El "Imperio Carolingio" fue una de las etapas más significativas de la historia europea, marcado por el liderazgo de Carlomagno, quien unificó gran parte de Europa Occidental. En este documental, exploramos el impacto del Imperio Carolingio en la política, la cultura y la religión de la época. Carlomagno, conocido como el "Rey de los Francos", no solo expandió su dominio a través de conquistas militares, sino que también promovió la educación y el arte, estableciendo una era de renacimiento cultural que transformó el continente.
El sistema administrativo que implementó Carlomagno sentó las bases para la futura organización de los estados europeos. A través de sus reformas, el Imperio Carolingio fomentó la cooperación entre la Iglesia y el Estado, lo que permitió una mayor cohesión social. Este documental profundiza en cómo estas innovaciones influenciaron el desarrollo de la Europa medieval y los legados que perduran hasta nuestros días.
Además, se analizan las claves de la administración carolingia, la importancia de la figura de Carlomagno en la historia, y cómo su imperio allanó el camino para la creación de las naciones europeas modernas. Únete a nosotros en este fascinante recorrido por el Imperio Carolingio y descubre el mundo de Carlomagno, su legado y su influencia en la historia de Europa.
**Hashtags:** #ImperioCarolingio, #Carlomagno, #HistoriaEuropea
**Keywords:** Imperio Carolingio, Carlomagno, historia medieval, unificación europea, cultura carolingia, reformas administrativas, legado de Carlomagno, Europa occidental, renacimiento carolingio, influencia histórica.
El sistema administrativo que implementó Carlomagno sentó las bases para la futura organización de los estados europeos. A través de sus reformas, el Imperio Carolingio fomentó la cooperación entre la Iglesia y el Estado, lo que permitió una mayor cohesión social. Este documental profundiza en cómo estas innovaciones influenciaron el desarrollo de la Europa medieval y los legados que perduran hasta nuestros días.
Además, se analizan las claves de la administración carolingia, la importancia de la figura de Carlomagno en la historia, y cómo su imperio allanó el camino para la creación de las naciones europeas modernas. Únete a nosotros en este fascinante recorrido por el Imperio Carolingio y descubre el mundo de Carlomagno, su legado y su influencia en la historia de Europa.
**Hashtags:** #ImperioCarolingio, #Carlomagno, #HistoriaEuropea
**Keywords:** Imperio Carolingio, Carlomagno, historia medieval, unificación europea, cultura carolingia, reformas administrativas, legado de Carlomagno, Europa occidental, renacimiento carolingio, influencia histórica.
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00:00Carlos, you have created a great kingdom, bigger than your father's.
00:25Really.
00:30But you must open your eyes, and your heart, and look for another path.
00:42If you continue to depend only on the sword, you will cause the fall of our powerful kingdom.
00:50And you, dear son, will fall with him.
01:12His mother, Bertrada, and his wife, Hildegarda, died the same year.
01:19And you, dear son, will be the last one to die.
01:28Charlemagne excludes his son, Pipino el Jorobado, of his first marriage, in favor of the children of Hildegarda.
01:38In the name of the Father, of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit.
01:44Lord, welcome this humble servant, into the bosom of the kingdom of your glory.
01:52Charlemagne's personality was very complex, due to his way of thinking,
02:01and because he was, on the one hand, a brutal ruler who committed terrible atrocities,
02:07and on the other hand, he was undoubtedly a very attractive and charismatic person.
02:13That he must undoubtedly possess.
02:16Carlos was of great stature.
02:20His eyes, large and vital.
02:26The nose, somewhat long.
02:30The neck, thick and short, and the belly, a little bulging.
02:35But those defects did not break the harmony of his limbs.
02:38His daily meals consisted of four dishes.
02:44And the meat was what he liked the most.
02:50He hated doctors a lot.
02:55Because they told him that he had to eat boiled meat instead of roasted meat.
03:04They used to say that breakfast did not suit him.
