Tout sur les faits du Titanic : Que s'est-il passé avec l'iceberg ?
Rejoignez-nous pour un voyage captivant au cœur de l'un des événements les plus emblématiques de l'histoire : la catastrophe du Titanic. Plongez dans les détails glaçants concernant l'iceberg tristement célèbre et découvrez la vérité sur son rôle dans cette tragédie. Des révélations choquantes aux faits méconnus, préparez-vous à être captivé par l'histoire non racontée de la rencontre fatidique entre l'iceberg et le Titanic. Préparez-vous à explorer les profondeurs de l'histoire comme jamais auparavant ! Animation créée par Sympa.
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Musique par Epidemic Sound https://www.epidemicsound.com
Pour ne rien perdre de Sympa, abonnez-vous!: https://goo.gl/6E4Xna
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Nos réseaux sociaux :
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/sympasympacom/
Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/sympa.officiel/
Stock de fichiers (photos, vidéos et autres):
https://www.depositphotos.com
https://www.shutterstock.com
https://www.eastnews.ru
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Si tu en veux encore plus, fais un tour ici:
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FunTranscript
00:00It was the very beginning of the year 1912. A huge piece of ice had detached from a glacier in the southwest of Greenland.
00:09This ice was from a snowfall that occurred about 100,000 years before the event. At that time, mammoths were still hovering over the planet.
00:17The iceberg began its journey. It was huge. It was more than 500 meters long and weighed about 75 million tons.
00:26It was a very peaceful piece of ice. It wandered away from the most frequented ships and transport routes.
00:32These were not many in the region, it's true.
00:36And then it began to drift a little further south. Our iceberg was lucky. In general, these big icicles melt well before reaching their latitudes.
00:45Of the 15,000 to 30,000 icebergs drifting away from the Greenland glaciers, only 1% reach the Atlantic.
00:53This is why it is so surprising that in April 1912, our Iceberg Voyager has already drifted more than 2,400 kilometers from the Arctic Circle.
01:02Even after melting for months, this block of ice still weighed an impressive half a million and a half tons.
01:08It's almost twice as heavy as the Golden Gate Bridge.
01:12The upper part of the iceberg dominated the surface of the ocean for more than 30 meters.
01:17And yet, if you had noticed it near your boat, it would have seemed harmless to you.
01:22But only at first glance, because only a very small part of our iceberg was visible.
01:27The largest of an iceberg is always hidden under the surface. Normally, only a tenth of its mass is visible above the water.
01:34And the iceberg we are talking about was no exception.
01:37Several days before our iceberg reached the Atlantic Ocean, a magnificent ship had left the Amars.
01:43It was a luxury steamboat that carried more than 3,000 passengers and crew members.
01:49At that time, it was the largest ship ever built.
01:53This steamboat was called Titanic. It was considered insubmersible.
01:58At the very beginning of its voyage, it almost collided with another ship, the New York.
02:03Fortunately, the Titanic was only a few meters away from it.
02:06The passengers, gathered on the decks, were sighing with relief.
02:10But they did not know what awaited them in the near future.
02:14During this time, the iceberg was approaching the area that the Titanic was going to cross on its way to New York.
02:20It was on April 14th that it happened.
02:23While the Titanic was in the North Atlantic, 600 km from Newfoundland.
02:28Around 11.40 p.m., those on board the Titanic who were still awake were pushed to the ground by a mysterious and powerful force.
02:35Those who were lying down fell violently from their beds.
02:38The passengers and crew members screamed, panicked and disoriented.
02:44A few minutes before the tumult began, an iceberg appeared just in front of the boat.
02:49It was our passenger.
02:51How did the crew not notice it earlier?
02:54There may be several reasons for this. I'll talk about it a little later.
03:00Anyway, once the steamboat collided with the huge piece of ice, it was doomed.
03:05Unable to divert its course, the ship quickly broke at least five of its hull compartments.
03:10They began to fill up with water at alarming speed.
03:14The compartments of the Titanic were not covered in their upper part.
03:18The water spilled out and filled all the compartments one after the other.
03:23The front of the ship began to sink and the rear part rose vertically into the air.
03:28Then, in a thunderous roar, the steamboat broke in two.
03:32The rest is history.
03:35But few people know what happened to the iceberg after its collision with the ship.
03:40This brings us back to the question of why no one had spotted the floating mountain of ice before it was too late.
03:47Let's follow the events of that fateful day.
03:50Around 6 p.m., Captain Smith finally decided to change the course of the Titanic.
03:55All day long, he received alerts about the presence of icebergs.
