• 2 months ago
Transcript
00:30The great, beautiful, and historic city, so far barely touched by the war, believed by
00:36its inhabitants to be somehow inviolate, became, in the technical language of the experts,
00:42a severe case of overbombing.
00:45We had so many refugees who had come from the eastern front that at this point the city
00:53had swollen to double its size.
00:55The only man we had in the city was a veterans' hospital, was blind and crippled.
01:01The blind were trying to carry the cripples, and they couldn't see their way.
01:06And some people who tried to walk along, they were pulled in by the fire.
01:11They all of a sudden disappeared right in front of you.
01:14Somebody put such a draft in a firestorm like that, it's the most horrible thing you have
01:21to do.
01:22You have to save yourself or try to get as far away from the fire because the draft pulls
01:26you in.
01:29Next day came the Americans, a Western demonstration of support for the Russians, now less than
01:34a hundred miles away, over 1,300 flying fortresses to pound the ruins of a city.
01:42The city was, of course, in flames, but after three days we had to go in and try to find
01:48the people and take them out of the ruins.
01:51And sometimes a wash basin full contained nine, ten people because their size had shrunk
01:58to just a small amount.
02:01I just couldn't believe that this was a whole person.
02:05And this picture is just terrible.
02:10I saw sometimes two people close together who maybe in despair had all, or was one tiny
02:17little figure.
02:22In the center of the city, cordoned off from the survivors, they built great funeral pyres.
02:30There was no time to dig individual graves.
02:34We had to make big mass graves.
02:37They tried to identify by jewelry or by belongings, but many people could not be identified.
02:51Later on the ruins you found inscription, Hans, are you alive?
02:57Martha, are you still in the ruins?
03:03Industrial damage was slight.
03:05The railway was working again in three days, but over a hundred thousand died.
03:11Dresden was another monument to total war.
04:05The last Nazi newsreel the Germans saw.
04:20It features scratch units in action on the Eastern Front on German soil.
04:29The slogans now play on sexual fear of the Red Hordes.
04:35The main propaganda weapon, stories of rape, stereotyped accounts backed by dubious pictures
04:40in which the corpses may for once be German.
04:45Tales of brutal and licentious soldiery told in the stock language of racial hatred, beasts,
04:52animals, bestiality.
05:00Refugees from Germany's eastern provinces and the occupied territories.
05:05Families were separated, never to be reunited.
05:09Thousands died from drowning, thousands from shelling.
05:13The great German Reich was shrinking, the Germans coming home.
05:28On the Western Front, the Allied air forces ranged at will beyond the Rhine, paralysing
05:33all movement in preparation for the final assault.
05:36With bombs, rockets and cannon fire, they struck at bridges, railways, roads, at a single
05:43horse and cart.
05:47It was my duty to tell Hitler that from the point of view of armaments, the war was lost.
05:55And I did it in several memorandums, and the harshest one was the 19th of March, 1945,
06:04in which I told him very bluntly, which nobody dared to tell, that the war will be finished
06:12within four or six weeks.
06:14Hitler boasted of losses in infantry being made good by countless numbers of new units.
06:19He himself presented medals to his new recruits.
06:23But they lacked an experience they made up for in National Socialist order.
06:28A young company runner reports how he carried weapons off to the front line.
06:31His reward, an Iron Cross second class.
06:48March the 24th, the Rhine crossing, Montgomery's last showpiece battle.
06:58In the extreme, the Americans slipped across almost unopposed.
07:02The goal the field commanders had in mind, Berlin.
07:20Cross the Rhine now, from the Dutch border to the Black Forest and the South, the Allied
07:25columns pushed on into the heart of Germany through scenes that were the commonplace
07:30of the war.
07:38Towns and villages that burned, as the towns and villages of Poland, France, Russia, Yugoslavia,
07:45and Greece had burned.
07:59But for these civilians, for the women and children who saw the war go past, there were
08:03no ghettos and no gas chambers.
08:07Only in some, a sense of anger.
08:11The first time I have had hatred against Hitler and the Nazis was not hatred against
08:19the terror regime, it was hatred like among gangsters.
08:25Hitler promised us to win the half of the world, and he asked us to help him, and so
08:33we have done.
08:34And now we have nothing, we have only our closest.
08:39The collapse of Nazi government had left a vacuum.
08:43The advancing troops were politically innocent, their methods were rough and ready.
