CASTILLA (Isabel la Católica) - Documental
Isabel I de Castilla fue reina de Castilla desde 1474 hasta 1504, reina consorte de Sicilia desde 1469 y de Aragón desde 1479, por su matrimonio con Fernando de Aragón. También ejerció como señora de Vizcaya.
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00:00Castile, Castile, Castile for the Queen and Our Lady, Queen Isabel and King Don Fernando as her legitimate husband.
00:22Castile, Castile, Castile for the Queen and Our Lady, Queen Isabel and King Don Fernando as her legitimate husband.
00:52Castile, Castile, Castile for the Queen and Our Lady, Queen Isabel and King Don Fernando as her legitimate husband.
01:07Daughter of Juan II, King of Castile and his second wife, Isabel of Portugal, Isabel was born on Thursday, April 22, 1451 in Madrigal de las Altas Torres.
01:20That year the Easter of the Resurrection was celebrated on April 25, which allows to affirm that Isabel came to the world on a Holy Thursday.
01:29Coincidence that for some will influence the deep religiousness of Lady Isabel, who from a very young age showed a surprising depth in her Christian convictions, possibly favored by the austere and pious environment in which they spent their first years.
01:46No one could imagine the role that girl would play in the life of Castile and in the consolidation and diffusion of the Catholic religion.
01:59When he had not yet turned four, his father, the King, inherited the crown to his brother Enrique, who would reign as Enrique IV.
02:08It was a moment of transition and the threshold of great political and social changes.
02:14The old foundations of medieval society were collapsing.
02:18The kings tried to end feudal prerogatives.
02:21It was necessary to dispossess the great lords of the right to exercise justice in their fiefdoms and to have armed armies to achieve and guarantee the absolute power of the monarchy.
02:32Enrique IV tried to control the noble oligarchy, seeking the support of the cities, the converts and the urban middle nobility.
02:56He surrounded himself with faithful men, to whom he distinguished, to the detriment of the traditional nobles, who reacted violently against the monarchical institution.
03:06One of these nobles, Don Juan Pacheco, Marquis of Villena, upon verifying how Enrique IV appointed one of his most faithful servants, Beltrán de la Cueva, Master of Santiago, in charge of which he aspired, plotted revenge.
03:20Friend of Enrique IV's childhood, Villena will undoubtedly be the most intriguing character of the time.
03:27The man who managed to bend the will of the monarch to his will.
03:31For this, he began to spread the news that Princess Doña Juana was not the daughter of King Enrique IV, but Beltrán de la Cueva.
03:40Then he will convince the king to make a change in the line.
03:44And so, Enrique IV will designate his stepbrother, Infante Don Alfonso, brother of Isabel, heir to the throne and Master of Santiago, with the condition that he marry Princess Doña Juana.
03:58With this decision, Enrique IV wanted to avoid a confrontation with the nobility.
04:04But it had not elapsed a year, when a shameful act occurs, which would go down in history as the Farsa of Ávila.
04:12In a kind of stage, located outside the walls of Ávila, the nobles placed a doll, dressed it as a king, and shouted,
04:21In that grotesque ceremony, the Marquis of Villena and the nobility dismissed Enrique IV, and proclaimed King of Castile to his stepbrother, Infante Don Alfonso.
04:31It was the declaration of civil war.
04:34But in that contest there were no winners or losers.
04:38The sudden death of Infante Don Alfonso was going to have a decisive impact on the nobles.
04:43The nobles did not care much about Infante Don Alfonso.
04:47All they were interested in was to take away the power from Enrique IV.
04:51They immediately sought a replacement for the deceased Infante, someone who could have the right to the crown.
04:58And it was then, that the Marquis of Villena, Enrique IV, was born.
05:03But unlike her brother, Isabel will not accept the proposal of the nobles, who intend to proclaim the Queen.
05:11No, she knew that it was not advisable to continue the game to Marquis of Villena.
