La Terre a "sonné" pendant 9 jours + Autres mystères naturels qui valent la peine d'être résolus

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Transcript

00:00:00On September 16th, 2023, without warning, the Earth began to shake.

00:00:10A low and strange vibration that hit the Earth's crust.

00:00:14This triggered all the seismic alarms on the planet.

00:00:18For nine days in a row, the Earth vibrated at a frightening rate,

00:00:22and scientists had no idea what was going on.

00:00:26During this time, in Greenland, it was a total disaster.

00:00:34It was not an earthquake.

00:00:36They knew that.

00:00:38This particular rhythm told them.

00:00:40We live on giant tectonic plates,

00:00:43and they constantly move by sliding on the magma like icebergs on the ocean.

00:00:47Sometimes, by moving like this, they rub against each other,

00:00:51collide, or break.

00:00:54And all this causes incredible energy discharges,

00:00:57which send shock waves through the ground.

00:00:59It is at this moment that we feel the Earth shaking,

00:01:01and this is what we call an earthquake.

00:01:03These vibrations are called seismic waves.

00:01:06Seismometers perceive them as a rumbling.

00:01:09During a typical earthquake,

00:01:11these waves create a whole bunch of different frequencies.

00:01:14It is a chaotic mixture of bass and high frequencies,

00:01:17as if you were pressing all the keys of a piano at the same time.

00:01:21But what is strange in the case of the earthquake in Greenland,

00:01:24is that the signals were not at all of the same type.

00:01:27It was a regular vibration at a unique frequency,

00:01:30as if a machine was vibrating under the ground,

00:01:33as if a piano key was being hit again and again,

00:01:36creating a repetitive and disturbing sound.

00:01:39It turned out that what they heard was not the noise

00:01:42that the tectonic plates make when they break.

00:01:45It was a phenomenon that seismologists had never observed before.

00:01:49Days went by,

00:01:51and the mysterious noise did not stop.

00:01:54Vibrations occurred every 90 seconds,

00:01:57and resonated throughout the world.

00:01:59Seismologists were increasingly desperate.

00:02:02They had absolutely no idea what they were dealing with.

00:02:06They had to bring together a vast international team

00:02:09made up of 68 specialists from 15 different countries.

00:02:12For several days,

00:02:14all these scientists would collect seismic data,

00:02:17satellite images, and make complex calculations.

00:02:20Until they finally found the culprit.

00:02:23It was water.

00:02:25The problem came from an isolated and deserted region

00:02:28of eastern Greenland.

00:02:30This place is full of fjords,

00:02:32narrow sea arms,

00:02:34located between high cliffs,

00:02:36deep valleys filled with water,

00:02:38and surrounded by imposing rocky walls.

00:02:40In this region,

00:02:42located in the middle of steep peaks and glacial water,

00:02:44the air is calm.

00:02:46The landscape seems frozen in time.

00:02:48Nothing has changed for years,

00:02:50until the day when...

00:02:54A colossal landslide occurred in the Dixon Fjord.

00:02:58One of the steep mountain slopes

00:03:00that overhangs the fjord of nearly 1,220 meters

00:03:03collapsed in a gigantic ebb.

00:03:05Imagine a huge piece of mountain

00:03:07breaking and crashing into the fjord below.

00:03:11A deluge of rocks and ice fell on the water.

00:03:14The impact was simply apocalyptic.

00:03:1725 million cubic meters of debris.

00:03:19That's enough ice and rocks

00:03:21to fill 10,000 Olympic pools

00:03:23or 10 great pyramids of Gizeh.

00:03:25And all this matter was projected into the water

00:03:28with such force

00:03:30that it resulted in a tsunami of 110 meters high,

00:03:33higher than the Statue of Liberty.

00:03:35But the craziest thing is that this incredibly powerful wave

00:03:38was stuck between the narrow cliffs of the fjord

00:03:41and it could not escape.

00:03:43It was a bit like water

00:03:45violently agitating in a bathtub.

00:03:47For nine days,

00:03:49the mega-tsunami continued to shake

00:03:51a path through the fjord.

00:03:53This is why we heard this continuous rumbling.

00:03:56It was the rhythmic wave of the water

00:03:58that crashed against the walls.

00:04:00The shock waves spread

00:04:02into the depths of the earth's crust.

00:04:04Vibrations so powerful

00:04:06that they were captured by seismometers

00:04:08from all over the world.

00:04:10This phenomenon was so rare,

00:04:12so unprecedented,

00:04:14that scientists were stunned.

00:04:16It was a perfect combination of elements.

00:04:19A glacier weakened by years of warming

00:04:22no longer had the strength to bear

00:04:24the weight of the mountain above it.

00:04:30The collapse was inevitable

00:04:32and chaos literally shook the earth.

00:04:35There are often people in this area,

00:04:37in cruise ships for example.

00:04:39Another chance that no one

00:04:41has lost their lives in this disaster.

00:04:43But it was not long

00:04:45before a tourist boat

00:04:47failed in the region two days earlier

00:04:49to escape the tsunami

00:04:51by the greatest chance.

00:04:53This does not mean that there were no losses.

00:04:55The waves destroyed an inhuman site

00:04:57located nearby.

00:04:59It had remained intact for more than 200 years.

00:05:02They also took the shelters

00:05:04of a research station

00:05:06located 70 km away.

00:05:08The vibrations traveled from Greenland

00:05:10to the South Pole in less than an hour.

00:05:12This shows how dangerous

00:05:14such events can be.

00:05:19And this is not the only place

00:05:21where such disasters occur.

00:05:23In the beautiful Californian community

00:05:25of Rancho Palos Verdes,

00:05:27the ground moves so fast

00:05:29that it swallows houses.

00:05:31The ground has always been quite unstable

00:05:33in this region.

00:05:35Its geology is unique.

00:05:37It rests on a furniture soil,

00:05:39rich in clay,

00:05:41and is on a fault line,

00:05:43which makes it subject

00:05:45to landslides.

00:05:47This means that this area

00:05:49is exposed to slow underground movements

00:05:51that spread over years and years,

00:05:53even in the absence of exceptional

00:05:55meteorological phenomena.

00:05:57It has been so for decades,

00:05:59that it is now 0.3 meters per year.

00:06:01Imagine that you found a tree

00:06:03near which you played

00:06:05when you were children

00:06:076 meters from its original location.

00:06:09For decades,

00:06:11the inhabitants have adapted.

00:06:13They built their houses

00:06:15on adjustable beams.

00:06:17This allowed the inhabitants

00:06:19to move with the ground.

00:06:21This strategy has worked well

00:06:23until today.

00:06:25Recently, the situation

00:06:27has changed.

00:06:29The ground is now moving

00:06:310.3 meters per week.

00:06:33It's as if your tree

00:06:35had moved 290 meters

00:06:37since your childhood.

00:06:39The last two years

00:06:41have also been marked

00:06:43by heavy rains

00:06:45and the weather has deteriorated.

00:06:47This has increased

00:06:49the ground's water hold.

00:06:51The ground has become heavier

00:06:53and more prone to rapid movements.

00:06:55The houses have appeared

00:06:57in the cupboards,

00:06:59the gardens and the roads

00:07:01are growing day by day.

00:07:03The streets are now distorted

00:07:05and the landscape looks

00:07:07like a delusional amusement park.

00:07:09The houses that were still standing

00:07:11have been torn from their foundations,

00:07:13some even cut in half.

00:07:15The door of a house

00:07:17has been raised 2.5 meters from the ground.

00:07:19Entire neighborhoods have been

00:07:21plunged into chaos.

00:07:23In order to prevent

00:07:25any possible disaster.

00:07:27The neighborhood of Portugues Bend

00:07:29is the hardest hit.

00:07:31Its inhabitants literally live

00:07:33on the edge of the gulf.

00:07:35This neighborhood has always benefited

00:07:37from an impregnable view of the ocean

00:07:39and a pleasant sea breeze.

00:07:41Horses and bridges

00:07:43walked along these trees.

00:07:45But today, it's as if

00:07:47an earthquake had occurred.

00:07:49Except that this time,

00:07:51it would be a paradise

00:07:53if only the earth stopped moving

00:07:55under their feet.

00:07:57So the inhabitants do not give up.

00:07:59Some had to leave,

00:08:01but many are determined

00:08:03to stay and fight

00:08:05despite the immense damage.

00:08:07However, saving their property

00:08:09costs them hundreds of thousands of dollars.

00:08:11They installed generators

00:08:13to get light

00:08:15and set up sewage systems

00:08:17and pumps to drain groundwater

00:08:19The next step would be

00:08:21to isolate public electricity networks

00:08:23and install independent power plants

00:08:25to store energy.

00:08:27The inhabitants do everything they can

00:08:29to operate their sewage network

00:08:31using generators.

00:08:33They hope to be able to evacuate

00:08:35all the water from these infernal landslides.

00:08:37They are determined to fight,

00:08:39but they will need the help

00:08:41and support of the government

00:08:43to fight this disaster.

00:08:45Landslides are more frequent

00:08:47in the United States

00:08:49than we usually think.

00:08:51New maps and data show

00:08:53that thousands of people

00:08:55could be in danger.

00:08:57Scientists have managed

00:08:59to create the first detailed map

00:09:01indicating where these landslides

00:09:03could occur in the future,

00:09:05count by count.

00:09:07This map is based on numerous statistics

00:09:09and on more than a million incidents

00:09:11that have occurred in the past.

00:09:13According to this map,

00:09:15the United States is at risk

00:09:17of landslides,

00:09:19which could lead to unforeseen disasters

00:09:21in certain regions.

00:09:23Fortunately, the inhabitants

00:09:25and engineers now have solid information

00:09:27at their disposal.

00:09:29But all this shows

00:09:31how vulnerable we are

00:09:33to natural disasters

00:09:35and how important it is

00:09:37to always remain vigilant.

00:09:39The first rule is not to panic,

00:09:41says the guide.

00:09:43Even if it's very hot here,

00:09:45you won't be able to do without it,

00:09:47he adds.

00:09:49Michael puts on the outfit

00:09:51and the chicken skin,

00:09:53especially the body.

00:09:55Why is it so cold now?

00:09:57The guide explains

00:09:59that it is a unique refreshing fabric.

00:10:01It will save Michael

00:10:03from a possible heat stroke

00:10:05inside the cave.

00:10:07The guide also gives him

00:10:09an oxygen bottle and a mask.

00:10:11He trembles with fear.

00:10:13It may not have been such a good idea after all.

00:10:15Welcome to one of the caves,

00:10:17the most dangerous on the planet,

00:10:19says the guide as he enters

00:10:21the infractiousness at the foot of a mountain.

00:10:23This place is called the Crystal Cave

00:10:25and it is located in Mexico.

00:10:27Magma has flowed here

00:10:29since the hot entrances of the planet

00:10:3126 million years ago.

00:10:33It has not stopped rising

00:10:35and cooling down again and again.

00:10:37There was so much magma

00:10:39that rich mineral water

00:10:41came here.

00:10:43It infiltrated the rocky tunnels

00:10:45and formed a cave under the hill.

00:10:47Then something strange appeared

00:10:49in these hot waters.

00:10:51Something that seemed to come

00:10:53from another planet.

00:10:55Michael descends along the rope.

00:10:57He lights up the darkness

00:10:59with his flashlight.

00:11:01The air becomes hot and heavy.

00:11:03Particles of microscopic water

00:11:05land here.

00:11:07It is more than half the height

00:11:09of the Empire State Building.

00:11:11The temperature of the air increases.

00:11:13They feel like they are approaching

00:11:15the core of the Earth.

00:11:17Finally, the descent ends

00:11:19and they let themselves fall on the firm ground.

00:11:21The guide puts on an oxygen mask

00:11:23and tells Michael to do the same.

00:11:25If you can't breathe in such a humid

00:11:27and acidic air, your lungs can fill

00:11:29with water, which will have

00:11:31disastrous consequences.

00:11:33The air here gives Michael the impression

00:11:35of a very thick fog.

00:11:37The temperature reaches

00:11:3958 degrees.

00:11:41It is more than in the warmest

00:11:43deserts in the world.

