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00:009-11, 2001. Terrorists who call themselves warriors of God against the crusaders of the West.
00:17Two religions that demand peace, yet wage war throughout history.
00:30Epochs of confrontation and collaboration.
00:40Peoples and powers who fight in the name of God, but who struggle for supremacy on Earth.
00:47In the 11th century AD, a monumental conflict erupts over control of the Holy Land.
01:04Christians are under threat.
01:07The Pope calls for a crusade in the name of God.
01:11The aim is the conquest of Jerusalem.
01:17But are the Christian knights really just fighting for their faith?
01:22The so-called Holy War against the Muslims will continue for two centuries.
01:28Jerusalem, June 1099. The crusaders arrive at the city walls.
01:44For the first time, these self-styled armed pilgrims catch a glimpse of their final destination.
01:51They've been traveling for three years.
02:03Many thousand crusaders had set out to the Holy Land, with an entourage ten times as large.
02:11Only a third have reached the Holy City.
02:15For now, all hardship seems to be forgotten.
02:21The Pope promised all crusaders the remission of their sins if they come to the aid of their Christian brothers in Palestine and free the holy sites of Muslim rule.
02:38Commanders like Raimond of Toulouse and Godfrey of Bouillon have one burning desire in common.
02:44They're determined to restore Christian rule in the Holy Land, especially over Jerusalem and the tomb of Christ.
02:57According to contemporary belief, this was the land of the Lord and of his heritage.
03:02Jerusalem had been ruled by Christian Byzantines for centuries.
03:10In 638, the city was conquered by the followers of Muhammad.
03:15Muslim rule was essentially tolerant toward Jews and Christians.
03:20But in the 11th century, there had been reports of repeated attacks on Christian pilgrims.
03:25The Crusaders want to put an end to this.
03:30News of the siege arrives at Damascus, 150 miles north.
03:36The Muslim scholar Al-Salami wants to receive update information on the Christian army.
03:50A messenger informs him that the Christians are attacking Jerusalem.
03:57They carry crosses and pray to God to invoke his help.
04:03And there are many of them.
04:11Al-Salami is convinced that the attack by the European Christians is no ordinary campaign.
04:17He realizes that they haven't just come to loot, but to wage war in the name of God.
04:38The siege of Jerusalem is in its fifth week.
04:42There are no negotiations for a peaceful surrender.
04:45Jerusalem's defenders have powerful weapons to prevent a breach of the city walls.
04:55Greek fire consists of burning oil that can't be extinguished with water.
05:06The Crusaders' leader, Godfrey Bouillon, knows that his knights are pushed to their limits.
05:13Many of his men die outside the city walls.
05:32They will go straight to paradise, or so the Crusaders believe.
05:36If Jerusalem is captured by Christians, the Muslims will lose one of their most sacred sites.
05:49They will also lose face before Allah.
05:53According to the Islamic law of war, territories conquered by Muslims must never be lost again.
05:59In the 11th century, the Islamic empires stretch from India to Spain.
06:07The Holy Land and Asia Minor, once ruled by Byzantine Christians, have been conquered step by step.
06:13When Christians in the East ask for help from Christians in the West, the Roman Pope takes the initiative, whilst visiting a city in France.
06:23It's the year 1095 in Clermont, four years prior to the siege of Jerusalem.
06:33In an impassioned speech, the head of the Catholic Church will call for a crusade against the Muslim conquerors.
06:40His name, Pope Urban II.
06:48In November 1095, the successor of St. Peter assembles more than 200 bishops from France, Italy and Spain.
06:57The highlight of the Papal Synod is a ceremonial service.
07:01Several thousand believers, including noblemen and knights, have responded to the Pope's appeal.
07:14The crowd is so large, the service is held in a field outside of the cathedral.
07:20Urban paints a picture of menace and threats.
07:24He appeals to the faithful and to his brothers and sisters in Christ.
07:38The infidels are stealing the territories of the Christians.
07:42Many of them are killed or deported without mercy.
07:46Churches are burnt down and Jerusalem has been devastated.
07:50Christian Byzantium is in danger.
07:55It's the duty of every Christian to come to the aid of his brothers in the East.
08:00The term brothers and sisters refers to the Byzantine Eastern Church.
08:07Actually, at the time, Christianity is deeply divided between Catholic and Orthodox Christians,
08:14whose center is Constantinople.
