Discovery Secrets of Egypts Lost Queen

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00:00:00She reigned over the greatest empire on Earth, more powerful than Cleopatra.

00:00:07She ruled Egypt in the Golden Age as a woman.

00:00:10This ancient queen took the throne as a king.

00:00:15Then, suddenly, she vanished.

00:00:19Now, the most exciting missing persons hunt of all time is on.

00:00:24The search for a female pharaoh, her name erased from history.

00:00:28The images of Hatshepsut as king had to be removed.

00:00:3121st century technology will lead researchers to a monumental discovery,

00:00:35the first pharaoh found since King Tut.

00:00:38This is a perfect place to hide the mummy of the queen.

00:00:42Will 3,000-year-old DNA finally reveal the secrets of the lost queen?

00:00:52It's ancient Egypt's greatest unsolved mystery, and it starts here.

00:00:59You guys be careful.

00:01:03300 feet under the Valley of the Kings.

00:01:06The walls are all crumbly, the roof is untrustworthy.

00:01:13Really.

00:01:14The last known whereabouts of a mysterious queen.

00:01:17Her name, Hatshepsut, and this is her tomb, KV20.

00:01:22Oh, boy.

00:01:23There's just a small crack between the rotten ceiling and the floor,

00:01:28and it doesn't look very good.

00:01:30But even this little room we're in right now looks like it's ready to collapse.

00:01:33Let's just get it done and get out of here.

00:01:35Yeah, you don't like it either, do you?

00:01:36Nope.

00:01:37You're right.

00:01:38To try and get in there right now would be very, very, very dangerous.

00:01:44Egypt's top archaeologist, Zahi Hawass, is determined to clear a path into the sealed chamber.

00:01:50For years, he's been obsessed with the story of Hatshepsut,

00:01:53trying to find out what happened to her and where her mummy might be.

00:01:57She ruled Egypt in the Golden Age.

00:02:00As a woman, we know very little about her.

00:02:03And that's why I think it's very important for us to search for her mummy.

00:02:08But the tunnel to her tomb has been collapsing for decades.

00:02:12To clear the rubble, Zahi's diggers head down into the earth.

00:02:17Floodwaters have caused these walls to crumble.

00:02:22The passage takes them deep underground.

00:02:27Like their forebears thousands of years ago,

00:02:30they're tunneling through the darkness with only buckets and shovels

00:02:34and hundreds of tons of rock overhead.

00:02:38This is the last place Hatshepsut was ever seen.

00:02:42She wasn't just a queen, she was a pharaoh who ruled as a man,

00:02:47leading the largest kingdom of the ancient world, Egypt, during its most powerful dynasty.

00:02:53Her trade expeditions were groundbreaking,

00:02:56the scale of her building program unprecedented.

00:02:59In fact, she was King Tut's ancestor.

00:03:04But we know so little about her.

00:03:06But we know so little about her.

00:03:08The reason?

00:03:10Someone actually tried to wipe out her name from the pages of history.

00:03:18Her achievements were systematically erased,

00:03:21her statues smashed, her legacy destroyed,

00:03:24and her mummy itself vanished.

00:03:29Like any missing persons case,

00:03:31the search for Hatshepsut must start in the place she disappeared.

00:03:34Here, the Valley of the Kings,

00:03:36and this tomb known as KV-20,

00:03:39corkscrewing nearly 35 stories into the ground.

00:03:50Through two days the men have been working.

00:03:53They've removed tons of rubble.

00:03:59Eventually, the chamber is revealed.

00:04:05Now Zahi must ascend into the tomb.

00:04:10Hatshepsut herself had this grave built,

00:04:13the very first one in the Valley of the Kings.

00:04:18It's like the ancient times.

00:04:23And the stone rubble is everywhere.

00:04:26It's very loose.

00:04:29This is the deepest tomb in Egypt.

00:04:32Many believe the deepest in the world.

00:04:35We are under the mountain now.

00:04:37Can you imagine?

00:04:39I think we are almost now 450 feet under the ground.

00:04:44It's very difficult to breathe.

00:04:46I can feel there is no oxygen.

00:04:48God, that's the end of the tunnel.

00:04:51And now I will enter the burial chamber of Queen Hatshepsut.

00:04:57Hawass has been to hundreds of tombs,

00:04:59but this one isn't like any of the others.

00:05:02He's the first person to enter this burial chamber in 100 years.

00:05:08This is fantastic.

00:05:10God.

00:05:13It's very impressive.

00:05:14I never really thought that I would feel this.

00:05:17Something inside.

00:05:19Very impressed.

00:05:20I'm very impressed.

00:05:22Archaeology is adventure.

00:05:26It's so amazing.

00:05:28Look at the burial chamber of the Queen that I have never seen before.

00:05:34This is where Hatshepsut's mummy and her sarcophagus were placed by her priests.

00:05:39It was found in this place.

00:05:41Important evidence to prove that the Queen was actually buried in this tomb.

00:05:48But the next time that sarcophagus was seen, it was empty.

00:05:51Her body has been missing for centuries.

00:05:54Was it actually moved thousands of years ago?

00:05:57Was it destroyed?

00:05:59Where is her mummy?

00:06:01This is the beginning of the search.

00:06:03It's entering in the tomb.

00:06:05And after that we have to decide what's happened to the mummy after that.

00:06:11Now the hunt for this lost queen begins.

00:06:14Zahi and his team will head out across Egypt to find her missing mummy.

00:06:20And Egyptologist Dr. Cara Cooney will look for Hatshepsut's story

00:06:24to discover once and for all why this great woman was removed from history.

00:06:29So I'm looking at these images of Hatshepsut removed here, removed here.

00:06:34She's removed here from this purification scene.

00:06:37Goes all the way up to the ceilings.

00:06:38They brought in scaffolding to remove her everywhere that they could.

00:06:41What I don't understand is what it was that this woman did that was so wrong and horrible

00:06:47that they had to actually remove her image, remove her names,

00:06:50make sure that she ceased to exist in that Karnak Temple space.

00:06:54And the thing is, this is not just in this room.

00:06:56It's not just in Karnak Temple.

00:06:58It's in the entire Theban region.

00:07:00It's in all of Egypt.

00:07:02The images of Hatshepsut as king had to be removed.

00:07:09So what happened to her?

00:07:13The search for her story begins at Karnak Temple,

00:07:17one of the largest religious complexes in the world.

00:07:20And vast amounts of it were built by Hatshepsut herself.

00:07:24A groundbreaking find has just been made here.

00:07:27There is something.

00:07:31And Zahi Hawass is on his way to check it out.

00:07:34A French team digging in the shadows of an obelisk erected by Hatshepsut

00:07:39has discovered something unexpected.

00:07:47It's a face, a huge one.

00:07:49It's a mouse.

00:07:52A statue, an image buried by Hatshepsut herself.

00:08:01Right next to the statue, a tiny object bearing Hatshepsut's name.

00:08:06It's called a cartouche and it seems insignificant.

00:08:09But it's the pharaoh's royal seal.

00:08:13And it's one of the few surviving pieces of evidence

00:08:16that just might help explain what happened to the lost queen

00:08:19and why she vanished.

00:08:21When you dig, you never know in advance.

00:08:23It's always a surprise.

00:08:25It's the first time you can discover this in this place.

00:08:29This is a very important discovery.

00:08:31It's fantastic. Congratulations.

00:08:33For you.

00:08:37A name once erased from the history books has suddenly reappeared

00:08:41and a cold case 30 centuries old is just heating up.

00:08:51The hunt for Hatshepsut's body is underway

00:08:54and at Karnak Temple they're trying to piece together her story.

00:08:59It's written here.

00:09:01Put it here.

00:09:05We're close.

00:09:07Be careful.

00:09:09Dr Francois Larcher is responsible

00:09:11for reconstructing the great monuments here.

00:09:13We have a whole series of blocks

00:09:15coming from a door of Amenhotep III,

00:09:19another series coming from a portico of Tutankhamen,

00:09:23and the third one,

00:09:25all these columns, all these drums

00:09:29are coming from a colonnade from the palace of Hatshepsut.

00:09:38His is the biggest jigsaw puzzle the world has ever seen.

00:09:41Tens of thousands of stone blocks, statues and carvings.

00:09:45As you can see, it's quite an amazing storeroom.

00:09:49We have already registered more than 16,000 objects.

00:09:54Tiny decorated fragments like this one, for example.

00:09:58The beautiful sandstone face

00:10:00which belonged to the face of Thutmose I.

00:10:03It looks like Hatshepsut.

00:10:05By the way, they were father and daughter,

00:10:08so it's quite normal that they look alike.

00:10:12One of his first projects was the rebuilding

00:10:15of Hatshepsut's place of worship, the Red Chapel.

00:10:18The hieroglyphs on its walls, for those able to read them,

00:10:22tell an amazing story.

00:10:24The story of Hatshepsut's life, her wild rise to power.

00:10:29She is born a princess,

00:10:31the daughter of a pharaoh, Thutmose I.

00:10:34As the king's daughter, she is tutored to follow in his footsteps,

00:10:38even though she is a girl, in a kingdom run by men.

00:10:41I would love to say that Thutmose I

00:10:44saw in his daughter an ability to rule,

00:10:48even though she was a woman,

00:10:50that maybe his own son didn't have.

00:10:52Had she been a boy, she'd have been next in line to rule.

00:10:56But when her beloved father dies,

00:10:58it's her half-brother, Thutmose II, who inherits the throne.

00:11:02Her father's son by a harem wife, he's only partly royal.

00:11:07But to bolster his credentials,

00:11:09he marries the young Hatshepsut, his half-sister.

00:11:14Now she's just a royal wife

00:11:16until something happens that will change her life.

00:11:21In downtown Cairo,

00:11:23the search for Hatshepsut's mummy is just gearing up.

00:11:27How do you track down someone

00:11:29who has been missing for three and a half millennia?

00:11:32To know what they're looking for,

00:11:34Zahi Hawass and his team have assembled a checklist

00:11:37from the facts and images of the time.

00:11:40Age, 40 to 50.

00:11:42Eyes, broadly spaced.

00:11:44Nose, aquiline.

00:11:46Eyes, broadly spaced.

00:11:48Nose, aquiline.

00:11:50Mouth, small.

00:11:52Face, heart-shaped.

00:11:54She will have the fine linen wrappings of a pharaoh

00:11:57and the bent arm that signifies royalty,

00:12:00both typical of the mummification style of the 18th dynasty.

00:12:08With this information,

00:12:09Zahi Hawass has come up with a list of suspects,

00:12:12unidentified mummies he believes might be Hatshepsut.

