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00:00Down this road, on a summer day in 1944, the soldiers came.
00:22Nobody lives here now.
00:30They stayed only a few hours.
00:33When they had gone, a community which had lived for a thousand years was dead.
00:42This is Oradour-sur-Glane in France.
00:48The day the soldiers came, the people were gathered together.
00:53The men were taken to garages and barns.
00:56The women and children were led down this road, and they were driven into this church.
01:06Here they heard the firing as their men were shot.
01:12Then they were killed too.
01:15A few weeks later, many of those who had done the killing were themselves dead in battle.
01:27They never rebuilt Oradour.
01:29Its ruins are a memorial.
01:33Its martyrdom stands for thousand upon thousand of other martyrdoms in Poland, in Russia,
01:41in Burma, in China, in a world at war.
02:41This is Oradour-sur-Glane, and this is Oradour-sur-Glane, and this is Oradour-sur-Glane, and this is Oradour-sur-Glane.
03:11Remember the dead.
03:41In the Second World War, Britain and her Commonwealth lost 480,000 dead.
03:53One hundred and twenty thousand of them were from the Commonwealth.
04:01Forty thousand were civilians, men, women, and children killed in air raids on Britain.
04:12Compared to the slaughter of the First World War, the total is not great.
04:17But remember the dead.
04:19Each one a son, father, husband, lover, a brother.
04:32We had a telegram say that he was missing on operations, and it reads,
04:39Regret to inform you that your husband, Squadron Leader Thomas Henry Desmond Drinkwater, is
04:45missing as the result of air operations on Thursday the 18th of May 1944.
04:52Letter follows.
04:53Any further information received will be immediately communicated to you.
05:00Pending receipt of written notification from Air Ministry, no information should be given to the press.
05:15It's very funny, a battlefield.
05:44The other day I was watching a duck shoot.
05:46The actual area extended to about four square miles, of which a fifth was in action.
05:51All the rest was waiting.
05:53And a battlefield is like that.
05:54It's extraordinary how inanimate the whole thing seems.
05:57There's a little bit of an action going on in the right-hand corner of some sort.
06:01For the rest, there are people lying about, smoking.
06:04And waiting.
06:06And sleeping.
06:08And waiting.
06:10And waiting.
06:15It's one of the very singular things that films and books don't bring out.
06:18I think Tolstoy, perhaps, is the exception, of a battlefield where nothing seems to be
06:22happening.
06:23The action is always over a hedge somewhere in another corner, and it's a decisive thing.
06:28And then they ask you if you were there, and you weren't.
06:32Paris, June, 1940.
06:44They were there, all right, but for these soldiers, no parade, no triumph.
06:52Not the way we're used to seeing it on the newsreels.
07:02All rather quiet, really.
07:05Nothing much to write home about.
07:08Or perhaps this actually was the scene that would stay with them.
07:13The moment the soldiers would always remember.
07:29Looking back, you know, it's even 28 years now.
07:32I can hear it, and I can see it.
07:35I can smell it.
07:38And I think anybody who was there must have exactly the same impression, that, you know,
07:46it is something that they will always remember.
07:50There's much soldiers don't want to forget.
08:05At Mainz in West Germany, veterans of the Deutsches Afrikakorps meet, as they do every
08:09couple of years, to relive the past.
08:12There are wives and camp followers, and guests from Australia, from Britain, from Italy.
08:20Old comrades, old enemies, old memories, and plenty of beer.
08:30It's a funny thing about Marines, or maybe a funny thing about fighting men of all kinds.
08:35Their minds have a tendency to cloud out all of the unhappy things, and you think only
08:39of the happy things.
08:41When I'm with other Marines, and we talk about the war, we talk about some of the funny
08:46things that happened to us.
08:47We never really dwell on the unhappy ones.
08:50And I think that would be true of fighting men all over the world.
08:53I think one of the things about being in a tank battalion is that you lived completely
09:08with your crew, of your tank, and completely with your troop.
09:12And so, at night, for example, when one came in to Lager, one would dig a hole and drive
09:17the tank over it, and you slept and did everything with your crew.
09:22So that one got enormously fond of them, and one got to know each other extremely well.