03:11You should also take care of your health, Maes Eginardo.
03:18Eginardo's notes are the only contemporary description of the appearance of Charlemagne.
03:24We can also analyze his osamenta, preserved in a reliquary in the cathedral of Aix-Grande,
03:29to know what his true stature was.
03:32The urn was opened in 1988 to study and restore it.
03:37Joachim Schleifling was the anthropologist responsible.
03:43The conclusions of the study were based only on the appearance of the bones.
03:49They were especially robust bones, and with a large-diameter acetabulum.
03:55The length of the bones indicates a stature of more than 1.80 meters.
03:59Various osifications point to an age between 60 and 70 years.
04:11I was surprised that despite the advanced age of Charlemagne,
04:16the skeleton was in great shape.
04:20It showed very few degenerative modifications in the knees and the calcaneus.
04:26It showed no signs of injuries or fractures.
04:32In general, and taking into account his age,
04:36the skeleton was in very good condition.
04:39The overall impression is that he was a man of great stature,
04:43athletic and of advanced age.
04:46A nimble and strong man.
04:56The emperor's cranial vault is also located in the cathedral of Aix-Grande,
05:01and can now be studied.
05:06The state of the sutures confirms that he reached the age of 66 years.
05:12Charlemagne did not exceed the average life expectancy of the Franks of the High Middle Ages
05:17in 37 years.
05:20With a medical study of the tibia,
05:23preserved in the chamber of the treasure,
05:26the scientists completed the description of his stature and health.
05:34For this, the chemist Bernard Blumich and the doctor Frank Rulli
05:39measured the diameter of the bones
05:42and subjected them to a nuclear magnetic resonance analysis.
05:46The studies of Charlemagne's tibia have given different results
05:51and allow us to get a slightly clearer picture of the character.
05:56It is possible to calculate his approximate stature.
06:00From the length of the bone, we believe that he measured 1.84 meters,
06:04or maybe a little less.
06:07It was relatively tall for his time, but nothing out of the ordinary.
06:16He was a slender man, not very robust.
06:20In reality, he was rather thin.
06:23The inner structure of the bones was well preserved.
06:26The tomography allows us to see the inner part of the bone.
06:30A relatively healthy bone and without serious pathologies.
06:371,200 years after his death,
06:40medicine certifies Charlemagne's good health.
06:45He was a very kind man.
07:01A few months after the death of Hildegard,
07:04Charlemagne marries Fastrada, an oriental franca.
07:11They describe her as intelligent and presumptuous.
07:15She made friends among the men of the court.
07:30Forgive me for calling you in the middle of the night, Maestro Alguino.
07:34Your Majesty.
07:38They all torment me.
07:42This world is fair.
07:46Do we really fulfill a divine plan?
07:51And death?
07:54Tell me.
07:56Nothing more absolute awaits us after our existence.
08:08Nothing?
08:11Dear King, you should not worry.
08:14Existence fills everything.
08:17It is harmonious, eternal,
08:20and will never fall into the hands of nothingness.
08:25Governors must behave according to that divine order
08:29and give their kingdoms laws that are inspired by the cosmic law.
08:37Nothingness does not exist and nothing is lost in nothingness.
08:41And violence is not always
08:44the right way to carry out the divine will.
08:50Charlemagne did not believe blindly in the final judgment
08:54and like most of his coetaneans, he was likely to be afraid.
08:58He knew that each person would be alone before the supreme judge
09:03and that he, as king, would also answer for the sins of his subjects.
09:11And that scared him.
09:14I think Charlemagne felt real fear at the end.
09:20Much of the energy dedicated to reforming his kingdom
09:24is due to that fear.
09:27785 B.C.
09:42We are in the year 785.
09:45Charlemagne meets his greatest enemy, the caudillo Sajón Viduquindo.
09:51For the first time, the rivals meet face to face.
09:56785 B.C.
10:27785 B.C.