04:00The ship began to head further south, but its speed remained the same.
04:05At 9.40 p.m., another ship informed the Titanic of a vast field of ice filled with icebergs.
04:11Unfortunately, no one took notice of this message.
04:15Around 11 p.m., another steamboat contacted the Titanic by radio.
04:19They said that the ice had encircled them and forced them to stop.
04:24This message was also ignored.
04:26During this time, most of the passengers of the luxurious boat have already withdrawn to their rooms.
04:31At 11.35 p.m., the gatekeepers of the Titanic observation post noticed the iceberg.
04:36They rang the bell three times, which meant that there was something in front of them.
04:41Then, they called the bridge.
04:43The engines were reversed, and the doors of the supposedly waterproof compartments closed.
04:48Only five minutes later, the starboard side of the huge steamboat collided with the iceberg.
04:54The mail room began to fill with water.
04:57Soon, more reports arrived.
05:00Things are going pretty badly.
05:02At least five other compartments are flooded.
05:04It becomes clear that the Titanic will only float for a few hours.
05:08The night is exceptionally calm, without moonlight, no wind and no swell.
05:13And as no wave comes to break against the iceberg, it is very difficult to perceive its presence.
05:18But there is also a theory that it would be a black iceberg that sank the Titanic.
05:25If you had to draw an iceberg, I bet you would make a huge piece of white ice covered with snow.
05:31But those who have visited Antarctica know that icebergs can have many aspects.
05:36They can be multicolored, patterned or striped like candy.
05:40Icebergs can also be black.
05:43There may be two reasons for the formation of an iceberg of this unusual color.
05:48First, the ice can be extremely pure, without any air bubbles or cracks.
05:53In this case, there is nothing to disperse the light.
05:57The iceberg will absorb it entirely and will appear black.
06:01The second possibility is that a volcanic eruption covers a volcanic ash glacier.
06:06Then the ice that will detach from this glacier will also be dark in color.
06:11Experts do not know why the iceberg of the Titanic was so dark.
06:14Nor, by the way, if it was really the case.
06:16But one of the observers at the observation post claimed that the ice was black.
06:21Another said that it was either gray or dark gray.
06:25There is nothing exciting or mysterious in the so-called black icebergs.
06:29These are icebergs that have turned over after their upper part has melted and changed the distribution of their weight.
06:35If their lower part is smooth enough to absorb the light, they will have a dark aspect.
06:40In addition, they are generally not exposed to the air long enough for the white ash to accumulate.
06:46But let's admit that this theory is false and that the iceberg was not really black.
06:51It remains that if you see objects, it is only because they are reflected by light.
06:55The less light there is, the less chance you have of noticing something.
06:59The surface of the ocean will always reflect the light of the moon and stars.
07:04But an irregularly shaped iceberg, almost vertical, will have less chance of doing so.
07:09That's why it will look almost black on the surface of the bright water.
07:12At night, icebergs can be quite difficult to detect without a radar.
07:16In any case, our iceberg was not noticed in time.
07:19The Titanic crashed against it and sank.
07:22End of story? Apparently not.
07:25On April 15, the German SS-Prinz Aldebar sailed in the North Atlantic.
07:31It was a few kilometers from the place where the Titanic had sunk a few hours earlier.
07:36The captain of the German ship, who had not yet been informed of the disaster, saw an iceberg.
07:42What caught his attention was a large enough stream of red paint on the base of the iceberg.
07:48Surprised, the man took a picture.
07:51It is said that this stream of paint meant that a boat had hit the iceberg in the last 12 hours.
07:56The next person to see the sadly famous piece of ice, and who also photographed it,
08:01was the captain of the ship, serving to put the telecommunications cables at sea.
08:06The ship had been sent to the region where the Titanic had sunk.
08:10The captain later stated that the iceberg he had seen was the only one in this area.
08:14And then there was this red paint. It was not difficult to make the link.
08:19In 2015, one of these photos was sold at auction for more than $ 32,000.
08:24However, experts are not sure that the image really represents the famous block of ice.
08:28It could be an innocent iceberg floating in these waters at that moment.
08:36It was 11.39 am when the Titanic's watchman shouted,
08:40Iceberg, straight ahead!
08:42The measures taken quickly on the bridge to reduce speed and modify the ship's hull were useless.
08:48And you already know the end of the story.
08:50Since then, we have considered what happened to the Titanic as a unique event.
08:55But is this really the case?
08:57The Titanic sank in 1912.
09:00GPS and meteorological satellites did not exist at the time.
