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00:00Yesterday, Manbhumikku Pradhamar spoke about our XTEM, a center of excellence in Manikyipath.
00:10This is Extraterrestrial Manufacturing.
00:14This is a recent advanced technology.
00:18I will divide this into two parts.
00:23One, if you go to space and do some manufacturing, it will be useful for space itself.
00:32It is making space for space.
00:35That is the first part.
00:37Similarly, you can go to space and do some manufacturing for Earth.
00:45That is very important.
00:47That is making space for Earth.
00:49So, I will divide this interview into two parts.
00:52Making space for space.
00:54Making space for Earth.
00:56First, making space for space.
00:58Now, we want to build a space station there.
01:02We want to do space tourism.
01:04We want to make it look like Thangara.
01:06These are some of the concepts that are coming up.
01:09Initially, it may seem like fiction.
01:11But, it is the truth.
01:13If we want to do the same interview in 1998,
01:16we can't even install this many cameras.
01:18There were so many cameras.
01:20Now, we can install a camera in a mobile phone.
01:22We can do all this.
01:24In 1998,
01:26I am using mobile as an example.
01:28In 1998,
01:30we had a mobile phone only to talk.
01:32Today,
01:34we do everything other than talking.
01:36That is how advanced it has become.
01:38Today, we may think that it is fiction.
01:40In the future,
01:42some enabling technologies are being extended.
01:45For example,
01:47if we want a human settlement,
01:49we need to build a structure there.
01:51We can't take concrete from here.
01:53We need to create the concrete there.
01:55If we want to create concrete,
01:57there won't be water there.
01:59So, how can we create concrete
02:01with very little water?
02:03This is a major research.
02:07If it becomes successful,
02:09can we reduce water here
02:11and create concrete?
02:13It will be useful here
02:15but it will be majorly useful there.
02:17Similarly,
02:19we can go to the moon
02:21and drill there.
02:23We need raw material for concrete.
02:25We can drill there
02:27and use that material
02:29for concrete.
02:31To drill,
02:33we need to send robotics.
02:35We can't send humans
02:37to drill.
02:39They won't have space.
02:41First, we need to send robots
02:43to drill and bring materials.
02:45We need to prove that conclusively
02:47and then take it there.
02:49A big challenge like this
02:51is called human settlement
02:53in extra space.
02:55A major exploratory project
02:57is being taken up
02:59for that.
03:01Next,
03:03if we go there,
03:05for example,
03:07we have a medical diagnosis machine
03:09for checking BP.
03:11If that machine goes there,
03:13it won't work properly.
03:15There is no service shop there.
03:17We need to go to a service shop
03:19from down there.
03:21Processes and machines
03:23are needed for human settlement.
03:25We need a lot of processes
03:27and machines there.
03:29We can take a 3D printer
03:31from there.
03:333D printing for polymers,
03:353D printing for
03:37concrete structures,
03:39coating,
03:41optical fabrication,
03:43medical diagnosis.
03:45Like this,
03:47a lot of processes
03:49and machines are being researched.
03:51Similarly,
03:53aluminum foil,
03:55plastic,
03:57construction materials,
03:59recycling,
04:01research like this.
04:03How much of material
04:05can we go and
04:07construct there?
04:09This is an exploratory project.
04:11Concrete is very important.
04:13Similarly, these processes and machines
04:15are very important.
04:17This is making space for space.
04:19Next,
04:21making space
04:23for earth.
04:25Now,
04:27we are giving three examples.
04:29First, we are making a chip.
04:31To make a chip,
04:33there is a transistor in the chip.
04:35It is like a switch.
04:37If we switch it on,
04:39current will pass.
04:41If we switch it off,
04:43current will stop.
04:45The size of the transistor
04:47is like a square.
04:49Once upon a time,
04:51the size of the square was
04:53180 nanometers.
04:55180 into 10 power minus 9
04:57is equal to 0.00000180 meters.
04:59Now,
05:01it is 2 into 10 power minus 9
05:03is equal to 0.000002 meters.
05:05That is how small it is.
05:07Now,
05:09your mobile phones
05:11are made up of
05:138 nanometers.
05:15In the next generation,
05:17it will be reduced to 2 nanometers.
05:19If you see,
05:21there is a shortcoming.