10:32Medieval society is an agonizing society,
10:36that is, a society in which everything is oriented to the struggle.
10:41At all times, it tries to subdue the rival.
10:46If he surrenders shortly before being defeated,
10:50he has the right to preserve his life
10:53as long as he surrenders voluntarily.
10:56785 B.C.
11:09Your Majesty.
11:11Rise, Count Viduquindo.
11:26Do you believe in God, Almighty Father?
11:29I believe in God, Almighty Father.
11:33Viduquindo agrees to be baptized, and Charlemagne is his godfather.
11:40Do you believe in the Holy Spirit?
11:44I believe in the Holy Spirit.
11:49By sponsoring Viduquindo, Charlemagne makes a gesture of friendship,
11:53of cordiality, of recognition.
11:57It is even a way of honoring the defeated enemy.
12:24In the long run, it was a successful story.
12:29The Saxons had never been very different from the Franks,
12:33except in their religious beliefs and the fact that they did not have a king.
12:37That was important, but the material culture of both peoples was very similar.
12:42They understood each other well, they integrated.
12:46Eginardo says that the Franks and the Saxons became one people.
12:53Viduquindo paid dearly for peace,
12:56and his conversion to the Christian faith cost Charlemagne some precious objects,
13:01paid at the expense of public treasure.
13:04The Berlin Museum of Crafts preserves one of them, the so-called Bursa.
13:10It was one of Charlemagne's baptismal gifts to the Saxon leader.
13:15Charlemagne fought the war against the Saxons under the motto of baptism or death,
13:20and Viduquindo chose baptism.
13:24In this way he renounced to continue to offer resistance,
13:28and submitted to Charlemagne.
13:31Another issue is what he received from the king as a counterpart.
13:35In a sense, he also won,
13:38because he regained his possessions,
13:40in Saxony and was able to return to his land after a long time in exile.
13:54Charlemagne and Viduquindo sealed a peace agreement,
13:58according to which the high class Saxon influenced the Frankish kingdom.
14:02The rebel caudillo became a myth for posterity.
14:06As a defender of Christianity,
14:08Viduquindo founded the church of Enger in Vespalia,
14:13where it is believed that he was buried.
14:20The sculpted tombstone shows it with the ornaments of a priest.
14:39The wars against the Saxons were exhausting for the Franks.
14:43The rebellions took place, and Charlemagne drowned them brutally.
14:48Little by little he came to understand that to earn the loyalty of his new subjects,
14:53he needed something more than repression and violence.
15:02During the reign of Charlemagne,
15:05the Frankish kingdom reached unknown dimensions,
15:08and became the main power of Europe.
15:12He even annexed the powerful duchy of Bavaria,
15:16and parts of the Havard kingdom to the east.
15:19In addition, almost all the neighboring regions depended politically on the Franks.
15:27Today, Charlemagne is considered one of the fathers of Europe.
15:32In the current political sense,
15:34Europe is not something that we can transfer to the Carolingian era.
15:39A poet singing the praises of Charlemagne
15:43refers to him as the lighthouse of Europe.
15:46It is a simply geographical expression,
15:50without political value.
15:53It is given that name
15:55because it reigns over most of the Christian West.
16:05To rule such an extensive kingdom,
16:08Charlemagne and his entourage are almost always on the move.
16:18Unlike Hildelard,
16:20the French queen usually stays in the palace,
16:23from where she supports Charlemagne.
16:26The king's military mail allows them to maintain communication.
16:35Order a litany and a fast in the palace.
16:41Since my departure from Ratisbona, I have not had news from you.
16:46And I am worried about your health.
16:52I hope everything goes well.
16:56I greet you,
16:58in the name of the Lord.
17:00Treasurer Nicholas.
17:02In the absence of Charlemagne,
17:04Fastrada assumes his responsibilities.
17:07Charlemagne had never delegated like this to his previous wives.
17:11He is also late.
17:13Why hasn't the people of Ratisbona arrived yet?