00:11:45Michael lights up his path

00:11:47and notices something big, white

00:11:49and bright.

00:11:51It is a huge column of crystals

00:11:53coming out of the ground and rising up.

00:11:55The entire cave is filled

00:11:57with these huge things.

00:11:59They extend in different directions

00:12:01and lean against the ceiling and the walls.

00:12:03In some places, they block the way

00:12:05and in others, they form like bridges.

00:12:07Michael climbs on one of the crystals

00:12:09and walks on it.

00:12:11The guide explains that each column is made of gypsum.

00:12:13You probably know this substance

00:12:15because it is used to produce

00:12:17very special building materials,

00:12:19plaster plates.

00:12:21Michael touches the hard surface

00:12:23of one of them.

00:12:25It seems that an ancient civilization

00:12:27could have built them.

00:12:29But the guide explains that everything

00:12:31in the cave is of natural origin.

00:12:33This place was discovered for the first time

00:12:35by two miners in 2000.

00:12:37Since then, scientists have managed

00:12:39to discover that some crystals

00:12:41were 500,000 years old.

00:12:43We can also find one of the largest

00:12:45natural crystals in the world.

00:12:47This column is about 11 meters long

00:12:49and weighs 55 tons.

00:12:51This place was filled with rich water

00:12:53with calcium sulfate,

00:12:55an element capable of forming minerals.

00:12:57A variety of gypsum

00:12:59prevails here.

00:13:01Hot water and air helped to form these crystals.

00:13:03Humidity and temperature

00:13:05have not changed for centuries.

00:13:07So these columns continue to grow today.

00:13:09This place is fascinating.

00:13:11Michael wants to stay here

00:13:13longer to explore the cave.

00:13:15But unfortunately, it is dangerous.

00:13:17He may get lost

00:13:19or slide on the gypsum rocks.

00:13:21In addition, he begins to lack oxygen.

00:13:23So they have to go back.

00:13:25They leave the cave and end up

00:13:27with the police.

00:13:29It turns out that it is forbidden

00:13:31for tourists to enter the cave.

00:13:33Even scientists must obtain a special

00:13:35authorization to go there.

00:13:37And for a good reason,

00:13:39since the cave is one of the most

00:13:41dangerous places on the planet,

00:13:43Michael is the guide.

00:13:45It leaves a fine and leaves Mexico.

00:13:47The next step is Italy.

00:13:49It's a good thing you took

00:13:51a camera with you, says the guide.

00:13:53It is one of the most fascinating caves in the world.

00:13:55Look at this beauty.

00:13:57Michael and the guide are on a small boat.

00:13:59They sail along the coast of Capri Island.

00:14:01Fortunately, there will be no danger

00:14:03this time.

00:14:05They approach a small fault

00:14:07inside the mountain.

00:14:09It is the entrance of the blue cave.

00:14:11The hole is so small

00:14:13that only one boat can pass through it.

00:14:15Michael and the guide

00:14:17enter another dimension.

00:14:19The cave is filled with water.

00:14:21The walls shine with a blue light

00:14:23from the lake.

00:14:25Michael takes pictures of the cave

00:14:27and notices that the entrance

00:14:29through which they passed

00:14:31shines with a bright white light.

00:14:33It is the sun's rays

00:14:35that illuminate the cave

00:14:37when they enter it.

00:14:39There is another hole under the water.

00:14:41The sun's rays penetrate it,

00:14:43filling the lake with a blue glow.

00:14:45But it is already time to go out.

00:14:47The next cave is in New Zealand.

00:14:49They arrive on the North Island.

00:14:51It is a deep cave

00:14:53with sinuous and complex caves.

00:14:55They appeared here

00:14:57about 30 million years ago.

00:14:59Michael and the guide

00:15:01approach the entrance of the dark cave.

00:15:03Michael turns on a flashlight.

00:15:05Get rid of it!

00:15:07says the guide.

00:15:09You won't need it inside.

00:15:11They enter.

00:15:13Michael is so surprised

00:15:15that his jaw drops.

00:15:17The whole cave is filled

00:15:19Michael feels like

00:15:21he is on another planet.

00:15:23The entrance of the cave is limited

00:15:25so as not to harm the bats.

00:15:27Scientists use automated equipment

00:15:29to monitor the cave.

00:15:31They thus control the temperature

00:15:33and the level of carbon dioxide

00:15:35necessary to maintain

00:15:37the conditions of the bats.

00:15:39If too many people come here,

00:15:41the level of carbon dioxide will increase.

00:15:43The duration of the visit is also limited.

00:15:45So we ask Michael and the guide

00:15:47to leave the place.

00:15:49And now we are going to see something

00:15:51really scary.

00:15:53The next stop is in California.

00:15:55The place is called

00:15:57Mourning Caverns.

00:15:59The cave seems quite ordinary

00:16:01from the outside

00:16:03but the guide looks a little anxious.

00:16:05He and Michael tie the rope

00:16:07to the belt

00:16:09and start their long descent.

00:16:11The bottom is 50 meters deep

00:16:13equivalent to the height

00:16:15of a 15-story building.

00:16:17It does not seem so big

00:16:19compared to the Crystal Cave.

00:16:21As they go down,

00:16:23it gets colder and darker.

00:16:25At that moment,

00:16:27all the sounds coming from above

00:16:29disappear.

00:16:31They slowly sink

00:16:33into a disturbing silence.

00:16:35What is it?

00:16:37Michael asks, frightened.

00:16:39I think I heard

00:16:41someone's voice down there.

00:16:43In the first seconds,

00:16:45Michael freezes.

00:16:47Then he quickly goes back along the rope.

00:16:49The guide makes fun of him.

00:16:51They hear another creak.

00:16:53Michael quickly gets out of the cave

00:16:55and pulls on the rope to get the guide out.

00:16:57He says it's one of the scariest caves

00:16:59in the world.

00:17:01Air and wind circulate in the depths

00:17:03and create a sound similar to a creak.

00:17:05Tourists often go down there

00:17:07to play with their nerves.

00:17:09In addition, we found about 100 human skeletons

00:17:11at the bottom of the cave.

00:17:13No one knows how they got there.

00:17:15Michael does not want to go back inside.

00:17:17He asks the guide

00:17:19to explain how the caves are formed.

00:17:21It turns out that everything starts

00:17:23when the ground absorbs an acid rain

00:17:25composed of water and carbon dioxide.

00:17:27The liquid penetrates the ground

00:17:29and comes into contact

00:17:31with the hard rock surfaces.

00:17:33When water touches limestone

00:17:35or dolomite,

00:17:37it dissolves them and contributes

00:17:39to the formation of an empty space.

00:17:41Each year, there is more and more

00:17:43space around.

00:17:45The rain continues to fall

00:17:47and accumulate in this open area.

00:17:49Then the water forms a stream

00:17:51or an underground river.

00:17:53Then the erosion of the hard rocks begins.

00:17:55Thousands of years later,

00:17:57there is enough space for a human being

00:17:59to pass through.

00:18:01Then this space becomes a cave

00:18:03when the erosion combines

00:18:05with stalactites and stalagmites.

00:18:07They form impressive chambers and columns.

00:18:09By the way, do you know the difference

00:18:11between stalactites and stalagmites?

00:18:13Stalactites hang from the ceiling

00:18:15while stalagmites come out of the ground.

00:18:17It takes about a million years

00:18:19to develop such underground landscapes.

00:18:21So every time you walk

00:18:23in these places,

00:18:25you come into contact

00:18:27with the distant past of our planet.

00:18:31Behind these huge steel doors

00:18:33is one of the most

00:18:35surveilled places on the planet.

00:18:37It is known as Seat Air,

00:18:39or Raven Rock Mountain Complex.

00:18:41You will find it in Pennsylvania.

00:18:43The building is 60 floors underground

00:18:45and is said to be a safe haven

00:18:47for people in case of natural

00:18:49or human disasters.

00:18:51There is not a lot of information

00:18:53online about this mysterious place,

00:18:55but what we do know

00:18:57is that it is equipped

00:18:59with no less than 38 communication systems.

00:19:01It is obviously not possible

00:19:03to visit it via Google Earth,

00:19:05but you can take a quick look

00:19:07at the two massive doors

00:19:09facing the complex.

00:19:11The Vatican City is one of the most

00:19:13famous enclaves in the world.

00:19:15It is certainly worth visiting

00:19:17because of its wonderful architecture

00:19:19and its wide range of works of art.

00:19:21However, a place will always be

00:19:23forbidden to visitors,

00:19:25the Vatican's secret archives.

00:19:27They contain some of the oldest

00:19:29and rarest books on the planet.

00:19:31These archives are only accessible

00:19:33to a very limited number of people,

00:19:35and as they have only been consulted

00:19:37by very few people so far,

00:19:39they are also the source of many

00:19:41bizarre theories.

00:19:43For example, that there are books

00:19:45proving life outside our planet.

00:19:47If you are fascinated by earthquakes,

00:19:49you will be interested to know

00:19:51that one of the largest earthquakes

00:19:53you can see on Google Earth

00:19:55is on the island of North Sentinel in India.

00:19:57This ship was formerly called

00:19:59Princess Jassim.

00:20:01It is a Bolivian ferry that sank

00:20:03in this area in 2003.

00:20:05The reason why people can't visit it

00:20:07in person is not because of the ship

00:20:09itself, but because the island

00:20:11would house the most dangerous tribe

00:20:13in the world.

00:20:15We don't really know how many people

00:20:17live there, but it is estimated

00:20:19that between 50 and 400 individuals

00:20:21have chosen a home there,

00:20:23and they don't really like tourists.

00:20:25No one who tried to join them

00:20:27in order to preserve their way of life

00:20:29and their particular status,

00:20:31the island is closely monitored

00:20:33by the Indian authorities.

00:20:35This is mainly because we think

00:20:37that the inhabitants are not immune

00:20:39to modern diseases.

00:20:41Thus, getting in touch with foreigners

00:20:43could be very dangerous for the members

00:20:45of the tribe, since they have never

00:20:47seen the outside world.

00:20:49In 2005, a huge pink rabbit

00:20:51appeared out of nowhere, it seems,

00:20:53in the Italian mountains of Colletto Fava.

00:20:55In addition to the local inhabitants,

00:20:57some fell on it online,

00:20:59and this discovery made them perplexed.

00:21:01Unfortunately,

00:21:03this 60-meter-high rabbit

00:21:05has completely disappeared today,

00:21:07but you can still find images online.

00:21:09This unusual object

00:21:11had been designed by Viennese artists.

00:21:13They encouraged tourists to climb,

00:21:15jump, or even take a short nap

00:21:17on the very large rabbit.

00:21:19The purpose of the project was

00:21:21to allow people to experience what it would be

00:21:23like to live as smaller creatures.

00:21:25No date had been set

00:21:27for a day to move this rabbit,

00:21:29and it had to last at least

00:21:31until 2025.

00:21:33But Mère Nature had other projects.

00:21:35A Japanese artist decided

00:21:37to return to live in her small

00:21:39native village named Nagoro.

00:21:41But she soon discovered that the rural exodus

00:21:43had practically emptied

00:21:45the small locality.

00:21:47To face loneliness,

00:21:49she began to assemble dolls

00:21:51of the famous Kakashi,

00:21:53and placed them everywhere in her garden.

00:21:55But she didn't stop there.

00:21:57The artist soon began

00:21:59to do the same with many

00:22:01other places in the village,

00:22:03creating dolls and displaying them

00:22:05as if they were still participating

00:22:07in various human activities.

00:22:09These dolls kept moving too,

00:22:11but the artist camped on her story

00:22:13and insisted that she never touched it.

00:22:15You can see the images of this eccentric village

00:22:17on Google Maps.

00:22:19This strange portal was discovered

00:22:21via online maps of New Baltimore

00:22:23in the state of New York,

00:22:25and it gave people all kinds

00:22:27of nightmares.

00:22:29With scary-looking buildings

00:22:31and all kinds of blurry silhouettes,

00:22:33this area quickly became the source

00:22:35of many strange theories on the Internet.

00:22:37It turns out that it was nothing

00:22:39but a technical problem

00:22:41that caused these images to be rendered

00:22:43in a distorted way.