00:12:16Now he's on the trail of his first lead.

00:12:19But tracking down the pharaoh's mummies is never easy.

00:12:23Hawass knows that they've been shifted

00:12:25from tomb to tomb over the centuries

00:12:27by priests to save them from thieves and plunderers.

00:12:31When they were moved, the mummies' names were often lost.

00:12:35The priests have to save the mummies.

00:12:37What they did first,

00:12:38they took mummies from their original tombs

00:12:41and they put it nearby.

00:12:43And that's why I do have a belief

00:12:46that the mummy of Queen Hatshepsut

00:12:50was moved from her tomb, KV 20,

00:12:54to the tomb nearby.

00:12:56That's why Hawass has turned to a tomb

00:12:58not far from Hatshepsut's original burial place,

00:13:02a tomb discovered in 1903 by Howard Carter of King Tut fame.

00:13:07It's known as KV 60.

00:13:10But it was forgotten for nearly a century

00:13:13until rediscovered by explorer Don Ryan.

00:13:17Two mummies were found here.

00:13:19One in a coffin marked with the name of Hatshepsut's nanny

00:13:23was moved to the Cairo Museum.

00:13:25The other is still here, a mystery.

00:13:29This is a perfect place to hide the mummy of the queen.

00:13:40♪♪♪

00:13:45♪♪♪

00:13:50♪♪♪

00:13:55♪♪♪

00:14:03This is the face of a woman who lived 3,500 years ago,

00:14:07a woman who believed that if her body was preserved,

00:14:10her spirit would last for eternity.

00:14:13She has the powerful physique of a queen.

00:14:16The question is, is this Hatshepsut?

00:14:19It's in a perfect condition.

00:14:22Actually, one of the most preserved mummy.

00:14:26Since it's just a makeshift coffin,

00:14:28the team rips it apart to get a better look.

00:14:33What Zahi is hunting for

00:14:34are the identifying clues that match his checklist.

00:14:37He finds several, the high-grade linen

00:14:40and elegant wrapping of a royal, and that's just the start.

00:14:44She has her right hand on her chest.

00:14:47This is a mark of royalty.

00:14:49The face is beautiful face, shows a strong lady,

00:14:55very strong lady, as a matter of fact,

00:14:57strong, impressive royal mummy.

00:15:02Now they have to prepare the mummy for transport

00:15:05to the forensic lab in Cairo.

00:15:09But the bones are brittle with age.

00:15:12Very tense, you have to be careful with the mummy.

00:15:15You have to care about the safety of the mummy.

00:15:23Perfect, very good.

00:15:26This is fine.

00:15:27We have to tell this mummy goodbye for now

00:15:29before we see the mummy in Cairo.

00:15:41Emerging from the sleep of centuries,

00:15:43the body in this box could be Hatshepsut.

00:15:48For the first time in 3,500 years,

00:15:50it leaves the Valley of the Kings.

00:15:54For the first time ever,

00:15:55it journeys through airport security.

00:15:59It's just a warm-up for the CT scan to come

00:16:02as it heads to the Cairo Museum.

00:16:06Besides the two mummies,

00:16:07one other clue was found in tomb KV60,

00:16:10a distinctive mask.

00:16:12The gold has been scraped off by tomb robbers,

00:16:15but another detail is intriguing.

00:16:18It's a female face with a notch cut into the chin,

00:16:21an indentation to hold a pharaoh's false beard

00:16:24for a woman who ruled as a man.

00:16:26Could this be a clue?

00:16:28A little girl who became a pharaoh.

00:16:32As a 12-year-old married to her half-brother,

00:16:34Hatshepsut is destined to be just another queen

00:16:37in the shadow of her husband.

00:16:39But Tut Moses II is weak, and according to many,

00:16:43Hatshepsut is the power behind the throne.

00:16:46When her husband dies, everything changes.

00:16:50A huge burden is placed upon her.

00:16:52The age of 15, her husband dies, the king dies,

00:16:55and she then has to be regent for this toddler

00:16:58that's not her son, it's her stepson, her nephew,

00:17:01and all of a sudden she's thrust into that position again

00:17:04of having to take extreme responsibility

00:17:06for the entire country of Egypt and for her dynastic line.

00:17:10As a 15-year-old regent, Hatshepsut must safeguard

00:17:13a stepson, Tut Moses III, a daughter, Neferrurei,

00:17:17and an entire nation.

00:17:20But as her stepson gets closer to the age

00:17:22when boys become kings, a series of bold moves

00:17:25makes it clear the regent queen isn't ready

00:17:28to give up the power.

00:17:35Okay, this block really says it all.

00:17:37This block sets up the co-regency.

00:17:39Here we have Hatshepsut, and her name is here,

00:17:42Tut Moses III, his name is here.

00:17:44This is a strange scene because this woman

00:17:46was supposed to be the regent only for this king.

00:17:49But if you look at it, she's in the primary position.

00:17:52She's first, she takes precedence.

00:17:54At 22, Hatshepsut is about to make the boldest move ever.

00:18:02Hatshepsut does something unprecedented.

00:18:04In a time of prosperity, she takes the kingship,

00:18:07she takes the throne as a woman.

00:18:17From this moment on, she is no longer just Queen Hatshepsut.

00:18:22She is the pharaoh Ma'at Kara, king of Upper and Lower Egypt.

00:18:28She goes through the complex ritual of coronation

00:18:31here at this place in Thebes at the Temple of Karnak,

00:18:34complex ritual activity, having to put on the crown,

00:18:37the regalia, even though she's a woman.

00:18:39It's the clothing of a man,

00:18:41but that doesn't stop Hatshepsut either.

00:18:43So if Hatshepsut wanted to take power

00:18:45of all of Egypt, she had to do so as a king,

00:18:48which means that she had to change her femininity,

00:18:51she had to dress as a man, she had to wear a false beard.

00:18:54She had to completely morph herself into a man

00:18:57so that she could take control of this place

00:19:00that revolves around male power.

00:19:02In this one moment, a woman becomes a pharaoh,

00:19:05equal to, if not greater, than King Thutmose III.

00:19:09In a way, you could look at this moment, this coronation,

00:19:12where she takes on the regalia of kingship

00:19:14as her doom, as the thing that ends up bringing her down,

00:19:17as the reason that people have to erase her from history.

00:19:20Some say she's seizing power wrongly.

00:19:23Some say she's just trying to protect her nation.

00:19:26Some even suggest that this action

00:19:28will fuel her stepson's lifelong hatred.

00:19:31Either way, this one radical act changes everything

00:19:35and sets her demise in motion.

00:19:39On the hunt for Hatshepsut,

00:19:41Zahi and his team have already found one mummy that could be her.

00:19:45Now they're heading up into the hills on the trail of another.

00:19:49We have to go everywhere that we can believe

00:19:52that the mummy was buried.

00:19:54Maybe in the Keshav mummies, in KV20, KV60,

00:19:59all the places that you can smell the queen.

00:20:05Their destination?

00:20:07A remote clifftop cave known as DB320.

00:20:10Concealed deep in the mountains,

00:20:12it was a great storehouse of mummies.

00:20:14In fact, dozens of royal corpses were found here.

00:20:18They were hidden away in these caches by priests

00:20:21to protect them from tomb robbers.

00:20:23Among the mummies, several members of Hatshepsut's own family.

00:20:27Her father found in this cachet,

00:20:31her husband found in the cachet,

00:20:33Totmu III found in the cachet,

00:20:35and there is some piece, an important piece,

00:20:39belonged to the queen, was found there.

00:20:42In this secluded location behind the Valley of the Kings,

00:20:46two mysterious queens were found that were never identified.

00:20:50Two possible Hatshepsuts, buried at the bottom of a shaft.

00:20:54The priest is of the 21st dynasty.

00:20:58They came and they dug this shaft

00:21:01because they know that this shaft will hide

00:21:04the tombs of the pharaohs for a long time.

00:21:13Zahi is heading inside, but getting there won't be easy.

00:21:19It's over 35 feet deep.

00:21:22How they did this at night,

00:21:25that really is something that we have to imagine.

00:21:32Dark, no one can see anything.

00:21:37And they never revealed this to anyone.

00:21:41It was a secret.

00:21:44And they never revealed this to anyone.

00:21:47It was completely sealed.

00:21:49All the secrets of the past were hidden in this shaft.

00:21:58It's the first time Zahi has been here.

00:22:01Perfect.

00:22:05God, they cut this in the solid rock.

00:22:08Among the 40 mummies found here were most of Hatshepsut's family.

00:22:12Her father, her brother, her stepson,

00:22:14her grandmother and grandfather.

00:22:16That's why it makes sense that she herself

00:22:18might have been hidden here after she was moved from KV20.

00:22:22It's a perfect place for hiding the mummies.

00:22:24And they were right. They were hidden for a long time.

00:22:28Was this Hatshepsut's final resting place?

00:22:33We're getting to the last chamber.

00:22:37The chamber which most of the mummies were found.

00:22:42Two of those royal mummies are still unidentified.

00:22:45When archaeologist Gaston Maspero found them,

00:22:48he called them unknown woman A and B.

00:22:51Zahi has always wondered if one of them could be Hatshepsut.

00:22:55The most compelling clue was a small funerary box found beside them.

00:23:00A box with a mummified liver inside.

00:23:03Inscribed on the front, Hatshepsut's name.

00:23:07This is the one item we know for sure was hers.

00:23:10And it was found right here.

00:23:14I really can smell the steps of the people

00:23:18who came to hide these mummies more than 2,700 years ago.

00:23:22But you can imagine all the difficulty they had.

00:23:26Coming here at night, hiding all these boxes.

00:23:29When the Valley of the Kings became a place

00:23:33that people robbed things everywhere.

00:23:35The priestess of the 21st and the 22nd dynasty

00:23:39did a miracle by saving the mummies of their ancestors.

00:23:46They saved them for eternity.

00:23:53Over the years, these mummies along with the mysterious box

00:23:56were all moved to the Cairo Museum

00:23:59where they've been tucked away and forgotten.

00:24:04On the surface, it looks like any other major museum.

00:24:08But this one is cloaked in shadows.

00:24:11It's a vast repository of secrets.

00:24:14A treasure trove of the pharaohs, their mummies and their gold.

00:24:18Zahi Hawass has been walking these halls for nearly 30 years.

00:24:23Searching for the mummies from DB 320,

00:24:26he turns to an original log of the Cairo Museum.

00:24:29It has the dust of decades on it.

00:24:32Every item that's come in and gone out of the museum

00:24:35for the last hundred years is recorded here.