09:04Ships had to be there to warn each other of the location of the icebergs.
09:09What confidence it was necessary to have!
09:12It was then that the disaster of the Titanic occurred.
09:15A real disaster, which encouraged specialists to create an organization
09:19that would prevent this kind of accident from happening again.
09:24A year later, they created the International Ice Patrol, or IAP in abbreviation.
09:33Even today, this group is in charge of warning ships of the dangerous presence of ice on their way.
09:38The BP has improved its methods over the years,
09:41using both ships and aircraft patrols and satellite imaging.
09:45Recently, they have also used oceanographic buoys,
09:49a floating device that provides real-time information on ocean conditions up to 50 meters deep,
09:56in order to predict the potential drift of the icebergs.
09:59And the IAP does an excellent job of reducing collisions between ships and icebergs.
10:04But you always have to stay on your toes,
10:07because the most advanced detection equipment cannot prevent all unfortunate situations.
10:12Between 1980 and 2005,
10:15there were 57 incidents involving ships and icebergs.
10:20And the truth is that today's boats are more likely to hit an iceberg than the Titanic.
10:29According to research, 1038 icebergs crossed the area where the Titanic sank in 1912.
10:35You might think it's a lot, but scientists don't care.
10:41It's true, it's a little high,
10:43but the last 14 years have been marked by an even more intense iceberg circulation.
10:48Today, the number of C and big icebergs is increasing due to the accelerated melting of the Greenland glaciers.
10:55And as more and more ships sail towards the polar waters,
10:58the risks of collisions are increasing.
11:01But the real danger are the invisible enemies, the fragments of glaciers.
11:08The fragments of glaciers are small icebergs about the size of a house door.
11:14The small icebergs, on the other hand, are comparable in size to a bus.
11:19These icebergs seem harmless, but they can cause problems,
11:22because they are generally totally invisible to radars and satellites.
11:27What happens when a large modern cruise ship hits one of these small icebergs?
11:33Here is the Norwegian Sun, a luxury cruise ship similar to the Titanic,
11:38with a capacity of 2,400 passengers and more than 900 crew members.
11:43In June 2022, this cruise ship was sailing towards the Eubard glacier in Alaska
11:48when it found itself in the middle of a thick fog.
11:51Suddenly, these passengers felt a great shock,
11:54and the terror invaded them while violent shocks shook the ship.
11:59Once the fog had dissipated, they realized what had happened.
12:03The Norwegian Sun had collided with a small iceberg,
12:07but it did not know the tragic outcome of its famous ancestor.
12:11Fortunately, no one was injured,
12:13and the passengers and crew were able to land in Alaska without any trouble.
12:17Divers checked the condition of the ship,
12:20and discovered that it had suffered some damage after the collision.
12:24The rest of the trip was therefore canceled.
12:29But don't worry about your next trip to the Atlantic,
12:32because accidents like that of the Norwegian Sun are really rare.
12:36It is common for ships to come into contact with ice,
12:39what is less common is that it is a problem.
12:43Most modern cruise ships do not suffer any damage during these unexpected encounters,
12:48and there is a reason for that.
12:50The steel used in the construction of the Titanic played an important role in the disaster.
12:55The insubmersible ship, after all, was not as resistant as that.
13:00The Titanic's hull was built using about 2,000 plates of steel,
13:04which were said to have been reproduced in an open-air oven.
13:08As a result, the steel contained a high concentration of phosphorus, oxygen and sulfur.
13:13These elements make the steel brittle at low temperatures,
13:16which makes it fragile in the event of an impact.
13:20Although the steel used on the Titanic was of the best quality available at the time,
13:25it did not meet the safety standards of modern ships,
13:28and it was about ten times less solid than the one used by today's ships.
13:36But the biggest difference between the Titanic and modern ships lies in the assembly of the hull.
13:42Indeed, more than 3 million rivets were used to assemble the hull and the structure of the Titanic's upper deck.
13:49Thus, when it hit the iceberg, the rivets triggered a chain reaction,
13:54causing the simultaneous collapse of an entire section of the hull,
13:57which resulted in an uncontrollable flood of water.
14:00On the other hand, modern ships use a method called submerged bow welding,
14:05which merges the edges of the metal parts and thus allows for a continuous and solid surface.
14:11This method is safer, because if a part of the ship is damaged,
14:15the tear will not spread, which would worsen the situation.
14:19The damage remains circumscribed to the impact zone.
14:22Small icebergs are therefore more and more frequent, and ships have been adapted to deal with them.
14:27But there is still a scenario to consider.
