LANGUEDOC (Cátaros) Historia de los Hombres Buenos - Documental
Los cátaros procedían de estos sectores descontentos de la Iglesia. Se caracterizaron por su crítica radical contra el papado y la jerarquía romana y por pretender ser los únicos herederos de los apóstoles, conservando el poder espiritual de salvar a los hombres que Jesús les había confiado al volver en Pentecostés.
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00:00Chapter 1. The end of the 12th century.
00:14At the end of the 12th century, the lands of the ancient Septimania Visigotha are in the hands of a series of princes who are reinforcing their power against the Capets,
00:23busy solving their own conflicts against their powerful neighbors in the north, England and the Germanic Empire.
00:31The possession of these lands is divided between the Plantagenet, lords of Equitania, the King of Aragon, the Trencabel, Viscounts of Bessia and Carcassona and the Counts of Tolosa.
00:45The crown of Aragon controls the Pyrenean mountain, Aragon, Catalonia and part of Provence.
00:53By marrying Maria de Montpellier in 1204, Pedro II of Aragon will also become Lord of Montpellier.
01:02Since 1061, the possessions of the Trencabel include the three Viscounts of Bessia, Agde and Nîmes, and the two Counts of Carcassona and Rassès.
01:12All of them are encircled by the lands of their powerful neighbors, the Crown of Aragon and the Saint-Gilles, their lords, who control a vast territory that extends from the Aegean to the Marquisate of Provence,
01:31and which includes the Duchy of Narbonne, the County of Foix and the regions of Quercy, Tolosa, Rouergue and Vivar.
01:42Some feuds of the Count of Tolosa render vassalage to the King of France, others to the Holy Empire, and some, such as the County of Melguel, near Montpellier, are vassals of the Pope.
01:58These lands of the south are also those of the troubadours, who in the Oc language sing the fine love, the courteous love, and celebrate the Parage, that is, the equality of opportunities for all noble hearts.
02:11Defenders of a sublime love give special value to the woman, and at least at this point they identify with the spiritual values that will be typical of the Cathars, with which they frequently coincide in the same places of life.
02:24Power is embodied in the reality of important cities such as Tolosa, manifesting itself through municipal institutions whose privileges are jealously protected.
02:43But there are also the castra, small agglomerations, sometimes fortified, in which power is divided, as property, among the heirs.
02:56This division of fact, which excludes feudal autocracy, also favors dialogue within the community.
03:05In the economic field, Caog is a renowned financial square, so much so that the term Caogsan will be used to allude to the people of the world of finance.
03:17The first letter of change is issued in Marseille in the year 1200, and the mills of Tolosa will constitute a society of shareholders.
03:27But this atmosphere of courtesy, dialogue and prosperity is disturbed by the bands of road jumpers.
03:35Basques and Aragonese, which is how they are called, will cause an atmosphere of insecurity in these lands of the Oc language, in which Catharism will be rooted.
03:57Since the first centuries of its existence, the Church has had to face the appearance of various heresies.
04:04Some diverge from Orthodoxy in relation to the nature of Christ.
04:09Others, of dualist essence, affirm the existence of two principles, good and evil.
04:18Manichaeism in the 3rd century, Bogomilism, which appears in Bulgaria in the 10th century, and Catharism, which extends through certain regions of Western Europe in the 12th century, are not but dualist religions.
04:33All these heresies were condemned by the Church and its anathematized, excommunicated defenders, and sometimes led to the stake.
04:45In 1163, in Cologne, five heretics were burned alive.
04:50Eckbert de Swannow, canon of the cathedral, would write,
04:54These heretics have not hesitated to call themselves Cathars, that is, pure.
05:01But the Cathars are not only found in Germany, but also in Flanders, Champagne, Burgundy, Italy, and in the possessions of the Counts of Tolosa and the Trencabels.
05:15In these lands, although far from being majoritarian, they are perfectly integrated into a tolerant society, benefiting on occasion from the support and protection of the nobility and the bourgeoisie.
05:32To extirpate the heresy from the lands of Ock, the Church will put into practice an unprecedented repression device, will call two crusades, and will establish a tribunal of exception, the Inquisition.
05:47Even so, it will take a century and a half to eradicate the faith of those who called themselves good men and good women, or good Christians and good Christians.
05:59The Cathar religion is known thanks to the interrogations of the Inquisition and the treaties intended to refute its doctrine.