00:24:40But the log doesn't hold all the answers.

00:24:43There are hundreds of mummies in the museum

00:24:46and many of them are unidentified.

00:24:49Now it comes down to legwork.

00:25:05And on the third floor, they find her.

00:25:10Behind the glass, the first of the mummies from DB 320.

00:25:15Unknown woman B, a royal, calm and serene.

00:25:22You know, this is an unknown female mummy.

00:25:26It looks beautiful. It has wonderful curly hair.

00:25:30It has a royal style.

00:25:32It's very important to investigate this mummy also.

00:25:37The serene one was surprisingly easy to find.

00:25:41But the other DB 320 mummy, unknown A,

00:25:44may not reveal herself so easily.

00:25:47Two of Zahi's museum staff, Dr Somaya and Dr Tarek,

00:25:51are charged with the hunt.

00:25:55Cairo Museum is like a store of knowledge.

00:25:58When you enter a tomb, you'll find a statue or a mummy.

00:26:01But you enter the Cairo Museum,

00:26:02you'll find thousands of mummies and statues.

00:26:05Mummies that no one really ever studies

00:26:07and that's really what we're doing now.

00:26:09Looking at each unknown mummy of a woman at the Cairo Museum.

00:26:14But you have to look carefully.

00:26:23Two hours into the search, they've found nothing.

00:26:27And Zahi Hawass is not a man you want to disappoint.

00:26:38Then they get a lead.

00:26:42And the search takes them to another corner of the museum.

00:26:48Unknown woman A has been hiding in plain sight all along,

00:26:52in a glass case on the second floor.

00:26:56Unknown woman A has been hiding in plain sight all along,

00:26:59in a glass case on the second floor.

00:27:19Is this the face of a queen?

00:27:27What kind of terrible end did she meet?

00:27:35At the Cairo Museum, a CAT scan machine is just arriving.

00:27:39It's been rushed all the way from Germany, on loan from Siemens.

00:27:43But they'll only have access to it for a week.

00:27:45They need to get started right away.

00:27:47Everything seems to be okay.

00:27:49Their plan? To scan the mummies of Hatshepsut's relatives.

00:27:53To see if they can find distinguishing characteristics,

00:27:56any recurring facial features or genetic markers that could help identify Hatshepsut.

00:28:01On the hunt for the missing queen,

00:28:03it will be a key first step to finding the right mummy.

00:28:09This CT scan machine is the latest generation of computer tomography equipment,

00:28:14a three-dimensional x-ray machine.

00:28:17In just minutes, it actually renders the body in tiny slices

00:28:21up to 1,700 of them, each less than five millimeters thick.

00:28:26Put together, they create a cyberspace mummy, a digital pharaoh.

00:28:34The initial mummies to be scanned are among the most famous in all of Egypt.

00:28:38Thutmose I, Thutmose II and Thutmose III.

00:28:43They're some of Egypt's greatest pharaohs, national treasures,

00:28:47heavily guarded in the Cairo Museum's Royal Mummy Exhibit.

00:28:51And they're all Hatshepsut's relatives, her father, half-brother and stepson.

00:29:00They've been locked away in pressurized containers, nitrogen-sealed, for years, until now.

00:29:06The nitrogen helps stop flesh and bone from decaying.

00:29:10The mummies will be permitted to leave their cases for just one night.

00:29:15They can't be taken out for too long before they start to deteriorate.

00:29:20The team will only get one chance to do this.

00:29:24They start with Thutmose I.

00:29:28The face is typical of Thutmose. He looks like Thutmose II exactly.

00:29:39He was one of the most powerful pharaohs of the 18th dynasty,

00:29:43the beloved father of Hatshepsut, who gave birth to the Golden Age of Egypt.

00:29:48He helped turn a nation besieged by foreign invaders into a strong kingdom that stood on its own.

00:29:54Now, once again, after three and a half millennia,

00:29:57he is carried in state as this ancient mummy encounters 21st century technology.

00:30:06Led by radiologist Dr. Ashraf Saleem and scanning specialist Dr. Hani Eymer,

00:30:11the scientific team is looking for distinctive traits that will mark the members of the Thutmose's family.

00:30:17They intend to scan all three mummies,

00:30:20then compare the images side by side to create a combined family portrait.

00:30:25Step one, Hatshepsut's father.

00:30:28We do not know how he died. We don't really have any evidence.

00:30:32But I think the study of the CT scan machine will give us an idea of how he died.

00:30:37Even at a first glimpse, the nose and cheekbones resemble the statues of Hatshepsut.

00:30:42But almost immediately, Hani's attention is drawn to something else,

00:30:46an area so dense it cannot be part of a human.

00:30:50We find something unusual in the right thoracic cage.

00:30:55It's bright. It's like a metal. It's like a dense material.

00:31:00There's a clue what this object might be.

00:31:04Broken rib here.

00:31:08Looks like an arrowhead.

00:31:12It's very amazing. This is the first time I saw this thing inside a mummy.

00:31:17I think this is the cause of death.

00:31:20The result of the CT scan can rewrite history.

00:31:24The team now has one third of the information they need to build a composite image of Hatshepsut's family traits.

00:31:32Next up, Thutmose II, Hatshepsut's half-brother.

00:31:36He was her husband for a few short years, the one believed to be a weak and sickly king,

00:31:41overshadowed by Hatshepsut as the power behind the throne.

00:31:45But genetically, he is a key link in the Thutmose family.

00:31:50Look at his back teeth. Exactly similar to the back teeth of Tutankhamun.

00:31:56And that really can show the similarity between all the family of Dynasty 18.

00:32:02The most interesting genetic marker is what appears to be evidence of some kind of skin disease.

00:32:15Could this skin disease be passed on through the family?

00:32:18Will Hatshepsut herself have pockmarked skin?

00:32:22The other interesting thing that if you look at his neck, you'll find it's wounded.

00:32:28And some people believe that he died during a battle.

00:32:32Okay, let's go.

00:32:36The red lines are laser indicators that help the machine focus as it scans.

00:32:41For doctors Ashraf and Hani, even the first images are intriguing.

00:32:46The crossing of the hands, the royal position, crisscross of the hands.

00:32:51It's very important that this takes 1,700 images of the mummy.

00:32:56It goes inside the mummy.

00:32:59This is the wound on the left side of the neck.

00:33:02Okay, it's a very deep wound.

00:33:04It's coming from the right side to the left side as if someone hit.

00:33:09Hani inspects a different angle of the neck and finds that like his father,

00:33:13Thutmose II may have met an early end in battle.

00:33:17It almost reaches the bone of the cervical vertebra.

00:33:20This means it's very deep.

00:33:22Any cut or any injury of this blood vessels might lead to death.

00:33:28But even before this potentially brutal end, Thutmose II was suffering.

00:33:34The scans reveal the pharaoh's heart had calcifications,

00:33:37proof of chronic heart disease, and that's not all.

00:33:41This is the spots we are talking about.

00:33:45All over the body, yes.

00:33:47It seems like it's rounded lesions or rounded subcutaneous or cutaneous lesions.

00:33:54It's 0.4, so it's very small.

00:33:57The body is in fact riddled with pock marks.

00:34:00While it might be from the mummification process,

00:34:02it's more likely either a skin disease or small pocks.

00:34:06The legend of Thutmose II's ill health seems to be true.

00:34:13Two-thirds of the scans are done,

00:34:15and now the last pharaoh, Hatshepsut's stepson,

00:34:18the boy and man she shared the throne with,

00:34:21Thutmose III, the leader of 17 famous military campaigns

00:34:26and perhaps her rival for power, perhaps her enemy.

00:34:31What's really interesting about this man,

00:34:33the strategy of war that he did, still in the academy,

00:34:37military academy everywhere,

00:34:39they study how Thutmose III did go and capture the city of Panjshirto.

00:34:45And so the man, known as Egypt's Napoleon,

00:34:48slides into the CT scan machine.

00:34:51It's something metal.

00:34:53It's something metal.

00:34:54I don't know what it is, but we will see.

00:34:57It's just like a metal bracelet on the right forearm.

00:35:02Howard Carter, when he examined the mummy,

00:35:04found 104 pieces of gold.

00:35:08This is the end of his hand.

00:35:11For sure it's gold.

00:35:13Now that the scans are done, the real work begins.

00:35:17As the mummies are taken back to their nitrogen cases,

00:35:20Ashraf and Hani start to map out the common family traits

00:35:24and create the composite image.

00:35:28The first thing they notice is that Thutmose II's skin condition

00:35:32may run in the family.

00:35:34They have the same skin lesions here,

00:35:36the elevations in the skin, subcutaneous lesions,

00:35:39and this is Thutmose II.

00:35:41Thutmose III has the same lesions.

00:35:46So it is a genetic disease.

00:35:51As the digital faces of Thutmose I, II, and III emerge,

00:35:54the investigators start to piece together the common denominators.

00:35:58If you take the features of each mummy by itself

00:36:04and then compare the three together,

00:36:07you will find some similarities.

00:36:10All seem to share a similar jawline,

00:36:12the shape of the skull, the nose, and the eyes.

00:36:16All seem to share a similar jawline,

00:36:19the shape of the skull, the nose, and the cheekbones.

00:36:23From this forensic study, they can get a sense

00:36:25of the unique facial signature from the Thutmose's family,

00:36:29including Hatshepsut.

00:36:31Visual DNA, of course, this is much more difficult.

00:36:34I mean, you're just comparing very subtle features together,

00:36:38but anyhow, yeah, we can say this is visual DNA.

00:36:42Brought together in a remarkable piece of computer wizardry

00:36:45they give us one image, one face,

00:36:48a composite picture of the Thutmose's family.

00:36:51This is the image that will help guide their search

00:36:54as they try to figure out exactly which mummy is Hatshepsut,

00:36:59the face of a woman who ruled one of the greatest empires on Earth.

00:37:08On a mission to understand Hatshepsut's rise to power

00:37:11and those who might have tried to wipe it out,

00:37:13Kara is crossing the Nile to see the pharaoh's legacy.

00:37:17As a new pharaoh, Hatshepsut would build a time of prosperity for Egypt.

00:37:22And build is the right word.

00:37:24She starts construction projects all across her country,

00:37:28from Luxor to the Valley of the Kings,

00:37:30and just across the mountains from there is the best example,

00:37:34one of the ancient world's greatest building feats,

00:37:38Hatshepsut's temple at Deir el-Bahri.

00:37:42Hatshepsut's building program was extraordinary.

00:37:45She built at Karnak Temple significant amounts.

00:37:48She built at Luxor Temple.

00:37:50She may have actually founded that temple.