00:22:45Anyway, if you ever look for these images

00:22:47you won't be able to get them out of your head.

00:22:49This adorable miniature world map

00:22:51was created by a Danish artist.

00:22:53He continuously worked

00:22:55on this tedious project

00:22:57from 1944 to 1967,

00:22:59using mainly his hands

00:23:01and only a few tools

00:23:03to move the heavy stones.

00:23:05He gathered them on the water's edge

00:23:07and then recreated a world map

00:23:09on the lake's surface.

00:23:11During the winter,

00:23:13he was able to use a sled

00:23:15to move large pieces of rock on the ice

00:23:17and then place them in the perfect position.

00:23:19In addition to the continents themselves,

00:23:21the map also features rivers and lakes

00:23:23as well as other famous landmarks.

00:23:25Do you want to take a look

00:23:27at a coastless sea?

00:23:29So look for the Sargassum Sea.

00:23:31You will find it in the North Atlantic Ocean.

00:23:33This bizarre sea is surrounded

00:23:35by four ocean currents

00:23:37and no firm land.

00:23:39It owes its name to the algae growing there,

00:23:41the Sargassum.

00:23:43A digital footprint on the lens

00:23:45of a satellite camera?

00:23:47That's what you might think

00:23:49if you're looking for the Finger Maze.

00:23:51It is located in the city of Brighton

00:23:53in the United Kingdom

00:23:55and it is a huge digital footprint

00:23:57created in Hove Park.

00:23:59It also has a labyrinth in its center.

00:24:01It can be really long and tedious

00:24:03to find wild animals on Google Earth,

00:24:05but the Geo Navigator has a nice feature

00:24:07that can help you

00:24:09if you can't wait to see hippos

00:24:11in their natural habitat.

00:24:13Try to search for animals seen from the sky

00:24:15and start scrolling through the images.

00:24:17This unique feature

00:24:19can take you from Kenya to Namibia

00:24:21and even to Antarctica

00:24:23where you will be able to distinguish

00:24:25colonies of emperor monkeys.

00:24:27There are some places on Google Maps

00:24:29which, for specific reasons,

00:24:31are unavailable to the online public

00:24:33like the Royal Palace of Amsterdam.

00:24:35If you visualize this place via Google Earth,

00:24:37you will see that everything

00:24:39in the Netherlands is still visible

00:24:41like the vegetation and the surrounding roads.

00:24:43But the construction itself

00:24:45is blurry at all angles.

00:24:47This is probably because

00:24:49the local authorities reserve

00:24:51the unique charms of the palace

00:24:53to the eyes of the visitors.

00:24:55The same goes for the Tantauco National Park

00:24:57in Chile.

00:24:59This is a private natural reserve

00:25:01that can only be seen from afar

00:25:03on Google Maps.

00:25:05Once you have reached a certain point,

00:25:07the zoom stops working.

00:25:09Some people say that,

00:25:11since it is a natural reserve,

00:25:13it could shelter species on the verge of extinction

00:25:15and extreme measures

00:25:17would have been taken to protect them.

00:25:19You know how a famous chicken brand

00:25:21has a certain colonel on its logo?

00:25:23Well, you will never see

00:25:25any of these high-resolution logos

00:25:27on Google Maps.

00:25:29This is because the geonavigator

00:25:31uses specific algorithms

00:25:33to detect people's faces

00:25:35automatically.

00:25:37And as you can see,

00:25:39it is not always very precise.

00:25:41It is called the Snake Island

00:25:43and Brazilian authorities

00:25:45forbid people to visit it

00:25:47for a very good reason.

00:25:49You will find the island

00:25:51not far from the coast of Sao Paulo.

00:25:53It is said to shelter

00:25:55more than 4,000 snakes.

00:25:57Get ready to plunge

00:25:59into the sea of mysteries,

00:26:01also known as the Black Sea.

00:26:03The Black Sea is larger than

00:26:05the entire state of California.

00:26:07It shelters dozens of lost ships

00:26:09as well as some secret submarine tunnels.

00:26:11Some even think

00:26:13that it was once an exploited quarry

00:26:15in six distinct phases.

00:26:17The Black Sea has horizontal layers

00:26:19of water that do not mix

00:26:21with varied levels of salinity.

00:26:23Salty water comes from the Mediterranean,

00:26:25while fresh water is brought

00:26:27by the rivers.

00:26:29Ten of Europe's largest rivers

00:26:31flow into this sea

00:26:33and it receives more fresh water

00:26:35from the rivers and precipitation

00:26:37than it loses by evaporation.

00:26:39Finally, the excess water

00:26:41flows through the Bosphorus

00:26:43towards the sea of Marmara,

00:26:45forming two distinct currents.

00:26:47The upper current evacuates

00:26:49the surface water of the Black Sea,

00:26:51while the lower current

00:26:53brings the salty water of the Mediterranean.

00:26:55Thus, the upper layers of the Black Sea

00:26:57are less dense than the lower layers.

00:26:59Oxygen from the atmosphere

00:27:01and photosynthesis

00:27:03remains in the surface layers

00:27:05and at depths exceeding

00:27:0790 meters offshore

00:27:09and up to 150 meters near the shore,

00:27:11life is impossible.

00:27:13Only some bacteria survive there.

00:27:15Although there is no air

00:27:17in the depths of the Black Sea,

00:27:19the upper layer houses

00:27:21about 750 species of phytoplankton.

00:27:23Eggs and fish larvae

00:27:25and invertebrates

00:27:27are found in coastal regions.

00:27:29There are also 180 species

00:27:31of fish in the Black Sea,

00:27:33some of which are precious,

00:27:35such as chinchar,

00:27:37common guillac and sprat.

00:27:39The water level there is always constant,

00:27:41without high or low tides.

00:27:43Thus, the surface of the sea

00:27:45is always calm and serene.

00:27:47However, it hides

00:27:49a surprising feature,

00:27:51an underwater river.

00:27:53This salty water current

00:27:55of the Bosphorus

00:27:57stretches along the seabed.

00:27:59This incredible discovery,

00:28:01made by scientists

00:28:03at the University of Leeds,

00:28:05was announced in 2010

00:28:07and it is the first

00:28:09underwater river of this type

00:28:11ever discovered.

00:28:13It is formed when the salty water

00:28:15of the Mediterranean

00:28:17flows through the Bosphorus

00:28:19in the Black Sea,

00:28:21where the water has

00:28:23always been calm and serene.

00:28:25A real treasure chest

00:28:27for the wreckage,

00:28:29this sea revealed its secrets

00:28:31by chance.

00:28:33Maritime archaeologists

00:28:35then studied the sea levels

00:28:37to understand the rise of the waters

00:28:39after the last ice age

00:28:41when they fell

00:28:43on more than 40 unknown wreckages.

00:28:45With the help of two guided vehicles,

00:28:47researchers explored the seabed

00:28:49by filming and producing

00:28:51according to the New York Times,

00:28:53among the 44 ships found,

00:28:55some stand out particularly

00:28:57as a ship of medieval trade

00:28:59of the 13th or 14th century.

00:29:01Another Ottoman ship,

00:29:03nicknamed the Flower of the Black Sea,

00:29:05for its petal-shaped sculptures,

00:29:07has also been discovered.

00:29:09The team observed fascinating details

00:29:11on other ships,

00:29:13such as ropes,

00:29:15burin marks, guvernails

00:29:17and various sculptures.

00:29:19The time of excavation has not yet been announced,

00:29:21but these wreckages could contain

00:29:23historical treasures such as books

00:29:25or parchments.

00:29:27It would surely be interesting

00:29:29to recover them.

00:29:31The most extraordinary discovery

00:29:33in the Black Sea is that

00:29:35archaeologists consider

00:29:37as the oldest intact wreck in the world.

00:29:39This ancient Greek ship,

00:29:4123 meters long,

00:29:43has been almost undamaged

00:29:45for more than 2,400 years

00:29:47and still has a frame.

00:29:49Researchers believe

00:29:51it was a merchant ship,

00:29:53similar to those found

00:29:55on ancient Greek pottery,

00:29:57such as the Vase of Ulysses and the Mermaids

00:29:59of the British Museum.

00:30:01This vase, dating from the same period,

00:30:03shows us a ship carrying the hero

00:30:05in front of the tempting mermaids.

00:30:07The team has taken a sample

00:30:09for a carbon dating,

00:30:11confirming that it is the oldest

00:30:13intact wreck ever found.

00:30:15This is the talent of the builders of the time.

00:30:17Without the presence of microbes,

00:30:19worms or other creatures to devour the wreckage,

00:30:21it is not surprising that these ships

00:30:23are in an almost impeccable state.

00:30:25If the Titanic had sunk

00:30:27in the same waters,

00:30:29it would be in much better condition today,

00:30:31without being swallowed up by

00:30:33underwater microorganisms.

00:30:35An intriguing theory,

00:30:37known as the Black Sea Deluge Hypothesis,

00:30:39suggests that a huge flood

00:30:41occurred about 7,500 years ago.

00:30:43In the 1990s,

00:30:45two geologists hypothesized

00:30:47that at the end of the last ice age,

00:30:497,000 to 12,000 years ago,

00:30:51global warming

00:30:53would have caused

00:30:55the melting of ice caps

00:30:57and the rise of sea levels,

00:30:59turning the Black Sea

00:31:01into a small lake of fresh water.

00:31:03This lake was separated

00:31:05from the Mediterranean Sea

00:31:07by a natural dam

00:31:09at the level of the Bosphorus.

00:31:11As the oceans increased,

00:31:13the Mediterranean began to overflow

00:31:15into the Black Sea basin.

00:31:17They estimate that the sea level

00:31:19rose by 15 cm per day,

00:31:21flooding coastal areas

00:31:23and definitely altering

00:31:25their environment.

00:31:27Samples taken at the bottom of the Black Sea

00:31:29reveal a sudden passage

00:31:31from a freshwater fauna

00:31:33to marine species,

00:31:35suggesting a rapid influx

00:31:37of saltwater.

00:31:39This passage is linked

00:31:41to the passage of saltwater

00:31:43from coastal areas

00:31:45to human structures,

00:31:47proving that populations

00:31:49lived in areas

00:31:51now submerged by the Black Sea.

00:31:53In addition,

00:31:55the moment of this flood

00:31:57corresponds to the well-known

00:31:59pattern of human migration

00:32:01to Europe, Asia and Africa.

00:32:03Some even think

00:32:05that this deluge

00:32:07of freshwater

00:32:09could have been more progressive.

00:32:11They also debate

00:32:13whether the inhabitants

00:32:15deserted the region

00:32:17before or after its submersion.

00:32:19An old chronicle

00:32:21dating from about a century

00:32:23details the existence

00:32:25of two underground tunnels

00:32:27starting from Romania

00:32:29and Bulgaria and extending

00:32:31under the Black Sea

00:32:33to Turkey.

00:32:35The rest of Asia Minor

00:32:37was able to dig them

00:32:39and the reason why they pass

00:32:41under the sea remains

00:32:43unanswered.

00:32:45At the First World War,

00:32:47the entrances of these tunnels

00:32:49were sealed for security reasons

00:32:51and kept under close surveillance.

00:32:53The Romanian army was perfectly

00:32:55aware of the existence

00:32:57of these tunnels and

00:32:59continued to prohibit

00:33:01access to them.

00:33:03These tunnels are located

00:33:05in a cemetery in Murfatlar, Romania.

00:33:07These same workers regularly

00:33:09used the passage to cross

00:33:11into Bulgaria.

00:33:13But what makes these tunnels

00:33:15even more fascinating

00:33:17is that it is said

00:33:19that they were built

00:33:21several thousand years ago.

00:33:23Digging a tunnel under the sea

00:33:25is a task for the less complex,

00:33:27even with our current technologies.

00:33:29And if these tunnels

00:33:31are not dug,

00:33:33we will not be able

00:33:35to dig them.

00:33:37In the end,

00:33:39an urban legend

00:33:41says that the Black Sea

00:33:43would have its own triangle

00:33:45of bermudas.