08:50The burgomaster, the first one you meet, he'd have his sash on and a badge of office, and
08:54he would inform us that he was not a Nazi, the town council was not, and we would probably
09:00round them all up and ship them out, because we knew we had all the Nazis.
09:05You put soldiers with townspeople, and after the first couple of hours of a small amount
09:12of tension, when both parties realized that the other one was not going to stab them suddenly,
09:18we'd find ourselves swapping a hardtack or chocolate for a cooked meal by one of the
09:25German families.
09:27And they in turn would show us family pictures, not uniformed ones, and you'd find a GI showing
09:34his family to them, and it's funny how the feeling could change so rapidly.
09:39Some woman came to me, in addition to trying to offer me her own services, she was trying
09:44to obtain something else, and I looked at her, and I was feeling particularly mean that
09:49day.
09:50My father was sick, and the Red Cross had given me information through cable, and my
09:53younger brother-in-law had been killed in Germany, and the word had just come to me,
09:57and I was about ready to tear anyone apart anyway with my own two hands.
10:01And she said to me, and I said, you know, in desperation almost, I said, look, don't
10:05bother me, you know, you're dealing with a Jew, you don't have anything to do with me.
10:09And she looked at me, and she said,
10:10Oberzizendein Weisser Jud, which you can translate, but you are a white Jew.
10:17And I did everything to restrain myself, and just belted her right in the mouth.
10:32The camps were overrun.
10:36Many Germans had known of them.
10:38Others had preferred not to know.
10:41Now they were forced to see.
10:55In one place, the mayor and his wife went home and hanged themselves.
11:01This is Buchenwald.
11:32Those who had survived deportation, slave labour, selection for the death camps, starvation,
11:49were from every country in Europe, of all callings, of many religions, many political
11:54faiths.
11:57Some turned on their oppressors.
12:02Allied prisoners were freed.
12:23German soldiers went into captivity.
12:32Come on, you're up for it, do it.
12:51Displaced persons, ordinary Germans, prisoners of war, passed on the roads and had nothing
12:56to say to each other.
12:59Germany was an ant heap some giant had kicked to pieces.
13:11Here and there, looting, brief opportunities to celebrate the collapse of the system.
13:17The victors had their own views on law and order.
13:29Some property was still sacred.
13:47In April 1945, Berlin was more ruins than a town.
14:06Mainly in the centre of Berlin, one couldn't find almost no building which was still intact.
14:13But it was my wish to have the Berlin Philharmonic having a concert the last time.
14:18I knew that it would be my last concert for a long time, perhaps forever.
14:24And I invited friends and as much people as possible to go in.
14:34We were sitting there in our coats because there was no heating, it was cold and it was
14:40shivering.
14:41And in this atmosphere of destruction and misery, the concert started.
14:48And we started with the last part of the Götterdämmerung.
14:57Hitler no longer made public appearances.
15:00More and more he withdrew to his underground headquarters beneath the Imperial Chancellery,
15:05the bunker.
15:08When I came back from this concert for the military conference, we came in the bunker
15:16and Hitler was almost out of his mind.
15:20And Goebbels was already there.
15:23And Hitler showed to us the vows he just received of the death of Roosevelt.
15:29And Goebbels was jumping up and saying, that's it, that's it, now we have got it.
15:34Now I think everything will turn to the better.
15:39In the east, over railway lines converted to the broad Russian gauge, the Russian command
15:44was piling up vast supplies of material.
15:47Six armies were involved.
15:49Their object?
15:50To smash the German forces on the approaches to Berlin and take the capital of Nazi Germany.
16:04On the 75th anniversary of Lenin's birth, the 16th of April 1945, the massed artillery opened fire.
16:24My heart was going smaller and I got very anxious because I knew the attack began.
16:34The first barrage was less effective than Zhukov had hoped.
16:51The Germans were still secure in their second line of defence.
17:04In the centre of the front, opposite Berlin, there were 400 guns to the mile to open a way for the assault tanks.
17:23The Red Army was over the Oder, reinforcing and breaking out of its bridgeheads.
17:30The armoured columns pushed ahead against desperate resistance.
17:34Some of our young boys, you know, they jumped out of the hordes, you know, had their panzerfausts
17:40and they were shooting to the tanks and they destroyed all the four tanks
17:44and the others were shooting with their guns and killed all the Russian soldiers.
