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00:00:00There were no movie cameras present when the airplane was invented in 1903.
00:00:19Only a few cautious words were printed in the newspapers.
00:00:22If we marveled at anything, it was the automobile, the earthbound, rattling, clanging, horseless
00:00:27carriage.
00:00:28In 1908, the Army bought an airplane from its inventors, the Wright Brothers.
00:00:39Military minds had little idea of how an airplane might be used in war, but the specification
00:00:44said the plane had to fly at 40 miles an hour for one hour, in still air, without the use
00:00:50of a gas bag.
00:00:55These are the first films made of an American plane in flight.
00:01:02In 1910, Theodore Roosevelt strapped himself in a Wright Flyer.
00:01:06Teddy was forever shocking the fashionable elements of the country, and he did it again
00:01:11when he became the first United States president to fly.
00:01:18Once Teddy had flown, he said, bully, and walked away from flying.
00:01:22So did the whole country.
00:01:25Nobody was quite sure what an airplane ought to look like, or sound like.
00:01:32The Wright Brothers' plane was aided in takeoff by a stone weight dropped behind the plane.
00:01:38Few military observers thought perhaps the airplane might have some military value.
00:01:43But to the public, the airplane was only an amusing toy.
00:01:47Its future seemed restricted between danger and novelty.
00:01:50The people who turned out hoped the pilots would break their necks.
00:01:54The pilots were always on the verge of doing so.
00:01:58Flight was glory for the gentleman adventurer and the sportsman.
00:02:13But the machine age and mass production of machines had arrived.
00:02:20Mass production sharpened the economic rivalry between European countries.
00:02:24The whole century was rolling in a direction unknown to its armies and to its leaders.
00:02:31Below the surface, intense nationalism.
00:02:36Then suddenly, remotely, the Austrian Archduke assassinated.
00:02:40Austria and Serbia went to war.
00:02:45Russia began to mobilize.
00:02:50Germany mobilized.
00:02:55She declared war, not against anybody, just a state of war.
00:03:06The French received a German ultimatum, which the French considered an insult to their national honor.
00:03:12The British were allied with the French.
00:03:14Secret alliances, competition for foreign markets, jingoism, all were leading to a world conflict.
00:03:22Each country knew how it would win this new war, just the way the last major war had been won.
00:03:28Quick mobilization.
00:03:32Massive infantry.
00:03:35A few cavalry attacks.
00:03:42A machine gun, an almost unnoticed weapon, stopped the cavalry, stopped the infantry,
00:03:49stopped the idea of a short war of movement.
00:03:55Both sides were almost exhausted when the United States entered the war.
00:03:59President Wilson signed the declaration of war for high purposes,
00:04:03and we went to war with high hopes and slogans.
00:04:23There could be no greater contrast to the ground war than the war in the air.
00:04:28On the ground, massive, slow-moving battles.
00:04:32In the air, lightning attacks and raids.
00:04:36The concepts of cavalry had shifted to disguise, hit, destroy, and run.
00:04:42America's frontline fighter in 1918, the Span.
00:04:46Speed about 120 miles an hour.
00:04:49Crew, one man, the former leader of the 94th Pursuit Squadron,
00:04:53America's ace of aces in World War I, Captain Eddie Rickenbacker.
00:04:59A handful of Americans had served with the British Royal Flying Corps
00:05:03and the French Lafayette Escadrille.
00:05:07But those American pilots who came over in 1917 had little training and no planes.
00:05:13Our squadron flew French equipment.
00:05:16We were a group of happy-go-lucky individuals.
00:05:24Here I introduce the members of my squadron to the camera.
00:05:28We called ourselves the Hat in the Ring Squadron.
00:05:34The observation balloon was the first aerial weapon.
00:05:38It had been used as early as the American Civil War.
00:05:43The first airplanes were thought of as observation balloons without strings.
00:05:49An early French staff report on aviation asserted,
00:05:53real combat in the air must be considered a myth.