00:33:47Fishermen have described

00:33:49a furious whirlwind

00:33:51that would suddenly appear

00:33:53dragging ships and

00:33:55little islands under the

00:33:57waves of birds.

00:33:59Although no one can

00:34:01attest to this story,

00:34:03it adds an esoteric and

00:34:05frightening touch to the

00:34:07riddles of the Black Sea.

00:34:09The sea,

00:34:11this relentless aquatic beast,

00:34:13has been challenging

00:34:15all attempts to tame it for centuries.

00:34:17Many ships pushed by the wind

00:34:19have crossed the roughest regions

00:34:21in the world.

00:34:23Some have survived the battle

00:34:25fought with the sea

00:34:27Here is a story, 1834.

00:34:29A ship called the Pilgrim

00:34:31sets sail on California

00:34:33and Boston.

00:34:35The voyage will go around

00:34:37South America and then

00:34:39the Cape Horn to Chile.

00:34:41Richard joins as a merchant

00:34:43sailor aboard the Pilgrim.

00:34:45It is his first voyage at sea.

00:34:47The crew tells him stories

00:34:49about the passage of Drake

00:34:51to the Cape Horn,

00:34:53a legendary route for its danger.

00:34:55Ships and sailors have disappeared

00:34:57in these waters.

00:34:59Since its discovery in 1526,

00:35:01the Cape Horn has quickly become

00:35:03known to all those who

00:35:05borrowed it as the ultimate test

00:35:07of the skills of all sailors

00:35:09and the strength of all ships.

00:35:11Those who survived the voyage

00:35:13consider the Cape Horn

00:35:15as the nightmare of the seas.

00:35:17Jack, the steward,

00:35:19a seasoned veteran,

00:35:21leads the ship on this

00:35:23Jack is on board the Pilgrim

00:35:25since its first service in 1825.

00:35:27He has been there many times,

00:35:29learning each time a different lesson

00:35:31from the trials the sea

00:35:33has put him through.

00:35:35The Pilgrim has been restored

00:35:37since its last voyage a year ago.

00:35:39Richard appreciates Jack's experience

00:35:41as it is his first voyage at sea.

00:35:43Jack reassures Richard

00:35:45about the reliability of the Pilgrim,

00:35:47even if it is just a small wooden brick

00:35:49with two masts.

00:35:51Jack is aware that the wooden ships

00:35:53are gradually becoming obsolete,

00:35:55replaced by new steam ships.

00:35:57But Jack prefers the manoeuvrability

00:35:59of the Pilgrim

00:36:01and prefers it to the steel ships.

00:36:05Richard is delighted to be on board.

00:36:07There is so much to explore

00:36:09in the life of a merchant sailor,

00:36:11but he has a hard time finding

00:36:13his sailing foot on the boat.

00:36:15The violent winds make the Pilgrim

00:36:17move faster,

00:36:19which allows Richard to quickly

00:36:21familiarize himself with life at sea.

00:36:23At the same time,

00:36:25nothing can prepare him

00:36:27for what he will experience at Cape Horn.

00:36:29It is the southernmost tip of the Earth

00:36:31before Antarctica.

00:36:33The space between the frozen continent

00:36:35and Cape Horn contains the sadly famous

00:36:37Drake Pass,

00:36:39about 1,100 km between Cape Horn

00:36:41and the Antarctic peninsula.

00:36:43The powerful winds allow

00:36:45a constant and regular journey

00:36:47from Cape Horn to Cape Horn.

00:36:49But as Jack tells Richard,

00:36:51the winds are more concentrated

00:36:53in the Drake Pass.

00:36:55They create a black-tooth effect

00:36:57and become stronger and more unpredictable.

00:36:59Richard is not sure

00:37:01what this could mean for the Pilgrim,

00:37:03but he understands that there is no

00:37:05easier route to travel

00:37:07around South America.

00:37:09A few days pass.

00:37:11The Pilgrim sails near the many

00:37:13islands that make up

00:37:15Cape Horn.

00:37:17Although the sea is relatively calm,

00:37:19Richard continues to suffer

00:37:21from his lack of sea footing.

00:37:23These movements are still

00:37:25not very assured.

00:37:27The deck, which also constantly

00:37:29rises and falls,

00:37:31and Richard has a hard time

00:37:33getting used to this movement.

00:37:35Big irregular waves hit the Pilgrim

00:37:37from all angles.

00:37:39The ship approaches Cape Horn quickly.

00:37:41Richard looks at large black

00:37:43waves, half smiling.

00:37:45The ironic smile on his face

00:37:47disappears quickly.

00:37:49The man becomes serious,

00:37:51knowing what awaits them all.

00:37:53Stronger winds begin to inflate the sails,

00:37:55while the crew tries to

00:37:57cling to the rope.

00:37:59Richard desperately tries to adjust

00:38:01the rear sails to adapt to the constant

00:38:03changes in the violent south winds.

00:38:05Jack firmly holds the bar,

00:38:07aware of the importance of his role.

00:38:09He is wary of the swell.

00:38:11The waves rise very quickly

00:38:13as they go south.

00:38:15It is crucial that the Pilgrim does not

00:38:17venture too close to the cape

00:38:19when they approach.

00:38:21The great darkness that was in the distance

00:38:23is now all around them,

00:38:25and fills the sky in all directions.

00:38:27The black clouds project rain

00:38:29and hail on the crew,

00:38:31who are trying to resist the tides.

00:38:33The captain leads Jack to the bar

00:38:35and changes the direction of the ship.

00:38:37The temperature has dropped considerably.

00:38:39He tries to keep the water away from his eyes

00:38:41and turns to the low bow

00:38:43in order to offer his face

00:38:45a short break from the torture of the wind.

00:38:47Looking in the distance,

00:38:49the man sees the Horn, alone,

00:38:51surrounded by mist.

00:38:53It is an obsessive vision.

00:38:57He leads the Pilgrim along the Horn's coast

00:38:59as the distance decreases.

00:39:01The waves decrease in height

00:39:03because the depths become smaller.

00:39:05But these waves are much stiffer

00:39:07and their angle can cause more damage

00:39:09to the wooden ship.

00:39:11Jack does not know how many of these waves

00:39:13the Pilgrim can withstand

00:39:15before the hull breaks.

00:39:17Richard, still posted on the rear sail,

00:39:19looks at the water and the icebergs

00:39:21floating in the distance.

00:39:23He is not sure of their real size

00:39:25since they are mostly hidden under the water.

00:39:27But he knows he must alert Jack

00:39:29if one of them approaches too close.

00:39:31A single iceberg hits the Pilgrim

00:39:33and the hull will simply be finished.

00:39:37Consciously,

00:39:39he looks overboard

00:39:41and, in the distance,

00:39:43the icebergs are not the only thing to watch out for.

00:39:45Accelerated waves are also common in these seas.

00:39:47The connection of the Antarctic and Pacific Oceans,

00:39:49mixed with a stormy weather,

00:39:51form waves together.

00:39:53This creates much larger accelerated waves.

00:39:55We know that this kind of wave

00:39:57can reach 30 meters high.

00:39:59They can destroy most of the ships

00:40:01on their way.

00:40:03It will surely be the end of the Pilgrim

00:40:05if he encounters an accelerated wave.

00:40:07Strong currents

00:40:09change the course of the ship

00:40:11as if the Horn

00:40:13was trying to pull it towards its rocky bottom.

00:40:15Slowly,

00:40:17he approaches the Horn.

00:40:19Jack fights against the current

00:40:21at the helm.

00:40:23By turning the helm,

00:40:25he stretches his body as much as he can.

00:40:27By groaning,

00:40:29he makes the government go from shore to shore

00:40:31and vice versa.

00:40:33The ship is about to shout instructions.

00:40:35For a novice, they are extremely confused.

00:40:37But Jack, a seasoned veteran,

00:40:39continues to interpret the directions

00:40:41with ease and governs

00:40:43to readjust their trajectory far from the Horn.

00:40:45The captain orders Richard

00:40:47to check the hull under the bridges.

00:40:49With the level of beating

00:40:51that Drake's passage has provided so far,

00:40:53he has surely damaged the ship

00:40:55in one way or another.

00:40:57Richard runs on the bridge

00:40:59while another sailor shouts something to him.

00:41:01This makes it difficult to hear.

00:41:03A wave hits the side

00:41:05and falls on the bridge.

00:41:07Richard manages to hang on to the mast

00:41:09before being practically carried overboard.

00:41:11The entire front deck seems to be under water.

00:41:13Hanging while the water

00:41:15ripples on the sides of the ship

00:41:17and while it dissipates,

00:41:19Richard looks at the Horn passing slowly.

00:41:21However,

00:41:23he signs to the Pilgrim

00:41:25as if he were claiming his due to the crew.

00:41:27The currents continue to push the ship

00:41:29as the storm rages.

00:41:31Without the end of this battle being in sight,

00:41:33the storm is getting bigger

00:41:35and fiercer.

00:41:37Richard prepares to descend

00:41:39and assess the damage.

00:41:41After a slow descent

00:41:43towards the lower bridges,

00:41:45Richard can finally look at the hull

00:41:47from the compartments of the ship.

00:41:49There is no damage,

00:41:51according to what he can see.

00:41:53But he is shocked by the depth

00:41:55of the water inside.

00:41:57The hull, among other things,

00:41:59floats in the water.

00:42:01But even inside the ship,

00:42:03the guy can't escape the waves.

00:42:05Unable to make sense of all this,

00:42:07he remains frozen

00:42:09and listens to the omnipotence

00:42:11of Mother Nature outside.

00:42:13The sea roars even louder

00:42:15and the waves constantly hit the hull.

00:42:17It looks like a dark drumbeat,

00:42:19a slow countdown

00:42:21to the disappearance of the Pilgrim.

00:42:23Richard forces himself to return

00:42:25to the terror of the upper bridges

00:42:27by clinging to the ramparts

00:42:29to carefully cross the sliding stairs.

00:42:31He forgets the disturbing cracks

00:42:33of the wooden bridges.

00:42:35They are soon replaced

00:42:37by the tense sounds of the strings,

00:42:39the cries of the other sailors

00:42:41and the deafening roar of the sea

00:42:43that crashes all around him.

00:42:45Jack is at the helm,

00:42:47focused on his role,

00:42:49always fighting against the wind

00:42:51and the waves,

00:42:53but Jack continues

00:42:55with determination.

00:42:57For nine days,

00:42:59the Pilgrim fights

00:43:01against the incessant changes of the climate,

00:43:03facing all kinds of obstacles.

00:43:05But the ship manages to get out of it.

00:43:07After leaving the storm

00:43:09behind him,

00:43:11the crew heads north

00:43:13to reach its final destination.

00:43:15The view of the sun through the dark clouds

00:43:17is the greatest relief

00:43:19Richard has ever felt.

00:43:21Unfortunately,

00:43:23Richard lost his rations

00:43:25at some point during the storm.

00:43:27At sea, if you lose your rations,

00:43:29it's your own bad luck.

00:43:31Fortunately, Jack is kind enough

00:43:33to share some of his.

00:43:37The coldest part of our planet,

00:43:39Antarctica,

00:43:41never ceases to surprise us.

00:43:43Take a look at this fall

00:43:45called Blood Falls.

00:43:47Reddish water comes out of the white ice.

00:43:49The water from the ice

00:43:51oxidizes and turns rusty

00:43:53when exposed to oxygen.

00:43:55And the red color appears.

00:43:57Take a step on Mount Gandeng.

00:43:59It lays eggs.

00:44:01Well, maybe not real eggs,

00:44:03but these stones look like dinosaur eggs.

00:44:05That's why the mountain

00:44:07has become famous.

00:44:09These stone eggs, let's call them that,

00:44:11were formed in a part of the mountain

00:44:13more than 500 million years ago.

00:44:15It's interesting to note that this phenomenon

00:44:17has been going on for 30 years.

00:44:19The eggs have different sizes and colors.

00:44:21These stones appear at the top of the cliff.

00:44:23A study carried out in the region

00:44:25revealed that the composition

00:44:27of these stones was not the same

00:44:29as that of the other parts of the mountain.

00:44:31Here, limestone rocks

00:44:33predominate.