17:16Where are the canteens?
17:18Fastrada was addressed to the only letter from Charlemagne
17:22to one of his wives who survives.
17:26It is a very affectionate letter.
17:29But it also indicates the political importance of the queen.
17:36Fastrada,
17:38Charlemagne's third wife,
17:40who was probably not as young as Hildegard
17:43when she married the king,
17:45seems to have been more politically important.
17:48That is,
17:50he allowed her to get involved more than Hildegard.
17:55In the capitular of Vilis,
17:56it is stated that the queen must be informed,
17:59like the king,
18:01about the origin of the royal goods.
18:05And Eginardo, who was not a supporter of the queen,
18:09the fault of the uprising of the firstborn of Charlemagne,
18:13Pippin the hunchbacked.
18:18The king used to agree with the disrespectful acts of his wife Fastrada.
18:24And it seemed to get away from his kindness
18:28and usual temperance.
18:33With that queen,
18:35to whom Carlos gave so much freedom,
18:38I did not get to live with.
18:40He died before my arrival at the court of Aquisgran.
18:45Then I was the same age as you now, Johannes.
18:54The palace of Aquisgran was already the main residence of the king
18:58when the young Eginardo arrived at the court.
19:13Charlemagne had not gathered in Aquisgran a group of European scholars.
19:18Eginardo was the only Franco.
19:21Charlemagne took advantage of various political circumstances
19:25to attract to the court certain foreign personalities and scholars,
19:30and even to impose a stay there,
19:34as in the case of Paul the Diacon.
19:37But at the same time he tried to make his court
19:40attractive to the great scholars,
19:43such as Alcuino,
19:45who was considered to be one of the best scholars in the world.
19:48Welcome to the kingdom of wisdom.
19:51I am Osulfo.
19:53You must be Eginardo.
19:55Yes, Eginardo del Monasterio.
19:58I am the king of the world.
20:01I am the king of the world.
20:04And you are the king of the world.
20:07Yes, I am the king of the world.
20:10And you are the king of the world.
20:13Yes, I am the king of the world.
20:15And you are Eginardo.
20:17Yes, Eginardo del Monasterio de Fulda.
20:20They send me to Bad Bauwulfo.
20:23I have heard that you are a model student.
20:27This is the great Alcuino de York.
20:30From now on he will be your teacher.
20:36And that old white-haired fox is Pablo el Diacono Lombardo.
20:42That is Angelberto, the lover of the king's daughter.
20:48There are the poet Visigoth Teodulfo and Adelardo de Corbí.
20:56With the help of his sages,
20:59Carlo Magno tries to make the kingdom of the Franks progress
21:02through a great educational reform.
21:06Before Carlo Magno,
21:09many personalities of the Frankish kingdom
21:12were aware of the serious abandonment
21:15in which formal education was found.
21:18That is, the mastery of Latin
21:21and the ability to read and write texts in that language.
21:26The Anglo-Saxon missionaries of the mid-eighth century
21:30were among the first to express that concern.
21:33And Pipino began to take measures to solve it.
21:38But Carlo Magno turned it into a personal project.
21:42And I think one of his main achievements
21:45was not to try to solve the problem of education
21:49counting only on the Franks,
21:52but also to rely on foreign sages.
22:02This document in Latin is addressed to a Bavarian priest.
22:06Borifacio informs us that out of ignorance
22:08he baptized people and named them
22:11Patria et Filia et Spiritus Sancti.
22:14In the name of the fatherland, the daughter and the Holy Spirit?
22:18Amen.
22:20King Carlos was furious.
22:23But the Bavarian priests are not the only ones who do not master Latin.
22:27At the beginning of Carlo Magno's reign,
22:30we can assume that there were very different calligraphies
22:34within the Frankish kingdom.
22:37As Carlo Magno needed to be able to send his decree in writing
22:42to the whole kingdom,
22:45he was interested in creating a unified style,
22:49as legible and simple as possible.
