their existence
17:20hidden in the vegetation.
17:22Then, as they grow,
17:24they swim with more and more ease
17:26and speed.
17:43Like salamander larvae,
17:45triton larvae
17:47capture the oxygen of the water
17:49thanks to the branches
17:51particularly developed
17:53in the form of feathers.
18:07As far as food is concerned,
18:09triton larvae
18:11inherited from their parents
18:13the same carnivorous temperament.
18:15At first, they are content
18:17with microscopic animals,
18:19then, little by little,
18:21they attack more consistent prey.
18:41Like adults,
18:43triton larvae
18:45visibly experience some difficulties
18:47in swallowing their victims.
18:49Their microscopic teeth
18:51do not allow them
18:53to cut their prey
18:55or to chew them.
18:57They have to swallow
18:59their prey
19:01in order to be able
19:03to eat it.
19:05Triton larvae
19:07do not have the ability
19:09to swallow their prey
19:11or to chew them,
19:13so they have to
19:15do it several times
19:17before reaching their end.
19:39Some rare species of triton
19:41and salamander
19:43manage to occupy
19:45the mountainous environment.
19:47Like other animals,
19:49they have adapted
19:51and resisted
19:53the difficult conditions
19:55of life at high altitudes.
19:57One of these species,
19:59conquering high altitudes,
20:01is a curiosity.
20:03It was identified
20:05only a few years ago
20:07and is called
20:09the Lanza salamander.
20:11It lives in Europe,
20:13in the south of the Alpine Massif,
20:15at 2400 meters altitude,
20:17where it occupies
20:19only a few highly localized sites.
20:37Unlike its cousin,
20:39the Lanza salamander
20:41is entirely black.
20:43This is a common feature
20:45of many mountain species.
20:47This coloration
20:49is an adaptation
20:51to the altitude,
20:53as it allows animals
20:55to capture more efficiently
20:57the solar heat
20:59they need to live.
21:08The Lanza salamander
21:10also has venous glands
21:12on its skin.
21:14Although where it lives,
21:16the predators are almost non-existent.
21:26At present,
21:28the biology of this salamander
21:30is still very little known.
21:32It seems to come out of its hole
21:34during soft and humid nights
21:37Like the slender salamander,
21:39it feeds on insects,
21:41spiders,
21:43or small worms
21:45encountered during its peregrinations.
21:47But when the light becomes too intense,
21:49it disappears into its refuge,
21:51which is often a cavity
21:53or a gallery dug by marmots.
22:03At the end of summer,
22:05the behavior of the Lanza salamander
22:07changes a little.
22:09At this time,
22:11something unique
22:13among European batrachians,
22:15the males sometimes confront each other,
22:17a behavior that seems to serve
22:19to defend a territory of mating.
22:21They are discovered immobile,
22:23well supported on the front legs,
22:25the head high,
22:27seeming to guard
22:29near their den.
22:31On their side,
22:33each of them,
22:35after four long years of gestation,
22:37gives birth to two or three
22:39perfectly trained young.
22:51From their birth,
22:53the young salamanders are
22:55totally independent.
22:57Very quickly,
22:59they separate from their mother
23:01and will have to wait six years
23:03before reaching adulthood.
23:13Carrying these young for so long
23:15and ensuring their complete development
23:17is another adaptation to altitude.
23:21Indeed, if the Lanza salamander
23:23laid larvae,
23:25they would never develop
23:27in an environment where cold and snow
23:29were allowed for seven or eight months.
23:45At the same time,
23:47the Tachete salamander larvae
23:49end their green and aquatic life on their side.
23:51While the black salamander larvae
23:53were slowly developing,
23:55fed and lodged
23:57in their mother's womb,
23:59they had to feed themselves
24:01for two or three months,
24:03escaping the predators,
24:05sometimes fighting
24:07the lack of oxygen in the water
24:09in order to finally begin
24:11their terrestrial life.
24:13The branches disappeared
24:15at the expense of the lungs,
24:17allowing the young salamanders
24:19to fly freely
24:21and to leave the water
24:23that had given birth to them.