06:16In the same way, it is accessible through apocryphal writings such as the Interrogatio Joannis or the Vision of Isaiah, as well as by the theological and sacramental treatises of the Catharism.
06:29Finally, the Gospels must also be taken into account, as they constitute their permanent reference, since the Catharism is not but a dualist Christianity.
06:40In front of the Church of Rome, which they consider to be deranged and which they call the Church of the Wolves, the Cathars believe in embodying the true Church of God.
06:51For them, there are two creations, that of good, the work of God, and that of evil, that of nothing, that of the visible world and time.
07:00These two creations or principles are founded on the human being.
07:05His immortal soul is locked in the carnal prison that constitutes the body.
07:10They consider that Christ did not come to earth to wash away the original sin, but to reveal to men the way of liberation that will allow the souls, deviated by the principle of evil, to return to the Kingdom of God.
07:26This way of liberation is none other than baptism by the Spirit, the only sacrament practiced by the Cathars, which Jesus granted to the Apostles.
07:36Our Father is the only prayer that the Cathars pray.
07:41They reject the Eucharist and the Cross, expression and symbol of a supplication that they consider supposed.
07:48They also refute the principle of free will.
07:52Man cannot choose between good and evil, and for the same reason, all souls are called to know, one day, eternal salvation.
08:01For this, the souls must be pure, liberated from evil through baptism.
08:07If they are not, or are not enough, they will reincarnate in a new tunic of skin.
08:14For the Cathars, the true sins are those that concern the soul.
08:19Those that Christ condemned in the Sermon on the Mount.
08:22Murder, adultery, theft, perjury and blasphemy.
08:26Without supreme authority, the Cathar Church has flexible structures.
08:32It is organized in Episcopal churches, geographical circumstances, each of which is led by a bishop.
08:39Each bishop is assisted by an older son, his designated successor, and a younger son, who in turn is the future successor of the older one.
08:48The bishop is a perfect among the perfects, designated by his peers.
08:52The perfect, or good Christian, has received baptism, the Consolament, and for this reason, he has committed himself to never fall into sin.
09:01Thus, he has become a cleric of the Cathar Church, and can, in turn, preach the Consolament.
09:07The good Christian has also made monastic vows.
09:11He cannot eat food of animal origin, except fish.
09:15He is forced to fast, and must abstain from all sexual intercourse.
09:23In the same way, he has to live in community, and in fact, he has to move with his partners, another perfect.
09:31The good Christian must work, developing some activity in the workshops that each Cathar house has.
09:38There are also perfect women, whose life is more sedentary.
09:43In their houses, they educate the young, and give refuge to women who are alone.
09:48The mass of faithful is composed of believers, laymen who are still subject to the beginning of evil, to sin, and who try to approach the state of purity of the perfect.
10:00At their death, they will receive the Consolament of the dying, a ritual that will allow them to wait for a good end,
10:07that is, to achieve the reincarnation of the soul in a more suitable body, through which to obtain a new opportunity of salvation.
10:14Carnal contact is a mortal sin for the perfect, and is equally condemned in marriage and outside it.
10:22But while sin committed by the simple believer, still subject to the beginning of evil, benefits from attenuating circumstances.
10:30It is, in effect, a necessary evil, as it provides new bodies for souls in search of reincarnation.
10:37Believers attend the sermons of the perfect, and present their respects to them through improvement or improvement,
10:45a practice that includes three reverences or genuflections, and that constitutes, in time, a request for blessing.
10:52Often, perfects and believers share food.
10:56On these occasions, good men bless bread, which thus turned into super substantial bread,
11:01is a symbol of spiritual food, and is distributed among the commensals.
11:09Another Cathar rite is the Aparellament, a public confession to which a Cathar community submits.
11:16The kiss of peace closes the ceremonies, exchanges between the perfects and believers, and highlights the spirit community of the assembly.
11:24Of this religion, which boasts of its contempt for the earthly world, hardly any material vestiges have been preserved.
11:36No church, no image, only some isolated symbols, of difficult interpretation,
11:43that adorn the space in which it originated before being persecuted.
11:55In 1163, the Council of Tours urges the princes to take severe measures against the Cathars,
12:02such as the prison and the confiscation of their goods.
12:06But in Occitania, the doors to dialogue are not closed.
12:09Thus, in 1165, the Cathars, called since then Albigenses,
12:15are invited to take part in an assembly of Catholic prelates convened in Lombergs, near Albi.
