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00:009-11-2001. Terrorists who call themselves
00:09warriors of God against the Crusaders of the West.
00:18Two religions that demand peace, yet wage war throughout history.
00:30Epochs of confrontation and collaboration.
00:40Peoples and powers who fight in the name of God, but who struggle for supremacy on Earth.
00:47It's the 7th century AD, the advance of Islam.
01:02United in faith, Muslims are forging a global empire.
01:07No power seems capable of stopping their advance.
01:11Will the banners of the new religion soon be flying over Europe?
01:17A decisive battle looms.
01:20Christian warriors against the sword of the prophet.
01:36Late October 732 AD.
01:38Frankish soldiers on patrol along the southern border of the Kingdom of the Franks.
01:45Alerted by news of an advancing enemy.
01:51The danger is closer than they think.
01:53The forest near the city of Tours will be the battleground against warriors from the desert.
02:04They are scouts from a Muslim expeditionary force.
02:09They know that an army of Franks is expecting them.
02:14Their task is to find out how strong the Franks really are.
02:19For the Frankish patrol, the enemy scouts remain invisible.
02:23For the Frankish patrol, the enemy scouts remain invisible.
02:40The precursor to a battle that will shape history.
02:43The Muslim scouts have seen enough.
02:55The Franks have amassed a huge army.
02:58The recruits are mainly craftsmen and farmers.
03:03They've been turned into Western Europe's largest army under the leadership of Charles Martel.
03:14Bishop Milo of Trier, himself an experienced war leader, is in awe of Martel.
03:20Who's forged an army that is second to none.
03:23His secret? Iron discipline.
03:27Charles Martel is a Frankish nobleman with a reputation for being tough and fearless in the face of the enemy.
03:35His nickname, Martel, the Hammer.
03:39He knows that battles aren't won by reputation alone.
03:53Who are these foreign warriors who have invaded Western Europe?
03:59South of Tours, the Moorish attackers have made their camp.
04:04Are they here to pillage or conquer?
04:10The Moors intend to be well prepared before they go into battle.
04:19They haven't expected such a large army.
04:25The Franks seem to be well armed and ready for combat.
04:33So far, no one has been able to halt the Moorish advance.
04:39But Abdurrahman is convinced that the Christians are underestimating the strength of the Moors.
04:49It can be assumed that the Franks didn't have very detailed knowledge of the invaders.
04:56They described the North African Moors as Saracens, a very general term, or as Ishmaelites.
05:01They also called them infidels.
05:04This was simply a way of saying they were not Christians, but heathens.
05:10It would be wrong to say that the Franks or Charles Martel had a very detailed knowledge of the invaders.
05:1621 years earlier, in the summer of 7-11, the Moorish army had landed on the south coast of Spain.
05:30News of the foreign invasion reached the capital of the Iberian kingdom, Toledo.
05:41It was ruled by Christians.
05:46The Spanish king, Rodrigo, prayed for God's help in facing the danger from the south.
05:51The Muslims had amassed 12,000 warriors for the conquest of Spain.
06:02To the Christian defenders, they looked like invaders from an alien world.
06:07On the Rio Guadalete in the south of Andalusia, the armies clashed.
06:21Spain's Christian rule came to an end with the death of Rodrigo.
06:26Within eight years, the Moors conquered most of the Iberian peninsula.
06:31Making Cordoba their capital, they marched across the Pyrenees.
06:38Then, in 732, they arrive at Tours.
06:46The leader of the Muslim army is Abdul Rahman.
06:50Governor of Al-Andalus, Moorish Spain.
06:54The Emir is considered ambitious and skillful.
06:57He'll go down in history, if he gets his way.
07:08The troops are weary.
07:10They want to return home with the loot from recent battles.
07:13But Abdul Rahman wants to defeat the Franks.
07:17The city of Tours is full of riches, ready for the taking.
07:21He's determined to attack.
07:27The Muslims take up position outside Tours.
07:31Their presence is a threat to one of the most important spiritual centers of Christian Europe.
07:38It was Saint Martin of Tours who'd brought fame to the city.
07:43In 361, he'd founded the first Christian monastery in the west.
07:47Veneration of the saint made Tours one of the most important places of pilgrimage in Europe.
07:54Tours played a major religious role within the Frankish kingdom.
07:58The city contained the tomb of Saint Martin, by now the Frank's most important patron saint.
08:03The city also possessed Saint Martin's cloak, one of the most precious religious relics of the country.
08:08What had begun with Saint Martin was completed one Christmas day at the end of the 5th century.