08:16Ever since the Turkish Seljuks drove the Byzantines out of Asia Minor, the Christian world feels challenged.
08:26Nomadic horsemen constitute the new great power of the Islamic world.
08:31As they advance, local Christians and Christian pilgrims to the Holy Land come under attack.
08:37The Seljuks also threatened the capital of the Byzantine Empire, Constantinople.
08:48The metropolis on the Bosporus was once the power center of the Christian world.
08:53It's the reason why the Byzantine Emperor Alexios has repeatedly asked the Pope for help in the fight against the Seljuks.
09:04In the summer of 1095, he writes to Urban II. His letter doesn't go unnoticed.
09:10Alexios asks Pope Urban for military support against the Muslims to save his empire and the whole of Christendom.
09:28At Clermont, the Pope puts the Byzantine call for help at the center of his sermon.
09:45According to Urban, the Christians of the East are under attack.
09:51They are being enslaved and men and women are being defiled.
09:57The heathen Muslims have reached the gates of Constantinople.
10:01All Christians are being urged to support their Christian brethren in the East.
10:06The Pope evidently gave a very effective sermon full of big gestures and very well argued.
10:26The Pope insists that it is God himself who is asking all Christians to take the cross and go to war against the non-believing Muslims.
10:36One attendant of the Synod, Bishop Lambert Vara, writes an account of the Pope's speech at Clermont.
10:51He describes how Urban promotes the campaign to the Holy Land.
10:55Those who set off for Jerusalem for reasons of piety, not to gain honor or money, can expect heavenly rewards.
11:08After the speech, those present fell into rapturous applause.
11:18They sewed fabric crosses to their clothes to show they had taken the cross for the sake of God.
11:24According to ancient sources, they cried out, this is the will of God.
11:28Jesus loh nult!
11:35God will es!
11:38God will es!
11:40God will es!
11:43Urban declares the liberation of the Holy Land to be a penitential pilgrimage.
11:53He wants to unite the divided Christians under one banner.
11:59Church power is to reign over secular power.
12:02The Pope is to be the protector of all of Christianity, the true representative of Christ on earth.
12:10Urban's plan worked, maybe more than he had expected.
12:19The response was massive.
12:21When the participants of the council returned home, they ensured that news of the Pope's
12:25appeal would spread in their region.
12:37Urban preachers call for a crusade to Jerusalem, the land of the children of the Israelites.
12:45Bishops and priests announce the Pope's message in their churches.
12:49Itinerant preachers carry it to the countryside.
12:52Urban II undoubtedly touched the nerve of the time.
12:58There is no other way to explain the mass movement, which even surprised contemporaries.
13:04There is no other way to explain the mass movement of the people of Israel.
13:12The Christians are asked to liberate Jerusalem and the name of God.
13:19Fanatic monks take it on themselves to promote the crusade in the name of Christ.
13:25The people flocked to them in droves, ordinary countrymen, peasants, craftsmen, and members
13:31of the lower nobility.
13:34Not exactly the knights requested by Byzantium, nor the warriors of God that Urban had in mind.
13:42It's an army cobbled together without plan, about 15,000 people in all.
13:47The so-called crusade of the poor was a reaction to the publicity for the crusade, which itinerant
13:59preachers and others brought to northern France, to the Low Countries, and to the Rhineland.
14:06This ragtag army doesn't want to wait for the departure date set by the Pope.
14:20Some noblemen also want to leave immediately.
14:24The desire to attain salvation was shared by rich and poor alike.
14:31It seemed to be a growing concern in the 11th century, the notion of doing penitence for
14:36personal sins in order to make amends.
14:46This is an age of fear of the end of the world and of the Last Judgement, but also of hope
14:53for salvation.
14:59To fight for the honor of Christ, to take revenge for any dishonor that may have been
15:05done to him.
15:06These are beliefs that had gained ground in the 11th century and that paved the way for
15:11the surprisingly powerful reaction.
15:22The so-called People's Crusade leads through cities like Speyer, which are centers of trade
15:28along the Rhine.
15:30They're home to numerous Jewish communities.
15:33Suddenly, they're in danger.
15:37In the early Middle Ages, many Jewish communities had settled in bishop cities like Cologne, Mainz,
15:49Worms, or Speyer.