09:28You knew they were making the right decisions, and you just drove on, apart from the fact
09:33you were age 19, and you were young and daft, and you would have gone anywhere.
09:36We didn't really find time to have the sort of conversation that we might have now, sitting
09:43here.
09:44I certainly never remember discussing the outcome of the war, or whether the Germans
09:50were right, or we were right, or anything like that at all.
09:54I mean, it was just day-to-day, honest goodness, living together, and very pleasant it was.
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11:00We had a chap who was an experienced butcher as the co-driver, and he always arranged that
11:08there should be two jerry cans of water right behind where the exhaust pipes came out, where
11:12they'd be constantly more or less on the boil.
11:15And if, it seemed to be in the middle of a battle, however, whatever was happening,
11:20and he spied a pig, he would leap out, unscrew the soft and great hammer you have for breaking
11:25the tracks, and rush off, bash this pig on the head, drag it back, bring it in through
11:29the side pannier door, and get hold of these two cans of water, and light up the stove,
11:37and boil the water, and scrape the pig, and we'd all have the most delicious pork chops
11:42any time, day or night.
11:43And we lived very well, and it was partly the sort of scavenging of the crews, and the
11:49finding of the wine, and the jam, and the eggs, and all the other things, which helped
11:54make the comradeship one of the things that made it such fun.
12:02Fun and fear.
12:08I don't think I was frightened, I was scared.
12:11You know, when you're scared, you know you're more alert, you know.
12:14It's like, well, you're playing a game with somebody, and you're going to go through the
12:17woods, you've got a gun, and he's got a gun, and who's going to shoot first?
12:20I guess it's sort of like a duel, you know, who's going to turn around and pull the trigger first?
12:37Fear and fun.
12:40Moments even of beauty.
12:48Well, I speak of the lust of the eye, a biblical phrase, because much of the appeal of battle
12:54is simply this attraction of the outlandish, the strange.
13:00But there is, of course, an element of beauty in this.
13:05And I must say that this is surely, from ancient times, one of the most enduring appeals of battle.
13:23One could be drawn into, absorbed by the spectacle, I think, especially of southern France, the
13:30horrific bombardment of our planes coming over the southern coast of France.
13:35I literally expected the coast to detach itself and go into the ocean.
13:42But to watch this was to forget that you had to, when it stopped, you had to get into landing
13:50boats and make off for the shore.
13:54It was just a dawn, a terrific spectacle in which I think everybody, including, of course,
14:00myself, was drawn into it.
14:03We forgot all about ourselves.
14:24The city falls.
14:26In an hour, a soldier, senses quickened, time speeded up, might kill and make love and face
14:32death again.
14:34One room had a piano in it, and I was sitting at the piano playing with one finger this
14:39British soldier, a real, you couldn't have made a better cartoon of a typical British
14:45infantryman.
14:46He was grimy.
14:47He was dirty.
14:48He had his helmet on.
14:50He had his infield rifle.
14:52He had grenades festooned on him, and he had this young 15-year-old Italian chick with
14:57him who was a very buxom young lass who did not look inexperienced in spite of her age.
15:04And he nodded very politely to me and then ignored me totally and went to a cupboard
15:09over in the corner and found some nice lace table napery, whatever.
15:21He found a doily which he placed on the floor.
15:24He was very delicate because the room was full of plaster dust, and proceeded to cohabit
15:29with this girl on the doily.
15:32Very delicate of him, you know.
15:34Meanwhile, I'm sitting there pecking out a tune on the piano, watching.
15:38The whole thing was a weird scene, and I felt, would it be better if I left?
15:44And then I felt, well, no, it would be too...
15:46I was trying to do the polite thing.
15:48I was trying to...
15:50They never, in a sense, gave me a chance to leave, really.
15:54And so they left.
15:56The girl smiled over her shoulder at me, and the soldier said, so long, yank, or something
16:01like that, and went back out and back to battle.
16:07It was a weird sort of, probably in many ways the weirdest and strangest and most sort of
16:12dreamlike thing I can remember out of the whole war, this little episode, which lasted
16:17all of about five minutes.
16:25Good to remember the good days.
16:33The soldiers were welcome.
16:35Everyone was happy.
16:37The wine was red.
16:40Winford Vaughan Thomas remembers the liberation of the Burgundy vineyards.
