Jade is beautiful, elegant, gentle and delicate. It conveys the rich spiritual connotations of ancient Chinese and cultural history throughout the ages. In the ancient Orient, the people made amazing achievements in discovering, carving, adapting and appreciating jade. They transformed jade of all shapes into perfect artifacts that reflected the world around them and provided spiritual sustenance. In this two-episode series, the presenter takes the audience across mountains, walking on sandbars, observing ruins and exploring the development of Chinese civilization through time and space, presenting viewers with a unique look into Oriental history.
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02:00In the 1970s, Xiaonanshan Hill has attracted
02:04a great number of archaeologists.
02:08Under a thick blanket of leaves,
02:10they made an unexpected discovery
02:13only 10 centimeters below the soil and rock layers.
02:31This dagger-shaped pendant
02:33is the first jadeware unearthed
02:35from the Xiaonanshan ruins.
02:37As excavation work continued,
02:39more jade artifacts emerged.
03:01From 2015 to 2019,
03:04archaeologists explored 1,600 square meters
03:07of ruins here,
03:09which were mostly stone tombs.
03:12Other than jade artifacts,
03:14they also unearthed stone arrows
03:16and spearheads used to
03:18carry the remains of ancient Chinese warriors.
03:21They also unearthed
03:23a large number of stone objects
03:25Other than jade artifacts,
03:27they also unearthed stone arrows
03:29and spearheads used for hunting,
03:31as well as jar-shaped pottery.
03:35Up to 9,000 years ago,
03:37ancestors at Xiaonanshan
03:39must have lived a prosperous
03:41and comfortable life
03:43on this fertile plain.
03:45Such a serene life
03:47naturally nurtured the pursuit of beauty.
03:51The jade artifacts unearthed
03:53from the Xiaonanshan ruins
03:55are delicate in texture
03:57and plump and rounded in shape,
03:59showing traces of grinding,
04:01drilling and cutting.
04:03How were they made
04:05when there were no metal tools?
04:24How a soft rope
04:26could cut through hard jade
04:28is something worth finding out.
04:48Among the numerous items
04:50unearthed here,
04:52penannular jade pendants
04:54known as jue
04:56were made with noticeably
04:58higher quality materials.
05:00According to the Jin Dynasty
05:02statesman and scholar Du Yu,
05:04jue is a penannular jade ring
05:06unclosed.
05:08That means jue
05:10is a ring that has an opening.
05:14The next question becomes
05:16what these penannular items
05:18were originally used for.
05:22A large relic site
05:24dating back about 8,000 years
05:26on the grassland of Inner Mongolia
05:28offers an answer.
05:32The Xinlonghua site
05:34located in Zhefeng City
05:36stands about 20 meters
05:38above the surrounding ground level.
05:40A river quietly flows by
05:42not far away.
05:48The site was once
05:50the residence
05:52of the Great Monk.
05:54Since the spring of 1983,
05:56archaeologists have conducted
05:58multiple excavations here.
06:00Within an area of over
06:0230,000 square meters,
06:04more than 180 house sites
06:06and over 30 chamber tombs
06:08have been uncovered.
06:21With further excavation
06:23of the Xinlonghua site,
06:25more jade pendants
06:27were unearthed.
06:29One pair in particular
06:31from tomb 135
06:33with a diameter of about
06:356 cm are smooth
06:37and exquisitely crafted,
06:39hence referred to as
06:41the King of Jue.
06:51The penannular jade pieces
06:53discovered at the Xinlonghua site
06:55were mostly placed around
06:57tomb owners' ears,
06:59suggesting their usage
07:01as earrings.
07:03However, discoveries
07:05at another relic site
07:07begged to challenge
07:09that assumption.
07:11Not far from Xinlonghua,
07:13a pair of penannular
07:15jade pendants
07:17were unearthed
07:19at the Xinlongguo site
07:21from the same historical period.
07:23One piece was found
07:25not beside the owner's ears
07:27but in the tomb filling,
07:29while the other one
07:31could not be found.
07:47This is not the only case
07:49where a jade artefact
07:51was placed in the eye socket.
