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00:00Welcome back to Brain Candy TV!
00:07Hey Brainiacs!
00:09Do you know what a planet is?
00:11Planets are big balls of rock or huge balls of gas
00:16that move around a star.
00:18A star is an even bigger ball of glowing gas
00:22and the star that's closest to us is called the sun.
00:27We live on one of the rocky planets
00:29and we call that planet Earth.
00:33Do you know where on planet Earth you live?
00:36Hey, that's where Lizzy lives!
00:40Alright, this is going to be fun!
00:43Here comes a big space train with models
00:45of all the planets in our solar system.
00:48Let's join Lizzy on the planet's train
00:50to learn a bit about each planet.
00:54The closest planet to the sun is Mercury.
00:58It's very small and mostly made of rock.
01:01Daytime on Mercury is really hot,
01:04but the nights are super cold,
01:06giving Mercury the biggest temperature range
01:08of all the planets.
01:12The second planet from the sun is Venus.
01:15Unlike Mercury, it's covered in a thick layer of clouds
01:19and it's the hottest planet in our solar system.
01:23The surface of Venus is so hot that it could cook
01:26a whole pizza in only 3 to 7 seconds!
01:32The third planet from the sun is called Earth,
01:35the one we all live on.
01:37It's the only planet we know of that contains life,
01:40but scientists are constantly looking for signs
01:43of life on other planets.
01:47The next planet is Mars.
01:49It's covered in rocks and dust
01:51and is about half the size of planet Earth.
01:55We hope to send people to Mars by the year 2035,
01:58or maybe even sooner!
02:01Next up is the gas giant, Jupiter.
02:04It's the biggest planet in our solar system
02:07and it's so big you could fit around
02:10thirteen hundred Earths inside of it!
02:15Saturn is the second largest gas giant planet
02:19and it has a beautiful ring system around it.
02:22These rings are made up of millions of chunks
02:25of rock and dice.
02:27The seventh planet is Uranus,
02:29and it has a smaller ring system.
02:32Scientists think it may have been hit by an Earth-sized
02:35planet a long time ago, which might be why it's
02:38the only planet tilted on its side.
02:43The eighth and farthest planet from the sun is Neptune.
02:47Even though Uranus can sometimes reach colder temperatures,
02:51Neptune has the coldest average temperature
02:54because it's so far from the sun.
02:57It's also the windiest planet,
02:59with winds up to thirteen hundred miles per hour,
03:02which is almost ten times as strong as the most
03:05powerful hurricanes on Earth!
03:08And those are the eight planets in our solar system.
03:12There used to be a ninth planet called Pluto,
03:14but now it's called a dwarf planet because it's so small,
03:18even smaller than Earth's moon.
03:21We just got our first high quality photos of Pluto
03:24in the summer of 2015,
03:26when we sent a spacecraft to fly close by.
03:30There are at least four other dwarf planets,
03:33and many more smaller objects in our solar system.
03:39There's a big difference in the sizes of the planets!
03:43Let's take a look at all eight planets plus Pluto
03:46in their actual scales next to each other.
03:49There's tiny Mercury.
03:52Hot and cloudy Venus.
03:55Earth and its moon.
03:59Dusty Mars.
04:02Whoa, and there's gigantic Jupiter!
04:07Saturn with all of its rings.
04:10Uranus and Neptune.
04:13And there's the itty bitty dwarf planet Pluto!
04:16But of course, all these planets are tiny when
04:19compared to the size of the Sun!
04:23We've learned a lot about the planets over the past
04:25hundred years, but we're learning more every day,
04:28and there's still a lot left to explore.
04:31Who knows, maybe one of you will get to visit some
04:34of these planets one day!
04:37Stay tuned, we'll be back after these messages!
04:44Hey Brainiacs!
04:47Have you ever been for a ride on an airplane?
04:50It's so much fun!
04:52Airplanes can fly way up in the sky,
04:55even higher than the clouds!
04:58And they can take you to far off places
05:00all around the world!
05:02Today we're going to learn about the different
05:04parts of an airplane and how they work together
05:07to make it fly up in the sky!
05:11Here we are at the airport where we can find
05:14all kinds of cool airplanes!
05:17Look, all the parts of that airplane are ready
05:20to be put together!
05:22Let's see if we can put all the parts in the right spot.
05:26The biggest part is called the fuselage.
05:29That's where you and all the passengers will sit.
05:33Next we have the wings.
05:35Do you know which parts are the wings?
05:40There they are!
05:42These wings are a very special shape that helps
05:45the airplane fly up through the sky!
05:53Under the wings we'll find the jet engines!