16:46Well, of course, there came a moment when the French army paused for a moment, and the
16:50Americans couldn't quite understand it.
16:51They were up in the mountains, and I remember dear General Patch saying to me, he said,
16:54Mr. Thomas, he said, you know a little bit more about the French.
16:56Why aren't they advancing?
16:57They're at this place, Chalons, or something.
16:59So I looked at the map.
17:00It was Chalons-sur-Seau in the beginning of the Burgundy vineyard country.
17:04I go across, and there, very rightly, there was de Lille.
17:07I go across, and there, very rightly, there was de Lille, Tassigny, Mont-Saber, and their
17:10staff looking at the problem.
17:13They had L'Armat, l'Atlas, Vinicole de la France in front of them, and they were studying
17:17it, because it would be tragic if they fought through Beaune and Rue Saint-Georges and the
17:23great vineyards of Burgundy.
17:26France would never forgive them.
17:28And they were paused.
17:29And suddenly, a young soldier arrived and said, courage, my generals.
17:33I found the weak spot of the German defenses.
17:35Every one is on a vineyard of inferior quality.
17:39The lad made his decision.
17:40J'attaque.
17:41And for three days, we fought our way through the cellars.
17:46And on the third day, I emerged, bewildered, looking towards Dijon.
17:50And I realized we liberated Burgundy.
17:53A poet saw beneath the skin.
17:57Vergisst mein nicht.
17:59Forget me not.
18:02Three weeks gone, and the combatants gone.
18:06Returning over the nightmare ground, we found the place again, and found the soldier sprawling
18:11in the sun.
18:14The frowning barrel of his gun overshadowed by the sun.
18:19The frowning barrel of his gun overshadowing, as we came on that day, he hit my tank with
18:25one like the entry of a demon.
18:28Look, here in the gunpit spoiled, the dishonored picture of his girl, who has put Steffi, vergisst
18:36mein nicht, in a copybook Gothic script.
18:41We see him, almost with content, abased, and seeming to have paid, and mocked at by his
18:48own equipment that's hard and good, when he's decayed.
18:54But she would weep to see today how on his skin the sword flies move, the dust upon the
19:00paper eye, and the burst stomach like a cave.
19:05For here the lover and killer are mingled, who had one body and one heart.
19:10And death, who had the soldier singled, has done the lover mortal hurt.
19:20Remember the war poet, Keith Douglas, killed in Normandy in 1944.
19:31Away from the front, beyond the battle, the soldiers came and went as strangers.
19:37After a few weeks in the line, I got away one afternoon and climbed up into the Apennines
19:44and met the old hermit.
19:48We sat down and began to talk, and of course the artillery in the valley below opened up,
19:54and he began to ask me questions about the war, and I gradually became aware that he
19:59knew what was going on.
20:01My attempts to explain what was going on faltered, not only because of my rather poor Italian,
20:09but because I suddenly realized that I couldn't possibly explain to him why Americans and
20:18Britishers were fighting in Italy against Germans with Italians on both sides.
20:24It seemed an impossible task.
20:26Even had he been speaking my own language, I wouldn't have been able to tell him what
20:32the war was about, because I didn't really know myself in any deeper sense what the war
20:39was about.
20:42In a sense, the people I fought with in the war were, in my view, all heroes, in the sense
20:54that they were tremendous believers in what we were trying to do.
20:59There was an amazing spirit of dedication to the task in hand.
21:04This was very moving and a tremendous inspiration.
21:09Whose idea it was, of course you can never trace, but it was a sort of infection, and
21:14this applied to people who came from all over the world, and Bomber Command was an extraordinarily
21:18cosmopolitan sort of command.
21:21I think by the time I was in it, about 40% of it came from overseas, mostly from New
21:27Zealand, Australia, Canada, but also from many other countries, and not all by any means
21:33British.
21:34There were lots of Czechs and Poles serving in Bomber Command, and the spirit of dedication
21:39was, as I say, moving, but where it really came from is something I've never understood.
21:45It was the task in hand inspired the idea, and in that sense I think this was a heroic
21:49idea.
21:58It's just now and again the nightmare in the night, you know, where you just remember somebody
22:02who you turn around on the deck of a destroyer, and next minute he wasn't there, you know,
22:08he'd gone, swept away.