08:18The baptism of King Clovis I in Rames Cathedral marked the triumph of the Christian faith,
08:25which became the official state religion under the Franks.
08:28Baptist churches like Saint-Jean de Poitiers testified to the preeminence of Christianity.
08:39In 721, the imminent attack of a Muslim army threatens the Christian order.
08:47Bishop Milo laments the desecration and the looting of church buildings.
08:52Martel is determined to put a stop to this.
08:55Odo of Aquitaine wants to lead the attack with his horsemen.
09:02But Charles Martel knows how to make better use of them.
09:13Odo is a former opponent of Charles Martel.
09:17But the Muslim danger obliges him to form an alliance with his old foe.
09:21Despite the cordial alliance between Charles Martel and Odo, their relationship was a rather tense one.
09:31We know this because Charles Martel fought two campaigns against Odo in 731.
09:37But in the end, it was the common danger that obliged both of them to fight the Moors instead.
09:44Are their Christian allegiances strong enough to help them master the new challenge together?
09:54At the time of battle, both sides draw strength from their faiths.
10:06Bishop Milo asks the God of the Christians for help.
10:08Bishop Milo asks the God of the Christians for help.
10:18Abdul Rahman prays to Allah for his support.
10:33In early medieval warfare, God and the saints played a crucial role as helpers on the battlefield.
10:53Before a battle, divine assistance was invoked, either through religious processions or through prayer.
11:03Abdul Rahman promises his warriors direct entry to paradise.
11:08Is the collision between Muslim and Christian armies near Tours a clash of faiths?
11:18Or is it just a conflict between two ambitious military leaders?
11:23There are no negotiations. Win or die.
11:34That's the attitude of both sides as they enter the fray in central France.
11:40Bring the bogenschützen into position.
11:44Abdul Rahman and Charles Martel take up position.
11:47The Christians put their trust in God.
12:00The Christians put their trust in God.
12:06But they also rely on their power.
12:16The Muslims charge toward the Frankish infantry.
12:37The crucial phase of the battle has begun.
12:40Will the 25th of October 732 become Christendom's fateful turning point, as is claimed in posterity?
12:49Tour marked the northernmost point of an expansion that had started a century earlier.
13:07The Muslims had conquered North Africa, Spain and parts of Asia Minor.
13:14In the west, their empire bordered on the Kingdom of the Franks.
13:19In the north, on Byzantium.
13:22The Muslim power center was Damascus.
13:25But it was Mecca, where Islam originated.
13:28It all began with a cosmic event.
13:34A meteor had smashed into the Arabian Peninsula.
13:37The rock that fell from heaven was considered a divine sign.
13:48It inspired the founding of the Mecca of pilgrims.
13:51Long before the birth of Islam, a cult site formed around the sacred rock, the Kaaba, the Arabic word for cube.
14:02Not only the meteor was venerated here.
14:05There were also gods with names like Huba, Alat and Usa.
14:18As the centuries passed, Mecca developed into the largest cult center in Arabia.
14:23But in the year 610, a religion was born here that changed everything.
14:33Muslim legends claim that the beginnings of Islam were accompanied by mysterious events.
14:40Muslim legends of Islam were captured.
14:45The stories revolve around a man named Mohammed, whose search for the true faith led him to a cave near Mecca.
14:53Purification and fasting were among his rituals in these rocky corridors.
14:58corridors.
15:04In the year 610, the seeker appeared to find answers to his questions.
15:09Precisely how the divine message reached the future prophet remains a mystery.
15:16But the words are clear.
15:18They speak of a jihad, of the struggle to establish the only true God, and of a radical
15:25rejection of all forms of polytheism.
15:34Spread the word, spread the word, a voice apparently instructed him.
15:40Muhammad was to announce the message of Islam, a voluntary submission to God.
15:51The Koran talks of a spirit that is hard to identify.
15:56In the later version of the Koran, Muslims identified this spirit with the angel Gabriel.
16:05According to legend, Muhammad was in contact with heavenly beings for two decades.
16:10He was unable to read or write.
16:12So during his encounters, the word of God was written on his heart and placed upon his
16:18tongue.
16:19Or so tradition says.
16:21The prophet then passed on the divine revelations to his followers by means of the spoken word.
16:28Even during Muhammad's lifetime, people began to write down his words.
16:34They included the five sacred duties that every Muslim has to fulfill.
16:39Acceptance of the one true God, daily prayer, charitable giving, fasting, and pilgrimages to Mecca.