00:37:52She built here at Deir el-Bahri

00:37:54one of the most grand structures to still survive in ancient Egypt.

00:37:57When a pharaoh's building program is large and extensive,

00:38:01that means that their reign is successful and prosperous.

00:38:05She's showing in stone,

00:38:07I'm capable of doing this, I can bring prosperity to my country.

00:38:11As-salamu alaykum.

00:38:13Kara is on her way to meet Dr. Zbigniew Zafranski.

00:38:17He and his team from Poland have been working to restore Deir el-Bahri

00:38:21for the past 20 years.

00:38:23And in that time, he has felt his bond with Hatshepsut grow.

00:38:27Strong woman. First of all, beautiful woman.

00:38:30I like her.

00:38:32And I know that she's very, you know,

00:38:34she wants to keep us as long as possible.

00:38:38She wants to possess us, I may say.

00:38:41If Hatshepsut seems to be still alive for Zafranski,

00:38:45it's because her life is written in these walls.

00:38:48So paint is preserved so well.

00:38:51It just pops. It's beautiful.

00:38:53There is no question that Hatshepsut is image conscious.

00:38:57She records her achievements in pictures,

00:38:59including one of the great early expeditions

00:39:02to the distant fabled land of Punt, an ancient El Dorado.

00:39:07This expedition brought back exotic animals,

00:39:10gold and one of the most prized commodities of ancient Egypt, incense.

00:39:15And here's the incense here, drawn as little balls.

00:39:18And incense is so important for the ancient Egyptians

00:39:21because they used it to chew if their breath was bad

00:39:24and they had bad hygiene.

00:39:26They used it in the temples to create a sweet smell for the god.

00:39:30And they also used it for mummification.

00:39:32The images are vividly realistic.

00:39:34She's even giving us the details of the fish.

00:39:37She's trying to show us these are Red Sea fish.

00:39:40They're not Nile fish.

00:39:41I was really there. I really went to Punt on this long journey.

00:39:45It was a big demonstration, big propaganda.

00:39:47It's a giant billboard to show her power to her people,

00:39:51to show the prosperity of her reign.

00:39:53She wanted to say, I'm really somebody.

00:39:56You see what I've done?

00:39:59She really created something.

00:40:01Something that has never been seen before.

00:40:04That's it.

00:40:05She's an extraordinary person.

00:40:07And she did something for the first time

00:40:10and it was because it was Hatshepsut.

00:40:13She was Hatshepsut because of her.

00:40:18Daryl Bahri is the public face of the pharaoh.

00:40:21But Kara discovers there was something else to this temple

00:40:24that Hatshepsut was not supposed to be.

00:40:27Something Hatshepsut was not so public about.

00:40:30A hard-to-define relationship

00:40:32that might have brought her under attack even then.

00:40:35At her side in all of this building was the architect, Senenmut.

00:40:40He was a commoner, but he was the tutor of her daughter Neferrure,

00:40:45the builder of Hatshepsut's great projects.

00:40:49Some said their relationship was even closer.

00:40:54Senenmut helped her build Daryl Bahri

00:40:56and like Hatshepsut, his name has been largely wiped out from the temple,

00:41:00except for one place.

00:41:02We are in the chapel of Hathor.

00:41:05Hidden in a dark corner, Senenmut left secret images of himself.

00:41:11So it's perfectly intact. Nobody's gone after it in any way.

00:41:14Beautiful. See, he's kneeling and in front of him you have his name.

00:41:18So why do you think he placed these in the places that he did?

00:41:21His figures were behind the window.

00:41:25It was never meant to be seen.

00:41:26It was only meant to have him worshipping forever in this sacred space.

00:41:32Were this king and this commoner in fact lovers?

00:41:35And could this unusual relationship have been the extra factor

00:41:39that led to both being erased from history or something even more sinister?

00:41:45I think that it's human nature for us to look at the relationship

00:41:48that's a close political relationship between a man and a woman

00:41:51and to inject sexuality into it

00:41:53and to say of course they must have been lovers.

00:41:55There's no proof either way, but it's a strange relationship.

00:41:59It's strange that he never married or that we have no evidence of it.

00:42:02It's strange that he never had children.

00:42:04So I think it'll continue to puzzle us for some time.

00:42:09It's just weird. I mean, it's just weird.

00:42:14And the weirdest puzzle is still to come.

00:42:17Working to discover who wanted to erase Hatshepsut from history and why,

00:42:22the French team has come up with another major find at Karnak.

00:42:28The temple complex, extending two square miles,

00:42:31was once dominated by six of Hatshepsut's obelisks.

00:42:38Today only one remains, the tallest in all of Egypt.

00:42:42Originally a giant wall surrounded it.

00:42:46Underneath the obelisk, the French team has already found a mysterious buried statue

00:42:51and next to the wall, a cartouche bearing her name.

00:42:55Now as the digging continues, they find the statue is actually holding hands with someone,

00:43:00perhaps another statue.

00:43:03What do these discoveries tell us about the destruction of her legacy?

00:43:07They'll have to dig further, under the old walls around the obelisk.

00:43:13The entire site rests on a delicate series of metal supports.

00:43:24The wall foundation above them is cracking.

00:43:27They work desperately to keep their site from cracking.

00:43:31If they don't shore it up soon, there's a chance the site might come crashing down on them.

00:43:37The casing wall is in the top of this block.

00:43:40So this block supports everything.

00:43:44Hundreds of tons of Egyptian history are resting on this one cracked rock.

00:43:50This is the most important part of the obelisk.

00:43:54Hundreds of tons of Egyptian history are resting on this one cracked rock.

00:44:15To check whether there's been any impact on the obelisk,

00:44:18Rosemary Leboec must head 8 stories up.

00:44:21up. Balanced on top of a column, she'll measure the obelisk against the horizon.

00:44:29It's straight.

00:44:41For now, the obelisk is straight and the site is secure. But to be extra safe, they'll have

00:44:47to get through the rest of the dig quickly.

00:44:58They found it, a twin statue connected to the first.

00:45:25But there's no rest for Rose yet, because right next to the second statue is an intriguing

00:45:29hieroglyph.

00:45:43Rose makes a startling discovery. The statues belong to Hatshepsut's predecessor, an early

00:45:49pharaoh, Neferhotep.

00:45:54Why would she have placed these figures under her obelisk? The French team has a theory

00:45:59that Hatshepsut might have identified herself with this ancient king. Like her, he may have

00:46:04been under attack. Like her, he had problems with the legitimacy of his reign and rose

00:46:09to overcome them.

00:46:10It's the reuse of a sacred element of the temple in a foundation.

00:46:18But it's the first time we're discovering something like this under the foundation of

00:46:22the obelisk.

00:46:24And there's more. With this new understanding of the statues, the significance of the cartouche

00:46:42they found by the casing wall has become clear. Experts always thought the wall was built

00:46:47by her enemies, to cover up her obelisk, but that may not be true.

00:46:52It's probably the archeological clue which is confirming that the casing wall was built

00:46:59by Hatshepsut.

00:47:00The story that we might be getting from the French team, and it's a work in progress,

00:47:03they're still trying to figure it out, may be that the casing wall was put in place by

00:47:07Hatshepsut herself during her co-regency with Tutmus III, and that it was part of a plan

00:47:12to actually show certain parts of the obelisk in a different way.

00:47:17So not only did Hatshepsut bury statues of old pharaohs to give credence to her reign,

00:47:23she also framed her obelisk with a great wall to showcase it, like the even grander monuments

00:47:28of the successful pharaohs before her.

00:47:33It's clear this is a woman who was working hard on her image, just as someone worked

00:47:39hard later to undermine it.

00:47:44There's a lot more to find here, but the team is out of time.

00:47:49For now, they'll have to shore up the site.

00:47:52It's just too precarious.

00:47:59So what happened to Hatshepsut herself?

00:48:02Where is her body?

00:48:03At the Cairo Museum, Zahi Hawass' team is assembling the mummies that could be the pharaoh.

00:48:10In DB320, the screaming mummy, and the serene one, plus the strong mummy from KV60.

00:48:19Is one of these mummies Hatshepsut herself?

00:48:23Now that the relatives have been scanned, it's time to examine these three potential

00:48:27queens.

00:48:29The startled crowds part as the royals are carried in state once again.

00:48:34Zahi is gathering all the mummies on the first floor of the museum, en route to the CT machine.

00:48:40First, the two corpses from the clifftop tomb, DB320, the screaming mummy, and the serene

00:48:47one.

00:48:49The third possibility is the mummy Zahi shipped back from KV60, the strong one.

00:48:55But as he looks over the three, he gets an idea.

00:49:01There was actually one other mummy found in KV60, brought to the museum in 1908.

00:49:08Some say it was Hatshepsut's nanny.

00:49:10But Zahi wonders, what if it was Hatshepsut herself?

00:49:14What if the priests swapped the coffins to hide her?

00:49:17No one really tried to look for the other mummy.

00:49:20We have to look at the other mummy.

00:49:24The third floor is the Cairo Museum's storehouse of secrets.

00:49:33Here in the shadows are countless objects long forgotten.

00:49:37No one's thought about the Hatshepsut nanny in years.

00:49:40No one knows which dusty corner she's been lost in.

00:49:46Zahi's theory, could the two mummies have been swapped years ago?

00:49:50Could the one labelled the nanny be Hatshepsut herself?

00:49:59After hours of searching, success.

00:50:02They know it's the right coffin because the hieroglyphs spell out the nanny's name.

00:50:07This is the coffin that was moved from KV60.

00:50:10Wait, wait, come up here.

00:50:12Perfect, perfect.

00:50:18For the first time in a hundred years, the mummy sees the light of day.

00:50:23Nobody has seen this mummy since 1908.

00:50:30No one single photograph has been taken of this mummy at all.

00:50:37We are lucky today.

00:50:39The initial signs are promising.

00:50:41If you look at the way that her hand is put, it is a royal style.

00:50:49And there's another clue that this may not be the nanny.

00:50:52The coffin is too long for the mummy.

00:50:55We can see 20 inches left.

00:51:00The ancient Egyptian will never do that.

00:51:03And therefore, I can say 100% that this mummy do not belong to this coffin at all.

00:51:13If it's not the nanny, is it Hatshepsut?

00:51:16This fourth and final suspect is brought down from the top floor to join the others.

00:51:22It's perfect mummy.

00:51:23The mummification is wonderful.

00:51:26And looking at the face, it's very royal.

00:51:30Now there are four possible Hatshepsuts laid out together for the first time.

00:51:37Unknown A, the screaming mummy.