15:51The Jews played a major part in the economic rise of these cities.
15:58As merchants and moneylenders, the Jews play an important role in medieval economy.
16:05They paid taxes to the emperor and receive his protection in return, at least in theory.
16:14We know that many participants of the First Crusade were not wealthy noblemen or knights, but
16:20people without means.
16:22The attack on Jewish communities was an easy way for them to get rich.
16:27The Jewish quarters of several cities come under attack.
16:33A regular manhunt ensues.
16:36Despite the official protection of the emperor and of the local bishops, the authorities failed
16:41to prevent looting and the mass execution of Jews.
16:46About 5,000 people fall victim to the pogroms of 1096.
16:57Jews were portrayed as the descendants of the murderers of Christ.
17:04It may sound cynical, but the people of the time believed that it would please God if they
17:09attacked so-called infidels or heathens at home.
17:14But this particular crusade also has suicidal qualities.
17:19Most crusaders are poorly armed and ill-prepared for a long march.
17:25Few participants of the Pompers crusade will ever reach Jerusalem.
17:44All the more important for the clergy and for the upper nobility to ensure that they are
17:49well prepared.
17:56At the castle of the Duke of Lower Lorraine, there are preparations for the long journey
18:01into the unknown.
18:03Sewing crosses onto your clothes for the march to Palestine is also a symbol for a new beginning.
18:09One of those taking the plunge is Godfrey of Bouillon.
18:21The Duke is impressed by the spirit of the monasteries.
18:27They're places of contemplation during an epoch when many expect the coming of the Lord.
18:34It's said that wearing a knight's robe is like wearing the robe of a monk.
18:44Previously, Godfrey had paid little attention to the Pope's guidance.
18:49Nor was he averse to worldly temptation.
18:52Yet, he is full of doubt in these times of spiritual turbulence.
18:57He decides to follow the Pope's call to the Holy Land.
19:02He's joined by his brothers, Justach and Baldwin.
19:13Godfrey is aware of the dangers ahead.
19:16If he dies on the way to Jerusalem, he wants to be buried in the cloak of the Crusader,
19:22which bears the cross of Christ.
19:35Nobody knows if any of them will return.
19:39As they prepare for the journey, they also settle their estate.
20:00Was it wise to sell the family castle?
20:03The brothers agree that they won't be returning.
20:15They will found their own Christian kingdom in the Holy Land.
20:20It's the will of God that the Pope's slogan, as he declares the campaign to Palestine, to be a holy war.
20:38Many are willing to follow his call in search of salvation, but also in the pursuit of fame, glory, power, and wealth.
20:51The personal motivations that trigger the 200-year epoch of the Crusades are full of contradiction.
20:58But many people participate, from all levels of society, and from all over Europe.
21:12Eventually, hundreds of thousands of people will set off on their perilous journey.
21:17Both rich and poor, knights and noblemen, lords and laborers, peasants and townspeople, men and women.
21:28The summer of 1096 marks the beginning of the biggest military endeavor of the Middle Ages.
21:36Tens of thousands of Crusaders, the bulk of them French and German, follow three different routes.
21:43Through Italy, along the Adriatic, and across the Balkan Mountains.
21:49Their first joint destination on the way to the Holy Land is Constantinople.
21:57Since the 4th century AD, the city has been the capital of the Byzantine Empire,
22:03and the metropolis of all Orthodox Christians.
22:06It was here that Emperor Alexios drafted his call for help to Pope Urban.
22:11At last, the Crusader army is near.
22:16Emperor Alexios expected the Pope to send him a few units of mounted mercenaries,
22:23who would then be placed under his command.
22:26Instead, a huge army has arrived outside the city walls that poses a threat to the capital.
22:33Alexios accuses Godfrey and the Crusaders of spreading fear among his people,
22:43of helping themselves to whatever they need, and of acting like thieves and robbers.
22:47The Crusaders don't care, but they do mind the Emperor's demands.
22:58He wants the leaders of the Crusade to swear allegiance to him,
23:01and to return all conquered territories to Byzantium.
23:04The Emperor insists. He demands an oath of allegiance.
23:14The Crusaders have already sworn allegiance to the Pope.
23:18The Crusaders have already sworn allegiance to the Pope.
23:23The Crusaders have already sworn allegiance to the Pope.
23:27Alexios doesn't care.