00:05:57The duty of the aviator is to see and not to fight.
00:06:01Nevertheless, early flyers fired pistol shots at each other.
00:06:06Later, hand grenades were thrown.
00:06:10The idea of carrying machine gun on an airplane also came early in the war.
00:06:15But the planes bounced too much for accurate aiming.
00:06:19A new idea was introduced.
00:06:21The guns were fixed to fire forward,
00:06:23and the planes, instead of the guns, were aimed at the enemy.
00:06:27Until we learned how to synchronize guns and props,
00:06:31some pilots actually shot off their own propellers.
00:06:37The early air war had no rules.
00:06:40We were finding out what the airplane could and couldn't do.
00:06:45When the pilots received incendiary bullets,
00:06:48they went after the hydrogen-filled balloons.
00:07:00The balloons later became props.
00:07:03Both sides put masses of machine guns around them
00:07:06and waited for the pilots to attack.
00:07:18The airplane was being used to destroy the enemy's ability to observe.
00:07:23This meant that each side tried to deny the air to the other
00:07:28and led to air-to-air combat.
00:07:32We called it dogfighting.
00:07:40We maneuvered to get into the enemy's blind or undefended spots.
00:07:48.
00:08:12There were no parachutes.
00:08:14If the planes went down, the pilots went down with them.
00:08:29This is the French chase, Georges Guillaumier being decorated.
00:08:36Charles Nunges here, later to die, attempting a transatlantic crossing.
00:08:41Baron Manfred von Richthofen, with 80 kills, was the leading German ace of the war.
00:08:48Another pilot who flew with Richthofen was Hermann Goering.
00:08:52Goering was later to become the head of the German Air Force in World War II.
00:09:11.
00:09:37The airplane probably did not shorten the war by one day.
00:09:41By 1918, the American infantry had given the Allies numerical superiority.
00:10:01On November 11, 1918, at 11 o'clock, an armistice. The war was over.
00:10:12When the Americans came home, although they had seen only a year of combat, they were cynical.
00:10:19No parade could stem the feeling of anti-militarism that would follow the most unromantic war of modern history.
00:10:30The only adventure, the only incident that captured the public's imagination, the airplane.
00:10:35The only folklore and legend to emerge from battle, the whirling, swirling individual combat in the sky.
00:11:06.
00:11:12Dawn, September 1, 1939, the day the Second World War began.
00:11:19The raps come off the German Air Force.
00:11:23.
00:11:32At 4.40 a.m., the signal is given to Bomber Group 33.
00:11:37.
00:11:43Twenty years and two months after the Germans signed the Treaty of Versailles,
00:11:48which specifically prohibited Germany from building military aircraft,
00:11:52the greatest air force in the world is committed.
00:11:55.
00:11:58This is the story of the rise of the German Air Force.
00:12:02.
00:12:09The German Air Force, the Luftwaffe, begins with toys, gliders.
00:12:15.
00:12:27It begins with the Hitlerjugend, where Nazi youth learned discipline and aeronautics.
00:12:33Most of all, it begins with the rise of Adolf Hitler,
00:12:38who offers the German people a flash of parades and a show of violence.
00:12:42On the surface, direct action.
00:12:46.
00:12:51Below the surface, heavy emphasis on air power.
00:12:54.
00:13:11Balsa wood toys become paper bombers within a few short years.
00:13:16We are building transport planes, says Hitler.
00:13:19The German aviation experts, Heinkel, Dornier, Junkers,
00:13:22bring their plans and designs for military aircraft out of exile
00:13:26from Russia, Switzerland, and Denmark, where they have been hidden.
00:13:30.
00:13:32The vastness of the German aircraft industry is the top secret of the Third Reich.
00:13:37.
00:13:44A secret air force, a secret army.
00:13:48.
00:13:51It cannot be kept completely secret.
00:13:54When Winston Churchill protests that Germany is violating the Versailles Treaty,
00:13:58Hitler says, the Versailles Treaty is founded on a monstrous lie.