00:44:35They are more prone to erosion.

00:44:37They crumble day by day.

00:44:39It took three decades for the stones

00:44:41to take this egg shape.

00:44:43However, the process by which

00:44:45these stones are formed remains a mystery.

00:44:47According to scientists,

00:44:49each stone egg has an organic material core.

00:44:51They are made up of shells,

00:44:53remains of plants, fish teeth,

00:44:55and skeletons.

00:44:57This may be the beginning of the explanation.

00:44:59The village of Gulu is close to the stone eggs.

00:45:01Residents believe that these eggs are sacred.

00:45:03Villagers associate them with good fortune.

00:45:05In fact, almost every family

00:45:07has one in their house.

00:45:09Unfortunately,

00:45:11there are only about 70 eggs left.

00:45:13So if you want to see them,

00:45:15you better hurry.

00:45:17The structure of Richat

00:45:19is a circular geological phenomenon

00:45:21located in the Sahara desert

00:45:23near Mauritania.

00:45:25It is made up of rocks in several layers

00:45:27and they look a lot like rings.

00:45:29No wonder this unique structure

00:45:31has attracted the attention of NASA.

00:45:33Seen from the sky,

00:45:35the geological element seems to be

00:45:37rotating on itself.

00:45:39Scientists still don't know

00:45:41the impact of an asteroid.

00:45:43Others think it is a natural geological process.

00:45:45For them,

00:45:47the structure of Richat is an eroded

00:45:49and elevated rock dome.

00:45:51Geologists often classify it as an anticlinal dome.

00:45:53Scientists have discovered

00:45:55that the rocks in the center

00:45:57are older than the outer rocks

00:45:59in the shape of rings.

00:46:01It would seem that the stones were eroded

00:46:03until they formed layers of flat rocks.

00:46:05Anyway, there is no valid explanation

00:46:07for this phenomenon.

00:46:09The number 4 is Rapa Nui

00:46:11or Isla de Pascua.

00:46:13But I bet you know it

00:46:15as Easter Island.

00:46:17Yes, it has three names.

00:46:19It was discovered by Jacob Roggeveen

00:46:21who had no intention

00:46:23of looking for this island.

00:46:25He just landed there by chance

00:46:27on a Sunday

00:46:29and that's where his name comes from.

00:46:31Jacob was actually looking for

00:46:33Terra Australis

00:46:35and by the way,

00:46:37this island never existed

00:46:39and it was only a hypothetical continent.

00:46:41In addition, he wanted to take a look

00:46:43at the land of Davis

00:46:45who had been seen in the past

00:46:47by Edward Davis, the pirate

00:46:49and not Edward Davis, the saxophonist.

00:46:51Jacob did not make it either

00:46:53although no one has ever seen this island

00:46:55except for the pirate Davis himself.

00:46:57He may not have been able to discover

00:46:59the lands he wanted

00:47:01but he discovered Easter Island instead.

00:47:03This island is a particular territory of Chile

00:47:05located in the southeast of the Pacific Ocean.

00:47:07It is on this list

00:47:09because nearly a thousand stone statues

00:47:11called Moai

00:47:13were discovered on site.

00:47:15They were created by the Rapanui people.

00:47:17Almost all these statues

00:47:19represent gigantic heads

00:47:21but there are also a small number of kneeling figures

00:47:23with their hands on their bellies.

00:47:25Each statue represents leaders

00:47:27or other important members

00:47:29of Easter Island society.

00:47:31To sculpt these statues,

00:47:33they used volcanic stones

00:47:35that had been softened.

00:47:37The next stop is the Gate of Hell.

00:47:39Don't worry,

00:47:41it's just the way people

00:47:43called the gas crater of Darvaza

00:47:45in Turkmenistan.

00:47:47This giant natural gas crater

00:47:49has been there for five decades

00:47:51and it burns gas all the time.

00:47:53The president of the country would like

00:47:55experts to find a way

00:47:57to extinguish this permanent fire pit.

00:47:59This site was accidentally created

00:48:01in 2011 when he was working

00:48:03on a natural gas project.

00:48:05Since then, the flames have not ceased

00:48:07and it has become a tourist attraction.

00:48:09Mysterious constructions

00:48:11are sometimes built in our time.

00:48:13We do not need to go back

00:48:15to millions of years,

00:48:17to civilizations that have disappeared

00:48:19for a long time.

00:48:21Edward Litskalin built on his own

00:48:23a structure called the Coral Castle

00:48:25in Homestead, Florida.

00:48:27He did not use big machines.

00:48:29He built the castle in a single day

00:48:31in 28 years, until 1951.

00:48:33It is a real mystery

00:48:35to understand how he managed

00:48:37to accomplish this on his own.

00:48:39Litskalin carved the sedimentary rock

00:48:41into different objects,

00:48:43such as walls, tables, chairs,

00:48:45a fountain and a solar panel.

00:48:47There is of course a legend

00:48:49behind this mystery.

00:48:51He was inspired to build this structure

00:48:53after being abandoned by his fiancée

00:48:55on the day of their marriage.

00:48:57He could not prove his love to her

00:48:59and to the whole world.

00:49:01So he had to produce something extraordinary.

00:49:03Well, he clearly succeeded.

00:49:05Let's talk a little about the mystery

00:49:07of fairy circles in Namibia.

00:49:09There are millions of circular spots

00:49:11on hundreds of kilometers,

00:49:13whose diameter varies from 3 to 20 meters.

00:49:15They are called fairy circles

00:49:17because they seem to have been created

00:49:19by fairies or by a creature

00:49:21from another world.

00:49:23They are essentially oval-shaped

00:49:25and they look like grass.

00:49:27There are many local beliefs

00:49:29surrounding the creation of these marks.

00:49:31However, science says something else.

00:49:33For decades, biologists and mathematicians

00:49:35have been perplexed by the mystery

00:49:37of fairy circles in Namibia.

00:49:39There is more than one theory

00:49:41to explain this phenomenon.

00:49:43Here is a popular theory.

00:49:45As water is limited in the desert,

00:49:47plants compete to access it.

00:49:49Some plants spread out

00:49:51and thrive in a plot.

00:49:53Small plants, located nearby,

00:49:55cannot get the water they need

00:49:57to survive.

00:49:59In the end, some of the vegetation

00:50:01disappears and the others

00:50:03remain on the edge of the plot.

00:50:05This is why they form such irregular gaps.

00:50:07What if I told you that there is a hill

00:50:09in the city of Leh in India

00:50:11where, instead of rolling down,

00:50:13things go up?

00:50:15This is an optical illusion.

00:50:17The road seems to climb a hill

00:50:19because of the surrounding landscapes.

00:50:21The road actually goes down.

00:50:23This kind of phenomenon is called

00:50:25a magnetic hill.

00:50:27The scientific explanations vary.

00:50:29The most common theory

00:50:31states that the hill has such a strong

00:50:33magnetic force that it can attract

00:50:35cars in the vicinity.

00:50:37What would you say if you saw

00:50:39flaming rocks?

00:50:41Yanartas extends over a surface

00:50:43of more than 3 square kilometers.

00:50:45The place is located on a rocky mountain

00:50:47in the southwest of Turkey,

00:50:49Yanartas owes its name to its appearance.

00:50:51It literally means

00:50:53flaming stone.

00:50:55The rocks have been burning

00:50:57for at least 2,500 years

00:50:59and will probably continue to burn

00:51:01for the next decades.

00:51:03The mountain where the rocks are located

00:51:05is an inactive volcano.

00:51:07It is sprinkled with tiny fumaroles

00:51:09that release gases such as methane.

00:51:11This gas ignites when it comes

00:51:13in contact with oxygen

00:51:15and creates this flaming effect.

00:51:17At the time, sailors used these flames

00:51:19as a natural lighthouse

00:51:21because they are very close to the coast.

00:51:23Today, it is more of a tourist attraction.

00:51:25Hikers love it too.

00:51:27Now walk on Lake Abraham,

00:51:29frozen in Canada.

00:51:31In winter,

00:51:33the frozen water is filled with ice bubbles.

00:51:35It seems magical,

00:51:37but these white orbs are not so sure.

00:51:39They are composed of flammable

00:51:41methane gas.

00:51:43The beauty can be misleading.

00:51:45The following image comes from

00:51:47Racetrack Playa in the Valley of Death,

00:51:49in the United States.

00:51:51There is a dry lake where the rocks move.

00:51:53These strange rocks seem to have been

00:51:55pushed or dragged by someone

00:51:57or something.

00:51:59It leaves both a trace and a mystery

00:52:01behind it, but we understand today

00:52:03the force behind all this.

00:52:05Surprise! It's the wind

00:52:07and a little ice.

00:52:09Scientists say that the wind pushes

00:52:11the rocks during the short periods

00:52:13of ice.

00:52:15I can't help but notice that many

00:52:17mysterious things on Earth involve

00:52:19stones and rocks.

00:52:21Or methane.

00:52:23And you, which of these phenomena is your favorite?

00:52:25Antarctica was once

00:52:27a green land populated by dinosaurs.

00:52:29But it is now a frozen continent

00:52:31larger than the United States

00:52:33and that belongs to no one.

00:52:35It is not difficult to find.

00:52:37By heading south,

00:52:39you will inevitably end up

00:52:41facing the southern pole of the planet.

00:52:43It is located inside the Antarctic Circle

00:52:45and forms the largest mass of ice

00:52:47on Earth. The continent is larger

00:52:49than the United States and even larger

00:52:51than Europe as a whole. And yet,

00:52:53Antarctica was only officially discovered

00:52:55recently. Scientists ignored

00:52:57its existence until 1820.

00:52:59After its discovery, it took

00:53:01another two decades to confirm

00:53:03that it was a brand new continent.

00:53:05And a few more decades after that,

00:53:07to find a name for it.

00:53:09Anti means opposite.

00:53:11So, Antarctica means

00:53:13the opposite of the Arctic.

00:53:15But before our scientists

00:53:17discovered this land,

00:53:19the Greeks of Antiquity had theorized

00:53:21that there must be a southern continent

00:53:23to balance the Arctic,

00:53:25located in the north.

00:53:27In addition, some scientists who have studied

00:53:29the art and oral history of Polynesia

00:53:31think that they and their inhabitants

00:53:33discovered the continent more than a millennium

00:53:35before the Europeans.

00:53:37Today we know well this icy land

00:53:39of the South Pole. Because of its

00:53:41situation, there are only two seasons there.

00:53:43Summer and winter, and they last

00:53:45six months. In summer,

00:53:47it is a little warmer, and the continent

00:53:49is bathed in light. In winter,

00:53:51it is dark all day long.

00:53:5398%

00:53:55of Antarctica is made up of ice.

00:53:57This continent alone

00:53:59concentrates 60% of all

00:54:01fresh water on the planet. And yet,

00:54:03despite this, Antarctica is

00:54:05the largest desert in the world.

00:54:07By definition, a desert is an area

00:54:09where vegetation is rare, and where there is

00:54:11little snow or rain. Note that

00:54:13the abundance of sand is not a necessary condition.

00:54:15Even if the continent

00:54:17has sand, and even dunes.

00:54:19Antarctica is the

00:54:21most windy continent on the planet.

00:54:23The wind speed can reach

00:54:25322 km per hour.

00:54:27It's faster than a hurricane.

00:54:31The little snow that falls on these lands

00:54:33never melts. It accumulates

00:54:35for centuries and millennia.

00:54:37The layer of ice is therefore

00:54:39very, very thick.

00:54:41Antarctica is full of secrets.

00:54:43A whole world is hidden under this ice.

00:54:45For example, a large number

00:54:47of mountains on the continent exceed

00:54:492,500 meters. It is higher

00:54:51than three Burj Khalifa stacked

00:54:53on top of each other.

00:54:55Currently, it is the highest skyscraper in the world.

00:54:57But if we don't see

00:54:59all these mountains, it's because

00:55:01they are hidden under a layer of ice

00:55:03nearly 5,000 meters thick.

00:55:05There is also a lake below,

00:55:07at 3,350 meters deep.

00:55:09It is Lake Vostok,

00:55:11named after the Vostok Research Station

00:55:13under which it is located.