12:20Presided by the Bishop of Odeb, the assembly also has the presence of Raimundo Trencabel and the Countess of Tolosa.
12:29The heresy progresses and is organized in the Cathar Council of St. Felix de Cagamón,
12:35held in 1167 in the presence of the Patriarch Anicetas of Constantinople,
12:40Bishop Bogomilista and De Marco, representative of the Lombard community.
12:45This council specifies the geographical areas of the Bishops of Ajan, Tolosa, Albi and Carcasona.
12:56In 1177, Raimundo V de Tolosa, concerned by the expansion of the heresy in his lands,
13:03recognizes his impotence in a letter sent to the Cabildo de Sitó.
13:07In response, in 1178, a delegation led by Pedro de Pavia,
13:14Cardinal of San Crisógono, accompanied by Henri de Marcy, Abbot of Clerbaut.
13:20Pierre Moreau, a rich man of advanced age, adept at Catharism, is forced to swear then.
13:31A year later, the Third Council of Eletran decides to resort to the secular arm,
13:36announcing the beginning of the repression in Occitan lands.
13:40In 1181, already converted to Cardinal of Albano,
13:44Henri de Marcy returns to Loragué at the head of a small troop to besiege Lavaux.
13:49There, two Cathars are made to surrender,
13:52among them the Bishop of the Church of Tolosa, who are forced to swear.
13:57For about 20 years, the doctrinal querellas seem to resume,
14:02although the Decree of Verona of 1184,
14:04presupposes a new attack against the heresies,
14:07and invites the local clergy to persecute them.
14:12But it is the advent of Pope Innocent III
14:15that marks the resumption of the systematic struggle against Catharism.
14:20After a call to the Archbishop of Hoche,
14:23and in the face of the scarce collaboration of this and the local clergy,
14:26the pontiff sends legates to Languedoc,
14:29and signs in 1199 the Decree of Viterbo,
14:31which legally ratifies the principle of expropriation of land after land,
14:36becoming dispossessed, that is, enfairit.
14:41After the first six months of 1211,
14:44Raimundo VI is completely isolated.
14:47Indeed, in January of that year,
14:50a conference meets in Narbonne, and then in Montpellier,
14:54the legacies of the Pope, Agno Amogui, Tediz, Raimundo de Ussès,
14:57the lords of the noon, and Simon de Montfort.
15:01On this occasion, Pedro II becomes a guarantor
15:04of the neutrality of the count of Foix,
15:07and ends up accepting the tribute of Montfort,
15:10fixing the marriage of his son Jacques with Amici,
15:13the daughter of the head of the crusade.
15:17Raimundo VI, outraged,
15:20rejects the unacceptable conditions that the legacies want to impose on him.
15:24He will be excommunicated on February 6,
15:27a state in which he will remain until his death.
15:37Montfort can continue his conquering enterprise.
15:41In March he becomes the owner, without combat, of the Castillo de Cabaret.
15:49Now he must undergo labor.
15:52After a month of siege, the village is captured.
15:5480 lords are hanged,
15:57and 400 cathars burned in the largest bonfire of the crusade.
16:00The Castilian of the Vogue, Dama Guigaud,
16:03is thrown to the bottom of a well and buried with stones.
16:14A few days later, Puy-le-Gans is occupied,
16:17and about 60 cathars are burned in the Burg of Cassès.
16:25In May, Valduino, Raimundo VI's brother,
16:29gives the square of Montferrand to Montfort.
16:32This betrayal is explained by the fragility of the ties that united the two brothers.
16:37Badly equipped in so much that second genitus,
16:40Valduino never gave proof of enthusiasm for the Occitan cause.
16:43Raimundo VI will never forgive him,
16:46and will hang him mercilessly in Montauban on February 17, 1214.
16:50In the early summer of 1211,
16:53the crusaders set off on a campaign to the Ruergue and the Albijoan.
16:57Revastans, Gallec, Puys-el-Ci and Samantonan open their doors.
17:03Bruniquel, where Raimundo VI is,
17:06goes to the crusader camp, and Montfort gives the castle to Valduino.
17:14On June 17, 1211,
17:16Montfort besieges Tolosa for the first time, but fails.
17:20After an incursion on Foix,
17:23he sets off on a pilgrimage to Rocamadour,
17:26not without first passing through Caog, his new fiefdom.