05:17Doña Isabel believes that she made a mistake, and that she must accept the proposal of the nobles.
05:23She will not be able to continue the game of the Marquis of Villena.
05:27that it was not advisable to follow the game to the Marquis of Villena.
05:30Doña Isabel thinks she did the right thing.
05:33How was she going to trust some characters
05:36who only pursued and defended their own interests?
05:40In addition, she did not want to dispute the throne to her stepbrother
05:44or sacrifice the Castilians in a civil confrontation
05:47that would only cause pain.
05:50But Isabel did demand her stepbrother, the king,
05:53to declare her Princess of Asturias.
05:56She had to be recognized as heir.
05:59But legally, did she deserve the crown?
06:07I think that with the documentation that we have, yes.
06:10Because undoubtedly the marriage of Enrique IV with Blanca
06:16was dissolved by a sentence
06:19dictated by a person who had no capacity for it.
06:23It was never confirmed by the Pope
06:25and therefore there was never a dispensation for the second marriage.
06:30We are quite those who believe that the legitimate heiress was
06:34the ill-called Abel Traneja, who was actually Juana de Castilla
06:38and she usurped the throne from Isabel.
06:40She was the legitimate daughter of Juan II de Castilla
06:44and in that sense she is a woman,
06:47a person with a dynastic legitimacy,
06:50direct by masculine way, which is what prevails.
06:54Moreover, I think that it cannot be said
06:57with really objective and contrasting data.
07:01Well, I am afraid that she did not have any legality,
07:04any legitimacy to take the throne.
07:06What happens is that she built the legality
07:09to get the inheritance of her brother Enrique
07:12at the expense of his niece Juana.
07:15What is boasted is the whole series of slander,
07:21of injustices, of mischiefs that had happened
07:25in the reign of Enrique IV,
07:27which must be evaluated if they were true
07:30or if they are totally built to legitimize
07:33that Isabel is made with the power that did not correspond to her.
07:37Never will you forget the place where your wishes began to become reality.
07:44It was the month of September 1468
07:48when in Guisando, Doña Isabel was recognized
07:51as Princess of Asturias, legitimate heir.
07:54Enrique IV, who was the son of Enrique IV,
07:57was the son of Enrique IV,
07:59who was the son of Enrique IV,
08:01who was the son of Enrique IV,
08:03who was the son of Enrique IV,
08:05who was the son of Enrique IV,
08:07who was the son of Enrique IV,
08:09who was the son of Enrique IV,
08:11who was the son of Enrique IV,
08:13who was the son of Enrique IV,
08:15who was the son of Enrique IV,
08:17who was the son of Enrique IV,
08:19who was the son of Enrique IV,
08:21who was the son of Enrique IV,
08:23who was the son of Enrique IV,
08:25who was the son of Enrique IV,
08:27who was the son of Enrique IV,
08:29who was the son of Enrique IV,
08:31who was the son of Enrique IV,
08:33who was the son of Enrique IV,
08:35who was the son of Enrique IV,
08:37who was the son of Enrique IV,
08:39who was the son of Enrique IV,
08:41who was the son of Enrique IV,
08:43who was the son of Enrique IV,
08:45who was the son of Enrique IV,
08:47who was the son of Enrique IV,
08:49who was the son of Enrique IV,
08:51who was the son of Enrique IV,
08:53who was the son of Enrique IV,
08:55who was the son of Enrique IV,
08:57who was the son of Enrique IV,
08:59because it is the legal base on which he rests.
09:02because it is the legal base on which he rests.
09:04But in the previous agreement they signed,
09:06But in the previous agreement they signed,
09:08what Isabel introduces,
09:10what her counsellors achieve is the news
09:12that Enrique is neither married nor could be married legitimately to Doña Juana.
09:14that Enrique is neither married nor could be married legitimately to Doña Juana.
09:16This is the fundamental issue.
09:20Regardless of his legitimacy to access the throne,
09:24regardless of his legitimacy to access the throne,
09:26Isabel sought to seek support whenever necessary in case of confrontation.