16:49That's where Muhammad began to preach the message of Allah, provoking fierce protests as a result.
16:55Muslim tradition tells us that when Muhammad began to act as a prophet, he was already 40
17:02years old, not young by the standards of the time.
17:06He was a mature man and well known in his community.
17:10So you can imagine the amount of astonishment, disbelief, and even hostility there must have
17:16been in the reaction of his contemporaries.
17:22Even his role as a prophet upset many people.
17:25Muhammad's call for the abolition of polytheism posed an economic threat to the place of pilgrimage.
17:32Together with his followers, Muhammad was driven out of Mecca.
17:38The departure from Mecca in the year 622 marks the start of a new calendar for Muslims and
17:44a further interpretation of jihad.
17:47Muhammad began spreading the word peacefully at first, while still in Mecca.
17:59After the move to Medina, he was armed against attacks from outside.
18:03He also initiated violence himself.
18:11The caravans and commercial centers of Mecca became the target of an armed jihad, which
18:17had now become synonymous with the armed struggle for the faith.
18:22Muhammad personally ordered the attacks.
18:25The man of faith had become a warlord.
18:29Forty-eight battles were chronicled in the early phase of Islam.
18:33And the prophet himself took part in half of them.
18:45But the Muslim warriors had to follow a strict system of regulations.
18:49Some Muslim warriors want to kill any women and children who had refused to surrender.
19:07But Islamic martial law only permits them to be sold as slaves.
19:14With the loot, four out of five parts go to the warriors.
19:18The fifth part belongs to Allah and to his prophet Muhammad, but also to the orphans and the poor.
19:27This martial law stipulated all kinds of things, from legitimizing armed combat in the first
19:35place, to regulations about how to end battles and wars, and how to treat combatants and non-combatants,
19:42and also how to deal with women and children.
19:46After eight years of struggle, the supporters of Islam successfully conquered Mecca.
19:52Muhammad didn't want to take revenge against his former persecutors.
20:00The wrath of the prophet was directed exclusively against the gods in the Kaaba.
20:10This iconoclasm at the sacred site of Mecca was also a political act.
20:23The old power structures in Arabia were smashed along with the ancient cult figures.
20:29And the Christian faith, which had its place among all the other confessions in Mecca,
20:34suddenly had a powerful rival.
20:43The success of Islam was nowhere more evident than in the development of Mecca.
20:49Over the centuries, the regional cult center with the Kaaba became the most visited place of pilgrimage in the world.
21:03Every year, three million people make the pilgrimage to Islam's most important holy site.
21:10Shared rituals and prayers strengthen the communal spirit of the faithful, who gather here from every corner of the planet.
21:19With 1.4 billion adherents, Islam has become the second largest religion in the world, after Christianity.
21:29The followers of the prophet laid the foundations for this many centuries ago.
21:35The preachers in Mecca spread the word of the prophet Muhammad.
21:42It's a Muslim's duty to go to war and fight for Allah.
21:48Until the last days and the end of the world, there would always be warriors fighting the jihad.
21:58They claim that those who fight for Allah, whether they live or die in battle, will be rewarded in paradise.
22:13The sword of the prophet was no longer used exclusively for defense, but also for the spread of Islam.
22:21Would jihad turn into holy war?
22:28Holy war is a relatively clear term.
22:31It means to wage war for religious reasons and to kill for religious reasons.
22:36Jihad is a word that has many more meanings.
22:40The word is actually derived from the Arab word jihadah, which means to make a great effort.
22:44This can be an effort to become a better Muslim or to give handouts to the poor.
22:49So to limit the meaning of jihad to holy war is quite wrong.
22:54And yet, within a few years, the entire Arabian Peninsula was conquered in the name of the Islamic faith.
23:03Then, the Muslim warriors turned their attention to the neighboring empires to the north and east.
23:18In the year 636, the adherents of the new faith reached Damascus.
23:24The siege of the city lasted over a year.
23:26Eventually, a treaty of surrender was signed with the Christian bishop of Damascus that made the Arabs' modus operandi clear.
23:38The others were dealt with pragmatically.
23:41This can be seen from the way that subjugated people were treated.
23:45They were discriminated against socially, but they weren't necessarily forced into apostasy,
23:50that is, into a renunciation of their own faith.
23:52Very soon, the empire of Islam extended as far as India and Uzbekistan.
24:04Along the Silk Road to China, magnificent mosques bear witness to Islam's heyday in Central Asia.