14:30What would happen if a huge cruise ship hit an iceberg the size of a five-story building?
14:37Imagine that we had just created the largest cruise ship in the world.
14:41Let's call it the Simp Atlantic.
14:44Our floating station is huge, four times larger than the Statue of Liberty.
14:49It exceeds the Titanic by 97 meters and carries three times more passengers and crew.
14:56And, just like the Titanic, our fictional ship can sail at a maximum speed of about 23 knots.
15:02Now, imagine the following scenario.
15:05The Simp Atlantic sails at full speed in glacial waters.
15:10It is the middle of the night, and the captain does not realize that the iceberg detection equipment does not work.
15:17It has not worked for three days.
15:19There is a lot of fog, and the watch does not notice the iceberg standing seven meters in front of them.
15:26If this situation occurred and the ship hit the iceberg with full force, it could lead to a shipwreck.
15:33But you can see that it is very unlikely, right?
15:37This is why experts are quite convinced that the ice does not risk making modern cruise ships sink.
15:43It is also worth mentioning that security measures have improved since the Titanic.
15:48A modern ship will take days to sink, which leaves enough time to evacuate everyone.
15:54Crews are better prepared to handle emergency procedures, and passengers should also follow a training before departure.
16:01I know, I know, everything.
16:04What we want is to rest on the shore of the pool with a lemonade.
16:08But, as you know, it is all these measures that have prevented the passengers of the MS Explorer from suffering the same fate as those of the Titanic.
16:18In 2007, the 154 people on board this cruise ship managed to get on rescue boats after the ship hit an iceberg in the Antarctic.
16:29Imagine their panic.
16:30They had to wait for help for four long hours.
16:33The crew did an excellent job to ensure safety.
16:36There is no doubt about that.
16:38But a report published two years later indicates that the accident of the MS Explorer was caused by the inexperience of the captain,
16:46who would have pushed the ship at high speed against a real ice wall.
16:51In 2007, the 154 people on board this cruise ship managed to get on rescue boats after the ship hit an iceberg in the Antarctic.
17:05Imagine their panic.
17:06They had to wait for help for four long hours.
17:09The crew did an excellent job to ensure safety.
17:12There is no doubt about that.
17:14But a report published two years later indicates that the accident of the MS Explorer was caused by the inexperience of the captain,
17:21who would have pushed the ship at high speed against a real ice wall.
17:27We know the Titanic by stories and also by a film.
17:30Now, we even have a scan of great nature.
17:33And no, it is not one of these old models that made us wonder what the ship really looked like.
17:40This time, we got a VRI digital scan.
17:44A team of experts mapped the seabed around the Titanic, as well as the ship itself.
17:49We therefore obtained a 3D image of the whole.
17:52It is as if we were diving to incredible depths to see the wreck without water all around.
17:59The history of the wreck began in 1985, 73 years after the sinking of the Titanic.
18:05Explorer Robert Ballard discovered it hidden between two submarines that had also sunk in this area.
18:11He was actually in charge of another mission at the time and therefore did not have time to explore the ship properly.
18:17But during his research, he realized the influence of sea currents on wreck debris.
18:22He noticed that the heaviest objects were sinking rapidly and left a trail of debris behind them, depending on the direction of the currents.
18:29Strongly aware of this, Ballard hypothesized that the Titanic had broken in half and left a trail of debris.
18:35Before he discovered the wreck, it was believed that the ship had sunk in one piece after hitting the iceberg.
18:41Thus, we now knew where the ship was and the adventure could begin.
18:45Or not, its exploration was very difficult.
18:48The wreck is huge and the darkness of the ocean did not allow us to see it in its entirety.
18:53So we had to settle for fragments in decomposition, and we could only speculate on what all these parts put together could look like.
19:02But in the summer of 2022, we were finally allowed to do something different.
19:07A team of experts from Magellan Ltd., a company specialized in mapping marine depths,
19:13partnered with Atlantic Productions, who were making a documentary on the project.
19:17They embarked on a mission to compose a complete image of the Titanic.
19:21They used submersibles.
19:23These are vehicles that go underwater, remotely controlled by a team of qualified explorers.
19:28These submersibles have plunged deeply into the ocean.
19:32It was not an easy task.
19:34They spent more than 200 hours collecting information on the entire length and width of the wreck.
19:40A real treasure hunt.
19:43But instead of finding gold and jewels, they collected something even more precious.
19:47More than 700,000 images of the Titanic from all possible angles.
19:51Yes, they took pictures of each small part of the ship, even the less interesting ones.