07:53At the New Heliang site
07:55of the Hongshan relics
07:57in northeast China's
07:59Liaoning province,
08:01over 2,000 years younger
08:03than Xinlonghua,
08:05a clay goddess statue
08:07was found with circular
08:09green jade crystals
08:11in its eye sockets.
08:17In some archaeological materials
08:19in the Liaoning area,
08:21a small jade coin
08:23was found
08:25on the owner's eyes.
08:27This is an ancient custom
08:29that influenced
08:31Hongshan culture
08:33at the earliest stage
08:35of Xinlonghua culture.
08:37From the beginning,
08:39jade culture
08:41has something to do
08:43with people's beliefs.
08:46More usage of penannular
08:48jade pendants remain
08:50to be discovered.
08:52The 8,000-year-old Chaohai site
08:54in suburban Fuxin City,
08:56northeast China's Liaoning province,
08:58houses a 20-meter-long dragon
09:00piled with stones
09:02with a distinguishable head,
09:04body, tail and feet.
09:06Jade chisels, daggers
09:08and penannular pendants
09:10were found in multiple tombs
09:12and sacrificial pits
09:15Archaeologists believe
09:17that this place was an important
09:19site of worship,
09:21with penannular jade objects
09:23playing a significant role.
09:25At the Hongge Li Tu site
09:27in Chefang City of Inner Mongolia,
09:29seven penannular jade items
09:31were unearthed
09:33from a stone coffin tomb.
09:35They are consistent in shape
09:37and were arranged
09:39from large to small,
09:41suggesting ritual functions.
09:44Penannular jade of the Xinlonghua
09:46period are almost all perfectly round.
09:48Paired ones are nearly identical
09:50in diameter and weight.
09:52How was such precision accomplished?
09:54A stone tool excavated
09:56at the Chaohai site
09:58was key to answering this question.
10:00A stone tool excavated
10:02at the Chaohai site
10:04was key to answering this question.
10:06A stone tool excavated
10:08at the Chaohai site
10:10was key to answering this question.
10:12This tool
10:14has a circular protrusion
10:16at one end,
10:18which was clearly formed
10:20using repeated rotational friction.
10:22That means a mechanical
10:24crafting process existed
10:267,000 to 8,000 years ago.
10:28In simple terms,
10:30a stone bearing
10:32standing upright at the bottom
10:34served as the axis of rotation.
10:36A wooden block was used
10:38to brace the jade,
10:40followed by a bamboo tube
10:42with a wooden wheel in the middle
10:44to keep it all in place.
10:46The jade would rotate rapidly
10:48with the wheel between the stone bearing
10:50and the bamboo tube.
10:52Quartz sand would fall
10:54into the area between the tube
10:56and the jade, producing holes
10:58of different diameters.
11:10Presented by China Cement
11:16Whether it was used
11:18for rituals or for decoration,
11:20we can see that
11:22jade played a key role
11:24in the early civilization
11:26of the Chinese people.
11:28So what does the jade used
11:30by the people living in Western-style
11:32and Pneumatic areas have in common?
11:34Where did
11:36this rare beautiful stone
11:38Where does the color come from?
11:49When examined closely, reddish-brown spots are clearly visible
11:53on one penannular pendant unearthed from the Xinlonghua site.
11:58This color was thought to come from impregnation,
12:01until new evidence proved otherwise.
12:05Xiuyan Jade
12:17Xiuyan Jade is one of the four famous types of Chinese jade,
12:21named after the county that had large reserves of it.
12:25In the old jade mine in Xiuyan County, jade veins are clearly visible.
12:37Xiuyan Jade comes in natural rich colors with a delicate warm and moistened look.
12:43It comes from two sources, primary deposits and placer deposits.
12:49Primary deposits are primary nephrite,
12:52while placer deposits produce softer jade embedded in the mud and gravel layer
12:57near a ditch or at the bottom of a river valley,
13:00formed with eons of repeated rolling and grinding.
13:05Xiuyan Jade
13:17According to a story written by Xu Shen,
13:20jade is a beautiful stone.
13:23Archaeological evidence shows that thousands of years ago,
13:26the people of China had already discovered such a beautiful stone.
13:31At that time, although jade had not yet been given a special shape,
13:35and there was no exquisite craftsmanship,
13:38jade, which was both hard and delicate,
13:44had already entered the life of the ancient people.