09:28He chose as husband the best of the candidates.
09:31Fernando of Aragon assured him the decided help of this kingdom
09:35and making him her husband,
09:37Doña Isabel eliminated a possible rival,
09:40because Fernando, who was the closest relative to Enrique IV,
09:43could squander his kinship with the king
09:46to demand the inheritance to the throne of Castile.
09:49Perhaps for this reason, Isabel wanted to celebrate the marriage as soon as possible
09:54and she did not realize that the bulla used in the celebration of the esporsales was false.
09:59The authentic is dated in 1471,
10:02that is, two years later.
10:05In it, Pope Sixtus IV forgives Isabel and Fernando for having lived in sin
10:09and frees them from the penalty of excommunication in which they had incurred.
10:13It is surprising that this fact has been almost forgotten by history.
10:18Because it is very strong that the marriage of the Catholic kings is a non-legal marriage
10:24and not canonically recognized by the Church,
10:29since they were relatives in a degree that this marriage was not allowed.
10:33But as Isabel was interested in marrying her cousin Fernando,
10:38since he was the closest relative of Enrique IV
10:41and that he could compete with her for the inheritance,
10:44the way to have him controlled and that there is no problem is to marry him.
10:50Fernando was also interested in the marriage.
10:53He traveled from Aragon to Valladolid, where Isabel was waiting for him.
10:58It was the month of October 1469
11:02when Isabel and Fernando got married in this Castilian city.
11:06The esponsales were celebrated almost in secret in the house of Juan Vivero.
11:11The ceremony was presided over by the archbishop of Toledo, Don Alonso Carrillo.
11:16The interest that each of the contrayentes showed for uniting their lives,
11:21their forces and their destinies was totally justified.
11:25Time was in charge of demonstrating the effectiveness and success of this union.
11:32Don Juan Vivero
11:37Mrs. Isabel is worried to think that Fernando wants to get married again when she dies.
11:43Oh, if Don Juan Vivero!
11:45He still feels physical pain when he remembers his son, Prince Juan,
11:50dead in his youth.
11:52But God had loved him that way.
11:55How different it would be if Juan were by his side to take charge of the government.
12:00He was the first of his children to die.
12:03Then it would be his firstborn, Isabel, who would die giving birth to a child,
12:08who very soon abandoned them to reunite with his mother in the afterlife.
12:15The Catholic queen is worried about the future of her kingdoms.
12:19She just has to turn that end of the text read in the courts of Aragon,
12:24when her daughter Juana and her husband Felipe were recognized as heirs.
12:30In the declaration it was said that after the death of King Fernando,
12:33they would inherit the Aragonese crown.
12:36But unlike Castile, they added that if Fernando gave birth to a legitimate son,
12:41he would be the heir.
12:44No, that will never happen.
12:47The peninsular unity is necessary.
12:50She and Fernando have worked so hard to get it.
12:54The queen remembers her first triumph as sovereign
12:57by defeating the supporters of her niece, Doña Juana.
13:00Doña Isabel wanted the city of Toledo
13:03was the stage to raise San Juan de los Reyes,
13:06which would be in history as the testimony of that victory against Portugal.
13:12Chapter 2
13:19Before facing Portugal,
13:21Isabel and Fernando sent to write an agreement for the governance of the kingdom.
13:26The name of the king would precede that of the queen in the documents,
13:30and the queen's weapons to those of the king.
13:33They would administer justice together.
13:36In case of being separated, each would know the causes on their own.
13:41The agreement was favorable to Isabel,
13:44although during the war, Isabel granted King Fernando broad powers,
13:49although always made it very clear that the queen was her.
13:52Despite this, Fernando will always defend the interests of his wife as their own.
14:07Doña Isabel remembers the fear she felt when Fernando gave her his will
14:12to go to war with Portugal.
14:14And how that fear turned into anger to end up becoming an accomplice.