00:51:39Unknown B, the serene one.

00:51:42The strong one from KV60.

00:51:44And the so-called nanny.

00:51:47To Zahi, these last two look the most royal.

00:51:50If I have the choice looking at these two, and I can say from my heart,

00:51:57if these two could be one of the Musqueen Hatshepsuts,

00:52:00I don't know why I favoured this mummy.

00:52:03Just from my heart.

00:52:05But your heart cannot do anything.

00:52:07You have to use science to be sure that this is true or not.

00:52:12Lost for centuries, will one of these mummies turn out to be the real Hatshepsut?

00:52:21After 3,500 years, a scientific team is finally closing in on Hatshepsut.

00:52:27They have four suspects.

00:52:29And now they can start to use the latest technology to find the lost queen.

00:52:36First up, Unknown Woman A, the screaming mummy.

00:52:401,700 scans, each less than 5mm thick.

00:52:44For Drs. Ashraf and Hani, these tiny slivers of information will hold the answers.

00:52:49We'll start in from the head and we'll go down.

00:52:54Beyond the contorted features, Hani immediately notices an anomaly on the skull.

00:52:58The bone here is very thin.

00:53:00Part of the bone is not there.

00:53:03Sharp objects or a fold.

00:53:04Hani has found some kind of trauma to the head.

00:53:07A gash a quarter of an inch deep.

00:53:10It could explain the agonised expression.

00:53:12If it happened before death, they'll have to examine the scans in detail to find out.

00:53:19They move on to Unknown B, the serene one.

00:53:24Everybody out.

00:53:25She has the regal bearing of a pharaoh, but it's too soon to tell.

00:53:29A very good image quality.

00:53:34And now for the royal that travelled from a forgotten tomb to Cairo for a high-tech

00:53:39examination.

00:53:41The strong one from KB60.

00:53:44She has the powerful presence of a ruler.

00:53:47The bone texture looks rather prominent than usual.

00:53:51How significant is this?

00:53:53I don't know yet.

00:53:56Finally, the so-called nanny, Zahi's personal favourite.

00:53:59To him, this mummy is everything a queen should be.

00:54:02Her legs are in good condition.

00:54:05Perfect.

00:54:06Very good condition.

00:54:08He hopes the scans can give him more proof for his theory that the mummies of KB60 were

00:54:13swapped, and this is the real Hatshepsut.

00:54:16Ashraf and Hani see some evidence of skin disease, as on Tutmoses II.

00:54:21We just noticed some many, many very tiny things that are adherent to the skin, as well

00:54:28as the hair.

00:54:30What could it be?

00:54:31That's what we were trying to analyse.

00:54:33What could it be?

00:54:34We just need more time.

00:54:38New data in hand, the team can start drawing their first conclusions.

00:54:42We look at basic things as well as any other minimal or tiny things, so we should not miss

00:54:50any single finding.

00:54:54The team starts building up the scanned slices into three-dimensional images.

00:54:58First, the doctors look at the mummification style.

00:55:01All four mummies bear similarities.

00:55:04I would state confidently that they all share the same dynasty.

00:55:09The 18th dynasty, the New Kingdom.

00:55:13Next they examine the facial characteristics.

00:55:16They're looking for the long forehead, steeply sloped jawline, and wide nose of the Tutmoses

00:55:21family.

00:55:22It's too early to rule out mummies at this point, but there is one clear leader.

00:55:27The one that has the most features that resemble the Tutmoses traits is the second one, what

00:55:35we call the KB60A mummy.

00:55:37The strong one looks the closest in terms of facial features, but that's only half the

00:55:42battle.

00:55:43They also have to examine the bodies.

00:55:45They're looking for the so-called royal arm position.

00:55:48Queens of the 18th dynasty were almost always buried with an arm across their chest.

00:55:54Since mummies' limbs are often broken or rearranged long after death, it's hard to be 100% sure

00:56:00of anything before scanning.

00:56:03But the CT machine soon reveals the serene one, unknown B, is not likely.

00:56:09The scans prove her arms aren't broken, and they're clearly not in the royal position.

00:56:14This mummy has both her arms extended beside the body, so the arm is not bent, in other

00:56:21words.

00:56:22So, this is for sure not a royal position.

00:56:25And therefore, this is not the mummy of a queen.

00:56:27The CT machine rules out its first corpse.

00:56:31I think this is the first one we can rule it out from the list we have.

00:56:37Next up is unknown woman A, the screaming mummy.

00:56:40The images of this twisted corpse still have the power to shock even 3,500 years later.

00:56:46The scans show that her jaw is intact.

00:56:49In other words, her expression now is the same as when she died.

00:56:54A terrible head wound, an agonized scream, all pre-mortem.

00:56:59For Ashraf, there is one inescapable conclusion.

00:57:03We believe that this mummy died in this position.

00:57:08I mean, she was screaming or scared or whatever.

00:57:14And talking about the wound on the back of her head, this might be a sign of murder.

00:57:23The only way a pharaoh leaves the throne is by death.

00:57:27Some take their time, and some are hurried to their grave.

00:57:30If this is Hatshepsut, was she murdered?

00:57:38As the forensic team starts to zero in on likely Hatshepsuts, the archaeological team

00:57:43is still trying to understand who wanted Hatshepsut out of the way.

00:57:50Who tried to remove her name from history?

00:57:56An answer may come from an unexpected place.

00:57:59While excavating in the massive Karnak complex, Dr. Betsy Bryan has made a startling new find

00:58:05An inscription on the buried statue of one of her priests may hold an answer, a remarkable

00:58:11plea on Hatshepsut's behalf to protect her from her enemies.

00:58:15It is addressed to the goddess awakening her in her lioness form, asking for her to slaughter

00:58:25the enemies of Hatshepsut or the people who did not like her.

00:58:30It's a very rare admission of fear from a sitting pharaoh, asking the gods for protection

00:58:35from her foes.

00:58:37Who were they, and how far did they go?

00:58:40Intriguingly, Hatshepsut wasn't the only one to disappear.

00:58:44The names of Senenmut and her daughter Neferrure all vanished at around the same time.

00:58:50Is there something in the relationship of Senenmut and Hatshepsut that might hold a

00:58:54clue?

00:58:55I'm still very much on the fence about the relationship between Senenmut and Hatshepsut.

00:59:00It's so unusual, there is no precedent for it, and I don't really know where to put it.

00:59:06Dr. Karakuni has gone to meet a Spanish team at Deir el-Bahri.

00:59:11They're investigating Senenmut's tomb.

00:59:13Their theory?

00:59:14That Senenmut and Hatshepsut were lovers, a mismatched alliance too shocking for ancient

00:59:19Egypt.

00:59:21I'm looking at the connection between Senenmut and Hatshepsut, and what their relationship

00:59:25was, which Egyptologists are always wondering.

00:59:28We are the key of the, we have the key of the secret.

00:59:32For Dr. Francisco Martín Valentín, the first clue, Senenmut, the master architect, actually

00:59:39built his tomb directly under Hatshepsut's mortuary temple.

00:59:42Here's her mortuary temple, here's the tomb right behind us, they couldn't be closer.

00:59:47In an Egyptian society that prized the afterlife, there is no higher compliment than to have

00:59:52someone join you on the final voyage, but this was never supposed to be an option between

00:59:57a pharaoh and a non-royal.

01:00:00The Spanish team has found compelling evidence that the queen and her architect may have

01:00:04had more than just a working relationship, but Kara will have to travel 15 stories underground

01:00:11to see it.

01:00:14It's smaller than I thought it would be.

01:00:17Yes.

01:00:18Look at this.

01:00:19I'm sorry.

01:00:20You are welcome.

01:00:21Anyway.

01:00:22So this is the first astronomical ceiling in all existence.

01:00:25Yes, exactly.

01:00:26In the world.

01:00:27The oldest in the world.

01:00:28This is like the 16th chapel.

01:00:31It is.

01:00:32Better than this.

01:00:33It's an incredible find, the world's first astronomical chart, but there's another surprise

01:00:38within this chamber, an inscription.

01:00:42These are long inscriptions.

01:00:43What do we have?

01:00:44The inscriptions seem to confirm that Hatshepsut and Sentiment were lovers.

01:00:49You read?

01:00:50So his servant in the place of her heart.

01:00:54Yes.

01:00:55Who makes all pleasure for the lord of the two lands.

01:01:03Exactly.

01:01:04So he's working for her pleasure.

01:01:08All kings were adored by their staff, but put together with other evidence, these inscriptions

01:01:13read more like love letters.

01:01:15Well, I've been on the fence the whole time about whether or not Hatshepsut and Sentiment

01:01:19were lovers.

01:01:20And having talked with the Spanish team, I'm actually starting to believe more and more

01:01:23that this could be true.

01:01:24So I'm starting to be more and more convinced that this relationship is not only strange

01:01:28and unprecedented, but may have been much closer than I thought.

01:01:33The tomb also has a sinister side to reveal.

01:01:36We have a little secret for you.

01:01:37Yes?

01:01:38Yes.

01:01:39I want to see your little secret.

01:01:40Yes.

01:01:41Come with me.

01:01:42Tucked away in a dark corner of the tomb, according to Valentin, is one of the few representations

01:01:47of Sentiment and Hatshepsut together.

01:01:50But unlike the rest of the tomb, it has been attacked.

01:01:53The head of these people is destroyed.

01:01:55Yes.

01:01:56We actually have heads being destroyed.

01:01:57Why?

01:01:58Why?

01:01:59Exactly.

01:02:00Somebody don't like this.

01:02:01Don't like who?

01:02:02They don't like who?

01:02:03Sentiment?

01:02:04Yes.

01:02:05This is destroyed?

01:02:06Exactly.

01:02:07In my opinion, yes.

01:02:08Purposefully?

01:02:09On purpose?

01:02:10Yes.

01:02:11Yes.

01:02:12Okay.

01:02:13This then might be the first evidence of who wanted Hatshepsut erased.

01:02:17Perhaps she was attacked because of her unseemly relationship with the commoner, Sentiment.

01:02:22Perhaps outrage was a motive.

01:02:24Back in the lab, more CT finds are coming in, and the team is narrowing down the possible

01:02:36Hatshepsuts.

01:02:37This is the second step now.

01:02:39We will examine, cross-examine the three of them.

01:02:43The doctors take the forensic examination of unknown A, the screaming mummy, to the next

01:02:48level.

01:02:49We've been looking at the chest and the body, and it is in a very bad shape.

01:02:53For sure, she's been neglected for quite a long time before they started embalming her

01:02:59or mummifying her.