23:32Only if they swear an oath to him, the Emperor of Byzantium, will he grant them passage across the Bosporus.
23:48The Crusaders of the Crusade relent, at least for now.
24:13They have no choice if they want to reach the Holy Land.
24:34The Crusaders' vow of allegiance has been coerced.
24:37Later, they won't return any conquered territories, but will seek to establish their own kingdoms in the Holy Land.
24:47Brotherly help for Byzantine is overshadowed by imperial rivalry.
24:52But it's still a long way to Jerusalem.
24:56En route to their final destination, the Crusaders encounter fierce resistance from the Seljuk Turks.
25:02At Dory Lamb, the First Crusade is in danger of annihilation.
25:08Sultan Kilic Arslan's troops attack one of the units of the Crusader armies.
25:16From a distance, Seljuk archers fire at the Christian warriors.
25:22The Muslim ruler has 50,000 men under his command.
25:28The defender's situation seems hopeless.
25:32Thousands of Crusaders die in the narrow valley.
25:36But Christian messengers have been sent out for help.
25:39The rescuers arrive in the nick of time.
25:51Godfrey Abouillon and his cavalry attack the assailants from the rear.
25:55They turn the tide as the Crusaders carry a key victory on the way to Jerusalem.
26:12Godfrey, the popular and respected leader of the Crusades, erects wooden crosses along the road to show future pilgrims the way.
26:21But how do the Muslims react to the advance of the Franks, as the Latin-speaking Europeans are called?
26:31Only few realize that the Crusade is different to ordinary campaigns, aimed at looting and pillaging.
26:38The Islamic scholar Asulami explains the difference in the Great Mosque of Damascus.
26:52The spiritual leader of the Franks has called for a crusade against Muslims.
27:04It's a campaign in the name of faith, according to Asulami, similar to an armed jihad.
27:13They want to reach Jerusalem, not as peaceful pilgrims for prayer, but as armed warriors.
27:24Many Muslims are outraged that the foreigners eat pork and drink alcohol.
27:29And there's worse. They want to evict all Muslims from the holy city and enslave them.
27:37The Crusaders fight in the name of God, in the name of the cross.
27:43They believe that they will be rewarded in paradise.
27:47That's why they wage war against Muslims, by whatever means.
27:51But, for Asulami and his people, hell will be their true reward.
28:07The Crusaders have been traveling for three years.
28:11Many have died in battle, or succumbed to illness and exertion.
28:14Some founded new settlements along the way.
28:19Less than one-third of the original army reaches the longed-for destination, Jerusalem.
28:28As they prepare to attack the fortified city, many hope that there will be salvation as a reward.
28:35There are church services, chants of praise and psalms, as the Crusaders prepare to breach the city walls.
28:46The processions in front of Jerusalem's city gates, shortly before the attack on the city,
29:05say a lot about the Crusaders' mindset, about how they saw themselves.
29:10Jerusalem's defenders, Egyptian Fatimids, are astonished by the Christian rituals.
29:21It's obvious the Crusaders aren't ordinary conquerors.
29:26They saw themselves, and sources prove this, as the new people of Israel.
29:33They followed the tradition of the Old Testament.
29:35But Godfrey of Bouillon knows that you can't bring down city walls through prayer alone.
29:51The defenders are superior by number, but the Crusaders regard an attack on the Holy City as a divine mission.
29:59They circled the city three times in a purification process. This is how they cleansed themselves.
30:19The Muslim defenders also ask God for his help.
30:22The Christians are short of food and water. Many Crusaders have fallen ill. It's time to attack.
30:36There is also a lack of timber for the siege machines. All they can muster are two siege towers. They will have to do.
30:50None of their previous battles had such difficult conditions.
31:03The beginning of the conquest was difficult.
31:08The Crusader army had been greatly reduced in size. And Jerusalem was a large and well-fortified city. It made it difficult to organize a classic siege when you starve a city into submission.
31:23And the Christians knew that the Muslim defenders of the city would be calling for help.
31:29They reckoned that a Fatimid Egyptian relief army would soon be on its way. It means the Crusaders were in a hurry.
31:35The attack on Jerusalem has begun. It is the 15th of July, 1099. The defenders used devastating weapons against the attackers.
31:50The Greek fire, as it's known, makes it difficult to scale the city walls.
