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Transcript
00:00You have probably seen somewhere the definition of computer science as the study of computers.
00:09And that probably wasn't particularly helpful, because what does it mean to study a computer?
00:15To get to a better definition, it will be helpful for us to answer a few questions first.
00:20What is a program?
00:22What does a programmer do?
00:25And what is the difference between computer science and computer programming?
00:30Let's start our exploration with a little history lesson.
00:34When humans first roamed the earth, they spoke only natural languages.
00:38Natural languages are what you would typically think of as a language, like English, Korean,
00:42Arabic.
00:43Then, computers came into being, and computers only spoke machine language, or binary, which
00:48is just a series of 1s and 0s, like 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1.
00:53This meant that humans and computers couldn't communicate.
00:56Early programmers, or the first humans to make contact with computers, learned how to
01:00speak binary.
01:01Now, I don't know about you, but I'm not a native binary speaker, and if you gave me
01:06a page of 1s and 0s, I could not tell you what that means.
01:10Early programmers thought the same thing.
01:11They thought, well, what if we invented a language that was somewhere in the middle?
01:16It would be closer to English, so it would be easier for us to understand at a glance,
01:21but it would still be close enough to binary that we could teach the computers to understand
01:25it, too.
01:26This new language they invented was called assembly language.
01:29Let's put it over here, kind of still to the right of our spectrum, because it's still
01:32pretty close to binary.
01:34Here's an example of a program written in assembly language.
01:37You can see we're getting a little bit closer.
01:39There's some letters in here, like maybe M-O-V means move, but it's still pretty hard to
01:44understand.
01:45It's not what we would call human-readable.
01:48Computers continued this process, inventing new languages that were closer and closer
01:51to English, making them easier to understand and making programming more accessible to
01:56more people.
01:57As a quick aside, I only say English here because historically, programming languages
02:02have been very English-centric.
02:04In theory, the left side of our spectrum could be any natural language.
02:08That's pretty much all there is to it.
02:10Programming languages are just languages that somebody made up one day and taught computers
02:14how to understand.
02:16This probably leads you to the question, how do you teach a computer a new language?
02:21The process is pretty simple, actually.
02:24You write a program in a language the computer already understands that translates from your
02:29new language to that known language.
02:32You can think of these programs like interpreters.
02:35In fact, these programs are called interpreters or compilers, depending on the programming
02:40language.
02:41For example, there's a compiler that translates from assembly code to binary code, and there's
02:48a compiler that translates from C code to assembly code, which we know can then be translated
02:52to binary code for the computer to understand.
02:55Okay, so now that we know what a programming language is, what is a program?
03:02What is the art or the process of programming?
03:05I like to think of a program as a set of instructions written in a programming language for a computer
03:13to execute.
03:15Now that kind of sounds like a process, and that's what programming is.
03:18It's a process.
03:20The first step is more like creative problem solving.
03:23It's figuring out, well, what are these instructions for?
03:26What problem am I trying to solve?
03:28What specific requirements does it have?
03:30What exactly do I want to happen?
03:32And that second step is taking all those ideas in your head and translating them into something
03:37that the computer can understand, translating them into instructions written in a programming
03:42language.
03:43Then that third step is executing those instructions.
03:46So taking what you wrote, handing it off to the computer and saying, hey, follow these
03:51instructions and tell me what result you got.
03:55As you can imagine, this doesn't always work out the first time around.
03:59The computer doesn't always do what you expect it to.
04:01So programming is a cycle.
04:03You iterate on the instructions and on the requirements until you get the result that
04:07you want.
04:09Let's talk about making a cake for a second.
04:11First you need to decide what your requirements are.
04:13Do you want a chocolate cake, a carrot cake?
04:15Should I have cream cheese frosting?
04:16Should I have sprinkles on top?
04:18Then you need to develop a recipe.
04:20You need to write a set of instructions for someone else to follow that will result in
04:24the cake that you're envisioning in your head.
04:26Then you hand off your recipe to a friend and you ask them to follow it and you see
04:31what they do.
04:32Maybe they come back and the cake is slightly burnt or the little frosting swirly is going
04:35clockwise instead of counterclockwise like you wanted.
04:38So you go in and you iterate and you look and see, well, maybe my instructions weren't
04:42quite clear here.
04:43Or maybe I didn't actually specify which way I wanted the swirlies to go.
04:46Or maybe my requirements change and I actually want cupcakes now.
04:49This is basically what programming is, except for instead of a recipe, it's a program.
04:53And instead of your friend, it's a computer.
04:55And at the end, you usually don't get cake.
04:58Okay, we've answered the first two questions, what is a program and what does a programmer
05:03do?
05:04So now let's answer the big question, what is computer science?
05:08Computer science is just the more theoretical side of all this, whereas computer programming
05:12is the more applied side.
05:15Computer scientists study questions like, how can I prove that a program will terminate?
05:19Or how can I design programs that are maximally efficient?
05:22Or how can I build a better programming language?
05:26The computer science umbrella also covers a lot of disciplines that we can apply programming
05:30to, like artificial intelligence or computer security.
05:34So while they're not the same thing, at an introductory level, a lot of computer science
05:39is just learning how to program, because you need to learn to walk before you can run.
05:44You need to do before you can theorize.
05:46So let's do.
05:47The computer science umbrella also covers a lot of disciplines that we can apply programming
05:52to, like artificial intelligence or computer security.
05:56So we're going to go ahead and move on to the next question, which is, what is a computer
06:01science?
06:02Computer science is just the more theoretical side of all this, whereas computer science
06:07is the more applied side of all this.
06:10So while they're not the same thing, at an introductory level, a lot of computer science
06:15is just learning how to program, because you need to learn how to walk before you can run.