14:20Fernando asked her to take care of her natural children and the mothers of them.
14:25And she had accepted in an attempt to correspond to Fernando
14:29for the danger he faced in the battlefield,
14:32defending the Castilian interests.
14:35Isabel had assumed the mistakes of her husband as their own.
14:47Isabel and Fernando were two intelligent people,
14:51with common interests and projects,
14:53who supported each other unconditionally.
14:56Loyalty was for Isabel one of the most important political virtues.
15:02She will prove it by continuing to count on the nobles
15:05who had been loyal to her stepbrother Enrique IV
15:08and rejecting the intrigues.
15:11Both she and Fernando did not need any private.
15:15The private of the king was the queen.
15:17And the private of the queen, the king.
15:20In history there has been evidence
15:23that Fernando intervenes directly in the government of Castile.
15:26But did Isabel do the same in Aragon?
15:29The Catholic king will go down in history
15:32as Fernando V of Castile and II of Aragon.
15:35The Catholic queen will be Isabel I of Castile and Aragon.
15:44The true meaning of Isabel's reign must be taken into account
15:47fundamentally that she is a woman.
15:50First of all, before any other condition, she is a woman.
15:54Women can reign in Castile, not in Aragon.
15:57And this obviously marks a lot the reign
16:00and the regnical behaviors of Fernando and Isabel.
16:03In short, Fernando is king of Castile.
16:06Isabel does not paint or ride so much in Aragon,
16:09which is not surprising to them because, as is well known,
16:12at the end of the 15th century,
16:14the woman must be understood as a being inferior to the man.
16:27The truth is that Isabel and Fernando formed a very united royal couple,
16:32although somewhat atypical between those of that time,
16:35because the two were titular kings,
16:38and although both defended the same interests
16:41and had a common project,
16:43the problems of their respective kingdoms
16:46did not affect the monarchs with the same intensity.
16:49Those of Castile hurt her more,
16:52and those of Aragon him,
16:54as will become manifest in some moments of their lives.
16:58Throughout the ten years that lasted the war of Granada,
17:01Queen Doña Isabel always showed her priority
17:04to carry out the conquest,
17:06before the also serious problems of the crown of Aragon in the Rosellón.
17:24Granada.
17:26How much time and how many efforts to join it to the Castilian crown.
17:31Only then, that morning of January 2, 1492,
17:37when entering next to King Fernando in the desired city,
17:41Doña Isabel knew that her projects could become a reality one day.
17:46That city,
17:48Doña Isabel knew that her projects could become a reality one day.
17:53That, without a doubt,
17:55was going to be a decisive year in his reign.
18:13After ten years of conflict,
18:15the Catholic kings received the keys of the city in the hands of Boabdil,
18:19the last king of Granada.
18:23The entire Christianity celebrated the conquest,
18:26which without a doubt was one of the greatest triumphs of the Catholic faith.
18:36However, the kings admitted in the capitulations a clause
18:40in which it was recognized to the inhabitants of what was the Kingdom of Nazareth
18:44and the right to practice freely their religion, Islamic.
18:48But then, in practice,
18:50the desires of the conquered population were not always respected,
18:54not fulfilling part of the agreement.
18:58The Kingdom of Nazareth
19:12The problem presented to the kings in the face of the unity of their kingdoms
19:16acquired religious connotations.
19:19At that time, only those who professed the same faith
19:22could be considered subjects of full right.
19:26Thus, Islamism and Judaism
19:29became a danger to the monarchic stability.
19:48The Jews had already been expelled from other European countries,
19:52but in Spain it was different.
19:54The kings had among their best advisers and collaborators
19:58members of this community.
20:00Despite this, after three months of the conquest of Granada,
20:03the Catholic kings expel the Jews from Spain.
20:12The expulsion is done ...
20:14many nonsense have been written,
20:16which is done to appropriate their rents.
20:18Well, it is worth keeping in mind
20:21that in March 1492,
20:24the Jews are not expelled.