32:05The Greek fire, as it's known, makes it difficult to scale the city walls.
32:08Since the attackers are outnumbered, they direct their attack towards a few sections of the city walls.
32:25With one of the siege towers, the Duke of Lower Lorraine and his men manage to get extremely close to the city walls.
32:32Eventually, the troops under the command of Godfrey of Bouillon are successful.
32:40Apparently, Godfrey was himself on the tower. But contrary to what is sometimes written, he wasn't the first to reach the city wall.
32:48Two of his followers were.
32:50Two of them.
32:52Two of them were.
32:53Four of them.
32:58Despite heavy losses, the Duke and his men charged the battlements.
33:04A few crucial minutes decide between defeat or victory for the Crusaders.
33:27The fate of the city that is sacred to both Muslims and Christians hangs in the balance.
33:34Both sides put their trust in their faith and hope that God will help them.
33:44Peace is sacred to both religions.
33:53But for the faithful on both sides, war is a means of defending their own true religion
33:59against enemies and non-believers.
34:04Yet the Christians have declared their crusade against the Muslims to be a holy war that was
34:10ordered by God.
34:18It's triggered the bloodiest religious war the world has ever seen.
34:28It will turn the battle for Jerusalem into an orgy of violence.
34:42What happened next was a massacre within the city.
34:48The population was slaughtered, Jews and Muslims alike.
34:55At the same time, the leaders of the crusade tried to secure important sites within the
35:00city.
35:05The massacre in the narrow streets of Jerusalem was absolutely horrific.
35:11There was no regard for gender or age.
35:22Even Christian eyewitnesses don't conceal what happens.
35:28Immediately after the war was breached, the knights poured into the streets and public places.
35:39All enemies they could find were put to the sword.
35:43Nobody was spared.
35:45Everything was covered in blood.
35:50News of the fall of Jerusalem spreads like wildfire.
35:57The Franks have murdered everyone throughout Jerusalem.
36:00It was a complete slaughter.
36:03The Franks spent several days killing anyone they could find.
36:08Asul Ami regards the Franks as wild beasts.
36:1630,000 people are killed, including the city's Jewish residents.
36:21Even local Christians are murdered, accused of being Muslim collaborators.
36:32Memories of the bloody siege of Jerusalem will put a permanent strain on the relations between
36:38the two religions.
36:47One common explanation for the bloodlust of the crusaders during the capture of Jerusalem
36:52in 1099 has been their inability to control their religious enthusiasm, following the prolonged
36:59exertions and strains of their journey.
37:05But the true motives behind the crusades may have played an even more important role.
37:14If you examine the reports of Pope Urban's call for the crusade more carefully, you discover
37:21that he had called for revenge against the non-believers who had occupied and, in his view, desecrated
37:28the holy sites of the Christians.
37:30Soon after the conquest of the holy city, Godfrey of Bouillon is to be crowned the first king
37:44of Jerusalem.
37:46But there are reservations, as it was here that Christ had worn the crown of thorns.
37:51Instead, the conqueror accepts the title of protector of the holy sepulchre.
37:59He forgoes the throne, but not the claim to power.
38:13But Godfrey's reign doesn't last long.
38:16He will die one year after the conquest of Jerusalem, to be buried in his favorite site,
38:23the Church of the Holy Sepulchre.
38:29His legacy won't remain unchallenged.
38:32Can the Muslim forces accept that sacred ground has been wrested from them for good?
38:39After the conquest of Jerusalem by Christian forces, most Arabs were stunned.
38:45What should be done?
38:46The Muslim world was divided.
38:48How should they react to the capture by Christians of one of the most important Arab cities?
38:56In Damascus, the scholar al-Salami draws conclusions from the recent events.
39:06According to al-Salami, Allah uses the defeat of the Muslims to put the Muslims to the test.
39:13They have sinned, they haven't obeyed his commands, and have quarrelled amongst each other.
39:20They have failed to defend the holy ground.
39:24Only if the Muslims overcome their divisions and fight alongside each other, can the enemy be defeated.
39:39Asulami is an interesting figure.
39:45Not only is he a religious scholar, who occasionally gives sermons in Damascus.
39:51He is also one of the few contemporaries who understand that the Christian military expeditions,
39:58whether in Sicily, on the Iberian Peninsula, or in the Near East, are religiously motivated.