05:57This big airplane has four engines.
06:01The engines push the airplane forward
06:03so it can go really fast!
06:06Beneath the wings and fuselage,
06:08we can find the landing gear.
06:11The landing gear has wheels so the airplane can
06:14roll along the runway during take-off and landing.
06:22At the back of the airplane we'll find the stabilizers.
06:26These stabilizers help keep the airplane flying straight.
06:33Now that our airplane is all put together,
06:36let's hop on board and learn how it works!
06:41Hey Captain Lizzy!
06:43Are you ready to take us for a ride on this new airplane?
06:47Alright, here we are at the front of the airplane
06:50and this area is called the flight deck.
06:53The flight deck is where the captain sits
06:56and controls the plane.
06:58Let's explore the flight deck and learn some of the
07:00things the captain uses to control the airplane.
07:04This is the throttle.
07:06The throttle controls the thrust of the engines.
07:09That's what makes the airplane go faster or slower.
07:15Here is the yoke.
07:17The yoke is like the steering wheel of an airplane.
07:23The rudder pedals, found here,
07:25also help Captain Lizzy steer the airplane.
07:30The instrument panels have lots of buttons and screens
07:34to give the pilot information about where to go
07:37and how the airplane is flying.
07:41Alright, let's get those big jet engines going
07:44and get ready for take-off!
07:47Give it some throttle, Lizzy!
07:52These are powerful turbofan jet engines.
07:57Let's learn how they work.
08:03These engines use a series of fans
08:06to squeeze the air smaller and smaller.
08:09Then they add jet fuel to the squeezed air and explode it,
08:13shooting the hot air out the back
08:15and pushing the airplane forward.
08:21The big parts at the back of the wing are called flaps.
08:25When the flaps move down, they create extra lift
08:29by squeezing the air under the wings
08:32as the airplane moves forward quickly through the sky.
08:36This squeezing of the air pushes the airplane up.
08:41The flaps also create drag, which slows the airplane down.
08:47These parts at the front of the wings are called slats.
08:51They're used to create even more lift,
08:53which pushes the airplane up in the air.
08:57OK Lizzy, give it full throttle!
09:00Time for take-off!
09:24Alright, now that we're high up in the sky,
09:27we can retract the landing gear
09:29so the airplane can go even faster!
09:33We don't need as much lift,
09:35so we can now close the slats
09:38and raise the flaps.
09:42Now let's learn about all the moving parts
09:45that Captain Lizzy can use to steer the airplane
09:47through the sky!
09:54If Captain Lizzy wants to turn the airplane left or right,
09:57she'll use this part called the rudder.
10:00It works just like a rudder on a sailboat.
10:04When the rudder moves to the left,
10:06the airplane turns to the left.
10:10When the rudder turns to the right,
10:12the airplane turns to the right.
10:16Oh no, look!
10:18We're heading right for that big mountain!
10:21We need to get higher in the sky!
10:24To pitch the airplane up or down,
10:27we'll use these parts at the back of the plane
10:29called the elevators.
10:32When the elevators move up,
10:34the nose of the airplane moves up.
10:37Hurry Lizzy, we're getting really close to that mountain!
10:42Phew, that was a close one!
10:49Hey, what's that hot air balloon doing way up here?
10:52We'd better make a quick turn to get around it!
10:57If we want to roll the plane for an even faster turn,
11:00we'll use these small parts at the ends of the wings.
11:04These parts are called the wings.
11:07We'll use these small parts at the ends of the wings.
11:10These parts are called ailerons.
11:13When one aileron goes up, the other one goes down,
11:17causing the airplane to roll.
11:31OK Captain Lizzy, our flight is almost done!
11:35Time to bring it in for a landing!
11:38When Captain Lizzy wants to slow the airplane down
11:41before landing, she'll use these parts on the top
11:44of the wings called spoilers.
11:47When the spoilers are used, along with the slats
11:50and the flaps, this will slow the airplane down
11:53for a nice smooth landing.
11:57Nice landing Lizzy!
12:00Great job Brainiacs!
12:03Now you know a lot about airplanes and how they work!
12:07Aren't airplanes cool?
12:10Learning how things work is so much fun!
12:15What do you want to learn about next?
12:23Hey Brainiacs, check out this big construction site!
12:28Wow, look at all the awesome construction vehicles!
12:33Do you know what an excavator is?
12:36They're so cool!
12:38They use something called hydraulics, which makes
12:41them super strong and really good at digging holes!
12:46Let's put this excavator together from all the
12:49different parts so we can learn how it works!
12:53First we have this big part called the chassis,
12:56which holds the bottom parts together.