01:03:00And the other thing is that actually I could not find any mummification or embalming material

01:03:06that evident, as in the other royal families.

01:03:09No, it's not there.

01:03:11Poor embalming makes this an unlikely queen.

01:03:15New information on the state of her bones also allows the doctors to estimate her age

01:03:20when she died.

01:03:21She's old, more than 50 years of age.

01:03:25Hatshepsut is believed to have been 40 to 50 at death.

01:03:28Factor in the wrong age, the wrong quality of embalming, the wrong time frame for mummification,

01:03:34and this mummy is clearly out of the running.

01:03:36Yeah, we can rule this mummy out.

01:03:38I don't think that she could be Hatshepsut.

01:03:43That leaves just the two KV60 mummies.

01:03:46The nanny resembles the Thutmose's family, but her arm is not quite in the royal position.

01:03:51Still studying the scans, Ashraf notices it all is not quite as it seems.

01:03:56She had a broken left arm just above the elbow, and the arm is bent over the abdomen.

01:04:05So probably it was there, but because of the fracture that was induced later on,

01:04:11not before death, after death, and now the arm is now just lower down.

01:04:16So the position of the arm pointing out to being royal.

01:04:20She's got the royal arm, the right facial characteristics, and the right age.

01:04:24She was a queen, and now Hani finds that she's got the same skin condition as Thutmose's the second and third.

01:04:31Look at the skin.

01:04:35It has the same skin lesions of both Thutmose's the second and the third.

01:04:41But the strong one of KV60 is also a likely suspect.

01:04:46She has the royal arm, the right age, and the most striking facial resemblance to the Thutmose's family.

01:04:52What's most interesting about this mummy is the teeth condition.

01:04:57Now, this mummy had a very bad oral hygiene.

01:05:01Definitely I would say that she has experienced a lot of pain from her teeth.

01:05:06Two prime suspects, two queens, the strong one and the nanny, are left.

01:05:11The team decides to bring them to the next, more rigorous round of forensic testing.

01:05:15For the first time ever, advanced DNA technology will be used on the hunt for a pharaoh.

01:05:21We will be focusing on these two mummies in particular,

01:05:24trying to see what's with and what's against each to be queen Hatshepsut.

01:05:31Zahi assembles a team from Egypt's National Research Center.

01:05:35These molecular geneticists, headed by Dr. Yahia Zakaria,

01:05:39plan to compare the DNA of the queens with Hatshepsut's relatives to see which one, if either, will match.

01:05:46The one which will show matching DNA fingerprint will be Hatshepsut.

01:05:5299.9% of all human DNA is the same in everyone.

01:05:57Only a few strands set each family group apart.

01:06:01Those tiny strands are what they're looking for.

01:06:04But DNA deteriorates rapidly, degrading from the moment of death as water, microbes and oxygen attack it.

01:06:12After 3,500 years, there may not be enough left to make a positive ID.

01:06:19So they're using a brand new chemical process called minifiler

01:06:23that can latch on to the tiniest fragment of DNA and replicate it until it's big enough to be studied.

01:06:29It's already helped solve missing persons cases in the U.S.

01:06:33Particularly, we've had success with bone samples

01:06:36to identify victims who've lain unidentified for more than 60 years.

01:06:40But the enemy of any DNA hunt is contamination.

01:06:44If one single molecule from another source gets into the sample, the test will fail.

01:06:50So Zahi's decided to build an innovative new sterile lab right inside the Cairo Museum.

01:06:57Funded by Discovery and Applied Biosystems, it is Egypt's first ancient DNA lab.

01:07:03One of a few in the world built just for studying mummy DNA.

01:07:07The first time you try anything like this, it's always a voyage of discovery.

01:07:11Do we have another bottle?

01:07:13Senior forensic specialist Nicola Oldroyd and ancient DNA expert Dr. Anjali Korthals

01:07:18have come to Cairo to train the Egyptian team on Applied Biosystems' brand new technology.

01:07:24We've been working on this system for about the last two years

01:07:28and it's specifically designed to help with the amplification of very degraded and compromised samples.

01:07:37Once minifiler finds the DNA, it can be amplified,

01:07:41showing up as colored computer graphic peaks.

01:07:44Each peak is a genetic marker, a molecular fingerprint unique to one person or family.

01:07:50Will DNA finally unlock the secrets of Hatshepsut's identity?

01:07:55Will they find the DNA of a pharaoh?

01:08:00The search for Hatshepsut's mummy has entered a new phase.

01:08:04In the heart of the Cairo Museum,

01:08:06groundbreaking DNA testing is about to begin on the two remaining queens.

01:08:11Zahi Hawass supervises as they start with the strong mummy from KV60.

01:08:16You're going to take the samples from her.

01:08:18We'll start the first one from the pelvic bone.

01:08:21OK.

01:08:23Once they choose the best entry point, they use a bone biopsy needle to bore deep inside to the marrow.

01:08:30That's where they'll find the purest DNA, if any still exists.

01:08:35But Dr. Zakaria immediately encounters a problem.

01:08:39The bone is very soft quality.

01:08:42The bone in the hip has deteriorated. It's no good for a sample.

01:08:48She has a bone disease, a real bone disease.

01:08:50A bone disease?

01:08:51Yes, she has some bone disease in those hip bones or the pelvic bones.

01:08:56When we look at the CT scan, maybe this could confirm what you're talking about.

01:09:03They resort to taking a sample from the upper tibia.

01:09:07OK, good.

01:09:09And after more than an hour, they have enough material.

01:09:12We have ten samples.

01:09:16Next up, the so-called nanny.

01:09:19The needles and protective gear have all been changed to avoid contamination between mummies.

01:09:24We are digging into the tissue to make a deep tunnel to get far away from the surface,

01:09:30so the risk of contamination is much minimized.

01:09:34It's like a screwdriver.

01:09:36After another hour and a half of painstaking work, Dr. Zakaria has the samples he needs.

01:09:43Yep, that's a good one.

01:09:45It's his old bone.

01:09:49Now they're ready to work on Hatshepsut's father.

01:09:51Totmos, the first.

01:09:54Samples in hand, it's time to start the next step.

01:09:58Purifying the bone fragments and chemically extracting the DNA.

01:10:03If any is there, it will end up in the clear solution in these vials.

01:10:08Using lasers, the hypersensitive machine starts to search for any minuscule amount of genetic data.

01:10:15What they're looking for is the elusive nuclear DNA.

01:10:19The DNA from the cell nucleus.

01:10:22It's the kind used in paternity cases.

01:10:25In ancient sources, it's much harder to extract.

01:10:28But if they do find it, it could yield definitive proof.

01:10:33I'm waiting impatiently.

01:10:35And then, the first results come through.

01:10:39Faint but definite signs of nuclear DNA.

01:10:42It's really thrilling.

01:10:44Nuclear DNA is coming out.

01:10:47And it's not just the nanny.

01:10:49The strong one also yields nuclear DNA.

01:10:52This is really nice.

01:10:54I mean, there is some pattern here.

01:10:56The results are astonishing.

01:10:58On the first try, the team is actually finding DNA that survived 3,500 years.

01:11:04But when they turn to Hatshepsut's father, their luck runs out.

01:11:12After several attempts,

01:11:14Thutmose's the first sample does yield a tiny amount of nuclear DNA,

01:11:18but not enough to prove a relationship.

01:11:21You can't be lucky each time.

01:11:23Either the DNA of Thutmose's first is not there,

01:11:27or it's in a very poor state that it cannot be amplified.

01:11:31But the team does have a fallback plan.

01:11:34One other direct ancestor of Hatshepsut,

01:11:37the mummy of Amos Nefertari,

01:11:40Hatshepsut's grandmother.

01:11:42A powerful queen said to be her role model.

01:11:45Amos Nefertari is the origin of the family.

01:11:50We have to do the DNA.

01:11:52From her, they can find the DNA passed from mother to daughter.

01:11:56It's called mitochondrial DNA.

01:11:58And samples from the possible Hatshepsuts have it.

01:12:01They hope hers will too.

01:12:04But it's much harder to work with mitochondrial DNA.

01:12:08To prove a relationship with it takes much longer.

01:12:10This is science.

01:12:12I mean, you can never get an answer from one experiment or two.

01:12:15It's a tedious process that scientists never give up.

01:12:22So, we'll try.

01:12:25Now a process begins that may take weeks, even months.

01:12:29But the potential payoff is huge.

01:12:32A chance to find out if one of these two mummies is Hatshepsut.

01:12:36I will wait until the result,

01:12:38and then we'll have a big meeting here.

01:12:42As Zahi's scientific team zeros in on a possible Hatshepsut,

01:12:47Kara's historical team is closing in on possible suspects.

01:12:52Those who wanted to erase her from history.

01:12:55Of all the enemies she might have feared,

01:12:58historians always felt there was one most likely suspect.

01:13:02Her stepson, Tutmoses III.

01:13:04He wasn't a toddler anymore.

01:13:05Now grown up and in charge of the army,

01:13:08was he chafing to get power?

01:13:10Did he want to take her place?

01:13:14One way of looking at this and seeing all of this destruction,

01:13:18all of this violent hacking out of her name,

01:13:20it is possible to think that Tutmoses III hated this woman,

01:13:24that he considered her an evil stepmother.

01:13:27Egyptologist Charles Van Sicklen agrees.

01:13:30One of the first theories was that she was the wicked stepmother,

01:13:33hated by Tutmoses III.

01:13:36When she died in a fit of rage, he destroys all her monuments.

01:13:40After more than a decade, was he simply tired of waiting?

01:13:44As head of the army, Tutmoses III had the means and the motive.

01:13:48Did he kill Hatshepsut?

01:13:52Back at Deir el-Bahri, Dr. Safranski's team has found a clue

01:13:56that may start to connect the dots.

01:13:58It's about Hatshepsut's daughter Neferrurei.

01:14:01It turns out the queen was grooming her for power.

01:14:05It was done in the time of Hatshepsut.

01:14:08These inscriptions, like so many tied to Hatshepsut, have been erased.

01:14:12But looking deep within the stone, they find hints of what was there before.

01:14:16We have traces of Ra, we have traces of Nefer, Nefer, Nefer.

01:14:21Oh, I see it.

01:14:23If these images fascinate Egyptologists,

01:14:25it's because they show Neferrurei is a deity,

01:14:28a pharaoh in training, and place her right next to the inner sanctuary.

01:14:33The significance of this image, and this is where it gets really cool,

01:14:36is that Hatshepsut is putting her daughter into an incredibly important priestess position,

01:14:41but it seems into a political position as well, and maybe even as her successor.

01:14:46Neferrurei would simply vanish.