22:53And he did it.
22:59Among the scholars of Carlo Magno's court
23:02one of the main works derived from this educational reform was born.
23:06The so-called Bible of Alcuino,
23:09written in tiny calligraphy, the new calligraphy.
23:13For the first time there was a unified and simple writing style.
23:17This style is the precursor of the styles we use today.
23:27The educational campaign of Carlo Magno in the kingdom of the Franks
23:31also gave rise to the oldest book in German that is preserved.
23:34The Codex Abrogans.
23:37It is an old dictionary of concepts of the ecclesiastical Latin.
23:41Thanks to him, priests and laymen
23:44would understand what the Christian texts actually spoke.
23:58Among the most beautiful works that we can attribute to Carlo Magno
24:01and to the herudites who lived in his court,
24:04because it is not possible to separate the king from his entourage,
24:08there is the cultural reform
24:11known as the Carolingian Renaissance,
24:14which is characterized by the will to improve writing,
24:19to produce beautiful manuscripts
24:23and to dominate the Latin language.
24:27The Carolingian reform
24:29cannot be separated from the program of government of Carlo Magno
24:33nor from the reform of society.
24:45In September 796, Pipino, Carlo Magno's son,
24:49returns from a campaign against the Avars in present-day Hungary.
24:59Father.
25:04At last, my son.
25:08I see that the Avars have left you their signature on your face.
25:12It was worth it.
25:15Wait, I have something to show you.
25:30Carlo Magno gave his son Pipino
25:33the command in the campaign against the Avars.
25:37It was certainly a kind of test
25:40and we can say that Pipino overcame it with a good grade.
25:44The victory against the Avars was a great success.
25:48The loot was incalculable
25:51and was a great boost to Carlo Magno's reputation.
25:54There are seven full carriages of gold.
26:00And this is just the part that belongs to you.
26:04Our princes have also returned home loaded with wealth.
26:08The treasure of the Avars
26:11allowed Carlo Magno to make his projects come true.
26:15He founded bishops throughout the kingdom
26:18to spread his cultural reform.
26:20And he arranged the construction
26:23of a lavish residence in Aguisgrán.
26:27The Christian religion
26:30in which Carlos trusted
26:33since his childhood
26:36was the object of his greatest devotion.
26:39That is why he built the beautiful churches of Aguisgrán
26:43and decorated them with gold and silver.
26:46With lamps, chalices and doors made of solid metal.
26:51It was a wonderful time.
26:56You also have to write all that, Johannes.
27:06For his palace, the king Magno
27:09had to build a palace
27:12in which he would live.
27:14For his palace, the king had to bring
27:17marble and columns of Rome and Ravenna
27:20of a quality that he would not find anywhere else.
27:24I think his intention was to live
27:27like a Roman emperor.
27:30You don't have to write that.
27:34The Pope himself gave him the valuable material
27:39for the happiness of the king
27:41and the mother of God.
27:53The palace is unlike
27:56the most luxurious building of the Carolingian era.
28:01A hall of the throne as a center of government.
28:04A barracks, an audience room
28:07and the octagon, which is still preserved.
28:09A luxurious palatine chapel
28:12in Byzantine Roman style.
28:18More than 200 years after its construction
28:21the dome of the church was still the highest
28:24in the north of the Alps.
28:39The symbolism of the central building speaks for itself.
28:42An octagon as an image of the celestial Jerusalem.
28:46With it, Charlemagne expresses his intention
28:49of governing the whole world.
28:53The position of the throne in the gallery
28:56places the king at the highest point, in a special sphere.
29:02Until the 15th century
29:05more than 31 German rulers
29:07wrote their crown on this throne.
29:13The palatine chapel, the octagon
29:16that can be seen today at the cathedral of Achis Gran,
29:19is clearly inspired by a model of Ravenna.
29:22That is evident.
29:25But we have to doubt the scope of the influence
29:28of the Roman buildings.