20:27The Jews are offered the possibility of baptism.
20:30And curiously,
20:32most of the rich financial Jews
20:36seem to be baptized and stay.
20:39And in fact, from 1492,
20:42the Spanish society is divided into two blocks
20:45in a situation that will last until the end of the 17th century.
20:48The new Christians, or descendants of new Christians,
20:51and the old Christians.
20:53Sancho Panza, to put a case that can serve as a reference.
20:58The first will continue with their activities,
21:01once baptized in 1492, without any problem.
21:04Or hiding their origins.
21:06Therefore, to think that the Jews are expelled
21:09to appropriate their rents,
21:11has no basis,
21:13because with their rents they continue to play later.
21:16In fact, there is no reason to hide the truth of things,
21:19nor to mislead it.
21:21The obsession of Catholic Isabella
21:24was to achieve a religious unity,
21:27and to do this, to end all religious dissent.
21:30It is worth keeping in mind that in the 15th century,
21:33the practice of faith,
21:35a faith different from that of the king,
21:38was a privilege that the king could grant,
21:41not a right that the vassal had.
21:43The Jews could not have a condition of subjects
21:46because it was linked to baptism.
21:48So, if a Jew is baptized,
21:50automatically he becomes another subject.
21:53But as long as he continues to profess his religion, no.
21:56This is the situation that is raised,
21:58and that is being raised throughout Europe.
22:00That is why France, or England, or Naples, or Austria,
22:03had already made the decision to prohibit Judaism
22:06and forced the Jews to leave.
22:08Because this was the situation that they thought was a nuisance.
22:11No, they were not citizens.
22:13A right of citizenship is not taken away from them.
22:16What is done is to suspend a residence permit
22:19that they had been enjoying for many centuries.
22:22As hard as it seems to us today,
22:24this is the situation.
22:35Many have criticized the decision of the Catholic kings
22:38to expel the Jews from a land that they considered their own.
22:41In Spain, Sepharad,
22:43their ancestors were buried.
22:46Here they dreamed of their future.
22:56Mrs. Isabel would have been satisfied
22:58that none of the members of the Jewish community
23:00to leave the kingdom.
23:02But it was necessary to become the true faith.
23:05Some understood it as Abraham Sr. and all his family,
23:08who decided to embrace Catholicism.
23:11Others followed the example of Isaac Abravanel,
23:14opting for exile.
23:18And unfortunately,
23:20there were those who stayed with the intention
23:23to continue practicing their beliefs in secret.
23:26Those who would become the priority objective of the inquisitors,
23:29who implacably made them pay for their sin
23:32to embrace one faith and continue practicing another.
23:35They were difficult times.
23:38However, in previous centuries,
23:41Jews, Christians and Muslims lived in harmony.
23:44But did it really happen that way?
23:48I think it has been exaggerated a little.
23:51It is true that there was a coexistence of three cultures
23:54and for many centuries, peace prevailed
23:57in the relations between each other,
24:00although each lived in his own way.
24:03There was no multiculturalism, as there is today,
24:06in the sense that the Christians were taught
24:09to live in harmony,
24:12and the Muslims were taught to live in peace.
24:15In the sense that the Christians were taught
24:18the Christian religion, the Jews the Judaism,
24:21and the Muslims the Muslim religion.
24:24And each had his church, his synagogue, his mosque,
24:27his council, his alhama, his own institutions,
24:30his own justice.
24:33Even the communication and marriages
24:36between Christians and Jews were prohibited.
24:39But there was, for several centuries,
24:42in all the Castilian and Aragonese cities,
24:45there are three very clear neighborhoods,
24:48the Jewish neighborhood, the Christian neighborhood
24:51and the Mudejaría neighborhood.
24:54And they are three absolutely different neighborhoods
24:57with fences that separate them from each other
25:00and where the door of each neighborhood
25:03was closed at night.