05:23These transistors
05:25are put in a wafer.
05:27Even if there is a small damage in the wafer,
05:29the transistors
05:31will not work properly.
05:33That is why,
05:35the wafers should be made
05:37very smoothly.
05:39To make a wafer
05:41as smooth as that,
05:43we need gravity.
05:45Gravity pulls the wafer.
05:47To make a wafer
05:49as smooth as that,
05:51there are some problems.
05:53To make a wafer
05:55in a space with
05:57gravity,
05:59the wafers should be smooth.
06:01That is very important
06:03for semiconductor electronics.
06:05Secondly,
06:07the optical fibers
06:09are very small.
06:11Even if there is
06:13a small damage in the
06:15optical fiber,
06:17the data
06:19is optical data.
06:21Everything is light.
06:23If there are more errors in the light,
06:25the data is optical data.
06:27To make a very smooth optical fiber,
06:29the problem is gravity.
06:31When the force of gravity
06:33pulls us down,
06:35there are some problems.
06:37Only in microgravity,
06:39there are no problems.
06:41Thirdly, organ printing
06:43or bio-manufacturing.
06:45To make an artificial heart
06:47or lungs,
06:49everything is very
06:51you know,
06:53very minute micro-architectures.
06:55That is,
06:57micro-tubes,
06:59everything should be
07:01very precise.
07:03To do that,
07:05if we manufacture in space,
07:07the error will reduce.
07:09We will get that precision and smoothness.
07:11So, there are three aspects.
07:13Silicon wafer, organ printing
07:15and optical fiber.
07:17Now,
07:19manufacturing in space for earth.
07:21Next,
07:23to make this happen,
07:25what facilities do we have?
07:27What facilities are we going to create?
07:29In this building,
07:31to test microgravity,
07:332.5 seconds
07:35from top to bottom,
07:37zero gravity,
07:39we have a simulator for 2.5 seconds.
07:41In that, we test all these.
07:43Can we do it smoothly like this?
07:45Can we manufacture like this?
07:47Like this,
07:49in Agni cool,
07:51the parabolic fly dropped.
07:53This drop means,
07:55at one point, we have microgravity.
07:57If we put 400 km,
07:59the gravity will reduce.
08:01Can we manufacture
08:03the drop?
08:05Similarly, we are conducting
08:07an e-plane project.
08:09Vertical liftoff.
08:11Can we simulate microgravity
08:13in that?
08:15This is what we are doing now.
08:17Specifically,
08:19precision manufacturing.
08:21We need very important
08:23inputs in emerging technology.
08:25One is silicon wafer.
08:27The other is organ printing.
08:29Biomanufacturing, optical fiber.
08:31For all these,
08:33to manufacture
08:35space like this,
08:37we are creating some facilities.
08:39This project was given to us
08:41by Institute of Eminence in 2018.
08:43The government gave us a grant
08:45for 5 years.
08:47Approximately Rs. 1000 crores.
08:49They gave us Rs. 200 crores per year.
08:51Out of that,
08:53we did 15 centers of excellence.
08:55One of the centers of excellence
08:57is this.
08:59They have improved a lot.
09:01On the scale of 10,
09:03to do a prototype,
09:05on the scale of 10,
09:07there are 4 or 5 levels.
09:09After that, there is a prototype.
09:11There are many processes.
09:13In this long journey,
09:15like Brain Center,
09:17we have started this.
09:19In 1 or 2 years,
09:21we expect very good results.
09:23This is a highly interdisciplinary center.
09:25Arunachalam, Sathyaniva,
09:27Mechanical Engineering,
09:29Mr. M.S.R. Rao,
09:31Mr. Vairavan,
09:33Diamondronics,
09:35Mr. Physics,
09:37Aerospace,
09:39Metallurgy,
09:41and many other departments.
09:43Yesterday,
09:45our Prime Minister,
09:47Mr. Manmohan Gupta,
09:49spoke about this.
09:51This is very motivating for us.
09:53Definitely,
09:55if you look at it
09:57on a global level,
09:59such research
10:01is happening in many places.
10:03In Europe,
10:05in America,
10:07in China,
10:09we will ramp it up quickly
10:11and bring
10:13international class research
10:15and international class product development
10:17and workable solutions.