22:18Casuals were bad enough at any time, but particularly perhaps in the last two months of the war,
22:22there were men there, you'd been with them for five years, they were not just colleagues,
22:27they were close friends, you knew their family all about them, and you saw them getting knocked
22:31off in the last few days of the war. It was particularly sad at that time.
22:49I am commanded by the Air Council to state that in view of the lapse of time and the
22:54absence of any further news regarding your husband, Acting Squadron Leader THD Drinkwater
23:00DFC, since the date on which he was reported missing, they must regretfully conclude that
23:07he has lost his life and his death has now been presumed, for official purposes, to have
23:13occurred on the 18th of May 1944.
23:18I don't think any of us were, you know, patriotic men in the sense that we would stand rigidly
23:31to attention and wave flags. We were just glad to be alive, and in some way, you know,
23:40we were rather proud that this kind of army we'd been in for so long, which had done so
23:45many daft things and where we'd been bellowed at and shouted at and generally mucked around
23:52and spent thousands of hours on exercises and standing about in the rain and the mud
23:57and the snow, had finally managed to bring off what, when you look at it in fairly cold
24:04light, was a pretty big adventure.
24:15When I was young, I couldn't understand why people would want to go to cenotaph ceremonies.
24:30I go now, and I'm proud to go, because I remember the people who didn't come back.
24:35And out of it comes this terrible feeling in my mind of waste and yet of proud comradeship.
24:45You're lying in the trench, and the shells come down. You're frightened to death.
24:59And the chap next door to you says, have a cigarette, mate. It'll go. It's like rain.
25:04And suddenly, he's a better man than you. He's given you strength to go on, and somehow
25:08that is what you remember out of the war. It's the comradeship.
25:15THE COMRADESHIP
25:36Remember the comradeship, and remember the suffering.
25:42Another road. Another village. Same orders.
25:53Soldiers. Some seeing, not feeling. Others enjoying their work.
26:00Well, I think it's one of the melancholy aspects of human nature. You'll notice it with boys
26:14who love to break windows to hear the glass tinkle. But there are a great many soldiers
26:23who take a great pleasure in destroying people, wasting things.
26:39I find this aspect of human nature not discussed enough, but it is surely one of the causes of warfare.
26:53THE DEAD
27:13Remember the dead.
27:17In the Second World War she started, Germany lost nearly five million dead.
27:22Two and a half million were killed in action. One and a half million died in Russian prison camps.
27:28Half a million German civilians died in Allied bombing raids. Another half million at the war's end.
27:37Remember the dead and the scarred survivors.
27:41THE EFFECTS OF WAR
27:47The effect of war on people who take part in it is, of course, extremely various.
27:52I mean, lots of people are maimed completely, either mentally or physically.
27:57But I suppose the majority of those who survive, survive apparently intact.
28:02But there must be marked effects, and I think in some ways the effects are very good on people
28:07because they feel that to a certain extent they've been able to fulfil themselves.
28:11And I think a lot of people go right through life without ever feeling a sense of fulfilment.
28:16But those who take part in hectic war operations usually get a sense of fulfilment to some extent,
28:22especially if they believe in what they're trying to do, which I think in war people tend to do very readily.
28:28On the other hand, I think there are very bad effects, obvious bad effects.
28:33One of the less obvious ones is that people who undertake these operations, I think,
28:38have a tendency to feel afterwards that society owes them something very special.
28:43And when the war's over, they tend to go home or go back to wherever they came from
28:48and expect people to look up to them and to look after them, which is not what people are going to do at all,
28:53nor is it even what people ought to do.
29:04Remember the mud? You get used to it, of course.
29:09You get used to anything.
29:14Easily hardened to others' suffering.
29:19It's a curious thing. You could almost equate it to television today and what it's done to us in many ways.
29:24The realities of the situation, people are still wanting to sweep under carpet.
29:29I turn around to my kids during the Napa bombing in Vietnam and I say,
29:33just don't sit there. You know, that is a real child, that burning torch running across a field.
29:38But it means nothing to them.
29:42And that is a real man scrambling for a potato, soon to starve to death.
30:00Remember the dead.