25:06This means something to me,
25:09because I have never seen a city like this.
25:24Doña Isabel had always defended
25:27and would continue to do so until the last breath of his life,
25:30the Catholic religion.
25:33She would do so despite the attitude of some pontiffs
25:36who seemed to take more into account the protests of the heretics
25:39than those of the Catholics themselves.
25:42Sometimes it seemed to the Pope that he forgot
25:45that he was the one who had the obligation to defend faith
25:48and put an end to the threat of heresy.
25:57It will be a pontiff, the Spanish Rodrigo Borja,
26:00Alejandro VI, who grants Isabel and Fernando
26:03the qualification of Catholic kings.
26:06It was a way to publicly recognize
26:09their collaboration in the liberation of the pontifical states
26:12of the French occupation,
26:15their effort to conquer the Muslim kingdom of Granada,
26:18their strength to expel the Jews from their kingdoms
26:21and their example of evangelization in America.
26:25It is surprising to observe how tradition
26:28has always given all the prominence
26:31of the conquest of the New World to the Catholic Queen.
26:34Who has not heard that Doña Isabel
26:37was forced to sell the jewels of the crown
26:40in order to finance the Colombian trip?
26:43However, the truth is that it was a Jewish converse,
26:46an official of the court of Aragon,
26:49later writer of the Ration of the Holy Hermitage,
26:53Luis de Santa Ángel,
26:56who advanced the sufficient amount
26:59to start the discovery company.
27:02It has also been said that it was an exclusive decision
27:05of the Sovereign to approve the project of Colón.
27:08It is possible that Doña Isabel,
27:11taking into account the suggestions of the people
27:14who endorsed that foreigner,
27:17had the good fortune to meet with Cristóbal Colón
27:20but it is very difficult to believe
27:23that Doña Isabel has taken the decision alone.
27:26Of course, later we find a surprising fact.
27:29The discovered lands, the Indies,
27:32were incorporated to the crown of Castile
27:35and not to that of Aragon.
27:38Because what is set is the decision
27:41that Castile assumes that state company.
27:44That is what is set, the decision
27:47of the crown of Castile.
27:50It is simply to manifest the king
27:53who agrees with the crown of Castile
27:56embarking on that adventure.
27:59But that does not mean
28:02that the crown of Aragon also embarks.
28:08She would have liked to know
28:11the discovered lands.
28:14Many times Doña Isabel
28:17had imagined the caravels
28:20hovering the seas towards the unknown.
28:23She knew it was a risky business
28:26in which very few believed.
28:29But she was happy to have supported
28:32the project of that foreign tenacious.
28:35The trip across the ocean
28:38had been a success in achieving its goal.
28:41The Castilian flag waved
28:44in the discovered lands
28:47that were already part of the crown of Castile.
28:50To the joy of Colón's return,
28:53he followed the disconcert
28:56before the position of this one
28:59who tried to sell the Indians as slaves.
29:02Doña Isabel believed that the indigenous
29:05should be considered as free men,
29:09the opposite verdict to the trafficking of slaves
29:12made many of the sold Indians
29:15were rescued and returned free to their land.
29:23The Catholic queen cannot avoid
29:26feeling satisfied with that decision.
29:29She recognizes that her husband, the king,
29:32had supported her.
29:36Isabel, at the time of thinking about her kingdoms
29:39and the loved ones that will follow her,
29:42introduces some changes in her will
29:45and thus, without touching the incorporation
29:48of the Indians to the crown of Castile,
29:51decides to give the king Fernando,
29:54her husband, with personal character and vitality,
29:57half of the rents from the New World.
30:00This will was not to the liking of Fernando
30:03who rehearsed a new writing and interpretation
30:06going from half of the rents
30:09to half of the Indian islands and land.
30:27Fernando changes Isabel's will
30:30without changing them.
30:33What he does is interpret them in his favor
30:36trying to get a greater participation
30:39than he could have obtained
30:42of having respected them as they were written.