17:29The bishop of this village had sworn homage to him
17:32in front of the walls of Tolosa, in the presence of Fray Domingo de Guzmán.
17:36While Raimundo VI and his vassals gather a troop in Loragué,
17:40Montfort retreats to Castellnodari.
17:43The battle, in September 1211, is a dubious result,
17:47but each side claims victory.
17:51Montfort spends Christmas in Castres,
17:54before starting the campaign of 1211.
17:57In the early summer of 1211,
18:00the crusaders set off on a campaign to the Ruergue,
18:02the capital of Castres, before starting the campaign of 1212.
18:06Because no square is conquered definitively.
18:09Caussac, Gaillac, Rabastance and Montaigu fall or fall in March.
18:15In April and May, it is the turn of Haute-Paule,
18:19then Lorraine, Saint-Marcel, La Guépie and Saint-Antonin.
18:26During the summer, the crusaders will also seize
18:29Agenet and Vigon, in the Perigord.
18:35The capture of Mouassak, in Carcis, takes place at this time.
18:46After an expedition to the Ariesjoie, Couserin and the Comanche,
18:50Montfort establishes his winter barracks in Pamier.
18:53It is here that he writes the statutes of Pamier,
18:55which in 46 articles set the uses and customs of the conquered lands.
19:01At the end of this year of 1212, Montfort may be satisfied.
19:06Only Tolosa and Montauban escape his control.
19:19Raimundo VI leaves for Aragon to request the support of Pedro II, his brother-in-law.
19:25The latter, a recent and flamboyant winner of the Almohades in the Battle of the Navas de Tolosa,
19:31on July 12, 1212, convinces the Pope to put an end to the crusade.
19:36But in January 1213, in the Council of La Borgue,
19:40the Party of the Falcons blocks the peace process.
19:47Thus, Pedro II extends his royal protection
19:50to the North Pyrenean possessions of the Counts of Tolosa, Comanche and Foix,
19:55as well as the Vizcondado de Beham,
19:58thus constituting a vast Mediterranean state,
20:01from the Ebro to beyond the Rodan.
20:04This sovereignty involves a military aid.
20:08Pedro II's troops now join those of his vassals before Muguet,
20:13occupied by the Crusaders.
20:15On September 12, 1213, the two sides face a battle
20:20in which the Occitans have a great numerical superiority.
20:23But Pedro II finds death during the fight,
20:27and his disappearance marks the beginning of the Occitan defeat.
20:31After the battle of Muguet, the situation becomes confusing.
20:35Raimundo VI takes refuge in England.
20:38Despite this, Montfort does not invade Tolosa, which was within his reach,
20:42but goes to suffocate the tumults that have exploded in Provence.
20:46With the threat of an intervention of Juan Sintierra,
20:50who had landed in La Rochelle in February 1214,
20:53the situation of the Crusaders becomes complicated.
20:56All the skill of the new legate pontiff, Pedro de Benevento, will be needed
21:01to obtain the submission to the Church of the Counts de Comanche and de Foix,
21:05which will take place, in virtue of the oaths of Narbonne, in April 1214.
21:10Returning to his lands, Raimundo VI will be forced to surrender.
21:15But Montfort, always in the breach,
21:17continues in June his work of conquest in the Perigord and in the Ruergue.
21:23The Capets now abandon their policy of waiting,
21:27and in the spring of 1215, the Prince Luis, son of Felipe II Augusto,
21:33goes on a pilgrimage to the Midi.
21:36In the company of Montfort, who had come to receive him in Vienna,
21:40he enters Tolosa after having destroyed his defenses.
21:43The fate of Raimundo VI is played in the course of the Council of Letran,
21:48in November 1215.
21:50He is dispossessed of his rights in favor of Montfort,
21:54who thus becomes Count of Tolosa.
21:57The canons of this Fourth Ecumenical Council,
22:00presided by Innocent III,
22:02ratify the anti-heretic dispositions of the previous local councils.
22:06The heirs are deprived of their goods, which are confiscated,
22:10lose their citizenship, and are declared not fit for public office.
22:20The return of the Raimundos, father and son,
22:24who land in Marseille in January 1216 to meet in Avignon,
22:29give birth to a feeling of hope throughout Provence,
22:33thus reanimating Occitan patriotism.