30:04In the Second World War, two and a half million Japanese died, among them half a million civilians.
30:14Japanese fighting men fought to the death.
30:17Nearly 20 Japanese soldiers were killed, for every one wounded or maimed.
30:23We had this orthopod, or orthopedic surgeon, from Baltimore.
30:31He gave me the definition, and I've used all these many years of sympathy for the disability.
30:38And he said, son, you know where you find sympathy?
30:41He said, you find it in the dictionary, between shit and syphilis.
30:45And I've remembered that all these many years.
30:53Remember the civilians who'd gotten away.
30:57You could miss seeing them from a bomber.
31:00But on the ground, the soldiers knew.
31:06One of the things that seemed to me to cause most guilt in World War II
31:11was this failure to discriminate between combatants and non-combatants.
31:16I felt, even then, as many other soldiers did,
31:20that we were guilty of indiscriminate terroristic bombing.
31:25Many soldiers had to kill innocent women and children, non-combatants.
31:36In this sense, there is such a thing as collectivism.
31:41In this sense, there is such a thing as collective guilt,
31:44insofar as this decision was made at the highest levels
31:48and approved by many people, both soldiers and civilians.
32:04Remember the dead.
32:06Remember the dead.
32:09In the Second World War, America was not invaded or even bombed.
32:13But the United States lost 300,000 fighting men killed in action,
32:19far from home.
32:23Well, what I found when I came home,
32:26and I've been rather disgusted with myself ever since,
32:29was that the readjustment to their kind of life,
32:36the life that I had led before myself,
32:39was virtually impossible.
32:42Because however much you hate being in a war,
32:46the things that you come back to seem very, very trivial.
32:49Reporting to the local council,
32:51talking about a new gent's lavatory and things like this,
32:54don't seem to matter at all.
32:56And of course, all these things matter to the people around you.
32:59And I shut up, I shut myself in, for about a year.
33:03I must have behaved extremely badly, I'm well aware of it.
33:06And I've never forgotten it and never ceased to feel sorry for it.
33:10Because I think it must have made life pretty intolerable for people around me.
33:14But it was just that I couldn't... I couldn't communicate.
33:18I'd lost my sense of communication with people that I'd known for all those years.
33:26Because I'd begun to understand an entirely new breed of people
33:32who were all thrown together in a common thing.
33:37I think that was it.
33:42More roads to more villages.
33:45More orders to obey.
33:52Corporal, take two men and clear the village.
33:56Leave the men behind for now.
33:59Move the women and children.
34:02Corporal, hurry the goodbyes up, will you?
34:26I think it has taught me all the rest of my life.
34:56That there is a line which a man dare not cross.
35:01A line which separates the reasonably just and human from the mere functionary.
35:25The Corporal and the soldiers have wives and children too.
35:56Remember the Russian dead.
35:59In the Second World War, the Soviet Union, already bled by Stalin's terror,
36:03lost 20 million dead.
36:06Millions in action on Russian soil.
36:09The bloody defeats of 41 and 42.
36:12The bloody victories of 43 and 45.
36:18And millions of prisoners of war died in German hands,
36:21deprived of food, clothing, shelter.
36:24For these prisoners, no escape.
36:27About a million were shot.
36:30And millions of Russian civilians died from shooting, bombing, shelling,
36:35forced winter marches, engineered starvation.
36:3920th century total war.
36:54Remember the Russian dead.
36:57The 20 million.
37:10Soldiers, remember the dead.
37:13Remember the dead.
37:16Remember the dead.
37:20Soldiers, remember the dead.
37:23Remember all the others.
37:2815 million Chinese died in the Second World War, most from starvation.
37:33And in occupied Europe, more than a million and a half Yugoslavs died,
37:38for a country that never stopped fighting.
37:41And 3 million Poles, and more than 5 million Jews.
37:46And over half a million Frenchmen and women, many in the resistance.
37:50And brave men and women in Norway, and Holland, and Denmark, and Belgium.
37:56And hundreds of thousands in Czechoslovakia, Romania, Bulgaria, Hungary.
38:02And over 300,000 Greeks.
38:05And half a million Italians in a country that was fought over,
38:08and fought on both sides.
38:11And Spaniards in Russia, and Indians in Burma.