30:45Most likely, when the queen wrote them,
30:48he could not know the new situation
30:51in which the king changes them
30:54and it is assumed that if he had known it,
30:57he would not have changed them.
31:01It is possible that yes.
31:04Surely Mrs. Isabel would approve
31:07the modifications made by her husband.
31:10They were always an exemplary marriage
31:13in terms of unanimity in all their decisions.
31:16The queen trusted Fernando
31:19and without a doubt would have supported
31:22the measures he took when he became a widow,
31:25to get married immediately
31:28to try to have a male child
31:31to inherit the Aragonese crown.
31:34Where were his projects of unity of the kingdoms?
31:48Isabel marries Fernando not to unite anything
31:51but to defend his own legitimacy
31:54and defend the main branch of the Castilian Trastamara.
31:57It is very difficult to put yourself in that position.
32:00However, it is very likely that Fernando
32:03will act in this way,
32:06driven above all by the desire to defend
32:09what is his inheritance,
32:12what is also his dynastic legitimacy, which is Aragon.
32:15Since Castile has not really been able
32:18to get along with Castile,
32:21he seeks to defend Aragon,
32:24probably driven by the Aragonese demands themselves.
32:27The difficulties that a female inheritance
32:30could have in Aragon,
32:33that difficulty of recognizing a woman as queen
32:36in the Aragonese crown,
32:39could also influence that search for a heir
32:42by Fernando, which meant maintaining
32:45his dynastic legitimacy and his own dynasty,
32:48which would have been very difficult.
32:54Doña Isabel fears that her daughter, Doña Juana,
32:57may or may not want to take charge of the government,
33:00but it is she who must name her heir.
33:03Had Doña Juana changed so much?
33:07The last time they were together
33:10it was as if they were two strangers.
33:13The excessively permissive atmosphere of the Flemish court
33:16had undoubtedly affected her daughter.
33:19She did not like the influence that her son-in-law, Felipe,
33:22could exert on Doña Juana.
33:25Castile and Aragon needed firm monarchs
33:28who only cared about the interests of their kingdoms,
33:31as Fernando and she had done.
33:36The time of the Catholic kings,
33:39and Isabel as queen of Castile,
33:42brought about transcendental changes in many fields.
33:45It is not exactly that the feudal links disappeared,
33:48but it is true that the nobility,
33:51which still had a very large economic and social power,
33:54lost political influence,
33:57in the sense that they will be the kings
34:00who monopolize practically the political power.
34:03And they will be surrounded, above all,
34:06by experts in law, literate,
34:09who are people who know very well the legal issues
34:12and who were always faithful and loyal to the Catholic kings.
34:15This is one of the decisive steps.
34:18Of course, they will generalize the regime of correctors,
34:21which already came from before,
34:24but in a very specific and concrete way,
34:27and now it expands to all the cities of Seville.
34:30And the correctors were a bit like the eyes and ears of the king and the queen.
34:33What they do is an objectification of the monarchy.
34:37And that in itself is a maturation process.
34:40In such a way that the legislative, judicial and executive institutions
34:43function on their own.
34:46The direct intervention of the kings becomes very scarce.
34:49The institutions function according to their structures.
34:52That is why we enter what we could call
34:55the first vehicle of modernity,
34:58that is, there is a legislative power,
35:01there is an executive power and there is a political power.
35:04Each of which functions on its own.
35:07Everything is in the name of the king.
35:10But notice that today we also continue with this.
35:13A law is a law when it is signed by the king.
35:16Not before, which is a mere process,
35:19but it is a process that guarantees that all the necessary procedures have been fulfilled
35:22so that it can be a law.
35:25And that is what is done then.
35:28Doña Isabel does not feel discouraged
35:31when balancing her life.
35:34She fought for what she believed in.
35:37But there is something that worries her.
35:40She is not sure that her daughter Juana
35:43can play a good role.
35:46But there is Fernando.
35:49Yes, he will add a disposition to his will.