00:55:15Originally,

00:55:17it was just a hypothesis.

00:55:19More than a century ago, a scientist

00:55:21suggested that the enormous pressure

00:55:23created by the tons of ice could reduce

00:55:25the melting point of the ice

00:55:27in the lowest layers of the ice cap.

00:55:29He thus created liquid water

00:55:31and formed a lake. He could not prove

00:55:33his theory himself, but scientists

00:55:35later resumed their work

00:55:37and confirmed that all this was true.

00:55:39There is also a canyon in Antarctica,

00:55:41hidden under huge masses of snow.

00:55:43It is deeper than the Grand Canyon

00:55:45of Arizona.

00:55:47A mountain range

00:55:49divides the continent into two parts,

00:55:51the eastern Antarctic

00:55:53and the western Antarctic.

00:55:55In the western part of the continent,

00:55:57the temperatures are higher

00:55:59and the melting of the ice has begun.

00:56:01If the western Antarctic

00:56:03melts and releases all its water,

00:56:05the average sea level will increase

00:56:07by about 5 meters.

00:56:09This will suffice for some cities

00:56:11to disappear completely from one end

00:56:13to the other of the planet.

00:56:15The first to disappear under the water

00:56:17could be the Thai capital, Bangkok,

00:56:19which is only 1.5 meters above

00:56:21the sea level.

00:56:23Then it will be Amsterdam in the Netherlands,

00:56:25Cardiff in the United Kingdom

00:56:27and New Orleans in the United States.

00:56:29Today, we work a lot in Antarctica,

00:56:31where scientists have been

00:56:33residing for months to study

00:56:35this mysterious continent.

00:56:37Over the years, some children

00:56:39have even been born there.

00:56:41But it is not a country,

00:56:43and these lands do not belong to anyone.

00:56:45It is governed by the Treaty on Antarctica,

00:56:47a research agreement and

00:56:49peaceful collaboration

00:56:51that prohibits any territorial claim.

00:56:53Today, there are 59 signatories,

00:56:55half of whom have a decision power.

00:56:57The continent is populated

00:56:59throughout the year

00:57:01by researchers from all over the world.

00:57:03About 5,000 people live there

00:57:05in summer and 1,000 in winter.

00:57:07However, no one lives there permanently.

00:57:09People go and come,

00:57:11and scientists stay there

00:57:13in turn.

00:57:15The average annual temperature

00:57:17there is less than 34 degrees Celsius.

00:57:19But it was a time when Antarctica

00:57:21was about as hot as

00:57:23today's Melbourne.

00:57:25It was about 45 million years ago,

00:57:27and I was not yet born at the time.

00:57:29But the continent was covered with forests,

00:57:31and dinosaurs roamed

00:57:33these lands, living under

00:57:35temperatures nearing 17 degrees Celsius.

00:57:37It was long before the Manchuria.

00:57:39Today,

00:57:41it is so cold in Antarctica

00:57:43that not a single bush grows there.

00:57:45There is only snow.

00:57:47The only plants that can thrive

00:57:49in such extreme temperatures

00:57:51are lichens, mosses, and algae.

00:57:53Humans cannot survive

00:57:55in such rigorous conditions

00:57:57for long periods.

00:57:59That is why the continent has never

00:58:01had an indigenous population.

00:58:03Well, if we do not count mangroves,

00:58:05seals, whales, and some species of birds.

00:58:07The fauna of Antarctica

00:58:09is the rarest and least diversified

00:58:11on the planet,

00:58:13because only a few organisms can resist

00:58:15these difficult conditions,

00:58:17and it is forbidden to bring

00:58:19non-indigenous species there.

00:58:21Therefore, if you want to travel

00:58:23to Antarctica with your cat,

00:58:25we will not let him in.

00:58:27It is not me who decides the rules.

00:58:29The few species that live

00:58:31in the South Pole are

00:58:33totally owned by the place.

00:58:35That's all.

00:58:37There are no more than 5,000 human inhabitants

00:58:39and about 20 million mangroves.

00:58:41But these are colonists.

00:58:43In a way, the ancestors of the mangroves

00:58:45are the smallest on the planet,

00:58:47which only measures 30 cm.

00:58:49However, most of them migrated

00:58:51to Antarctica at some point.

00:58:53Maybe because the perspective of large

00:58:55quantities of food attracted them.

00:58:57It is not because of the cold

00:58:59that they love for the region.

00:59:01It turns out that most of the mangroves

00:59:03leave the continent at the end of summer.

00:59:05The only ones to stay there

00:59:07are the male emperor mangroves,

00:59:09and they do it to warm up

00:59:11and protect the eggs left by their companions.

00:59:13It's a mystery, even for scientists.

00:59:15But by attaching tiny locating devices

00:59:17to the paws of some of these animals,

00:59:19they found the answer.

00:59:21The mangroves go to live

00:59:23in the South Oceans

00:59:25when it is too cold in Antarctica.

00:59:27For six months,

00:59:29none of them return to the mainland,

00:59:31then they return to the continent.

00:59:33When they return,

00:59:35the eggs entrusted to the male mangroves

00:59:37begin to hatch,

00:59:39and the families are reunited.

00:59:41And the ocean is thirsty

00:59:43despite the cold temperatures.

00:59:45In some regions,

00:59:47the water can reach temperatures

00:59:49close to zero because it is salty.

00:59:51But the fish do not freeze

00:59:53because their bodies contain

00:59:55antifreeze proteins.

00:59:57There are also about a million seals

00:59:59in Antarctica.

01:00:01They also love fish

01:00:03and can hold their breath

01:00:05underwater for two hours.

01:00:07They see much better underwater

01:00:09The holes they dig in the ice

01:00:11to breathe can close

01:00:13while they swim.

01:00:15And then they have to use their teeth

01:00:17to make a new hole.

01:00:19The seals can even sleep underwater

01:00:21and go back to the surface from time to time

01:00:23without waking up. Impressive!

01:00:29Be careful, this video is going to make some noise.

01:00:31Crabfish

01:00:33have a unique ability.

01:00:35They can make a very loud sound.

01:00:37The human ear can generally not hear it,

01:00:39especially if only one fish

01:00:41likes the sound.

01:00:43But if several start doing it at the same time,

01:00:45you may not be able to prevent yourself from hearing it.

01:00:47Crabfish

01:00:49live off the coast of Sosalito

01:00:51in California.

01:00:53And every year, thousands of them

01:00:55get together on the bench to party

01:00:57and scream.

01:00:59Together, they create a collective sound

01:01:01that can be easily heard by the inhabitants

01:01:03living near the shore.

01:01:05They can even penetrate the city center

01:01:07to make a noise.

01:01:09Some people are obviously embarrassed

01:01:11by this constant noise.

01:01:13It is a unique natural phenomenon,

01:01:15but there is a hitch.

01:01:17At some point, the fish move away from the shore,

01:01:19but the sound persists.

01:01:21In addition, scientists have proven

01:01:23that this noise created by the fish

01:01:25could not spread in the city

01:01:27and many inhabitants of the coastal areas

01:01:29do not hear it.

01:01:31Nevertheless, some people continue to hear

01:01:33this strange rumbling.

01:01:35Now, imagine that you moved

01:01:37to a small Scottish village.

01:01:39You rent a room, you dine,

01:01:41and you go to bed.

01:01:43As you slowly fall asleep,

01:01:45a strange rumbling invades your room.

01:01:47It sounds like someone started

01:01:49his engine somewhere in the distance.

01:01:51The sound is similar to that of a powerful bass

01:01:53coming out of a loudspeaker.

01:01:55The rumbling prevents you from sleeping.

01:01:57You have migraines and even nausea.

01:01:59In the morning, you discover

01:02:01that other inhabitants also hear

01:02:03this terrible rumbling.

01:02:05They tell you about a huge factory

01:02:07located nearby.

01:02:09Machines, engines, steam boilers,

01:02:11large air-raid shelters,

01:02:13and generators emit a deafening rumbling

01:02:15that travels through the air.

01:02:17Sound waves spread throughout the village

01:02:19and disturb people in Leuphine.

01:02:21You have been hearing this sound

01:02:23and suffering from insomnia for several days.

01:02:25And then, one day, the factory goes bankrupt.

01:02:27Workers leave their jobs

01:02:29and turn off all engines and fans.

01:02:31Great!

01:02:33You will finally be able to sleep in peace.

01:02:35But you know what?

01:02:37The sound does not disappear.

01:02:39It follows you wherever you are.

01:02:41And it is not the factory,

01:02:43the fish, or the engine of a truck.

01:02:45Imagine that you are walking

01:02:47in the streets of a small English town.

01:02:49There are a lot of planes flying above you.

01:02:51The rumbling they emit follows you.

01:02:53Even in your bed, you can hear it.

01:02:55You wonder if there is an airport nearby.

01:02:57You ask the inhabitants.

01:02:59And you discover that there is not even

01:03:01a runway here.

01:03:03But then, where does this sound come from?

01:03:05You look up to look in the air.

01:03:07And you see a clear sky.

01:03:09There are no planes.

01:03:11But there is noise.

01:03:13And you are not the only one to hear it.

01:03:15Some inhabitants are sure that the rumbling

01:03:17comes from high-speed traffic on the highway.

01:03:19Thousands of cars drive in both directions

01:03:21and leave massive sound waves behind them.

01:03:23But at night,

01:03:25there are no cars.

01:03:27And yet, the sound remains.

01:03:29You may be going crazy.

01:03:31The stories of several witnesses

01:03:33about this rumbling

01:03:35save you from this madness.

01:03:37And it is not only the inhabitants of this town

01:03:39who experience it.

01:03:41About 4% of the people on the planet

01:03:43hear the rumbling.

01:03:45Unknown people share this rumbling

01:03:47that prevents them from sleeping

01:03:49and concentrating on anything.

01:03:51The sound follows them everywhere

01:03:53Some people still hear it

01:03:55even though they are moving to another place.

01:03:57Maybe you hear it right now

01:03:59and you don't pay attention to it.

01:04:01So be careful.

01:04:03If you hear it once,

01:04:05you won't be able to stop hearing it.

01:04:07There is a website

01:04:09and an online forum dedicated to rumbling.

01:04:11People from all over the world

01:04:13look up the coordinates of the places

01:04:15where they heard this mysterious phenomenon.

01:04:17You can find thousands of these coordinates

01:04:19on the site and even add yours.

01:04:21People describe different levels of noise

01:04:23and share their sources.

01:04:25Some theories claim

01:04:27that the rumbling is nothing

01:04:29but the sound of our planet

01:04:31coming from the core.

01:04:33Others claim it comes from the atmosphere.

01:04:35Scientists have even been consulted

01:04:37but they don't know the reason for this phenomenon.

01:04:39People use microphones

01:04:41and sophisticated amplifiers

01:04:43to record the rumbling.

01:04:45Almost everywhere,

01:04:47they detect a low-frequency vibration

01:04:49that is almost impossible for the human ear to detect.

01:04:51It mixes with the noise of cars,

01:04:53office printers,

01:04:55and metro trains.

01:04:57Sometimes people stop hearing it

01:04:59but the rumbling increases

01:05:01when they are lying in their bed.

01:05:03Many testimonies come from the inhabitants

01:05:05of certain industrial cities.

01:05:07Sometimes these sound researchers

01:05:09have managed to find the source.

01:05:11They found themselves in factories

01:05:13with walking generators

01:05:15where the sound penetrated the ventilation system

01:05:17of the building.

01:05:19When the generators stopped working,

01:05:21the sound disappeared.

01:05:23But these are rare cases.

01:05:25Most of the time,

01:05:27no one can find the source of the rumbling.

01:05:29One of the most famous places

01:05:31where you can hear it

01:05:33is in the city of Taos, New Mexico.

01:05:35About 2% of the inhabitants

01:05:37hear a strange rumbling every day.

01:05:39Some tourists also experience it.

01:05:41Scientists came to the city

01:05:43to study this mystery

01:05:45According to some theories,

01:05:47the unusual acoustics of this place

01:05:49is at the origin of the rumbling.