17:51And the Russians must have been before in a magazine like, or in a factory, in a sweet factory
17:58because they had all the arms full of sweet and chocolate.
18:02Everybody in our unit was 15 and 16 and they are running onto the street for the chocolate.
18:17In the West it was a different story.
18:20Sidestepping pockets of the enemy, the Allied columns moved east.
18:25You could pick up the telephone in those days and ring up the next village that was still German occupied
18:31and say, hello, what's happening down there?
18:34And one had almost moved into a dreamlike, an unreal situation.
18:39Towns and villages flew by, no resistance at all, normal countryside, no damage at all.
18:47And every day one said to oneself, now surely this can't go on.
18:52Certainly I think one's, the thought of one's own survival after all this gradually became more and more uppermost.
18:59When one did run into any sort of determined resistance, to me it was a matter of half anger.
19:04What are these, how dare these people prolong the agony any more?
19:08And of the other half it was, darn, the only blue front.
19:11Wurzeln, a little town in northern Germany, 30 miles short of the Elbe.
19:16Here the Germans did stand and fight.
19:20There was an edginess now among the Allied fighting men.
19:23Their fingers quick on the trigger.
19:25Their opponents were elite troops and officer cadets.
19:28The Germans were incapable of even using their own firepower as a weapon.
19:32There was an edginess now among the Allied fighting men, their fingers quick on the trigger.
19:46Their opponents were elite troops and officer cadets.
19:50It took a four-day battle with considerable losses and many civilian deaths before resistance
19:55collapsed.
20:16Mostly the Germans surrendered thankfully enough.
20:18Their main aim, to go into captivity with the Anglo-Americans rather than with the Russians
20:23on whose land and population they had inflicted such losses.
20:32Desperately they strove to reach safety in the West.
20:46In the Ruhr pocket, over 300,000 men of Army Group B were surrounded and forced to surrender.
20:54The Western Allies had achieved their main objective, the destruction of the German land
20:58forces in the West.
21:05It wasn't until the first half of April that he retired to the bunker because the air raids
21:21were getting worse and more frequent.
21:29The bunker was divided up in such a way that in the lower area there was a military compound.
21:35There was a conference chamber with an anteroom which led to Hitler's study.
21:40His workroom and bedroom led off this anteroom and also a room with a bathroom for Eva Braun.
21:51There were some women in Hitler's former life who were important for him.
21:57But I think since during the last time there was nobody as near and as close to him like
22:06Eva Braun, she loved him really.
22:09She came, surprisingly, to Berlin and when she arrived Hitler tried to seem angry but
22:15he wasn't successful.
22:17His eyes were so full of joy and he was obviously so happy that she was there that nobody tried
22:28to send her back.
22:34The Russians were now firing on Berlin itself, their forward troops already in the outskirts,
22:43getting their way from street to street.
22:48So came his birthday, the 20th of April, and there came the congratulations and everybody
22:57shook his hand and wished him the best.
23:02It was all very depressed, it was not a happy birthday.
23:08And when the official part was over, Hitler retired at once, but Eva Braun, she invited
23:16some of the people to go upstairs in her little living room to make a birthday party.
23:22And one found a record, a hit, a song to dance, a dance music.
23:30And so we sat around the table and tried to forget our miserable situation and I was laughing
23:38and joking and everybody drank and giggled and cackled and it was a very artificial sort
23:48of gayness.
23:54After that there was another conference on the situation, but it was already apparent
23:59that it was getting near the end.
24:05The Reichsleiter Bormann said to me that I should put everything in motion so that we
24:09would have luggage ready in case of a possible move to the Berghof in Berchtesgaden.
24:21She refused absolutely and said, no, I cannot leave Berlin, I have to make a decision here
24:28in Berlin or I have to go on there.
24:32And this was the first one, the first time that he ever mentioned the possibility that
24:41we could not win, that he mentioned the chance of defeat.
24:49I remember the April 20th, 1945, that was the birthday of Adolf Hitler and in the radio
24:58there was a speech of Joseph Goebbels and he said, Berlin will remain German and Vienna
25:06will be German again.
25:10And my mother said, God thanks, we will win the war.
25:15And I said, mother, you are wrong and Goebbels is wrong, it's terrible, but I'm quite sure
25:23the war is over and we will lose the war.