24:11Jerusalem was conquered in the first half of the 7th century and torn from the grasp of Christian Byzantium.
24:24After the fall of Egypt, the breadbasket of the Middle East now belonged to Islam.
24:33North Africa was conquered very quickly.
24:35At the beginning of the 8th century, the Muslims arrived at the Straits of Gibraltar.
24:42The massive rock constituted the gateway to Western Europe for the invaders.
24:48In early 7-11, an invasion fleet crossed the Straits.
24:58The ships from North Africa and their 12,000 soldiers also brought their pack-newls and horses to the south coast of Europe.
25:06In Spain, people wondered where these strange-looking warriors had come from.
25:14We do not know if they have fallen from the sky or if they crawled out of the bowels of the earth.
25:21Within a few years, the Muslims occupied almost the entire Iberian Peninsula, with Cordoba as their capital.
25:32In 7-21, a group of Muslim raiders made a first foray across the Pyrenees.
25:39Eleven years later, the Frankish city of Tours was the target of their advance.
25:44Mohammed allowed these campaigns, these raids to take place.
25:55They then gradually became incorporated into Islamic tradition.
26:00These were raids that in some way or another were aimed at spreading Islam.
26:04To halt the Muslim advance, the Christian rulers have to overcome their internal enmity.
26:17Close to Tours, Odo and Charles Martel gather for a meeting of reconciliation.
26:22Charles Martel reminds Odo of their old enmity.
26:37And of the fact that Odo once sided with the Moors.
26:43But now, the Muslims are threatening the entire kingdom.
26:46Odo admits his earlier mistake.
26:52His admission paves the way for an alliance with Charles Martel.
27:01Odo's main objective was to secure his position as Duke of Aquitaine.
27:08And to do this, he chose a double strategy.
27:11On the one hand, he made friends with Charles Martel.
27:13While on the other hand, he entered into an agreement with one of the Moors leaders.
27:18And even allowed the man to marry his daughter.
27:22Ultimately, this double strategy failed to work.
27:25And Odo had to seek the protection of Charles Martel.
27:28He had no other choice.
27:32But Martel's protection comes at a price.
27:35Martel will only accept Odo if he is subordinate in battle.
27:45Martel will only accept Odo if he is subordinate in battle.
27:48You will be with us.
27:51You will be with us.
27:53Let us our union join us.
27:56Odo agrees.
27:59The alliance is sealed with a religious relic.
28:03For our battle, Karl.
28:05The Holy Sponge, sent by the Pope for the fight against the Muslims.
28:09They believe this holy act will lead to victory.
28:13A monstrance in Aachen Cathedral contains a section of the Holy Sponge.
28:24In the days of Odo and Charles Martel, people believed it had magical powers.
28:30It allegedly alleviated the suffering of Christ on the cross.
28:36Will the holy relic turn the forthcoming battle into a holy war?
28:43The Franks put their hopes in Christ.
28:51They intend to win with the help of the divine weapons.
29:00The divine relic is brought in to strengthen the Christian warrior's resolve.
29:06But it's equipment, troop numbers and discipline that count on the battlefield.
29:15A Christian chronicle describes the start of the battle.
29:28The men from the north stand like an unshakable wall.
29:32Their shields and chain mail glitter in the sun like an icy glacier.
29:36The Franks dare the Moors to attack, spurred on by Charles Martel.
29:45Charles Martel apparently managed to lead his troops to a small elevation and thus take
29:53up a position that gave him a strategic advantage.
29:59The Franks use their shields to counter the hail of arrows.
30:04Their battle lines remain solid.
30:08Despite repeated attacks, the Moors are unable to break through the Frankish ranks.
30:31Despite repeated attacks, the Moors are unable to break through the Frankish ranks.
30:52The steadiness of the Franks can be explained with their elevated position and with their
31:01discipline.
31:05The Christian military leaders also enter the fray.
31:13Odo is ordered to follow Martel's battle plan.
31:18It involves a tactical maneuver to shift the odds in favor of the Christians.
31:25Abdurrahman decides to pursue the Frankish cavalry.
31:32But what exactly are the Franks up to?
31:38The Moorish ranks begin to get worried.
31:41The sight of their leader riding away from the battlefield could be a sign of retreat,
31:47a potentially fatal misjudgment.
31:55The discipline of the Franks has already unnerved their opponents.
32:05The second important factor was that Frankish troops attacked the Muslim encampment, whereupon
32:12sections of the Muslim army immediately left the battlefield and hurried back to their camp,
32:18fearing that they might lose their loot.