01:14:49Was she caught in the middle of her mother's political struggle?

01:14:52Well, this would be unprecedented to have a female king

01:14:54to be grooming her daughter, to be her successor as another king.

01:14:59She pushed it very far.

01:15:01Too far.

01:15:03Too far, it was too radical.

01:15:05Is this the key to the entire campaign to destroy Hatshepsut's legacy?

01:15:08Did she have to be removed to ensure her descendants would never mount the throne?

01:15:13Did it place her at risk? It must have.

01:15:16To hunt for proof, one last expedition begins.

01:15:20To the cliffside tomb of Neferrurei.

01:15:22It was discovered by Howard Carter, the man who found King Tut.

01:15:27This time out, explorer Don Ryan is going with Kara.

01:15:31But after a hundred years, the directions are a little sketchy.

01:15:35And then there's a bush, or shrub, some shrubbery.

01:15:39You're kidding, we turn right at the shrubbery?

01:15:41And we turn right at the shrubbery and try and keep left.

01:15:43They're heading into a remote section of the western desert,

01:15:47with only some century-old notes as a guide.

01:15:50Well, this is very exciting.

01:15:52This is where it might get hard.

01:15:54And we're on the right track?

01:15:56It's no surprise they soon realize they're lost.

01:16:04So we turned at the wrong bushes.

01:16:06No, it's the right bushes, but we're on the wrong side of the ridge.

01:16:11Finally, after three hours, they've come as close to the tomb as the car can take them.

01:16:16It looks like our road stops. This is it.

01:16:19This looks like the deadline.

01:16:20The deadline.

01:16:22But not bad.

01:16:24There's no more road.

01:16:27This tomb is so distant and difficult to find,

01:16:30it's no wonder that no one has visited it in decades.

01:16:33It's never been filmed.

01:16:35But for Kara and Don Ryan, it may hold the proof they're looking for.

01:16:39That the name and legacy of Neferrurei, like her mother, was wiped out.

01:16:43So that's it. That's where we need to go. That hole there.

01:16:46That's exactly where we're going to try to go.

01:16:48A small opening in a wall of rock, 70 feet up.

01:16:52When Howard Carter came here in 1916,

01:16:55he found an inscription at the base of this cliff with Neferrurei's name.

01:16:59It says, a cartouche upon a large block of fallen limestone.

01:17:04We need a block of limestone.

01:17:06The problem is, the entire region is made of blocks of limestone.

01:17:10To find a tiny stone cartouche will be like looking for a straw in a haystack.

01:17:18Oh, I found it! I found it! I found it!

01:17:21Unless you're lucky, like Kara.

01:17:24So there's our cartouche. I mean, it might be, right?

01:17:28It looks kind of fake, but on the other hand, it's patinated.

01:17:31It has this desert varnish kind of stuff on it,

01:17:34that takes centuries to accumulate.

01:17:38So this is what Howard Carter saw in 1916.

01:17:41This must be it. This itty-bitty little thing.

01:17:43Now that they're on the right track,

01:17:45Don heads up to the top of the cliff to see if they can climb down to the tomb from above.

01:17:50We've got to scope it out and see if it's, you know, reasonably safe to descend.

01:17:56Dangling over the edge of the cliff, Don checks out the condition of the rock.

01:18:00And it's not good.

01:18:02It's not looking nice.

01:18:04In fact, this cliff is downright dangerous.

01:18:07It isn't looking nice at all.

01:18:10The rock is really rotten. It's loose.

01:18:13I mean, the reason I'm still alive, because you have to make the judgment call,

01:18:18whether it's reasonably safe or it's pushing the limit of danger and how much you're willing to risk.

01:18:24It could be done, but personally, I'm not willing to kill myself for a television program.

01:18:30They've come all this way. How can they get to the tomb?

01:18:34Don's not the type to give up easily.

01:18:37Egyptologist Dr. Cara Cooney and archaeologist Don Ryan have been thwarted

01:18:42in their attempt to explore the tomb of Hatshepsut's daughter.

01:18:47We don't know what's inside of that tomb and nobody's been in there for a long time and we can see why.

01:18:53But there is one solution to this seemingly insurmountable problem.

01:18:58We need a big ladder.

01:19:00And after dozens of phone calls and half a day of waiting, that solution finally arrives.

01:19:05We've got a big ladder.

01:19:08This isn't just any ladder. This is a 100-foot ladder, ten stories high.

01:19:16This is a very good setup.

01:19:19We're going to try it this way, harness ourselves up and make it safe,

01:19:23climb up and see what we can find.

01:19:24For Don, a seasoned climber, this is the easy way up.

01:19:28But Cara's never scaled a sheer cliff.

01:19:32No wonder she's a little scared.

01:19:35OK, Cara, come on up.

01:19:38OK.

01:19:42OK, it's a little shaky.

01:19:45I'm going to try it this way.

01:19:48I'm going to try it this way.

01:19:51I'm going to try it this way.

01:19:54OK.

01:19:56I just looked down a little bit. I'm not going to do that much anymore.

01:20:00OK.

01:20:02You all right? Yeah.

01:20:04Keep looking up.

01:20:06Yeah, this is going a little against my natural instincts. You know why?

01:20:09Why is that? Because the ladder is much more vertical now.

01:20:12Now I don't like it.

01:20:14This last part, you're going to just have to tough it out.

01:20:17But you're almost there.

01:20:19Oh.

01:20:21They don't quite fit.

01:20:23You're going to have to keep climbing until your feet are about level with the ledge here.

01:20:27OK.

01:20:29About here or one more?

01:20:31One more, maybe.

01:20:33OK.

01:20:35Now I'm stepping off?

01:20:37Step, step, carefully, carefully, carefully. Grab onto the rock if you can.

01:20:40Excellent.

01:20:42OK.

01:20:44Just walk carefully, carefully through the tomb.

01:20:46Yeah.

01:20:48All right, let's give it a look.

01:20:52What they're looking for is evidence of Neferrurei's name being erased, like her mother's.

01:20:58Carter's notes give no clues.

01:21:00Oh, wait, wait.

01:21:06OK, I got a piece of wood, which you wouldn't expect to find in a desert.

01:21:11So that's wood. Wood doesn't grow in the desert, doesn't come into places and caves like this accidentally.

01:21:16And we have a bone here as well.

01:21:18Oh, of what sort? A human vertebrae.

01:21:22It's a vertebra of some sort.

01:21:24Is it human?

01:21:26Oh, I wish I were a forensic specialist.

01:21:29Very well, maybe.

01:21:31It could be, right?

01:21:33I mean, what other kind of mammal would you find up in the middle of a cliff that's this big?

01:21:36Can I see?

01:21:38So, yeah.

01:21:40I found a bone.

01:21:42And that's not all.

01:21:43Oh, God. Oh, God.

01:21:45Oh, God.

01:21:47There are bats everywhere.

01:21:49Oh, my God. Look at those bats.

01:21:51Oh, my God.

01:21:53OK, this is an adventure.

01:21:56This cave may not give up its secrets easily, but they are there.

01:22:00But now, this is...

01:22:02Yeah, we're both going to the same place.

01:22:04This is plaster.

01:22:06This is plaster. So this is a tomb. This was prepared for decoration.

01:22:09Yeah, I don't think any archaeologist has excavated here.

01:22:13No, no.

01:22:15There's just too much debris in here.

01:22:17What is this? What is this color?

01:22:19Oh, there is some color.

01:22:21What is this color? It's some red ochre, right?

01:22:23That's remnants of... I can't get close.

01:22:25Well, there's something on the surface there, too.

01:22:27That is painting.

01:22:29That's red ochre, right?

01:22:31This is remnant of decoration.

01:22:34Now, this is something new.

01:22:36Look at that.

01:22:38I can see red. I can see maybe some yellow.

01:22:40They were there.

01:22:41Egyptian tombs were only painted just prior to use.

01:22:44So it's highly likely that this is in fact where Hatshepsut's daughter was buried.

01:22:49This is really kind of a fun little discovery right here.

01:22:52This is really cool.

01:22:54Few people who have seen this, no one has mentioned that there's painted plaster in here.

01:22:58That is good evidence that this tomb was used.

01:23:01That was very cool.

01:23:03That was very cool.

01:23:05They've just made a small piece of archaeological history.

01:23:07It's not precisely the evidence they need, but it does tell them they're on the right track.

01:23:15Meanwhile, back in Cairo, Zahi's team has narrowed the search down to two possible Hatshepsuts,

01:23:22the two from KV60, the nanny and the strong one.

01:23:25The results from the DNA lab are heartening.

01:23:28They have successfully extracted mitochondrial DNA from Amos Nefertari, Hatshepsut's grandmother.

01:23:34That makes a comparison with the suspects possible, but it's going to take time.

01:23:40Getting a match is like hunting for a single name in a stack of 200 telephone books.

01:23:46So their work will have to continue for months.

01:23:49Now the investigation is at an impasse.

01:23:53Until Zahi gets an idea.

01:23:56Could the one artifact with the queen's name on it, the funerary box from the cache of DB320,

01:24:02hold some kind of clue?

01:24:05This is the only thing that we have as an evidence of the mummy of the queen.

01:24:11We have to find it immediately.

01:24:13Now they just have to track it down.

01:24:20With almost 150,000 artifacts in the Cairo Museum, finding a tiny wooden box is no easy task.

01:24:33And then at last they find it.

01:24:38After 3,500 years, this is the one sure link to the pharaoh herself.

01:24:44It's called a canopic box.

01:24:47The embalmers of ancient Egypt used them to store the internal organs of a royal's body for eternity.

01:24:53It's said Hatshepsut's mummified liver lies within this one.

01:24:57This box is very important because this is the only piece that we do have from the body of Queen Hatshepsut kept inside this box.

01:25:08The regal name of Hatshepsut, Ma'at Kara, is still marked on the outside.

01:25:14Zahi wants to see if there might be some kind of clue inside.

01:25:18But the team hits a roadblock.

01:25:20They can't open the box.

01:25:22It's actually glued shut.

01:25:23A substance known as resin was used to preserve the liver 3,500 years ago.

01:25:29But now it's hardened into a solid impenetrable mass.

01:25:33We have one part of her body in front of us and maybe this could lead us to something very important.

01:25:41Maybe it could lead us to the real mummy of Queen Hatshepsut.

01:25:45They can't get inside the box without damaging it.

01:25:48Then Zahi realizes he's got a solution already waiting.

01:25:52The CT scanner.

01:25:54This is definitely a scientific first.

01:26:05And so a small wooden box from the Golden Age of Egypt enters the 21st century.