25:26And my mother said, do you think in this hour Goebbels will tell us a lie?
25:47The battle for Berlin itself was extremely difficult.
25:51It had to be taken street by street, house by house.
25:55Some of them nine and ten stories high and there were lots of these houses.
26:02The fascists held out on every floor, they had also set up barricades in every street.
26:08They converted the main buildings into strong points against us.
26:26We are in Berlin now and in this evening we just visited my mother and you know, she was
26:33very, nearly crying because she thought maybe I'm dead or something.
26:41And it was late in the evening and we wanted to sleep there.
26:46But some men of the house, they came and they said, it's impossible, you can't sleep here
26:52because the Russians, they're not far from here and if they arrive here by night and
26:57they see you here with guns and so maybe they will shoot us.
27:01So we couldn't sleep there, we went over the street, there was a school and we slept there.
27:06On the 21st, we went on together into the outer ring of the suburbs of Berlin itself.
27:26The order of the day of our high command reverberated through the whole country.
27:31They were heard throughout the world, our soldiers have broken into Berlin.
27:36The Russians had worked out their tactics in detail, using models of streets and buildings.
27:48Behind the apparent chaos of the street fighting lay a precise plan to encircle
27:52the city and strike at the centre.
27:55Some of these troops had come all across Russia,
27:57through territory the retreating Germans had looted, burned, destroyed.
28:07Berliners sheltering in their cellars wondered what their fate would be at Russian hands.
28:18Even the children had not been evacuated, they all lived in cellars.
28:25I went into the cellars and remember most of all the repetition of this phrase,
28:33when will this nightmare end?
28:34And suddenly, on April 22nd, I think, yes, there he come out of the military conference
28:46with a totally stony face and dark, threatened eyes and he called us to come to this little
28:58anti-room and he sent for Eva Braun and for the secretaries and for the cook who was still in
29:08Berlin, who cooked for him. Then he came in and said with a monotone voice and so unkindly as
29:17we never have heard him speak to us, ladies please pack your things at once, you have to go to the
29:26south, the last aeroplane starts in about an hour. And then was a silent. No, he said it's all lost,
29:37there's no hope, you have to go. And then was a moment of absolute silence and we stood like shocked
29:45and suddenly Eva Braun made a few steps, went to Hitler and said, but you know I don't leave you,
29:57I stay on your side, you know that, don't try to send me away. And then Hitler did something
30:06very astonishing, what he never did and nobody had ever seen such a guest, he kissed her on her lips.
30:16And then it happened that the other girls and me too, we heard us saying we stay too.
30:28This situation in the bunker was a fantastic one, one really can't, unrealistic one,
30:39one really can't describe how the moods went on and off like waves. Sometimes they were all
30:50exhilarating and we were thinking, well now the western troops coming for release of Berlin,
30:59Goebbels was exclaiming, one of the biggest decisions of war Hitler just made,
31:07he is now determined no more to fight against the west and only to the east
31:15in Berlin and this will mean that the western powers will join us in our fight against Russia.
31:23And such things happened every now and then and then a few minutes afterwards everybody was
31:30speaking about suicide and how they are preparing it, Goebbels in details
31:37was saying how he will let his children killed which were already in the bunker.
31:46After a few days the telegram came from Goering which said,
31:51my Führer, no longer my beloved Führer, just my Führer,
32:00I know that you are now totally cut off and are no longer in possession of full freedom to command.
32:10According to the law of succession I will now step into your position and will undertake to
32:16represent Germany both in internal and external matters. Yours Goering.
32:28Hitler was so worked up over this, he sat in his chair and could not grasp it at first.
32:37This was added to by Bormann who added fuel to the fire somewhat so that Hitler then said
32:44Hitler to give me an ultimatum that really is the end. One day there came one of the men of the
32:53press bureau, press office and brought the news he had, I think he had heard it by a radio from
33:02Reuter news agency that Himmler had had negotiations with Graf Bernadotte for capitulation.
33:14Hitler was very upset because he held Himmler for his most faithful paladin and the most reliable
33:23one and now he saw that also he had tried to betray him. He remembered suddenly that the poison
33:32which he had to use for himself were given to him from one of Himmler's staff and he mistrusted
33:41that it may affect. Perhaps Himmler tried a dirty trick and gave him something like what
33:50only make him unconscious so that he could be transported against his will out of the bunker
33:59and delivered to the enemy and to test this he ordered a doctor to try to test this
34:09poison capsule at the dog. So he said farewell to this creature, I think it was
34:18next Eva Braun, this one who stood next to him and Blondie died very promptly.