32:26For most of the Moorish warriors, the loot was the main reason for this war.
32:31The attack on their encampment hit them at their most vulnerable point.
32:40The Carolingian chronicles used dramatic words to describe the Frankish maneuver.
32:47Bravely, Prince Charles Martel called out to his warriors to charge the enemy.
32:52With the help of the Lord, they successfully overran their tents.
32:56Like doughty millstones, the warriors ground their enemies into powder.
33:03It was at this point that the Franks successfully encircled the Muslim leader and then killed him.
33:11The Christian chronicles show respect for the enemy.
33:15They state that the Moorish emir died like a true warrior.
33:21Wounded in the chest, Abdul Rahman died.
33:27The Moorish army is now leaderless.
33:30Its resistance crumbles.
33:44The morning after the battle, the dead are counted.
33:48The Christian military leaders have also suffered heavy losses.
33:53The Franks have respect of the enemy, who showed no fear of death.
34:10This Christian chronicle, written 20 years after the battle, makes no mention of troop numbers
34:16or losses.
34:18It merely records that Charles Martel led a coalition of European forces to victory.
34:24And that the leader of the Moors, Abdul Rahman, was killed in battle.
34:31But why would the Moors leave their dead leader behind?
34:43As Muslims, they are convinced that he has already entered paradise.
35:01The Franks have won.
35:04Martel is convinced that it won't be the last battle against the Moors.
35:13Martel is convinced that it won't be the last battle against the Moors.
35:19At the Battle of Tur, that is in the early 8th century, the concept of a religious conflict
35:27played no major role, at least not on the Christian side.
35:32On the Muslim side, the so-called Islamic expansion was of course aimed at increasing the amount
35:38of Muslim-held territory.
35:40But ultimately, it was a matter of territorial conquest.
35:46It means that the battlefield near Tur was not the symbolic site of a religious war, as has
35:56been claimed in posterity.
35:59But it did mark the beginning of the end of Muslim expansion into Western Europe.
36:11One shouldn't forget that even after 732, the danger posed by the Arabs was far from over.
36:17Charles Martel was certainly an important element in the defense of Europe, but by no
36:21means the only one.
36:26The victor of Tur was later interred in the Cathedral of Saint-Denis, the burial place
36:31of the French kings.
36:35Charles Martel went down in history as the man who saved Christendom.
36:45Charles Martel's victory over the Muslims further strengthened his reputation as a successful
36:51military leader who had fought and won several other battles, and not only against Muslims.
36:57In that regard, the success at Tur most certainly contributed to the rise of Martel's dynasty,
37:03the Carolingians.
37:07One man in particular would benefit, Charlemagne, the grandson of the victor of Tur.
37:15In the late 8th century, the king of the Franks wants to extend his kingdom eastwards into
37:21the territory of the heathen Saxons.
37:24He uses all his military might to convert them to Christianity.
37:38Not only does Charlemagne want to conquer the land, he also wants his faith to rule over
37:44the minds of his subjects.
37:46The Saxons, who still worship the Germanic gods of nature, are to be baptized, if need
37:53be, by force.
38:02Western Europe's most powerful Christian ruler has the last pagan symbol smashed, the Saxon
38:09Immensul.
38:19One god, one king.
38:22One faith, one empire.
38:25Charlemagne's vision of a Christian Europe under his rule.
38:30This is where it is forged, in Aachen.
38:34He converts his favorite city into a magnificent royal residence.
38:39It becomes a center of education and learning.
38:43A uniform system of writing is created as the basis of a shared Christian cultural region.
38:54His idea is expressed in the Palatine Chapel, today's Aachen Cathedral.
39:02The architecture symbolizes the concept of his rule.
39:06The church and the throne room are combined.
39:10Faith and power are united.
39:12A formula that will characterize Christian Europe for centuries to come.
39:20Around 800 AD, Charlemagne moves to Rome.
39:25He wants to associate himself with the legendary Roman emperors, who ruled the world empire from
39:31this very city.
39:36On Christmas Day in the year 800, 68 years after the Battle of Tours, the grandson of Charles
39:43Martel is crowned Emperor of Rome by the Pope.
39:49At the same time, he becomes the protector of Western Christianity, a title that will make
39:55Charlemagne and his heirs the direct enemies of the rulers of the Muslim world.
40:04But for now, the Muslim territories coexist alongside those of the Christians in Europe.
40:11Gradually, the Christians will attempt to force the Muslims further south.
40:18Until then, culture and religious tolerance will flourish under the Moors on the Iberian
40:24peninsula.