29:31There are certain contributions,
29:34but they are not at all wrong.
29:37Charlemagne adopts in times of Charlemagne
29:40a part of the functions that Rome had for the Roman emperors.
29:43But Achis Gran was not at all
29:46an imitation of Rome in an architectural sense.
29:56Charles has already left behind the fiery youth.
29:59Now he is more concerned with seeking knowledge.
30:03And he summons the greatest wise men in Europe
30:05to the philosophical circle of Achis Gran.
30:09The participants used biblical nicknames
30:12or classical antiquity.
30:15Flacus, the faithful priest of eternal bliss in Christ,
30:18has the honor of greeting the beloved king.
30:22I greet you, great Alcuino.
30:25Oh, there is Nomero and Nardulus.
30:29Alcuino, what can you tell me
30:32about the situation of the temporary lords
30:35and spiritual leaders?
30:39Three dignities
30:42are today the greatest in the world.
30:46The first is that of the Pope in Rome.
30:49The second is the imperial in Byzantium.
30:53The third is the royal.
30:57In this last majesty,
31:00God has put you as a guide of Christianity.
31:06And today
31:09your power is greater
31:12than that of all others.
31:15True.
31:19And I know that your words
31:22are not those of a courteous worshiper.
31:27If God wants it, dear Alcuino,
31:30I will reach the maximum temporal power.
31:32With your help.
31:44The plans of Charlemagne to be emperor
31:47matured shortly before the year 800.
31:51The first traces are found
31:54in the imperial annals,
31:57where, if we observe who the king was related to,
31:59we suddenly see all the great rulers
32:02appear from the year 797.
32:05Not only the emperor of Byzantium,
32:08not only the caliph of Baghdad,
32:11not only the emir of Cordoba,
32:14but also other smaller ones.
32:17From the north of Africa, from Italy,
32:20they all suddenly appear.
32:23During the next five years,
32:26the imperial annals show how everything develops.
32:30In April 799,
32:33there is a revolt in Rome
32:36that Charlemagne takes advantage of politically.
32:43The Pope suffers an attack
32:46in which people around him are involved.
32:50They accuse Leon III of sexual abuse,
32:53adultery and perjury.
32:56The problem is that the Pope does not proceed
32:59because of the Roman nobility.
33:02They kidnap the Pope and try to take his eyes
33:05and tongue out to incapacitate him.
33:08But they do not succeed.
33:10A faithful servant helps the Pope
33:13to put himself under the protection
33:16of the ambassadors of the King of the Franks,
33:19who take him through the Alps
33:22to the only safe place,
33:25the palace of Charlemagne,
33:28the protector of the church
33:31and the patron saint of Rome.
33:34The Pope, however,
33:36decides to go to the only safe place,
33:39the palace of Charlemagne,
33:42the protector of the Roman Church.
33:45After eight weeks of travel,
33:48the Pope arrives at the Royal Palace of Paderborn.
33:53The meeting takes place in Paderborn,
33:56far north.
33:59Surely Charlemagne did not choose the place by chance,
34:02but to show the Pope
34:04what he had done for the expansion of Christianity.
34:07That is why he received him in the newly conquered Saxony.
34:11When Leon III arrived,
34:14Charlemagne made him feel his power.
34:17Majesty!
34:20You're kidding!
34:23I would never joke in your presence, Holy Father.
34:26And less on such an important issue.
34:30You save me
34:32from the clutches
34:35of those bastards,
34:38just to put me to trial?
34:44Majesty,
34:47you are the protector of the church
34:50by divine mandate.
34:53You cannot
34:56hand me over to those criminals.
34:58I have never thought of giving you up.
35:02All I seek is truth and justice.
35:05And that
35:08can only be done in Rome.
35:11Stand up, please, Holy Father.
35:17If the accusations of those criminals,
35:20as you call them,
35:23are unfounded,
35:25it is necessary to return your throne to Rome.
35:28The accusations against me
35:31are unfounded.