38:15Remember them all.
38:1855 million dead.
38:26I did not know death had undone so many.
38:32Mothers and daughters, fathers and sons.
38:45I did not know death had undone so many.
39:05The young are too young to remember.
39:09Perhaps too young to understand.
39:13I think one of the great effects of war upon people who take part in it
39:18is the extent to which it tends to cut them off
39:21from both their elders and their own children.
39:25And the same thing applies in a different way as between a father and a son.
39:30I mean, I feel this myself, in my own relationship with my parents
39:35at the time of the war, and with my children today,
39:38that, in a sense, they neither can nor wish to envisage
39:42the circumstances in which we lived in the war.
39:45And we have a rather arrogant sort of feeling that they ought to wish
39:49to understand these dreadful things that happened to us, but they don't.
39:53And this cuts one off, both from the elder and the younger generation.
39:57I think people are in any case cut off from these generations.
40:00There is a generation gap under any circumstances.
40:03But I think war, as in so many other aspects of life,
40:07does emphasise those sort of considerations,
40:10and very much so in creating and nourishing a generation gap.
40:29Nuremberg.
40:31Here, on this ground, Adolf Hitler spoke to the National Socialist Party
40:36and to the German nation 40 years ago.
40:46Forty years on, West Germany's Chancellor,
40:49twice elected by popular vote, is Willy Brandt.
40:55Brandt was a traitor to Hitler's Germany.
40:58He fought in the Norwegian resistance.
41:02In Warsaw, as in Jerusalem, he remembers the dead.
41:13Of all Germans alive today,
41:16half were not born when the Second World War began.
41:26Well, we have all sorts of things to remember in Bahrain.
41:29We've got one here from Buckingham Palace.
41:32The Queen and I offer you our heartfelt sympathy in your great sorrow.
41:38We pray that your country's gratitude for a life so nobly given
41:42in its service may bring you some measure of consolation.
41:471939-45.
41:51E. Bickerstedt.
41:53J. Curtis.
41:55E. Fraser.
41:57L. Humphrey.
41:59G. Nixon.
42:01A. Scofield.
42:03L. Chandler.
42:05A. Plower.
42:07S. Horan.
42:09J. Walsh.
42:11J. Walsh.
42:13J. Plower.
42:15S. Horan.
42:17C. Nixon.
42:19P. Patrick.
42:43TROMBONE PLAYS
43:14BIRDS CHIRP
43:21They were very young.
43:24They did not ask to die as heroes.
43:30They would rather have lived for those that loved them,
43:34those they loved.
43:43BIRDS CHIRP
44:05And this was the last letter he ever wrote to his wife.
44:09Darling, let me tell you again I love you.
44:12This past weekend has made me so pleased that you are my wife
44:18because I am so in love with you
44:21and I know I shall love you for the rest of my life.
44:24And darling, thank you for loving me.
44:28My sweet, I am sure you have got something belonging to me
44:32because I am always so happy when I am with you.
44:36But as soon as we are apart I just go as flat as can be.
44:41I am like a man with no brain but only a memory for you.
44:46Oh, darling, it is terrible.
44:49Please don't think I am sloppy or stupid,
44:52though I may be, but I just can't get over it.
44:57Perhaps I am a bit tired tonight
45:00and after a night's rest I shall be better and able to rest.
45:06I shall write you a nice letter.
45:09Anyway, I'll see.
45:12I am afraid, darling, my operational flying days are nearly over.
45:17The wing commander has told me twice already this evening
45:21that I can't go on so many shows in future
45:25and he is very concerned about it.
45:28He said, out of fairness to you and your wife,
45:32I don't intend for you to stay on ops much longer,
45:36even if you want to.
45:38You see, there was something in what I said,
45:42but hell, I am going to miss this life.
45:45I have had over three years of it
45:47and the trouble is now that I know nothing else.
45:53My sweet, I must off to bed now.
45:56I can hardly see what I am writing.
45:59I love you, my own precious darling,
46:02more than anything else in this world.
46:06Yours forever, Tom.
46:29ORADOUR SUR GLAN
46:52At the village of Oradour-sur-Glan,
46:55the day the soldiers came,
46:58they killed more than 600 men, women and children.
47:06Remember.
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