01:26:12But even veteran radiologists don't know quite how to interpret what they're seeing.

01:26:16There's a mixture of very bizarre looking, odd looking things there.

01:26:24I don't know what could it be.

01:26:26I'm trying to see if we can scan it in a different way.

01:26:32They try again, this time at a different angle.

01:26:36We'll figure it out.

01:26:46This is strange.

01:26:48You see there are different structures inside.

01:26:52There are two separate organs.

01:26:55First the liver comes into focus.

01:26:58Next, a bonus, Hatshepsut's intestines are here as well.

01:27:02Then Dr. Hani spots something really surprising.

01:27:06Something defined.

01:27:08This is good.

01:27:10It's some sort of bone.

01:27:12It seems like a bone.

01:27:14If this dense object is a piece of bone, then they can compare it with the skeletons they already have.

01:27:20This could be a vital clue.

01:27:22The team is excited.

01:27:24Any news? Any news?

01:27:26Every day we have good news.

01:27:29So, see you.

01:27:31Bye.

01:27:33Now they just have to figure out what this piece of bone is and what it means.

01:27:43A box centuries old has yielded a brand new clue in the hunt for Hatshepsut.

01:27:50Now the team must decipher its meaning.

01:27:53If we take a look to the books, we will find something amazing.

01:27:58We found some hyper-dense parts.

01:28:02It seemed as if it is a tooth or something like that.

01:28:06Once the images are rendered in three dimensions, the dense object does indeed seem to be a tooth.

01:28:12This is a tooth.

01:28:14The next logical step, to determine if either mummy is missing a tooth.

01:28:19But nothing in this hunt turns out to be easy.

01:28:22Both of the mummies are missing teeth.

01:28:25The nanny lacks an upper incisor.

01:28:28You see that?

01:28:30And the strong mummy of KV60 is missing several teeth, including an upper molar.

01:28:35This one is missing molar teeth.

01:28:38This is a root.

01:28:40Only one root without the rest of the molar teeth.

01:28:44Okay, so what do we have here?

01:28:47A surprise, a big surprise.

01:28:49Now the question is simple.

01:28:51Is the tooth in the box a molar or an incisor?

01:28:54Which KV60 mummy did it belong to, if either?

01:28:59Maybe these are the missing teeth.

01:29:02Teeth.

01:29:04Maybe.

01:29:06To find out, they call in an expert, Dr. Galal Bahari, an oral surgeon from Cairo University.

01:29:13What kind of tooth is it?

01:29:16It is a molar tooth.

01:29:19And it has only one root.

01:29:21Okay.

01:29:23A molar with a root missing.

01:29:26That's the information they've been looking for.

01:29:28It's either the strong one from KV60 or they don't have the right mummy at all.

01:29:34I think that we are very close to solving the mystery.

01:29:38And I do hope that we reach the final step.

01:29:42Ashraf and Hani measure to see if this tooth fits in the gap in the strong mummy's mouth.

01:29:48I feel quite, you know, excited.

01:29:53Of course, we are all eager to know if she's really Hatshepsut or not.

01:29:57Luckily, each person has teeth unique to their own mouth.

01:30:01Size, shape and proportions as distinctive as a fingerprint.

01:30:05It will come down to the last millimeter.

01:30:09So it's 1.74, the other one was 1.8, so it's 6.6 of a millimeter difference.

01:30:21Yeah, they match.

01:30:23At the end of a long day, facts in hand, they're sure they've got a match.

01:30:29This is Queen Hatshepsut.

01:30:36Here's why.

01:30:38The tooth in Hatshepsut's box is a molar with one root missing.

01:30:42And in the mummy's mouth, there's a gap for a molar and one root is still in place.

01:30:48A perfect match.

01:30:50So I think this is quite an achievement and I think we're all, I mean, happy about what we just got from these images.

01:31:01Very happy to solve this mystery.

01:31:04Let's celebrate.

01:31:08It's the kind of proof that almost never happens in a cold case 3,500 years old.

01:31:14Definitive proof, the kind that solves cases.

01:31:18The missing tooth has given them Hatshepsut.

01:31:21For Zahi, this is the news he's been waiting decades to hear.

01:31:25Hatshepsut has been found.

01:31:28I never thought in my life that we'll be able to actually discover this mummy at all.

01:31:35I have to tell you congratulations.

01:31:37Thank you, Dr. Zahi. Without you, we'll never be able to finish this work.

01:31:40You found, you and Hani, this great, incredible discovery.

01:31:46The tooth that can fit with KV60A, that now it is not KV60A.

01:31:53It is the mummy of Queen Hatshepsut.

01:31:59The forgotten mummy from KV60 neglected for millennia until Zahi returned,

01:32:05reopening the tomb and the investigation into her identity,

01:32:10and returning her to her rightful place.

01:32:13Hatshepsut the pharaoh, found at last.

01:32:17This is really a very important discovery.

01:32:20To discover a mummy that was neglected for thousands of years,

01:32:24and to know, to be sure, through science and archaeology,

01:32:28that this is the mummy of Queen Hatshepsut, this is a very important moment.

01:32:32It's a major archaeological find, but the team has only a moment to savour it.

01:32:38Because it's only half what they set out to do,

01:32:41they still have to figure out who, or what, killed her.

01:32:44Was Hatshepsut murdered?

01:32:46And who was behind the plan to erase her from history?

01:32:51There's one last set of revelations still to come.

01:32:55A remarkable scientific study has led to a breakthrough finding in Egyptology,

01:33:00the discovery of Hatshepsut's mummy.

01:33:03But now that they've found her, the team still needs to take the hunt one final step.

01:33:10To find out how she died, and what it can tell us about who wanted her out of the way.

01:33:16Now the investigation travels to Germany to the state-of-the-art Siemens Laboratory.

01:33:20Dr. Zahi Hawass has sent the scans there to use next-generation processing software they've developed.

01:33:27We can see the brain a little bit better.

01:33:30In the vivid colours of 3D volumetric imaging, Hatshepsut comes to life again.

01:33:36And then if we turn it to the other side, this is the area where we have the missing tooth.

01:33:41As forensic pathologists and the top 3D experts try to determine her cause,

01:33:46As forensic pathologists and the top 3D experts try to determine her cause of death,

01:33:52radiologist Dr. Paul Gosner is soon able to see just what ailed her.

01:33:58A tumour formed near the abdomen.

01:34:02She had pain, pain especially because of the tumour.

01:34:07It destroyed the bone.

01:34:10That's a sure sign it was malignant.

01:34:13But that wasn't all. Hatshepsut was suffering from many ailments.

01:34:19She had arthritis, osteoporosis, perhaps even diabetes.

01:34:26But none of those did her in.

01:34:29What killed her was something she would have never expected.

01:34:36In the last months of life, a painful abscess formed in her mouth with swelling.

01:34:41She practically couldn't open or close her mouth, so in the last days, she would have been unable to eat.

01:34:47In this situation, it's easy for an abscess to infect the body with pathogenic microorganisms with fatal consequences.

01:34:55An infection of the gums, raw and throbbing, right around the famous molar.

01:35:01Doctors of the time often pulled such teeth to lessen the pain.

01:35:04But what they didn't know is that if the tooth is pulled and the abscess bursts, infection enters the bloodstream.

01:35:12Without modern antibiotics, the consequences would be deadly.

01:35:20Her last months must have been painful.

01:35:23A powerful queen, a pharaoh, wasting away in her bed.

01:35:28The infection eating at her gums, and finally, the rest of her too.

01:35:35This then is how Hatshepsut died.

01:35:38Killed by her body's own infection.

01:35:41Ironically, from the very same teeth that proved the key to her identification.

01:35:46So if she was done in by disease, then who tried to remove her from history?

01:35:53Back at Carnac, Dr. Larcher has made a new find that ties all the pieces together.

01:35:59Here, there is a very interesting detail.

01:36:02His team was repairing a wall. Behind it, they found a surprise.

01:36:06In several places where Hatshepsut's name was hacked away, it was actually replaced with another name.

01:36:13Amenhotep II, Thutmose III's son.

01:36:17For Kara, this is the evidence she's been looking for.

01:36:21Evidence of the motive for the attack on Hatshepsut's legacy.

01:36:25It's all about the politics of succession.

01:36:28Thutmose III did it for his son.

01:36:31This right here is wonderful proof to show me that they're not trying to remove Hatshepsut because they hate her or because she's horrible.

01:36:39They're trying to remove Hatshepsut because they want to make sure that the succession is patrilineal, is clear from father to son.

01:36:46It is an example of propaganda. Something like the Soviet Union in the 1930s.

01:36:51Hatshepsut becomes a non-person.

01:36:54It's not that they hated her. It's not that she was a peace party.

01:36:58It's not anything like that. It was simply the fact that they needed to ensure a smooth succession.

01:37:05And part of this was getting rid of Hatshepsut.

01:37:08This is the final proof. This is why Hatshepsut's name was wiped out.

01:37:13She was not the victim of hot-blooded murder, but a cold-blooded purging.

01:37:19Thutmose III wanted to remove her from history to have his family and his children take her place.

01:37:25The only one who can make the destruction of her monuments should be one person, Thutmose III.

01:37:31When he became the king, he had to take their name away from history.

01:37:36In a way, you could look at Hatshepsut's life in a tragic sort of way.

01:37:41She loses her father at the age of 12. She loses her husband at the age of 15 to 20.

01:37:47She loses her mother shortly after that. She loses Senenmut, one of her closest advisors.

01:37:52She loses her daughter, Nefrure.

01:37:55The only person that she actually seems to have had a connection with,

01:37:59significant long-lasting connection with, was Thutmose III,

01:38:02who amazingly was the very person that removed all of her images after her death.

01:38:07It's a very tragic story.

01:38:11But now, after three and a half millennia, some small part of that tragedy has been settled.

01:38:18And the mummy that was forgotten has been brought back to a place in the Cairo Museum.

01:38:24I have to say from my heart, as an archaeologist, for the first time,

01:38:30looking at this mummy, putting this mummy at the Cairo Museum beside the royal mummies,

01:38:36saying that this mummy is Queen Hatshepsut, it's a very important moment in the life of any archaeologist.

01:38:42I'm very proud that I do have this moment and I found the mummy of this queen, Queen Hatshepsut.

01:38:52The first pharaoh found and identified in nearly a century, the first since Tutankhamen.

01:39:00Rescued from oblivion, Hatshepsut regains her position as one of the most powerful women the world has ever seen.

01:39:07Not just a queen, a king. Hatshepsut the pharaoh, the woman, the legacy, restored at last.

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