35:34Then, Holy Father,
35:37you have nothing to fear.
35:40Some historians believe
35:43that Charlemagne planned everything
35:46to receive the crown of emperor in Rome.
35:49I do not believe it.
35:52Charlemagne had already won many victories.
35:55In 1895,
35:58he made him the undisputed sovereign of all the West.
36:02But I can not believe
36:05that a man who controls the old empire of the West,
36:08including Rome,
36:11does not think
36:14of being crowned emperor.
36:17In Rome, no one knows
36:20what Charlemagne's intentions are as Supreme Judge.
36:22It is necessary to declare the innocence of the Pope
36:25in a legal process.
36:28For this, a skilful legal strategy is used.
36:31And the laws of the Holy Mother Church.
36:34Now only justice will be spoken.
36:37And naturally, in this case,
36:40we will submit to the old law that says
36:43Papa Annemine Judicatur.
36:46No one can judge the Pope.
36:49Silence!
36:52Holy Father,
36:55are you willing
36:58to swear before God,
37:01before the Holy Scriptures,
37:04and for your conscience,
37:07that the accusations of perjury and adultery
37:10raised against you
37:13are nothing more than lies?
37:16For everything I consider sacred,
37:19I swear that I am innocent.
37:22I, Leon,
37:25Bishop of the Holy Church of Rome,
37:28purify myself before you
37:31without being forced or forced.
37:34And
37:37I swear by God
37:40that I have not committed any of the criminal acts
37:43of which I am accused.
37:46Nor have I allowed others to commit it.
37:52Leon III, reinstated on the papal throne,
37:55will have the opportunity to show his gratitude
37:58to Charlemagne the next day.
38:03Well,
38:06the trip of King Charles to Rome had more reasons.
38:10The Romans had badly mistreated Pope Leon,
38:13and he asked for protection from the king.
38:17Then Charles went to Rome
38:19to order the confusion
38:22in the church.
38:25And to receive the crown of emperor?
38:28Yes.
38:31On that occasion he received the title of emperor Augustus.
38:34At first he caused such aversion
38:37that he declared
38:40that he would not have set foot in the church
38:43if he had known the intentions of the pope,
38:46even though it was a preceptual day.
38:49Eginardo
38:52narrates the imperial coronation of Charlemagne in a very curious way.
38:55He does not say when
38:58or where it happened.
39:01He only says that Charlemagne said later
39:04that he would not have entered the church that day
39:07if he had known what the intention of the pope was,
39:10even though it was a preceptual day.
39:13The decisive role of the pope
39:16could not have been annoying to him,
39:19but to the Romans.
39:22From the court of Charlemagne came the interpretation
39:25that they had granted him the title of emperor
39:28for something he had achieved by his own means
39:31a long time ago.
39:34I think that's how we should understand this fact.
39:50The morning of Christmas,
39:53December 25, 800,
39:56Charlemagne received from Pope Leo III
39:59the crown of emperor,
40:02the title of Augustus Imperator Romanorum,
40:05Augustus Emperor of the Romans.
40:16The ceremony was attended by a large number of people
40:19with a historical precedent.
40:22From then on, the Pope crowned all emperors
40:25for centuries.
40:28Long live the emperor!
40:31Long live the emperor!
40:34Long live the emperor!
40:37The consequences of what happened
40:40that morning of Christmas
40:43had a great reach.
40:46It was then that the medieval empire was born,
40:49under the name of the Holy Roman Empire.
40:52At the same time, the imperial crown
40:55was linked to the pope,
40:58although perhaps that was not the intention of Charlemagne.
41:02Charlemagne never returned to Rome.
41:05He dedicated himself only to domestic politics
41:08and carried out numerous reforms
41:11to guarantee the future of his vast empire.
41:14The administration of justice received unified laws.
41:16Silver became the accepted currency
41:19throughout the empire.
41:22The cultivation of cereals and fruit was improved.