34:48But a tiny handful of German anti-Nazis, the Russians came as liberated.
34:55On Tuesday morning, the 24th in the morning, we suddenly saw the Gestapo had disappeared.
35:01During the night the whole prison was given over to normal prison guards, old men, not nice men
35:10and when we saw that, many of the uniforms the Gestapo guards had put away there,
35:20we said now when the Russians take over, you are the man who will be killed, not me, not we,
35:27let us out. They were very, they said no we can't do that, tonight the Gestapo will come back.
35:35And then we made, in the afternoon of Tuesday, we made an agreement with them and said,
35:40look we will put out ourselves, we the prisoners, some guards on the roof and observe the coming
35:49near of the Russian front and in the minute we hear a Russian gunfire, not only the artillery,
35:56shelling, then you let us out. They said all right. When the door was open at the prison,
36:03there was with us a Jewish-Russian doctor who was in concentration,
36:08inmate of Sachsenhausen, the famous, and he, I don't know by what reason, was a month ago was
36:15brought by the Gestapo to our prison to do the most dirty jobs in the prison all the time.
36:22And we couldn't contact him much but we knew him of course, then he stood there on the street and
36:28where to go as a Russian. And I said, look come with us, my mother-in-law will feed you,
36:35you can come in our basement. And he went with me. When the first units of the Russians came
36:40two days later, we meet them on the door, addressing them in Russian, here all,
36:46here are all anti-fascists in this, in this basement. When the Russian came in, in the end,
36:52we found, at least we found the first lot, the fighting troops which came in,
36:59they took away our watches of course and they were very cautious and we could understand that.
37:07They took away things they liked but they behaved very businesslike. They stayed in this house here
37:14and they lived in this room, three or four of them, quite high officers, and they got up in
37:20the morning at eight o'clock and then at nine o'clock they went out to the Tiergarten which
37:25isn't very far from here and behind the Tiergarten is or was the chancellery where Hitler was still
37:31alive and fighting. They went out and did their job and came back five o'clock in the afternoon,
37:39and then they asked me down here to play the piano and
37:47give them a little tune and then we drank together and we sang together.
37:54Suddenly we saw the first Russian soldiers. They knocked at our door, came in and were very kind,
38:05said to my mother and to me if there were German soldiers in the house or asked for weapons
38:18and then they left. But the next Russians were quite different.
38:26One of them raped me and other inhabitants of the house.
38:33These two women who were living next door, they were killed and we weren't able to bury them
38:39because the shelling was still going on. When the Russians came along and they asked us,
38:44where are your women? We want to have your women or Frau, Frau, Frau, they said in German,
38:50or they called German. So I had the trick or I found the trick to take them to these two dead
38:59bodies. I opened the carpet and said, this is my Frau here. I can't supply you with any women.
39:06These are the only two women we knew here, which we had. And the Russians
39:13kneeled down some of them and made the cross and said little prayers, which was very astounding,
39:22and got up again and kissed me because they thought I was the widower and gave me presents,
39:31gave me cigarettes, gave me bread, clapped me on my shoulder and went off again and got what
39:39they wanted probably the next house or on the next street. Every night time I used to go home
39:46to see my mother and get something to eat and some cigarettes because we didn't get any food
39:53at daytime. And my mother was every time, every night, she was very lucky to see me again naturally.
40:03And so my mother asked me and also other people from our house, they asked me, just
40:10take your uniform out, stay here and don't go back to fighting. And
40:18always I said no, I can't do it. I couldn't stay at home safe, you know, and they are still fighting.
40:32Zhukov called the Battle of Berlin one of the most difficult battles of the war.
40:36It cost the Russians over a hundred thousand men.
40:50Total German losses are unknown.
41:06The storming of Berlin continued. The encircling ring around the whole city and around the centre
41:23of Berlin itself was being drawn tighter and tighter. Only a few hundred yards separated us
41:29from the viper's nest of Hitler's headquarters, the Imperial Chancellery. Then he began my last
41:38will and then he dictated me at first his private will and afterwards his political testimony.