13:53Its toughness and hardness were better.
13:56For example, jade carvings and carving knives could be sharper and firmer.
14:01Not only could it be shaped, but it could also be carved.
14:04After being polished, it was very beautiful.
14:06Jade is a beautiful stone,
14:10and gradually it was separated from ordinary stones.
14:15More and more, jade was crafted into fine artifacts
14:20and ceased to serve practical purposes as tools.
14:27Xiuyan Jade
14:38Jade was hidden among the heavens and the earth.
14:41In the end, it was discovered and separated from the stones by the people of the past
14:44with a keen eye and a loving heart.
14:47After that, it was made into a tool and carved into an object,
14:50giving it a special feeling.
14:52Jade is no longer a cold object.
14:55It has become the unique cultural symbol of the East.
15:03In the 1970s, on the highlands of Inner Mongolia,
15:06a dragon-shaped jade was discovered by accident.
15:10It was verified that it belonged to the Hongshan culture
15:12and was named the first jade dragon in China.
15:15So how did this jade dragon from 5,000 to 6,000 years ago reappear in the world?
15:20What kind of cultural secrets are hidden behind the various shapes of the Hongshan jade?
15:26Let's uncover the mysterious veil of the Hongshan jade culture
15:29through the remains and artifacts.
15:40In the northeast suburbs of Chirfang city of Inner Mongolia,
15:44there stands an ochre mountain peak overlooking a nearby river.
15:49When the sky turns reddish at sunrise, the peak looks mysteriously colorful.
15:55Both the city and the site where Hongshan relics were initially discovered
15:59were named with this color in mind.
16:06In the 1970s, an iconic jade artifact was unearthed here,
16:10revealing a jade collecting custom that dates back over 5,000 years.
16:19Hongshan Jade
16:29On one afternoon in August 1971,
16:32Zhang Fengxiang came to a slope by his village to dig a tree pit.
16:38He hit a hard flagstone.
16:52Zhang Fengxiang dug it out with a shovel
16:55and found something that looked like scrap iron underneath.
17:00After work, Zhang Fengxiang took the scrap iron home.
17:06Later one day, his seven-year-old brother,
17:09Zhang Fengxiang and his brother-in-law,
17:12went to look for the scrap iron.
17:17The scrap iron was found in a hole in the ground.
17:20It was found in a hole in the ground.
17:23It was found in a hole in the ground.
17:26Later one day, his seven-year-old brother
17:29tied it up with a rope to play on the ground.
17:32As the rust on its surface rubbed off,
17:35its true form was gradually revealed.
17:57This dark green jade dragon
18:00shares the characteristics of jade materials in Xioyan.
18:04Measuring 26 cm tall, it is intact and smooth throughout.
18:09It is curved like the letter C,
18:12with a forward and slightly upward snout,
18:15a tightly closed mouth, symmetrical nostrils,
18:18protruding diamond-shaped eyes and flying manes.
18:27Archaeologists believe that people already had
18:30a set shape for the dragon with different variants
18:33during the Shang and Zhou dynasties.
18:36This dark green jade dragon, discovered in Inner Mongolia,
18:40has a similar shape to the one from the Shang dynasty Fuhao tomb
18:44in central China's Henan province,
18:47only slightly more primitive.
18:50It became known as the C-shaped green jade dragon.
18:54The name of the Inner Mongolian county
18:57where it was unearthed means sacred mountain.
19:00The dark green, Hongshan jade dragon,
19:03after lying era after era under the flagstone,
19:06added to its birthplace.
19:09It is believed to have been used as a symbol
19:12of the Mongolian people in the past.
19:15It is believed to have been used as a symbol
19:18of the Mongolian people in the past.
19:22In addition to this green dragon,
19:25locals found a C-shaped yellow jade dragon
19:28at another site in the same county.
19:39Down the road, we are going to a place
19:42where there is no sign of the dragon.
19:45It is a place where the dragon is buried.
19:49It is confirmed that the two C-shaped jade dragons
19:52were found in the Hongshan culture period,
19:555,000 to 6,000 years ago.
19:58Later, the C-shaped B-shaped dragon
20:01was buried in the National Museum of China
20:04and became a national treasure.