01:05:51Others think it is simply a hallucination

01:05:53or the power of collective suggestion.

01:05:55Everyone talks so much about the rumbling

01:05:57that the brain creates the illusion

01:05:59of a sound that does not exist.

01:06:01The inhabitants believe that the nature

01:06:03of the rumbling is mystical

01:06:05and associated with bad spirits.

01:06:07Whatever it is,

01:06:09no one has yet discovered the truth.

01:06:11The rumbling that people hear

01:06:13may be the result of the seismic activity

01:06:15of the tectonic plates

01:06:17under the ocean waters.

01:06:19Huge pieces of earth's crust

01:06:21move slowly and collide

01:06:23with each other.

01:06:25This creates a noise

01:06:27that reaches us in the form of a rumbling.

01:06:29But why would only a few people hear it?

01:06:31Maybe about 4%

01:06:33of the world's population

01:06:35has a unique sense of hearing.

01:06:37In any case,

01:06:39scientists were not able

01:06:41to find the cause of the tectonic plates.

01:06:43Some researchers think

01:06:45that submarines are to blame.

01:06:47They use low-frequency radio signals

01:06:49to communicate all over the world.

01:06:51These signals spread to the surface

01:06:53and can affect the human body.

01:06:55When the ear catches these sound waves,

01:06:57it reacts and causes vibrations

01:06:59similar to rumbling.

01:07:01This happens because the low-frequency

01:07:03sound energy collides

01:07:05with the soft tissues of the skull

01:07:07and stimulates the auditory nerve.

01:07:09It's not even a sound.

01:07:11It's a hallucination created by your brain.

01:07:13In any case,

01:07:15no one can confirm this theory.

01:07:17Maybe storms create

01:07:19the rumbling phenomenon.

01:07:21About 8 million lightning strikes the Earth every day.

01:07:23Each impact creates

01:07:25a powerful electromagnetic charge.

01:07:27The lightning penetrates the air

01:07:29and makes it resonate between the surface

01:07:31of the Earth and the ionosphere.

01:07:33It seems complicated,

01:07:35but the principle is simple.

01:07:37It's like a bottle cap.

01:07:39Do you hear this weak rumbling?

01:07:41Lightning works the same way

01:07:43with air.

01:07:45Imagine millions of lightning strikes.

01:07:47Sound waves spread

01:07:49all over the planet

01:07:51and some people hear them.

01:07:53Lightning strikes the Earth

01:07:55all the time,

01:07:57so the rumbling never stops.

01:07:59In 1973,

01:08:01scientists developed a theory

01:08:03that the rumbling

01:08:05is caused by the slow flow of air.

01:08:07In other words,

01:08:09wind and fast air flow

01:08:11cross the slower flow

01:08:13and a whistling appears

01:08:15amplified by electric towers

01:08:17and high-voltage lines.

01:08:19The first evidence of rumbling

01:08:21appeared in the 1970s.

01:08:23People discovered this phenomenon

01:08:25in Bristol, a small British town.

01:08:27Dozens of residents heard this strange noise

01:08:29in different parts of the city.

01:08:31At first, they ignored it.

01:08:33It prevented people from working

01:08:35and living their daily lives.

01:08:37They couldn't sleep or focus

01:08:39on anything.

01:08:41In the neighboring town,

01:08:43there was a warehouse with industrial fans.

01:08:45Residents were sure

01:08:47it was the rumbling.

01:08:49The warehouse stopped working

01:08:51a few years later,

01:08:53but the sound remained.

01:08:55You can still hear it today

01:08:57if you visit the town.

01:08:59There are many theories about rumbling,

01:09:01thanks to one factor.

01:09:03Tectonic plates, seismic activity,

01:09:05lightning,

01:09:07earth's crust and air's resonance

01:09:09are natural phenomena.

01:09:11However, people didn't talk about rumbling

01:09:13before the 1970s.

01:09:15If this phenomenon had appeared earlier,

01:09:17many newspapers would have written about it.

01:09:19So, obviously,

01:09:21rumbling is not a mystery of nature.

01:09:23It may be a consequence

01:09:25of all our technological advances.

01:09:27Factories, electric lines,

01:09:29airplanes, cars,

01:09:31boats, trains, microwaves

01:09:33and generators

01:09:35create an imperceptible background noise

01:09:37that most people ignore.

01:09:39We are so used to these noises

01:09:41that we have forgotten what silence is.

01:09:43Our brain may have created

01:09:45this rumbling in our head

01:09:47to respond to our noisy world.

01:09:49If you listen carefully

01:09:51to your environment from now on,

01:09:53what kind of sound

01:09:55will you hear?

01:09:57Where do they come from?

01:09:59Is there a rumbling among them?

01:10:01You look through the window

01:10:03and you see the trees moving furiously.

01:10:05The winds are so strong

01:10:07that they tear down

01:10:09almost everything in the street.

01:10:11There are also puddles of water

01:10:13that fall on you.

01:10:15You drive as fast as you can,

01:10:17but suddenly your car stops.

01:10:19You have already heard the terms

01:10:21typhoon, cyclone and hurricane,

01:10:23but you probably don't know

01:10:25what a typhoon is.

01:10:27A typhoon is a tropical storm.

01:10:29Although they are almost the same

01:10:31and form in the same way,

01:10:33they differ depending on

01:10:35where they occur.

01:10:37Hurricanes are those that form

01:10:39above the Atlantic Ocean

01:10:41or east of the Pacific Ocean.

01:10:43Tropical cyclones are like giant turbines

01:10:45powered by hot and humid air.

01:10:47They only form above

01:10:49hot oceanic masses near the equator.

01:10:51The hot and humid air

01:10:53compresses the low-pressure air

01:10:55near the surface.

01:10:57Then the air below

01:10:59becomes humid and hot

01:11:01and rises in turn.

01:11:03The cycle continues.

01:11:05The hot air rises

01:11:07and compresses the low pressure

01:11:09near the surface,

01:11:11which rises again

01:11:13in the form of hot and humid air.

01:11:15When the hot and humid air

01:11:17cools, it forms clouds.

01:11:19These clouds create

01:11:21a cyclone called a cyclone.

01:11:23Cyclones in the north of the equator

01:11:25rotate clockwise,

01:11:27and cyclones in the south

01:11:29of the equator

01:11:31rotate counterclockwise.

01:11:33The cyclone's eye appears

01:11:35when the storm starts to rotate

01:11:37so fast that its center

01:11:39lights up due to

01:11:41a lower atmospheric pressure.

01:11:43But you'd have to look at it

01:11:45from above to see it,

01:11:47which is super risky.

01:11:50They are also known as hurricanes.

01:11:52If you stand at the end

01:11:54of the North Pole or the South Pole,

01:11:56the Earth's rotation will seem to stop,

01:11:58even if the rest of the world

01:12:00continues to live in the alternation

01:12:02of day and night.

01:12:04At the poles, the nights are really long

01:12:06and the days can last months.

01:12:08At the equator, the day-night alternation

01:12:10is set on the circumference of the Earth,

01:12:12which is about 40,000 km.

01:12:14Coriolis' force means that the winds

01:12:16that travel long distances around the Earth

01:12:18seem to move along a curve

01:12:20rather than a straight line.

01:12:22And because of the unique shape of the planet,

01:12:24the speeds differ.

01:12:26This also affects Coriolis' force

01:12:28and hurricanes.

01:12:30Since the trajectory of an atmospheric phenomenon

01:12:32will not be curved compared to the surface

01:12:34of the Earth at the equator,

01:12:36Coriolis' force would be equal to zero.

01:12:38When a hurricane starts,

01:12:40there is hot water deep in the ocean.

01:12:42It all starts in the humid

01:12:44middle layers of the atmosphere,

01:12:46which are still covered by a cold atmosphere.

01:12:48There are also weak winds

01:12:50and surface disturbances.

01:12:52This can spread over about 500 km

01:12:54around a large stretch of water,

01:12:56from where the center

01:12:58of a large hurricane will be.

01:13:00The good news is that hurricanes

01:13:02weaken when they approach the Earth

01:13:04because the hot water in the middle of the ocean

01:13:06does not provide them with the energy

01:13:08they need to maintain their initial strength.

01:13:10But they will still cause considerable damage

01:13:12due to strong winds and rain.

01:13:14In 1900, one of the largest hurricanes

01:13:16occurred near Central America

01:13:18and in the Gulf of Mexico.

01:13:20It then reached Florida and Texas

01:13:22and was considered

01:13:24the most devastating hurricane

01:13:26in the history of the United States.

01:13:28It was detected for the first time

01:13:30on August 27,

01:13:32and lasted several days.

01:13:34When it reached the Texas coast,

01:13:36the storm became a category 4 hurricane.

01:13:38Hurricanes are classified

01:13:40according to the speed

01:13:42and intensity of the winds

01:13:44using a scale called

01:13:46the Saffir-Simpson scale.

01:13:48There are 5 different categories,

01:13:50ranging from 1 to 5,

01:13:521 being the weakest and 5 the strongest.

01:13:54During a category 1 storm,

01:13:56the winds move at a speed

01:13:58between 119 km per hour

01:14:00and 153 km per hour.

01:14:02You can expect some trees

01:14:04to be cut down

01:14:06and some buildings destroyed.

01:14:08It can seriously damage houses

01:14:10and cause major power cuts.

01:14:12Category 5 hurricanes

01:14:14reach a speed of more than 250 km per hour

01:14:16and leave nothing

01:14:18in their path.

01:14:20They can even completely destroy

01:14:22some buildings that will collapse

01:14:24on their foundations.

01:14:26And the faster the winds are,

01:14:28the greater the damage.

01:14:30You also have to expect

01:14:32many floods.

01:14:34The residents of Galveston, Texas,

01:14:36had less than 4 days to prepare

01:14:38for the storm in Oklahoma and Kansas,

01:14:40with sudden floods of 6 m.

01:14:42The big hurricane then

01:14:44headed for the Great Plains,

01:14:46then the Great Lakes,

01:14:48New England, and reached

01:14:50the southeast of Canada.

01:14:52The storm was so violent

01:14:54that more than 3,600 houses

01:14:56were damaged,

01:14:58but they were quite strong

01:15:00and were finally able to resist.

01:15:02Given the density of the population

01:15:04at the time,

01:15:06the total material damage

01:15:08was then about 30 million dollars,

01:15:10which would be much more today

01:15:12due to inflation.

01:15:14After the devastating storm,

01:15:16the residents of Galveston

01:15:18built a dike of 6 km

01:15:20and raised the city level

01:15:22by nearly 5 m.

01:15:24Finally, they extended the dikes

01:15:26to 16 km, just in case.

01:15:28If a storm like that of Galveston

01:15:30struck in the modern era,

01:15:32there would not be enough shelter for everyone.

01:15:34The population has considerably increased

01:15:36everywhere in the areas where the storm

01:15:38struck in 1900.

01:15:40So imagine yourself sitting in your car

01:15:42listening to the latest news.

01:15:44It is said that a storm has just hit

01:15:46the Gulf of Mexico and, further east,

01:15:48the region of Cuba.

01:15:50It doesn't matter since you're in Texas,

01:15:52so you go home by car.

01:15:54There are a lot of people

01:15:56in gas stations and supermarkets.

01:15:58The newspapers now say that the storm

01:16:00will probably take on the magnitude

01:16:02of the city where you live.

01:16:04Well, now you can start panicking.

01:16:06You want to go shopping to prepare

01:16:08for the upcoming storm,

01:16:10but all the windows are empty.

01:16:12Everyone is moving like in a rock concert.

01:16:14You grab everything you can find

01:16:16and go back to your car.

01:16:18You are lucky to have bought

01:16:20a few extra liters of gas, just in case.

01:16:22You drive from supermarket to supermarket

01:16:24to try to get a few more products,

01:16:26but you are not lucky.

01:16:28Finally, you find a place

01:16:30where you can buy some essential products.

01:16:32You start to fill your basket

01:16:34when a bulletin announces the evacuation

01:16:36of the population.

01:16:38You only have a few hours to leave.

01:16:40But you left your dog at home.

01:16:42You drive from one bottling house

01:16:44to another to get back to your neighborhood.