24:45Master by master,
24:47the young salamanders
24:49will conquer the nearby forest.
24:51They are the reduced model of adults,
24:53but they will have to face
24:55all the dangers
24:57that their tiny size poses
24:59for four long years
25:01before reaching adulthood
25:03when they will have nothing to fear.
25:17Master by master,
25:19the young salamanders
25:21will conquer the nearby forest.
25:23They are the reduced model of adults,
25:25but they will have to face
25:27all the dangers
25:29that their tiny size poses
25:31for four long years
25:33before reaching adulthood.
25:47Master by master,
25:49the young salamanders
25:51will conquer the nearby forest.
25:53They are the reduced model of adults,
25:55but they will have to face
25:57all the dangers
25:59that their tiny size poses
26:01for four long years
26:03before reaching adulthood.
26:17At the end of winter,
26:19the lantern of the plant
26:21and animal machines
26:23begins to work again,
26:25engorged by months of sleepiness.
26:27The common toad
26:29and the red frogs
26:31are among the early wake-up birds
26:33and still seem to not believe
26:35the arrival of spring.
26:41The tritons are also there.
26:43The tritons are also there.
26:47The tritons are also there.
27:09If the beauty is somewhat indifferent
27:11to these advances,
27:13the male does not hesitate
27:15to show all his conviction.
27:31Other species
27:33use the same manifestations,
27:35with different rhythms
27:37and intensities,
27:39but just as effective,
27:41no doubt.
27:43The males must repeat their dance
27:45many times in front of several females
27:47before finding a receptive partner
27:49to their advances.
27:51When the affair is finally concluded,
27:53the triton places itself behind the male
27:55and barely comes out of the hole
27:57where the cold and snow had pushed them
27:59to flee to hibernate
28:01a few months earlier.
28:09After months of sleep,
28:11the males seem hesitant,
28:13as if they should relearn the odors,
28:15the shapes of the places
28:17so familiar to them.
28:19Yet they are not,
28:21because the tritons know
28:23all the secrets of orientation.
28:25This allows them to make a slow
28:27and sometimes very long journey,
28:29the one that leads them every year
28:31at this time,
28:33on their breeding site.
28:35The goal of their pilgrimage
28:37is located several hundred meters,
28:39far from the usual places.
28:41It is a simple puddle,
28:43most often a pond
28:45or the edge of a pond,
28:47at the bottom of which the tritons
28:49totally change their life.
28:57Because this is the originality
28:59of the tritons.
29:01Mild, stubborn, bad walkers,
29:03to put it rather insignificantly,
29:05when they are on the ground,
29:07these animals completely transform
29:09when they reach the place
29:11of their future love exploits.
29:19First of all, a certain ease
29:21to move in the aquatic environment
29:23replaces the clumsiness
29:25of the terrestrial walk.
29:27Then, the earthy, eternal dresses,
29:29common to all species of tritons
29:31when they are on the ground,
29:33change into infinitely more seductive
29:35at home, carried by the males.
30:05Each species
30:07wears its own colors,
30:09varies the drawings,
30:11or simply chooses to stand out
30:13by appendages
30:15straight out of prehistoric times.
30:23In the animal world,
30:25the appearance of such a display
30:27of forms and colors
30:29often only makes sense
30:31in the service of an imperial necessity.
30:33This is the nature
30:35of love parades.
30:37These begin very early
30:39for most species
30:41and fill their stomachs
30:43during a good part of the spring.
30:45At the end of their journey,
30:47the tritons of different species
30:49are found in hundreds
30:51at the bottom of the seas
30:53or in the shallow waters
30:55of the ponds.
30:57The first manifestations
30:59of their love frenzy
31:01obey very precise rites.
31:03After having solicited a female
31:05by a few kicks on the flanks,
31:07the male places himself in front of her
31:09and undertakes a singular manifestation.
31:11Steadily camped on his legs,
31:13he folds his tail
31:15and frantically shakes its extremity.