Les scientifiques viennent de découvrir une toute nouvelle espèce humaine, et ce n'est pas ce à quoi ils s'attendaient ! 🧐 Des fossiles trouvés dans une grotte mystérieuse ont révélé un groupe d'anciens humains qui étaient plus petits mais possédaient des compétences remarquablement avancées. Contrairement à d'autres humains primitifs, ils semblaient survivre de manière qui ne correspond pas tout à fait à ce que nous pensions savoir sur l'évolution. Leur découverte bouleverse l'histoire, amenant les experts à repenser comment différentes espèces humaines ont cohabité. Auraient-ils pu interagir avec nos ancêtres ? Cette grande surprise est en train de réécrire l'histoire de l'humanité, et ce n'est que le début ! 🔥 Animation créée par Sympa.
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FunTranscript
00:00Over time, scientists have discovered about 6,000 fossils of ancient humans, ranging from skull fragments to teeth.
00:09For some, identification was not difficult.
00:13Researchers could immediately link them, for example, to Neanderthals.
00:17However, for other specimens, classification proved more complex.
00:22Some fossils did not correspond to any established category.
00:25But then, what are precisely the great prehistoric human lineages that we know today?
00:31Until recently, eight primitive human species were distinguished.
00:35Among them is Homo habilis, whose name means the skillful man.
00:40You probably remember that Homo means human in Latin.
00:44These individuals still looked like primates, but they marked an essential step in our evolution.
00:49They were the first to shape stone tools, which allowed them to accomplish certain tasks,
00:54including the cutting of carcasses.
00:56Then comes Homo rudolfensis.
00:59Larger than Homo habilis, it had a more developed brain, although it remained far from modern humans.
01:07For example, even if its brain structure gained in complexity,
01:11it is unlikely that it was capable of any form of articulated language to speak properly.
01:17Then came Homo erectus, the first to adopt a completely bipedal approach,
01:21followed by Homo antecessor, considered as the last common ancestor between modern humans and Neanderthals,
01:27alongside several other species of the Homo genus, such as Homo heidelbergensis and Homo floresiensis.
01:34The history of the enigmatic Denisovian remains incomplete.
01:38Likewise, our knowledge of Homo naledi remains limited,
01:42since it was only discovered in 2013, thus becoming the eighth species listed.
01:48Notable fact, Naledi means star in Soto, a name chosen because of the site where it was discovered,
01:55the caves of Rising Star.
01:57Scientists were disconcerted by this discovery.
02:00Everything led to believe that these fossils date back to about 2 million years,
02:04but after in-depth analysis, it turned out that the Naledi species was actually much more recent,
02:10its age being estimated between 236,000 and 335,000 years.
02:15Their hands seemed to be adapted to the manufacture of tools, but no remains of this type have been found.
02:21In short, it is an intriguing species that we still have a lot to learn.
02:26Although our planet now houses only one human species, Homo sapiens,
02:31we continue to bring to light ancient lines that have long since disappeared.
02:35You may be wondering about the interest of such research.
02:38In reality, these studies are essential to reconstruct the complex story of our prehistoric past.
02:44In 2024, a major discovery was announced.
02:48The identification of a ninth human species, Homo juliensis, whose name means big head.
02:55Researchers advance that these individuals hunted wild horses,
02:59made stone tools and worked on the skins of beasts, in order to survive the winter rigors.
03:05A scientist from the University of Hawaii said that this potential discovery
03:10occurred while his team was developing a new approach to classify fossils.
03:15Notably, one of the possible representatives of Homo juliensis is not totally unknown to researchers.
03:21The Denisovans, identified for the first time in 2010
03:25thanks to the DNA analysis of a bone fragment discovered in Siberia,
03:29have not yet been officially recognized as a distinct species.
03:32Some specialists suggest that they could actually belong to this newly described group.
03:37These big-headed individuals could thus contribute to raising the veil on the enigma of the hominid fossils of Zujiayao,
03:45whose hybrid traits, mixing characteristics of Homo erectus and Homo sapiens, intrigue scientists.
03:51You see, it is sometimes difficult to name a reality when you don't even know what it looks like.
03:57You see, or I mean, many mysteries remain unsolved.
04:01Because the researchers lacked this essential piece of the puzzle that is Homo juliensis.
04:06From a purely theoretical point of view, we could even consider that modern humans have a fragment of this heritage.
04:12Do you doubt it? Look at this.
04:14Two key elements must be taken into account in this equation.
