Have you ever wondered if our universe could be as small as an atom? Some theories suggest that the universe might have started from a super tiny point, like an atom, and then expanded into what we see today. There's even a wild idea that a black hole might have given birth to our universe, acting like a cosmic seed. It's like thinking of our universe as just a tiny part of something much bigger. Mind-blowing, right? Animation is created by Bright Side.
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FunTranscript
00:00Could it be that the entire universe is nothing more than just an atom?
00:05When you look at a diagram of an atom, which is a building block for all matter, you can
00:09see that some examples of the universe repeat.
00:13Our solar system is a great example of that.
00:16There's a giant central star and a couple of smaller planets that circle around it.
00:21You can observe the same arrangement outside our galaxy, too, with exoplanets orbiting
00:26their stars.
00:27And you can also witness that principle on a smaller scale.
00:30It's the way particles, called protons and neutrons, move around the center of an atom,
00:35which is called the nucleus.
00:37So imagine you have a bunch of positive magnets you're trying to stack together.
00:41They keep pushing each other away, right?
00:44That's what's supposed to be happening with the protons in an atom.
00:47They're all positively charged, so they should be repelling each other and flying off in
00:52all directions.
00:54Atoms do exist, so there must be something holding them together.
00:58And that something is called the strong interaction or strong force.
01:02The nucleus makes up less than one hundredth of a percent of the volume of the whole atom,
01:08but it usually takes up over 99.9% of the mass of the atom, once again similar to our
01:14Sun.
01:15Anyway, this strong interaction is like a special type of glue that holds the protons
01:19and neutrons together in the nucleus of an atom.
01:23In a similar way, gravity prevents us from flying away from the ground into the darkness
01:28of space.
01:29Now, this glue comes from some really smart particles inside protons and neutrons called
01:34quarks.
01:36These little guys have a strange kind of charge called color.
01:39It's not like the colors we see around us.
01:42It works like a code that helps quarks stick together inside their host particles.
01:47This code also seeps out and helps hold protons and neutrons together in the nucleus.
01:53In a way, quarks are like little builders that are working together to build atoms that
01:58make up everything around us.
02:00The Big Bang was said to be a magnificent moment when we got time and space.
02:05It's the story we use to explain the evolution of the Universe.
02:09In the beginning, there was only a very, very small ball of matter the size of a peach.
02:15With a temperature of more than a quadrillion degrees.
02:18Ow, that's hot!
02:20And this bang in the name doesn't mean there really was an explosion in space.
02:26This peach started spreading around, and space was just appearing everywhere.
02:30It gave rise to atoms, molecules, stars, and many celestial bodies that filled the empty
02:36space of our cosmos.
02:38Basically, all the elements that make us formed within a few minutes at the earliest stages
02:43of the Universe.
02:44Let's say, like a hundredth of a billionth of a trillionth of a trillionth of a second.
02:49Oh wait, give me a second to process that.
02:53Alright, moving on.
02:55The growth was incredible at that stage.
02:57The Universe spread exponentially and managed to double in size at least 90 times.
03:03Like me during the holidays.
03:04I love chocolate.
03:06After the Big Bang, the Universe was a hot and dense soup of particles, too hot for atoms
03:11to exist.
03:13But 380,000 years later, it cooled down enough for electrons to mix with nuclei and form
03:19atoms.
03:20This is a process we called recombination, and it's what made the Universe transparent.
03:25Think of it like turning on a light switch.
03:28Suddenly, you can see it all.
03:30But just because the Universe became transparent didn't mean it was bright.
03:34It was a dark period, as there were no stars or galaxies yet.
03:39Like a big empty canvas waiting for something to be painted on it.
03:43It wasn't until much later, as the Universe continued to evolve, that stars and other
03:48bright objects started to form and light up the darkness.
03:52And it went on evolving, all the while filling up with planets, asteroids, galaxies, and
03:57other things.
03:58Okay, so that's the story we've been told for the past couple of decades, and a pretty
04:03good one, I should admit.
04:05Scientists have studied it so much.
04:07They observed the leftover electromagnetic radiation from the young Universe.
04:12They measured the presence of the lightest elements, only to realize they all line up
04:16with the story of the Big Bang.
04:19New theories don't say the Big Bang didn't happen.
04:22It's a good picture of the cosmos in its early stages, but it's like an unfinished puzzle
04:27with some important parts missing.
04:29We can't explain what happened before the Big Bang using our current physics.
04:34So we need some new math to explain tricky parts.
04:37Like the so-called singularity.
04:39It's the point of infinite density, remember?
04:42From the beginning of the Big Bang.
04:45And that's where string theory comes in.
04:47Like a super-powered toolkit that can handle gravity and all other forces combined.
04:53One of the ideas that string theory has given us is the ekpyrotic Universe.
04:58Imagine a big fire that sparks off another fire, and that fire sparks off another fire,
05:03and so on.
05:04Well, in this scenario, the Big Bang wasn't the beginning of everything.
05:08It was just one part of a bigger process.
05:12It's the idea of the cyclic Universe, a never-ending rollercoaster ride, with big bangs as beginnings
05:18and big crunches as ends, happening over and over again, potentially forever.
05:24It's like the Universe is constantly hitting the reset button and does it in a really fun
05:29way.
05:30We could look at this singularity, according to some theories, as a single particle in
05:35a much larger system, much like an atom is made up of subatomic particles.
05:40And considering all that, the idea says every nucleus of an atom could have a Universe inside
05:46of it.
05:47So our entire Universe is just a tiny part of an atom in a much larger Universe made
05:53of atoms with more cosmoses with more atoms and more cosmoses.
05:58So twisting.
05:59The early versions of the idea of the cyclic Universe still had one big issue.
06:04They didn't match up with our observations of the cosmic microwave background, which
06:09is a fossil light that shows how the Universe looked when it was only 380,000 years old.
06:16So in March 2020, two physicists from Canada published a study that revealed the math behind
06:22the cyclic Universe that we missed earlier.
06:25If we focus on the moment when the Universe shrinks to an incredibly small point and then
06:30bounces back to a big bang state, we might be able to match up with our observations
06:35after all.
06:36It's just that we need to wait for more new experiments to fully test the idea.
06:42The Grand Unified Epoch.
06:44That's what we called a time when the Universe was still young.
06:47At that time, matter and antimatter, which are like mirror images of each other, existed
06:52in roughly equal amounts.
06:54But since they are opposing forces, when they come into contact with each other, they
06:58destroy each other in a powerful explosion, like fireworks.
07:02This means that even though matter and antimatter were constantly created and destroyed, somehow
07:09there was always a little more matter than antimatter, which is good because otherwise
07:14we wouldn't have anything left.
07:16As time went on, particles started to stick together and form more complex things, like
07:22atoms and molecules.
07:23And eventually, stars formed and created even heavier elements.
07:28But someday, a long, long time from now, all those stars will burn out.
07:33When the last star slowly cools and fades away, the Universe will turn into a dark void
07:39without life, light, or anything we know and assume there is.
07:43At some point, voracious black holes will eat all matter in space.
07:49Eventually even those black holes will evaporate away into the tiniest amount of light.
07:54Our cosmos will continue to expand.
07:56The light will become spread out and unable to interact with anything.
08:00So all activity in the Universe will stop.
08:04Space will become a vast, empty void, with no stars, planets, or anything else, and we'll
08:10end there.
08:11Or just begin.
08:13And maybe that's where we'll meet again.
08:15That's it for today!
08:16Hey, if you pacified your curiosity, then give the video a like and share it with your
08:21friends.
08:22Or if you want more, just click on these videos and stay on the Bright Side!