19:56Mapping the parts covered with mud was important because it allowed us to link the different pieces of the huge puzzle together.
20:04And that allowed us to get a detailed reconstruction of the ship in 3D.
20:08Even if it's been over 100 years, you can still recognize the wreck of the Titanic.
20:13Covered with rust stalactites.
20:15Above the wreck is the deck of the ship.
20:18Where a large hole gives us a glimpse of the space that once hosted the large staircase.
20:23A real window on the glorious past of the ship.
20:27Its hull is nothing more than a pile of twisted metal.
20:30When the Titanic sank, this part collapsed and sank into the depths.
20:35The wreck and the hull were separated by about 800 meters.
20:39A vast field of debris surrounds this giant immobilized at the bottom of the sea.
20:43These debris are like a treasure spread out.
20:46Iron decorations from the ship.
20:48Statues and even unopened champagne bottles.
20:51There are also personal effects that have darkened at the same time as the ship.
20:55For example, dozens and dozens of shoes.
20:58It was not an easy task to go down and take all these photos.
21:02It doesn't seem so difficult at first glance,
21:05given that it's a robot that dived into these unimaginable depths, and not people.
21:10But studying the ocean is difficult.
21:1280% of the ocean has not yet been explored, mapped, or even seen.
21:17The conditions are extreme, and the pressure is getting stronger as we go down.
21:22And our vehicle had to dive up to almost 4,000 meters.
21:25It's like 12 Eiffel Towers stacked on top of each other.
21:29In addition, there is strong current in this area.
21:32So it was a bit like sailing in an aquatic labyrinth.
21:35And the submersibles were not supposed to touch anything.
21:38The slightest misstep could damage the wreck already very fragile.
21:41We have the impression that the Titanic is frozen in time,
21:44and that it will always be there to wait for us.
21:46But in reality, it is disappearing slowly.
21:49It is quite obvious that the water of the ocean damaged it, given the time it has spent down there.
21:53But that's not all.
21:54The wreck now houses a particular type of bacteria that has even received the name of the famous ship.
21:59These bacteria have a particular aptitude.
22:02They can survive inside rust formations known as rusticles.
22:08They look a bit like stalactites,
22:10these ice spikes that form when water falls from a height by freezing.
22:14These bacteria are iron friars, which can be found in abundance in the hull of the ship.
22:19A real buffet for these creatures.
22:22And over time, these bacteria will continue to store the ship's iron, little by little,
22:27until one day, the feast ends with the disappearance of the ship.
22:31It's like a slow but regular recycling process.
22:35Thus, this 3D model that we have obtained thanks to the hard work of researchers and technology,
22:40comes at the right time.
22:42Because we don't know how much time we have left to explore the wreck.
22:45And that could allow us to better understand the collision between the Titanic and the iceberg.
22:50Movies always show us the Titanic hitting the iceberg on the right side.
22:54Well, we can't really be sure.
22:57These images could help us understand if the ship really landed on the iceberg.
23:02If it's hooked.
23:04We can study the hull and analyze the way the Titanic hit the seabed.
23:09This will also help us understand what really happened during the shipwreck.
23:14Maybe we'll have a chance to find out if it's really a violent fire that sealed the fate of the Titanic.
23:19According to a theory, a fire would have raged for three weeks
23:23before the ship made its first and last trip.
23:27This would have weakened its hull, which means that the biggest part of the work was already done.
23:32The iceberg would have only given it thanks.
23:35And if there was even an iceberg, as some people wonder.
23:38According to another theory, the Titanic would have actually hit a mass of drifting ice instead of an iceberg.
23:44The bank is made up of large plates of ice that float near the surface of the ocean
23:49and can therefore be difficult to spot.
23:52They think that this mass could have drifted in the Atlantic from the Arctic Ocean.
23:56According to a professional sailor who defends this idea,
23:59if the Titanic had hit an ordinary iceberg,
24:02the ship would have sunk much faster than it did.
24:06And since the Titanic managed to stay on the surface for a relatively long period,
24:11nearly three hours, it may have been a different type of collision.
24:15He also said that the testimonies of the people present were sometimes contradictory.
24:20They think these differences are due to optical illusions.
24:24When people looked at the ocean that night,
24:26the way the light reflected on the water, as well as the particular conditions at that time,
24:31could give them the impression that some objects were closer than they were in reality.
24:36So they may have seen something other than what was really in front of them.
24:40An iceberg or something else.
24:43Twins could have helped the crew members to spot the potential danger,
24:47but unfortunately they didn't.
24:50It seems that it was in a closet that no one apparently had the key to.