04:18First, there are the Denisovans, which some researchers suggest assimilating to Homo juliensis in a scientific perspective.
04:25Certainly, this hypothesis remains speculative, but let's admit it temporarily and consider it as a fact.
04:31If only for the sake of reasoning.
04:33Secondly, it should be noted that the Denisovans have mixed with the ancestors of the current Melanesians.
04:39These populations, established from New Guinea to the Fiji Islands, have between 4% and 6% of Denisovan DNA.
04:48You may not wear these genes in you, unless you have done a test, of course.
04:53But the essential element to remember is that some modern humans share a genetic heritage with the Denisovans or Homo juliensis.
05:02Or the family of big heads, if you prefer.
05:05Now that all this seems more tangible, let's examine step by step how this happened.
05:11The researchers identified these ancient humans, called Denisovans, from skeletal remains discovered in Siberia.
05:18These populations coexisted with modern humans and hybridized with them, adding a new dimension to our understanding of human evolution.
05:27Named after the Siberian caves where their fossils were discovered, the Denisovans would have traveled vast territories across Eurasia.
05:35Archaeological evidence suggests that the man of Denisova cohabited with the man of Neanderthal
05:41and interacted with the first Homo sapiens probably a little over 50,000 years ago.
05:46A scientific team managed to sequence their entire genome by analyzing the nuclear DNA extracted from the bone fragment of a finger.
05:54This discovery highlights the existence of at least four distinct human groups at the time when the anatomically modern Homo sapiens began their migration out of Africa.
06:03Alongside modern humans and Neanderthals, we must now count the Denisovans as well as another small human species of Indonesia,
06:11often nicknamed the Hobbit, in our evolutionary story.
06:15One question remains, why do we find Denisovan genes mainly among modern Melanesians, while they are absent from other Eurasian populations?
06:25Do you remember these 4 to 6%?
06:27A hypothesis suggests that the contacts between the Denisovans and the first Homo sapiens were limited and short-lived,
06:34especially when they crossed Southeast Asia towards Melanesia.
06:39Scientists suggest that only a handful of Denisovans could have mingled with a larger group of modern humans.
06:46This hypothesis could explain how the Denisovan genes have integrated into our genetic heritage despite the presumed rarity of these encounters.
06:55In short, the more researchers dig into our past, the more they reveal fascinating discoveries about our ancestors.
07:02Take the Neanderthals, for example.
07:04Did you know that they were at the origin of the very first art work ever made?
07:09Indeed, a study conducted in 2018 on parietal art in Spain revealed what is now considered one of the oldest known artistic creations.
07:19It was once thought that the Neanderthals did not have the cognitive capacities necessary for art.
07:25But it turns out that they were actually pioneers.
07:28Not only did they produce works, but they also seem to have invented hashtags several millennia before Chris Messina in 2007.
07:36Well, I'm exaggerating a bit, but you will soon understand why we are talking about hashtags here.
07:41The paintings discovered in several caves in Spain include handkerchiefs, a motif in the form of a ladder, and various other traces.
07:48Until recently, these works were attributed to the first modern humans, but new analyses suggest that they are much older than we thought.
07:57Even more striking, the oldest recognized Neanderthal work, which evokes a hashtag, was published in Gibraltar in 2014.
08:06To focus on these works, researchers used techniques based on eHarmony and Match.com.
08:14Oops, not that kind of focus.
08:16In fact, they used isotope radios of uranium and thorium instead of the traditional carbon dating method.
08:24Once the analyses were completed, the results confirmed that these paintings were about 65,000 years old.
08:30That is 15,000 more than the oldest works known until then in Indonesia.
08:35At that time, the only species present was that of Neanderthals, which leaves no doubt about their role in these creations.
08:43Modern humans only arrived in Spain about 23,000 years later.
08:47A hell of a detour, which excludes them as creators of the famous hashtag.
08:52The handkerchief seems to have been made on purpose, the artist having prepared the pigment before applying it on his own hand.
08:59In addition, the caves also contain a collection of painted shells, whose amazing age is estimated at 115,000 years.
09:07Some have even been pierced, suggesting that they may have served as a cover.
09:12According to some specialists, the fact that Neanderthals have made artistic productions suggests that they may also have a form of oral language.
09:22Maybe it's time to fully recognize their place in our line.
09:26After all, they were also humans, just another branch of our genealogical tree.
09:32Although these discoveries are fascinating, experts remain cautious about new dating techniques,
09:38assuming that they are not yet totally convincing.
09:41And you, what do you think? Share your thoughts in the comments.