20:07But we have to ask,
20:10what is the origin of the C-shaped jade dragon?
20:13What was it used for?
20:17In 1984, a pair of jade items
20:20were unearthed at the Niuhe Liang site
20:23in northeast China's Liaoning province.
20:30They have the heads of the pig
20:33with thick triangular ears,
20:36staring eyes, slightly open mouths,
20:39protruding lips and circular bodies
20:42resembling that of a dragon.
20:45The C-shaped dragon was found
20:48in the Hongshan culture period.
20:51Another type of jade dragon is the jade pig dragon.
20:54In some museums in China and abroad,
20:57there is a jade pig dragon buried in the Hongshan culture.
21:00The Chinese character, home,
21:03is comprised of parts that indicate a pig
21:06raised under a roof.
21:09Archaeologists believe that during the Hongshan period,
21:12China was already a relatively civilized agricultural society
21:15with a primitive system of worship well in place.
21:18It was a time when Chinese ancestors
21:21believed that wind, rain, lightning
21:24and all creatures had spirits.
21:27Nature was mysterious and unpredictable,
21:30in which humans were an insignificant part.
21:33People began to communicate with everything around them
21:36according to their own understanding.
21:40The jade dragon, made in the likeness of pigs,
21:43must have borne the role of praying for rain
21:46and a good harvest.
22:04Ancestors of the Hongshan period
22:07communicated with heaven and earth via special objects.
22:11Jade, born from mountains and rivers,
22:14became the medium.
22:21Five or six thousand years ago,
22:24the Hongshan people gradually mastered a grinding technique
22:27that embossed patterns on jade stones.
22:33They produced fine lines
22:36on flat or curved jade surfaces
22:39through repeated manual grinding.
22:42Attention was given to such details
22:45as polishing both sides of the raised edges
22:48for a more pronounced look.
23:06Communicating with everything in the world
23:09led to the creation of Buddha statues.
23:12The image given to the people of Hongshan
23:15not only of pigs and dragons,
23:18but also of other creatures in the natural world.
23:21Chingge Le worked at the Ba Lin Right Banner Cultural Center.
23:24When visiting the family of a herdsman,
23:27Wuhe Chaolu in 1981,
23:30he made an unexpected, important discovery.
23:36I am very happy to meet you.
23:39I am very happy to meet you.
23:42I am very happy to meet you.
23:45I am very happy to meet you.
23:48I am very happy to meet you.
23:51I am very happy to meet you.
23:57The woman Ha Su is Wuhe Chaolu's wife.
24:02She remembers that in the spring of 1969,
24:05when her husband was still a boy,
24:08he stumbled upon a jade artifact on a slope while out herding.
24:14He fetched a tool from home and began digging.
24:17Very soon he dug up more,
24:20brought them home and handed them to his father.
24:27The good-natured family kept these jade artifacts in safety
24:30and never showed them off
24:33until the arrival of Chingge Le more than 10 years later.
24:40The jade collection includes hook-cloud-shaped jade artifacts,
24:44jade birds,
24:47and jade silkworms or jade cicadas,
24:50as believed by some.
24:53These exquisite artifacts seem to reflect
24:56the subtle observation of all living creatures by the Hongshan ancestors.
25:00They carved jadeware in the likeness of these creatures
25:03and imbued in them their utmost respect and reverence.
25:09Since the 1970s,
25:12more than 300 Hongshan jade artifacts have been unearthed,
25:15many of which are considered ritual tools.
25:30One is hook-cloud-shaped jade,
25:33and the other is silkworm-shaped jade.
25:41At the aforementioned Niuhe Liang site
25:44in Liaoning Province, northeast China,
25:47archaeologists excavated an intact clay sculpture
25:50of a female head with jade crystals
25:53embedded in its eye sockets.
25:56It offers further evidence of highlighting eyes with jade.
26:02The No. 16 spot at Niuhe Liang
26:05is the largest Hongshan tomb discovered to date.
26:10This tomb houses a sarcophagus piled with stones.
26:14The tomb owner lied flat inside.
26:17His head rested on a jade phoenix,
26:20and a jade tube with a flared mouth was placed on his chest.