40:05At least this is what he writes in a tract on the Jihad, which was drafted in reaction to
40:10his conclusions.
40:13In his book, Kitab al-Jihad, al-Salami describes the attack against Jerusalem as an attack against
40:29Islam.
40:30There were calls, mainly by Muslim scholars, for the unity of the Muslim world and for the
40:39eviction of the Christians from Jerusalem.
40:43But it took time before they were heard.
40:47Islam was now being used as a political instrument.
40:52It takes several decades until a Muslim force is able to reconquer Jerusalem.
41:02Towards the end of the 12th century, an experienced war leader makes it his professed goal to drive
41:09the Christians out of the Holy Land.
41:11His name, Zaladin, Sultan of Egypt.
41:16Not only does he regain lost ground in Palestine, in 1187 he also forces the Christians to abandon
41:24the Holy City.
41:28Zaladin banks on the power of his faith.
41:31He entices the Islamic high clergy to declare the fight against the Crusaders to be a Jihad.
41:38Buried in a grand mausoleum in Damascus, he is worshipped as a hero until this very day.
41:46Is the Muslim Jihad comparable to the Christian Crusades?
41:57The Crusades and the Jihad are all too often lumped together.
42:02Even though experts on the Middle East and on Islam have clearly demonstrated that the Jihad
42:08is based on a much broader concept.
42:11Not only does it promote military campaigns, like the Crusades, but also the spiritual advance
42:17of Islam.
42:20The fall of Jerusalem triggers new Crusades.
42:31But all Christian attempts to reconquer the Holy City end in failure.
42:37The German Emperor Frederick II, from the dynasty of the Stouffers, chooses a different path as
42:44mediator between cultures.
42:48He opts against the sword, knowing that he cannot conquer Jerusalem by force.
42:55During negotiations with Sultan al-Kamil of Cairo, he arranges a compromise.
43:02There will be peace for ten years, five months and forty days, as the Muslim calendar demands.
43:20In this truce between Christians and Muslims, Jerusalem, Bethlehem and Nazareth are placed under
43:36Christian supervision.
43:38Frederick II accomplishes his goal without bloodshed.
43:43Thanks to his upbringing, Frederick is different to other European kings.
44:01He grew up in Palermo, a cultural melting pot.
44:05His royal palace is a meeting point for Byzantines, Italians, Arabs and Germans.
44:11For both Christians and Muslims.
44:18The cultural exchange between representatives of different religious communities seems to
44:26have started early on.
44:28It's well documented with regard to material culture, including architecture and clothing,
44:34as well as music, literature and poetry, also everyday objects and luxury items.
44:45They show that the Crusaders brought elements of material culture from the Islamic world to the Christian world.
44:57Arab technology was distinctly superior to that of Europe.
45:03For example, the successful supply of fresh water to cities that were surrounded by dry land.
45:10It was the precondition for economic growth and prosperity.
45:18Outstanding works of art, science and literature are created.
45:23There are new publications, research and experimentation in the fields of physics, mathematics, medicine and astronomy.
45:33The exchange between Orient and Occident produces a unique collection of knowledge.
45:43But memories of religious warfare are usually stronger than the awareness of common cultural roots.
45:50For 200 years, the Christian knights remain in the Holy Land.
45:55Hundreds of thousands die in the era of the Crusades.
46:00Christians, Muslims and Jews.
46:03The outcome of the Crusades is ambivalent, though the events of the time were marked by violence.
46:14Violence that emanated primarily from the Christians.
46:18Although you have to take into account the historical setting.
46:21The Seljuks had blocked the pilgrims' route from Europe to Palestine.
46:26So the Christians didn't use violence without any kind of reason.
46:31The Crusades were part of a centuries-long history of conquest and counter-conquest.
46:42Mighty fortresses still bear witness to ancient battles.
46:47They were considered to be part of a holy war.
46:50And shaped relations between the two religions for many centuries.
46:55The historical memory of the Crusades was revived during the period of European colonialism.
47:02Especially during the 19th and 20th centuries, the stories of the Crusades were reanimated and brought up to date.
47:10As a result, they are very much alive today.
47:14Not just for a number of Muslims. The period of the Crusades still hasn't come to an end.
47:26No.
47:27Silent Chesney
47:31No.
47:32The Lucades
47:37No.
47:38The Lucades
47:43Transcription by CastingWords