12:59Now let's add the final drive wheels.
13:02The final drive wheels have bumpy sprockets which
13:05will be used to move the tracks.
13:08At the other end of the chassis, we'll find the
13:10front idler wheels.
13:12These wheels help the track roll around the front
13:15of the chassis.
13:18Now we'll add the tracks to the chassis.
13:21These tracks give the excavator lots of grip so that
13:24it can drive over bumpy ground and mud.
13:28Then we'll need some rollers at the top and at the
13:31bottom for the track to roll along.
13:34On top of the chassis is the swing drive.
13:38The swing drive allows the excavator to spin around
13:41quickly.
13:43This big part is called the house.
13:46The house holds the engine and connects all of the
13:49upper parts together.
13:51On the back of the house, there's a big heavy piece
13:54called a counterweight.
13:56This helps keep the excavator balanced when it's
13:59digging with its big arm at the front.
14:03Now we'll add the engine.
14:05That's the part that provides power to the excavator
14:08and makes everything move.
14:11Let's add a seat so the operator has somewhere to sit.
14:15On either side of the seat, there are two joysticks.
14:20The operator uses these joysticks to control the
14:23big arm of the excavator.
14:26This part is called the cab.
14:29It keeps the operator safe at the dangerous
14:32construction site.
14:34Now it's time to assemble the big arm of the excavator.
14:39This big strong part is called the boom.
14:45Beneath the boom, we'll add the hydraulic boom
14:48cylinders.
14:50These parts can move the boom up and down with
14:53amazing strength.
14:55The next part of the big arm is called the stick.
14:59Now we need to add the hydraulic stick cylinder.
15:03This will push the end of the stick in or out.
15:08The stick cylinder needs to be connected with
15:11hydraulic hoses.
15:13One hydraulic hose goes to the front of the cylinder
15:16and one goes to the back.
15:19We'll see why this is important later.
15:22At the end of the stick, we have the bucket.
15:25The bucket is the part that helps the excavator
15:27dig deep holes and lift lots of rocks and dirt.
15:31The pointy teeth at the end help the bucket cut
15:34into the hard ground.
15:37This part is called the H-link because it's shaped
15:40like a capital letter H.
15:45These parts are called dog bones.
15:48Don't get too excited Lizzy, they're just shaped
15:51like dog bones, but you wouldn't want to chew
15:54on these!
15:56The dog bones are used to connect the H-link
15:58to the stick.
16:00Finally, we'll add the hydraulic bucket cylinder
16:03to connect to the H-link, along with more hydraulic
16:07hoses so we can control the bucket.
16:11Awesome, our big powerful excavator is now complete!
16:16Do you want to know the secret to why excavators
16:18are so strong?
16:20It's something called hydraulics!
16:23Let's learn how it works.
16:26Inside the excavator, there is a pump that pushes
16:30hydraulic fluid, like engine oil, really quickly
16:34through small tubes.
16:38The fluid then goes into one end of a hydraulic
16:41cylinder here, or here.
16:46Inside the cylinder, there is a piston which
16:50separates the fluid coming in from each end of
16:53the cylinder.
16:54If you want the piston to come in, you pump the
16:57fluid, shown in red, into this end.
17:01If you want the piston to go out, you pump the
17:04fluid, shown in blue, into the other end.
17:08When the high speed fluid from the tubes moves
17:11into the much wider cylinder, it slows down but
17:15it pushes against the piston with much greater force.
17:19So by controlling the fluid going into each end of
17:22all the cylinders, you get a super strong excavator arm!
17:27Pretty cool, huh?
17:29Hey Lizzy, do you want to hop inside the excavator
17:33and show us how it works?
17:35OK, let's join Lizzy in the cab and see how she
17:39controls all the different parts!
17:44Before we get started, we have to unlock the safety
17:47lock lever so Lizzy can use the controls.
17:51These handles are used to drive each track.
17:55To move forward, Lizzy will push both of the handles
17:59forward.
18:00To move backward, Lizzy will pull the handles back.
18:06To turn the whole excavator, we can make one track
18:09go backward and one track go forward like this.
18:16But we don't always have to use the tracks to turn
18:19the excavator.
18:21We can also swing just the house by pushing the
18:24left joystick to the sides like this.
18:29Now for the really fun part!
18:34We can use the other joystick movements to control
18:37the big powerful excavator arm!
18:41To move the boom up, we'll pull the right joystick
18:44backward.
18:46To lower the boom, we'll push the joystick forward.
18:50To extend the stick, we'll push the left joystick
18:54forward like this.
18:56To retract the stick, we'll pull the left joystick
18:59backward.