41:49And I must confess that I was at first in a very excited
41:57mood because I expected that I would be the first and the only one
42:06who knows, who is going to know the explanation and declaration why the war had come to this end
42:18and why Hitler couldn't stop and why the development and why the catastrophe.
42:27I thought, now I will come to the moment of the truth. And I was heart-bumping when I wrote down
42:38what Hitler said. But he used nothing new. He came out with his old phrases. He repeated
42:52his accusations, his revenge swearing to the enemy and to the Jewish
43:02capitalistic system. And then he announced in the second part of the political testament,
43:14he announced a new government. Eva Braun had by now persuaded the Führer to the point where he
43:28actually wanted to improvise a marriage service to her.
43:39To do this, they got an official from the propaganda ministry
43:48who would fulfill the function of registrar. I joined the others on this little
43:53workroom of Hitler. And they were sitting there around the table. And so I had to congratulate
44:02Eva Braun. And I was a little shy what to say. And I shook her hand and she said,
44:13oh, you can say Mrs. Hitler to me now. And I did. On the rocket, this is for the Reichstag.
44:23Others said, remember Stalingrad, remember the Ukraine,
44:33remember the widows and children, remember the tears.
44:41Hitler had now drawn his conclusions. He said farewell to everybody.
44:49I was the last one he came to. Hitler said to me, I have given the order to break out.
45:01You should break out in groups. Join one of these groups and try to get through to the West.
45:10Then I asked Hitler, for whom should we fight on for now?
45:15And to that Hitler said in a monotone, for the coming man. I saluted him. He gave me his hand
45:25and I disappeared out of the room. Suddenly, there was a bang. There was a shot and it was
45:34obviously within the bunker because the noises of the outside
45:44shooting, we know how they sound. And the little boy of Goebbels,
45:54he noticed and he noticed that there was another sound. He said, oh, that was a bullseye.
46:02That was a bullseye. And I thought, yes, you are right. That was really a bullseye.
46:13I went into Hitler's workroom with the former Reichsleiter Bormann and this picture presented
46:20itself to us. Hitler was sitting on the left of the sofa with his face bent slightly forward
46:29and hanging down to the right. With the 7.65, he had shot himself in the right temple.
46:39The blood had run down onto the carpet and from this pool of blood, a splash had got onto the
46:46sofa. Eva Braun was sitting on his right. Eva Braun had drawn both her legs up onto the sofa
47:03and was sitting there with cramped lips so that it immediately became clear to us that she had
47:10taken cyanide. I took Hitler by his neck. Behind me were two other officers from his bodyguard.
47:23And so we took Hitler's body and proceeded with it into the park.
47:29In the park, we laid the bodies together next to each other and poured the available petrol over them.
47:43In the Reich Chancellery Park, there was fire all around.
47:50A draught had got up so that we could not set the corpses alight with an ordinary match.
47:59So I twisted a taper out of some paper from a notebook and Reichsleiter Bormann,
48:09who meanwhile had also come upstairs with others like Dr Goebbels, Bergdorf and some officers,
48:16lit the taper and I threw the taper onto the bodies and in an instant the corpses were set alight.
48:28That night, we were the first to take the fight into the Chancellery itself.
48:44Our objective was to be the planting of our banner on the building itself.
48:50There was a group of us. Our group consisted of me,
48:53Salygin, Alimov and Uzbek, who was the young communist organiser of our battalion.
48:59He and his young communists had fought through with us together.
49:02They protected me so that I could fight my way in to hoist the flag.
49:06They gave me the banner to enable me to get into the building itself and hoist it up.
49:10Having got into the building, we started making our way up the staircase towards the attic.
49:18Some fascists opened up on us and Salygin was hit in the head and fell.
49:24His friends rushed forward to him while I had to make it upstairs to plant the banner.
49:36And having made my way onto the roof through a shell hole,
49:40I secured our red banner with a length of telegraph wire.
49:54When the armies of East and West met in the heart of Germany,
49:59there was a brief moment of warmth and comradery.
50:03Well, we can't think of anything quite the same way together, can we?
50:06Yes. Well, all the best, old man. I'm very, very glad to have met you. Very glad indeed.
50:17Thank you very much. We don't understand the language, but we mean the same thing.
50:23The Red Army saw themselves as liberators, not avengers.
50:40But the crimes of Hitler's Reich had to be paid for. It was the ordinary German who paid.

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