00:14:03We want nothing more than peace with the world.
00:14:07.
00:14:09Hermann Goering says, our few military aircraft are strictly for defense.
00:14:14Whatever the Reich has done is for passive air protection.
00:14:17.
00:14:28Still in secrecy, the doors are opened on the German air force.
00:14:32How good are these planes?
00:14:35.
00:14:37The Heinkel bomber is designed to fly farther and faster than any bomber in Europe.
00:14:41The Messerschmitt 109 is 10 miles an hour faster than its closest British rival.
00:14:47.
00:14:49The Stuka dive bomber is based on a U.S. Navy design, but is 20 miles an hour faster.
00:14:55.
00:15:00The German air force is ready.
00:15:03The schoolboys have become soldiers.
00:15:07.
00:15:10.
00:15:17I swear to God this holy oath of the German Reich and people,
00:15:23to give unconditional obedience to Adolf Hitler, the supreme commander of the Wehrmacht,
00:15:29and to be prepared as a valiant soldier to give my life at any time for victory and the Reich.
00:15:35.
00:15:38Where do they go from here?
00:15:41Men of Thuringia.
00:15:43.
00:15:45Bavaria.
00:15:47.
00:15:49Prussia.
00:15:51.
00:15:54Where do they go from here?
00:15:56.
00:15:58Men of Westphalia.
00:16:00Hesse.
00:16:02.
00:16:05Saxony.
00:16:07.
00:16:10In tight-fitting suits, as civilian tourists, the Luftwaffe, disguised, goes to Spain.
00:16:16Carrying cheap cardboard suitcases, the Condor Legion volunteers for the Spanish Civil War.
00:16:23.
00:16:28The Nazi cross is straightened to an X.
00:16:32.
00:16:34In 1936, the Luftwaffe tests its planes in Spain.
00:16:39The planes of the German air force are no longer a secret.
00:16:43.
00:16:49.
00:16:51The world is impressed.
00:16:54Too impressed.
00:16:56Where do they go from here?
00:16:59Hitler says, Austria is my homeland.
00:17:04I have to help. I have been summoned.
00:17:08.
00:17:11The Nazis march into Austria, March 12th, 1938.
00:17:17.
00:17:20.
00:17:23.
00:17:26.
00:17:29.
00:17:31.
00:17:36From this date on, Goering will re-emphasize and over-emphasize the strength of the German air arm.
00:17:43A subtle strategy underlies the Bostein and Boffing.
00:17:46For the Nazis intend to go into Czechoslovakia, and they intend to use the threat of their air force as a political weapon.
00:17:53.
00:17:55Where do they go from here?
00:17:57Where does the German air force go from here?
00:17:59It goes where it was always going, to war against Poland.
00:18:04.
00:18:07The Luftwaffe is the most Nazified of the German services.
00:18:10This is an air force built for a short, fast war.
00:18:14Built to support the German ground army.
00:18:17A weapon as much for terror and propaganda as for combat.
00:18:21.
00:18:24.
00:18:26On September 1st, 1939, the German air force takes off for Poland.
00:18:32.
00:18:35.
00:18:38.
00:18:41First target, the Polish air force, partially equipped with obsolete German planes, which the Luftwaffe has sold them.
00:18:47.
00:18:50.
00:18:52.
00:18:55.
00:18:58.
00:19:01.
00:19:04The Polish air force is caught on the ground.
00:19:07.
00:19:10.
00:19:13The Polish air force is destroyed in three days.
00:19:16.
00:19:18The Polish ground army retreating toward Warsaw.
00:19:22.
00:19:25.
00:19:28.
00:19:30Only in Warsaw do the Poles put up effective resistance.
00:19:33Outside the city, Hermann Goering builds bleachers and invites as spectators the few remaining members of the German general staff who doubt the Luftwaffe.
00:19:43.
00:19:45The Nazi air force is sent against Warsaw at low level.
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