26:23A jade bracelet was on his right wrist,
26:26and around his waist was a jade figure
26:29accompanied by a pair of jade rings.
26:32Who was he?
26:35What can we make of this luxurious display of jade?
26:53These funerary jade objects
26:56also seem to have sacrificial functions.
26:59The 18.6 cm tall greenish-yellow jade figure
27:02has a slightly larger head and a smaller eye socket.
27:05The eye socket is the most important part
27:08of the tomb's entire structure.
27:11The eye socket is the most important part
27:14of the tomb's entire structure.
27:17The eye socket is the most important part
27:20The 18.6 cm tall greenish-yellow jade figure
27:23has a slightly larger head with closed eyes.
27:26With a protruding abdomen,
27:29the arms rest against the chest,
27:32and its fingertips point upwards,
27:35forming a praying posture.
27:38The tube-shaped jadeware on his chest
27:41was considered a typical communicating tool with nature.
27:44One might wonder how ancestors of Hongshan
27:47came up with such an unusual design,
27:50and how they managed to hollow the tube.
28:15First, we need to make a hole in the tube.
28:18First, we need to make a hole in the tube.
28:21After that, we cut the tube with a sandpaper
28:24on both sides.
28:27We call this a line cut.
28:32We leave a curved mark
28:35so that the core can be pulled out.
28:38First, we need to make sure that the back of the jade is thin and even.
28:41We need to make sure that the back of the jade is thin and even.
28:44This is the oldest method of hollowing the tube.
28:47This is the oldest method of hollowing the tube.
28:50Abundant evidence indicates a distinct jade-centric tradition
28:53in the sacrificial activities of the Hongshan people.
28:56Abundant evidence indicates a distinct jade-centric tradition in the sacrificial activities of the Hongshan people.
28:59Abundant evidence indicates a distinct jade-centric tradition in the sacrificial activities of the Hongshan people.
29:07An unexpected discovery of a tube-shaped jadeware
29:10shows us the love and respect of the Hongshan people
29:13for nature more than 5,000 years ago.
29:17In the key stage of the Chinese civilization,
29:20jade became the material substitute of the Chinese people's communication with the heaven and earth.
29:23The jade became the material substitute of the Chinese people's communication with the heaven and earth.
29:26It became the worship of nature and even the dragon and the buddha.
29:29It also helped the jade participate in the construction of the early social order of ethics.
29:32It also helped the jade participate in the construction of the early social order of ethics.
29:47The land I live in has a poetic name, Liangzhu.
29:50Liangzhu, a beautiful small province,
29:53was recognized by the international community.
29:55The ancient city of Liangzhu,
29:57which has been the center of Chinese civilization for more than 5,000 years,
29:59is located here.
30:06Since more than 5,300 years ago,
30:08the people of China have lived and worked here for more than 1,000 years.
30:11They have created a brilliant civilization,
30:14and have pushed the Yu culture to a new peak.
30:18The famous Liangzhu ancient city site
30:20is located in Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province.
30:23The impact of the Liangzhu lifestyle, however,
30:26spread to a much wider area.
30:29In 1973, two jade artifacts unearthed in neighboring Jiangsu Province
30:34at a site that also dates back to the Liangzhu period
30:37shocked the academic world.
30:49Chinese ancestors believed the earth was a gigantic square,
30:53and the sky an even larger dome over it.
30:57A jade song has a tetragonal column with a round hole,
31:01symbolizing the connection between heaven and earth.
31:05The Book of Rites of the Zhou Dynasty
31:08recorded the use of light blue jade disks to worship heaven
31:12and yellow jade song to worship the earth.
31:15Jade song were evidently key ritual tools.
31:21On May 31st, 1986,
31:24archaeologists were thrilled to discover hundreds of jade artifacts
31:28in tomb 12 of Fanshan Hill of the Liangzhu site in Zhejiang Province.
31:45This exquisite piece is named the King of Jade Song.
31:50It is 8.9 cm tall with an outer diameter of 5 cm
31:55and weighs 6.5 kg.
31:58It's square on the outside with a round hole in the middle.
32:15In the four vertical grooves of this jade song
32:18are patterns of a crowned human head
32:21and beastly body parts.
32:24The jade song was first discovered in the Ming Dynasty
32:28and later in the Ming Dynasty.