35:52He will demand that his daughter, Juana,
35:56must be the king Fernando,
35:59who will take charge of the government of Castile
36:02if Juana presents problems.
36:07For Isabel, the heir is Juana
36:10and she has no doubt.
36:13It is her daughter, the heir.
36:16Perhaps she doubts, precisely because of the experience I have had with her
36:19and the political disinterest that Juana has shown during her stay in Castile,
36:22that Juana may really be interested in politics
36:25and act politically.
36:28There, Isabel, keeping the dynastic principle that the heir is her daughter,
36:31prefers her own husband to her son-in-law.
36:34Isabel in the will
36:37manifests a great love for Fernando
36:40and a great respect.
36:43And apart from all this, I think Isabel is clear
36:46that for there to be continuity in her political ideals,
36:49she has to have a strong and a great power in Castile.
36:52Possibly more than the one she had when she lived,
36:55but it is the guarantee
36:58that her policy is maintained.
37:01What happens is that Fernando
37:04is a very skilled politician
37:07and Fernando has other interests than the Castilians.
37:10Therefore, Fernando always respects us
37:13in a totally scrupulous way what Isabel had decided.
37:16Fernando looks above all for his own interests
37:19and that of the Crown of Aragon.
37:22Nobody questions the historical importance of Isabel la Católica,
37:25who undoubtedly was a very valuable person
37:28and with great gifts for the government.
37:31She was a woman, a mother, a wife,
37:34but above all, a queen.
37:37Sensitive to the world of culture,
37:40Mrs. Isabel liked to surround herself with people
37:43from the Renaissance period.
37:46Her daughters enjoyed a surprising formation for the time,
37:49causing astonishment in the European courts.
37:52From her privileged position as a sovereign,
37:55she supported the monastic reform
37:58and tried to promote through her collaborators
38:01the creation of convents that were authentic remances of spirituality.
38:08Mrs. Isabel was not alien to a new trend
38:11that existed in Castile.
38:14Collectivism was already a reality among some members of the nobility.
38:17She also brought together a good number of tapestries,
38:20sculptures and paintings.
38:23In this sense, it has been a constant of Mrs. Isabel's taste
38:26for flamenco tables with religious scenes.
38:29The fame of Isabel la Católica
38:32will grow with the course of history
38:35until the opening request of her process of beatification.
38:41Beatification and canonization
38:44I think it is a task for Isabel
38:47to propose it as a saint.
38:50Isabel has a great value as a queen,
38:53as a woman who wanted power and who exercised it
38:56with a great dedication and intelligence.
38:59Beatification and then canonization,
39:02because it is assumed that it is intended to be made a saint.
39:05This is a topic in which I cannot enter because it does not depend on me,
39:08I believe that a person
39:11who has to make government decisions
39:14is a person who has to be judged
39:17according to those government decisions,
39:20which can be understood, understood, rejected,
39:23but to transfer that to the field of religious interiority,
39:26proposing it later as a model of conduct to others,
39:29I find it very dangerous.
39:32Beatification is a matter related to religious belief and the Church.
39:35There are many different fields
39:38in which I respect what the Church says or does,
39:41but where it seems to me that my opinion should not enter.
39:44Regarding beatification,
39:47as a historian, I have nothing to say.
39:50Saints are made by theologians
39:53and they are not made by national referendum or things like that.
39:56It is up to them.
39:59It is a topic that I cannot talk about
40:02because it is the process,
40:05and I have been warned that I cannot say a word about it.
40:08It seems to me that it is something that belongs to the Church
40:11and I strongly believe that the decision
40:14that the Church makes in one way or another
40:17is the most correct and the most correct.
40:32The Queen Doña Isabel
40:35died on November 26, 1504
40:38in Medina del Campo.
40:47After the funeral honors
40:50of the different deceased,
40:53the corpse of the Queen was taken to Granada
40:56where she wanted to rest eternally.
40:59To be continued...