40:29The age of Muslim rule in Spain was astonishingly productive from the cultural point of view,
40:35in every imaginable area, from agriculture to theology.
40:39And all of it derived from a lively exchange between Muslims, Christians and Jews.
40:45A multi-cultural Spain experiences an epoch of rapid progress that embraces all aspects
40:54of life.
40:57And it would later be called the Golden Age of Muslim rule.
41:02There are great achievements in all areas of science, but especially in medicine.
41:08The Moors found the first paper factory on European soil.
41:13And under the Muslims, the windmill is developed into the most powerful machine of the Middle Ages.
41:24Spain becomes the center for the transfer of knowledge between East and West.
41:30The Christian world reaps the benefits.
41:40Even today, the structures of the Moors testify to the technical and architectural progress they
41:46introduced to Europe.
41:50In the mythical places of Islam where a high culture was truly created, Baghdad for example,
41:56Andalusia, Damascus or Cairo, the high culture only came into being because Islam remained
42:02open to outside influences.
42:05Baghdad.
42:07In the ninth century, the city on the Euphrates develops into a metropolis unparalleled in the
42:12Western world.
42:15Dozens of languages are spoken in the streets.
42:18Islam, the religion from the desert, develops into a world culture.
42:24A city planned on a drawing board.
42:27At its center, the palace of the Caliph.
42:30A successor of Muhammad.
42:32A golden age indeed, lasting another four centuries.
42:41The high points of Arab-Muslim history aren't the result of warfare, but of open-mindedness
42:46and tolerance.
42:49In Jerusalem, after it was conquered by Arabs in 638, Christians, Jews and Muslims coexisted
42:56peacefully.
42:58Until the 11th century, when there is internal strife.
43:04The Pope immediately sends Christian crusaders to Palestine to reconquer the holy sites of Christianity.
43:12They're promised a heavenly reward.
43:15All their sins will be forgiven.
43:23The attack of the European crusaders provokes a Muslim jihad.
43:28The era of the Crusades lasts 200 years.
43:32And hundreds of thousands of people are killed on both sides in this war of faiths.
43:41An emperor from the German Stouffer dynasty chooses a different approach.
43:46Frederick II.
43:48He wins Jerusalem back for Christianity, not by the sword, but by negotiation.
43:55An exception in this era of so-called holy wars.
44:02In the mid-15th century, the Ottoman Empire begins to expand.
44:11The Turkish Muslims conquer the last bastion of Byzantine Christendom, Constantinople.
44:16From the Bosporus, a march through Europe begins that takes the Turks as far as Vienna.
44:29Twice, the city fights for survival against superior numbers of attackers.
44:36In the end, a coalition of European forces emerges as the victor in a conflict that has been declared a war of religions.
44:45It marks the beginning of the end of the Ottoman Empire.
44:54In the early 20th century, the Western colonial powers control large parts of the Muslim world, excluding the Germans, whose Kaiser has declared himself a friend of the Muslims.
45:08Together with Islamic rulers, he wants to fight a holy war against the British and the French, but a rebellion in the name of Allah against the colonial overlords is fraught with risk and danger.
45:27In the first world war, the German Kaiser and the sultan of the Ottomans become brothers in arms, but their joint jihad is defeated by the superior power of the British.
45:42Later, the withdrawal of the British from Palestine leaves a troubled spot in its wake that is just as dangerous today.
45:51In the future, Jews and Muslims will be in dispute over the Holy Land.
45:57The state of Israel has had to fight for its survival ever since it was first founded in 1948.
46:07In the Six Day War of 1967, Israel gains control of all of Jerusalem.
46:13A deep humiliation for Muslims to this very day.
46:17Many decide to flee or are forced out of the city.
46:22For many, the conquest of the Holy Land legitimizes a new jihad.
46:32The notion gives birth to radical new ideas that turn a young Osama bin Laden into an Islamic militant.
46:41After the Gulf War of 1991, American troops remain stationed on Saudi Arabian soil, close to Islam's most important sacred site.
46:51Mecca.
46:52It's another reason why Bin Laden forms Al-Qaeda, part of what he calls the World Islamic Front of the Jihad against Jews and Crusaders.
47:05Against the superior might of the West.
47:08Planned in remote Afghanistan, the attack on the Twin Towers in New York changes the world.
47:16Yet, in the view of most Muslims, the self-styled Holy War fought by Al-Qaeda is nothing more than a criminal act of terror.
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47:56Transcription by CastingWords