19:01Finally, to dump the bucket, we'll push the right
19:04joystick to the right.
19:06To curl the bucket in, we'll push the right joystick
19:10to the left.
19:12Awesome!
19:13Now we know the main controls of the excavator!
19:18Alright!
19:20Let's use our new skills to take out those heavy
19:22rocks from the hole in the construction site!
19:34Whoa, it's so powerful!
19:37It has no problem picking up all those heavy rocks!
19:41Hey, here comes the dump truck to take away the rocks!
19:45Let's dump them into the dump box!
19:53Nice work, Lizzy!
19:56Let's get another load!
20:23Great job!
20:29Now the dump truck can take all those rocks away!
20:38Thanks, truck driver!
20:42Wow, that was a fun day at the construction site!
20:46We learned so much about excavators and hydraulics!
20:52What do you want to learn about next?
20:55Stay tuned, we'll be back after these messages!
21:02In our previous episode, we learned all about the
21:05planets in our solar system, but do you know how far
21:09away they are from us?
21:11It's easy for us to imagine medium-sized distances
21:15in things like buildings, city blocks, and even
21:19entire cities!
21:21But when someone says that Pluto is 7.3 billion
21:25kilometers away, what does that really look like?
21:29For an easier way to picture how gigantic our solar
21:33system is, let's build a scale model of our solar
21:36system in a city and see how far away the planets
21:40really are!
21:43We'll start in an American football field, with the
21:51sun placed at the 50-yard line and shrunk down to
21:55the size of a 44-centimeter beach ball.
21:59At this scale, Earth and Venus are the size of a
22:02small stud earring, only 4 millimeters in diameter.
22:07Jupiter is around the size of a golf ball.
22:11Uranus and Neptune are the size of a small marble,
22:14and our Moon and Pluto are closer to the size of a
22:17round candy sprinkle, only 1 millimeter wide.
22:22Now let's move them to their proper place, based on
22:25their farthest distances from the sun.
22:30We'll find Mercury near the 26-yard line, or 22
22:34meters from the sun.
22:36That's equal to nearly 70 million kilometers at
22:40the actual scale.
22:42Venus will be near the 12-yard line, 34 meters from
22:46the sun.
22:47Earth can be found inside the end zone, at 48 meters
22:51from our beach ball sun.
22:53And our little candy sprinkle-sized Moon is around
22:5713 centimeters from the earring-sized Earth.
23:04To find Mars, we'll have to get up to the middle of
23:07the lower seating section, around 80 meters from
23:10the sun.
23:12At this scale, Mars is only 2 millimeters in diameter,
23:16as you can see compared to this bottle cap.
23:23After Mars, the planets are much farther apart.
23:29To get to Jupiter, we'll have to head out 260 meters,
23:33or 850 feet, which is halfway into the parking lot.
23:42Saturn will take us all the way through the parking
23:45lot and to the edge of the first block of the city,
23:48or 480 meters from the sun.
23:56Uranus is over 5 city blocks past the parking lot.
24:01That's 950 meters from the center of the stadium.
24:08Our small marble-sized Neptune takes us right to the
24:12edge of our model city, almost 10 blocks from the
24:15parking lot and 1.43 kilometers, or 0.89 miles from
24:21the sun.
24:23Now we'll make our way to little dwarf planet Pluto.
24:27It's nearly 10 football fields past Neptune.
24:37Pluto, here less than 1 millimeter in diameter,
24:41is well beyond the city and across the bridge at
24:45over 2.3 kilometers, or 1.4 miles from the center
24:49of the stadium.
24:52And that's what 7.3 billion kilometers looks like
24:57when our entire planet is scaled down to only
25:004 millimeters!
25:07Now, how far away do you think the nearest star
25:11would be at this scale?
25:14If our beach ball sun and earring-sized Earth were
25:18in Yankee Stadium in New York City, our entire
25:21solar system would be around 4 to 5 kilometers wide.
25:25At this scale, here is where Proxima Centauri,
25:29the nearest star to our sun, would be found.
25:34Not yet.
25:39Even farther!
25:42The nearest star would be past Mumbai, India,
25:45at around 12,690 kilometers away!
25:50If we ever want to explore the stars, I think we're
25:53going to need some faster ships!
25:57Hey Brainiacs!
25:59Click here if you want to see more of our fun videos!
26:02Learning is cool and I'm so glad you're here to
26:05learn with us!
26:06And if you keep learning, you can be anything you
26:09want to be when you grow up!
26:11Don't forget to subscribe so you won't miss any of
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26:16Thanks for watching and see you next time!