41:25Charlemagne promulgated economic laws
41:28that came into force throughout the royal heritage.
41:35Within his extensive program of cultural reform,
41:38Charlemagne also created schools for lay people.
41:40His maxim was
41:43first to know, and then to achieve.
41:50Charlemagne considered that his duty
41:53was to bring salvation to all his people.
41:56It was a Catholic vision of royal power
41:59and at the same time a pragmatic vision.
42:02In his chapters,
42:05Charlemagne wrote that
42:07he was also interested in moral issues
42:10because, as a king,
42:13he was responsible to God
42:16for the accession of all his people to beatitude.
42:19His role, as he says clearly
42:22in his Admonitio Generalis,
42:25is to bring all his people to salvation.
42:32Throughout his life,
42:34Charles faced many blows of fate.
42:37He saw four of his sons die
42:40and one of his most beloved daughters
42:43and shed many tears for them.
42:46He felt a great love for his sons.
43:04Our emperor, Ludovico,
43:07was the only son alive
43:10considered in the succession line.
43:13Already in his father's life, he was co-emperor.
43:16So his coronation did enter
43:19in the plans of Charles.
43:22He was not a pope or a bishop.
43:25He himself put the crown on the head of his son
43:28as a demonstration of his power.
43:31And suddenly,
43:34he died.
43:53A powerful lightning struck
43:56the roof of our church
43:59and the golden sphere of the cusp
44:01broke.
44:04Then the palace suffered frequent tremors
44:07and the roofs of the buildings in which
44:10Charles was, did not stop creaking.
44:15A few months before his death,
44:18some people noticed
44:21that the word
44:24Princes of the inscription on the wall of the cathedral
44:27had been erased and could not be read.
44:29What did the emperor do?
44:32Charles did not pay attention to those omens.
44:35He always behaved as if he had nothing to do with it.
44:54Charlemagne died of a pleuritis at the age of 66.
45:00After 46 years on the throne,
45:03he left a huge empire
45:06in the hands of his son, Ludovico.
45:09As emperor,
45:12Ludovico Pio continued his father's reforms.
45:15But he could not preserve
45:18the unity of the Franco empire.
45:22Only 30 years later,
45:25the empire was divided into three parts.
45:27Western France,
45:30the origin of present-day France,
45:33Eastern France, from which the German empire was born,
45:36and a central kingdom that continued to divide.
45:41Why was Charlemagne great?
45:44There have always been conquerors,
45:47but we must bear in mind that,
45:50despite the internal difficulties after the death of Charlemagne,
45:53especially during the reign of his son,
45:55Ludovico Pio,
45:58when there was an internal conflict,
46:01the state remained united.
46:04He knew how to organize his empire
46:07so that a new reality arose.
46:10A unity.
46:13A feeling of unity.
46:16The Saxons felt part
46:19of the kingdom of the Franks.
46:22The Lombards too.
46:25His importance was exceptional
46:28in cultural renovation.
46:31From the beginning,
46:34he decided to repair,
46:37renovate and restore the culture.
46:40That is, the teaching of Latin,
46:43the sciences.
46:46It was necessary to reform the culture
46:49to make it really accessible,
46:52to correctly understand faith,
46:55and to renew scientific knowledge.
46:58The regeneration of logic,
47:01of rationalism and of the methods of rational thinking
47:05had such an influence on European society
47:08of the 300 years later
47:11that it changed the world.
47:14Charlemagne was buried in Aix-Grande.
47:17So cruel and obsessed with power,
47:20he was for some,
47:22wise and pious for others.
47:26What is clear
47:29is that as the first emperor of the medieval West,
47:32Charlemagne characterized an entire era.
47:36He managed to unite a great empire
47:39through the sword,
47:42and favored a real cultural renaissance.
47:46His contemporaries
47:49considered him a charismatic figure,
47:52so he erected a literary monument for them.
47:57Someone had to tell this story.
48:22To be continued...