01:16:46The place is completely deserted.

01:16:48You go to get your puppy

01:16:50and grab a few important things

01:16:52before leaving.

01:16:54You have little time left

01:16:56and you can already start to feel

01:16:58the storm.

01:17:00You get in your car,

01:17:02but it does not start.

01:17:04As you were driving very fast,

01:17:06you did not realize that you had emptied

01:17:08your gas tank.

01:17:10Luckily, you took these extra cans with you.

01:17:12With a half-filled tank,

01:17:14you can leave the city

01:17:16and win a safe place where you will find everyone.

01:17:18The winds are getting stronger.

01:17:20It is impossible to go faster than the storm.

01:17:22There is no one in sight.

01:17:24They all left earlier.

01:17:26It starts to rain heavily.

01:17:28You see trees swing violently.

01:17:30Finally, you find something

01:17:32that looks like a large shelter.

01:17:34As you approach, you realize

01:17:36that this is an abandoned shopping center.

01:17:38And then the worst happens.

01:17:40You understand that you drove in the wrong direction

01:17:42during all this time.

01:17:44You get out of your car for a few moments

01:17:46to stretch out and think about your itinerary

01:17:48from this point.

01:17:50The winds are so strong that you return to your car

01:17:52and you discover that your dog has fled.

01:17:54You can't find him anywhere.

01:17:56You drive a little and you call him,

01:17:58but he doesn't answer.

01:18:00You finally see him behind bushes,

01:18:02you run towards him

01:18:04and you notice that he has found

01:18:06an ideal abandoned underground shelter.

01:18:08The winds have now reached a critical point

01:18:10and it is impossible for you to get back on the road.

01:18:12You pack your things and you go down.

01:18:14The shelter is fully equipped

01:18:16and there is even a bed.

01:18:18You hear the wind and the rain above you

01:18:20and you crouch against your dog.

01:18:22When you get up, you see that your car

01:18:24has been projected onto another road

01:18:26and that there is not a single tree in sight.

01:18:28But hey, you at least have the chance

01:18:30to have survived one of the most powerful storms

01:18:32of all time.

01:18:36It was the beginning of the 20th century

01:18:38and two rivals, Robert Scott and Roald Amundsen,

01:18:40each set out on their own expedition

01:18:42to become the first explorers

01:18:44in history to reach the South Pole.

01:18:46The race was not easy

01:18:48and it ended tragically for Scott.

01:18:50Amundsen, on the other hand,

01:18:52won and managed to plant his tent

01:18:54in the pole in front of his rivals.

01:18:56Thomas Griffith-Taylor,

01:18:58a British geologist

01:19:00and member of Scott's expedition,

01:19:02nicknamed Terra Nova,

01:19:04not only survived

01:19:06these difficult conditions

01:19:08but also made an unexpected discovery.

01:19:10He fell in 1911

01:19:12on a waterfall

01:19:14that seemed made of blood

01:19:16and that sprang from the rocky base

01:19:18that now bears his name.

01:19:20It took more than a century for scientists

01:19:22to understand what was

01:19:24behind this strange coloration.

01:19:26A team of American scientists

01:19:28went to the Taylor Glacier

01:19:30with powerful electronic microscopes

01:19:32to analyze its content.

01:19:34Previous studies had only

01:19:36revealed the puzzling riddle,

01:19:38but no one had previously

01:19:40carried out a large-scale analysis

01:19:42of its mineralogical composition.

01:19:44Scientists deployed a real arsenal

01:19:46and found small nanospheres

01:19:48rich in metal.

01:19:50These tiny particles,

01:19:52100 times smaller than human red blood cells,

01:19:54come from ancient microbes

01:19:56and thrive in abundance

01:19:58in the bottom waters of the Taylor Glacier.

01:20:00These nanospheres are full of iron,

01:20:02silicon, calcium,

01:20:04aluminum and sodium,

01:20:06forming a unique composition

01:20:08that gives the underwater water

01:20:10a characteristic red tint.

01:20:12These nanospheres do not have

01:20:14the usual red tint found in minerals.

01:20:16This is why previous methods

01:20:18of detection had not been able

01:20:20to locate them.

01:20:22The frozen depths of the Taylor Glacier

01:20:24house an ancient microbial colony

01:20:26that thrived in authority for thousands

01:20:28or even millions of years.

01:20:30This discovery could help us

01:20:32in our search for life

01:20:34outside our good old Earth.

01:20:36Dr. Ken Levy, a researcher

01:20:38at Johns Hopkins University,

01:20:40enjoys impressive CE expertise

01:20:42in planetary materials

01:20:44and Martian samples analysis.

01:20:46He decided to look into

01:20:48what would happen

01:20:50if a Martian rover landed in Antarctica.

01:20:52Could he determine

01:20:54what makes the blood drops

01:20:56so incredibly red?

01:20:58Thus, the researchers

01:21:00treated the blood drops

01:21:02as the site of a Martian landing simulation.

01:21:04They used techniques

01:21:06inspired by the rovers

01:21:08exploring the red planet.

01:21:10At Johns Hopkins,

01:21:12Levy used the power

01:21:14of electronic microscopy

01:21:16to reveal these enigmatic nanospheres.

01:21:18He concluded

01:21:20that our current methods

01:21:22of surface analysis

01:21:24of other planets

01:21:26using astromobiles

01:21:28were insufficient.

01:21:30They cannot reveal

01:21:32the true nature

01:21:34of environmental materials,

01:21:36especially on cold planets

01:21:38To really understand

01:21:40the essence of rocky planets,

01:21:42we will need 16 electronic microscopes

01:21:44for transmission.

01:21:46Fixing one on a Martian rover

01:21:48is not yet possible,

01:21:50but it could mean the beginning

01:21:52of a new era in space exploration.

01:21:54Have you ever seen a fire cascade?

01:21:56Every month in February,

01:21:58when the stars align perfectly,

01:22:00Orsotai Falls in the Yosemite National Park

01:22:02undergoes a sensational metamorphosis.

01:22:04At sunset,

01:22:06these rays hit the cascade

01:22:08at the perfect angle,

01:22:10transforming it into a dazzling show

01:22:12with vivid orange and red colors.

01:22:14We do not know exactly

01:22:16when this natural miracle was discovered,

01:22:18nor by whom.

01:22:20The first inhabitants of the valley

01:22:22may have known about it,

01:22:24but they were able to keep quiet.

01:22:26It was only in 1973

01:22:28that the photographer Galen Rowell

01:22:30took the first known cliché of the cascade,

01:22:32placing it under the spotlight.

01:22:34Since then,

01:22:36the fire cascade has become

01:22:38the talk of the entire world,

01:22:40spreading like a powder keg

01:22:42on social networks

01:22:44and attracting crowds from far away.

01:22:46This magnificent cascade

01:22:48arouses the enthusiasm

01:22:50of hundreds of spectators every year,

01:22:52but they can only admire

01:22:54this show under certain conditions.

01:22:56First of all,

01:22:58Orsotai Falls requires

01:23:00a moving stream of water.

01:23:02It must be warm enough

01:23:04to melt the snow during the day.

01:23:06If it is too cold,

01:23:08the snow will remain frozen

01:23:10and the pyrotechnic show

01:23:12will not take place.

01:23:14Secondly,

01:23:16we need a clear sky

01:23:18in the west at sunset.

01:23:20Sunbeams need a direct path

01:23:22to hit the falls

01:23:24and bring them to life.

01:23:26And as the weather in Yosemite

01:23:28is constantly evolving,

01:23:30the fall of Yosemite

01:23:32will continue in all its splendor

01:23:34for about 10 minutes.

01:23:36The mystery of the moving stones

01:23:38in the National Park of Death Valley

01:23:40in California has intrigued

01:23:42scientists for years.

01:23:44Heavy stones seem to have

01:23:46their own will and move

01:23:48through Reistrakplaya,

01:23:50which is the bed of a dried lake.

01:23:52It leaves behind it

01:23:54a crack on the mud.

01:23:56There were all kinds of theories

01:23:58about the existence

01:24:00of these stones,

01:24:02including the intervention

01:24:04of malicious scammers.

01:24:06In 2006,

01:24:08a NASA scientist

01:24:10named Ralph Lorenz

01:24:12entered the scene.

01:24:14He studied the weather conditions

01:24:16that reign on other planets,

01:24:18but he could not resist

01:24:20the attraction of the Death Valley

01:24:22and its mysterious moving stones.

01:24:24He had a flash of lucidity

01:24:26when he discovered

01:24:28that the stones were moving

01:24:30in the opposite direction

01:24:32than they were.

01:24:34Lorenz filled the container

01:24:36of water by letting a small stone

01:24:38pass through,

01:24:40then he put it in the freezer.

01:24:42Then he placed this ice construction

01:24:44on a large plate filled with water

01:24:46with sand at the bottom

01:24:48and he slowly blew on it.

01:24:50The stone began to slide on the water,

01:24:52leaving a trace in the sand.

01:24:54Lorenz and his team of researchers

01:24:56discovered that,

01:24:58under certain winter conditions

01:25:00of the Death Valley,

01:25:02enough water and ice

01:25:04could form to float the stones

01:25:06through Rastrak Playa

01:25:08in a slight breeze.

01:25:10And while they slide,

01:25:12they leave their mark

01:25:14on the muddy ground.

01:25:16The five-colored river,

01:25:18the Cristales Canyon of Colombia,

01:25:20holds the official title

01:25:22of any other ordinary river.

01:25:24The real magic

01:25:26happens between dry and humid seasons,

01:25:28when the water level

01:25:30is simply ideal.

01:25:32The unique bed of this river

01:25:34is covered with a particular plant

01:25:36and when the conditions are met,

01:25:38it bursts into a dazzling

01:25:40show of colors.

01:25:42Imagine vibrant reds,

01:25:44dazzling yellows and luxurious greens,

01:25:46all mixed with blue water.

01:25:48It's like penetrating

01:25:50a thousand shades.

01:25:52This dazzling show

01:25:54only lasts a few weeks,

01:25:56from September to November.

01:25:58During the rainy season in Colombia,

01:26:00the flow is too important

01:26:02and the flow of water too deep,

01:26:04hiding the bottom of the river

01:26:06and depriving the plant of the sunlight

01:26:08it needs to turn red.

01:26:10And during the dry season,

01:26:12there is simply not enough water

01:26:14to support the luxurious life

01:26:16in the bed of the river.

01:26:18The reason why the beaches of the Maldives

01:26:20shine in the night is not a mystery,

01:26:22but it doesn't make them less impressive.

01:26:24The phenomenon occurs

01:26:26thanks to a bioluminescent plankton.

01:26:28These tiny creatures

01:26:30are like small disco underwater balls

01:26:32emitting a dazzling blue light

01:26:34when they are agitated

01:26:36or moving.

01:26:38Imagine walking along the bank

01:26:40and leaving bright footprints behind you.

01:26:42You can even take a midnight bath

01:26:44in the middle of this magical plankton.

01:26:46Researchers have discovered

01:26:48that their bioluminescence

01:26:50was actually a smart defense mechanism

01:26:52against predators.

01:26:54When these microorganisms

01:26:56flash their little blue light,

01:26:58it confuses and surprises their attackers.

01:27:00The plankton produces this light

01:27:02by using a chemical substance

01:27:04called luciferin.

01:27:06These enchanting planktons

01:27:08can appear at any time of the year,

01:27:10but your best chance

01:27:12to admire them in all their luminous splendor

01:27:14is from June to December.

01:27:16During this period,

01:27:18we find a higher volume of planktons

01:27:20in the seas of the Maldives,

01:27:22creating the perfect conditions

01:27:24for a luminous spectacle

01:27:26after sunset,

01:27:28when the night falls.

01:27:30You will only witness the magic

01:27:32of the bioluminescent plankton

01:27:34when the tide

01:27:36brings them closer to the shore.

01:27:38It is difficult to predict

01:27:40exactly when this magical spectacle

01:27:42will happen,

01:27:44but we encourage you

01:27:46to take your photos

01:27:48with a high exposure

01:27:50to capture it

01:27:52exactly as it appears

01:27:54in travel catalogs.

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