32:31It is believed that the jade song was first discovered
32:35in the Ming Dynasty and later in the Ming Dynasty.
32:39It is believed that the jade song was first discovered
32:43in the Ming Dynasty and later in the Ming Dynasty.
32:47The upper part has a powerful looking face
32:50with a feather crown, a wide nose and a large mouth.
32:54The middle part is an animal mask
32:57with round eyes and exposed fangs.
33:00The lower part has sharp claws of a beast
33:03looking aggressive and majestic.
33:13The jade song was first discovered in the Ming Dynasty
33:16and later in the Ming Dynasty.
33:19The upper part has a powerful looking face
33:22with a wide nose and a large mouth.
33:25The lower part has a powerful looking face
33:28with round eyes and exposed fangs.
33:34The unexpected discovery of the king of jade song
33:37showed us one of the earliest and most complete
33:40animal mask divine emblems in history.
33:44What other messages can we decipher from it?
34:11The carving techniques shown by the king of jade song
34:14are also shockingly exceptional.
34:17This divine emblem measures less than 4 cm wide
34:21and is only 3 cm high.
34:24At the most delicate point,
34:275 or 6 strokes were carved within the space of a millimeter.
34:31What tools were used to achieve this?
34:34What tools were used to achieve this?
35:05The eyes on the divine emblem
35:08reveal the early usage of tube drilling techniques
35:11by the Liangzhu ancestors.
35:14They selected bamboo tubes of different diameters
35:17and together with a braze of sand,
35:20drilled on jade surfaces without penetrating the fine stones.
35:23Such ingenious creativity
35:26was the basis for the creation of the divine emblem.
35:34This creativity is impressive
35:37even in the eyes of later generations.
35:40Since the 1980s,
35:43the Liangzhu site has continued to marvel the world
35:46with significant archaeological findings.
35:49Excavation work has so far revealed an underground kingdom
35:52with a 300,000 square meter palace,
35:55a 3 million square meter inner city
35:58and a 6.3 million square meter outer city
36:01crisscrossed with over 10 dams high and low.
36:31The ancient ruins of the Liangzhu site reveal that
36:34more than 5,000 years ago,
36:37ancient China had entered this period.
36:45The people here built the dreamlike Shuixiang Zeguo.
36:48They were known as Daoist farmers
36:51and lived a life of farming.
36:54They had a complex social division of labor.
36:57Some built castles and castles.
37:00The core of ancient China's power and faith
37:03was jade.
37:06One of the jade pieces left by the Liangzhu people
37:09was jade jade.
37:14It was buried in the same tomb as the King of Jade Song.
37:17The handle of the axe has a cap and a base
37:20with the cap shaped like the crown
37:23on the divine emblem of Liangzhu.
37:26The same emblem is embossed on the upper corner of the blade
37:29with a divine bird on the lower corner.
37:32The majestic-looking scepter seems to possess
37:35a divine power beyond human control.
37:53Jade axes often appear in high-ranking tombs
37:56and exhibit no signs of use.
37:59They were meant to be scepters
38:02to highlight the master's majestic presence.
38:05As recorded in historical records,
38:08King Tang led the feudal lords with an axe
38:11to defeat Kunwu and then Jie.
38:14Another history book from the Eastern Han Dynasty,
38:17End of the Kingdom of Yue,
38:20mentioned the use of jade weapons during the reign of the Yellow Emperor.
38:23Was jadeware once used as weapons back then?
38:54Thousands of years ago,
38:57with such exceptional artifacts as the tetragonal Jade Song,
39:00jade discs and jade axes,
39:03the Liangzhu people managed to bring
39:06ancient China's jade-collecting culture to new heights
39:09after an earlier peak created by the Hongshan people.
39:14Only Liangzhu dignitaries could possess collectibles
39:17such as trident-shaped, coronal and conical jade items.
39:24The noble class also wore accessories
39:27made with matching jade tubes, discs and beads
39:30or other decorations inlaid with jade.
39:36About 4,300 years ago,
39:39the bustling scenes of Liangzhu faded
39:42with reasons yet unknown.
39:47However, the tradition of crafting and appreciating jade
39:50was passed on.
40:20Thank you for watching!