22:36While Simon de Montfort makes himself confirmed his title of Count of Tolosa in Paris,
22:41before Felipe II Augusto, and Raimundo VI recruits troops in Aragon,
22:46Raimundet enters exultant in Boquer,
22:48where a garrison crossed to trench the citadel, refuses to surrender.
22:53Simon de Montfort descends from Paris to Galope Tendido,
22:57but fails before Boquer,
22:59where he receives the news of the death of Innocent III.
23:02He abandons the siege, in the face of the seizure of an even more serious danger.
23:06Tolosa has risen, taking advantage of his absence.
23:10He will then ride to the capital.
23:12Bishop Fulk has promised clemency to the Tolosans,
23:16but Montfort, in the church of Saint-Pierre de Cuisine,
23:20invalidates the amnesty promised by the prelate,
23:23and represses the revolt with extreme severity.
23:26The villa, tells us the anonymous author of Lacanson,
23:29is abandoned at the hands of the Ruffians.
23:35Then Montfort goes to Tarbes,
23:38to establish his sovereignty over Avignon.
23:40In November 1216,
23:43he marries his son Gui with Petronila, the Countess of Vigorra,
23:47and sites, without success, the castle of Lourdes.
23:53In March 1217,
23:56he launches himself on the lands of Count de Foix,
23:59although he had previously given them to the church as a guarantee.
24:03Montfort besieges Montgallat and occupies the castle of Foix.
24:06In May, he restores the order in the Corbières,
24:09and receives the submission of Guillermo de Perepertus.
24:12Then he goes to fight in the valley of Rodano,
24:15near Vivière, Montélimar and Crest.
24:26During his absence, in the month of September,
24:29the lords of the Midi, Raimundo VI de Tolosa,
24:32Roger Bernardo de Tolosa,
24:34and Bernard de Comanche,
24:37meet in Saint-Lycien,
24:40and decide to join forces against the French.
24:46Raimundo VI enters Tolosa by the Bade de Basacle,
24:49on September 13, 1217,
24:52being acclaimed by all the Tolosans
24:55who present themselves before his lord.
24:58He defends the village and confirms to the consulate
25:01that Simon de Montfort had tried to abolish.
25:04The latter, who had returned quickly,
25:07arrives at the beginning of October at Campo Cruzado,
25:10located at the foot of the walls of the fortress.
25:13The second siege of Tolosa begins,
25:16which will last ten months.
25:19At the end of May, 1218, Raimundo VI
25:22appoints his son, the young Raimundo,
25:25who will enter Tolosa a few days later.
25:28During this time, the attacks are terrible,
25:31but the city resists.
25:34Raimundo VI has managed to reconquer Tolosa
25:37or die under its walls.
25:40On June 25, 1218, the fight is encarnated,
25:43and Guy de Montfort, Simon's brother,
25:46is wounded by a crossbow.
25:49Montfort goes with him.
25:52From the top of the walls,
25:55a group of women shoots a catapult
25:58against the crusaders.
26:01A stone hits Montfort's brilliant helmet,
26:04making Tolosa glorious and powerful.
26:07They return the parade and the honor.
26:24Amoguy, Montfort's son, who is 20 years old,
26:27becomes the head of the crusade.
26:30After a last fight of the crusaders,
26:32the siege of Tolosa is lifted on July 25, 1218.
26:35Montfort is buried in Carcasona.
26:38For the Occitan side,
26:41in which the authority of Raimundo the Young
26:44has been affirmed, the time has come to reconquer.
26:47The Count of Comanche, Bernardo IV,
26:50defeats the crusaders in Milan.
26:53Raimundo VI reestablishes his power over the Genée,
26:56the Quercy, the Ruer and the Lower Languedoc.
26:59At the beginning of 1219,
27:02in an orderly battle,
27:05the southerners defeat the French.
27:08Pope Honorius III finally persuades
27:11Philip II Augustus to send his son
27:14to help the crusade.
27:17Prince Louis meets Amoguy de Montfort
27:20on June 3, 1219 in Marmont, which is looted.
27:23Then he besieges Tolosa,
27:26but once he has fulfilled the service of his host,
27:29he lifts the camp and leaves.
27:32To save him, he offers him to the King of France,
27:35but he does not react,
27:38as he will not do some time later,
27:41before the letter of submission that he sends him
27:44in June 1222, the future Raimundo VII,
27:47two months before the death of his father.
27:52Two actors of this drama disappear now.
27:55Raimundo Roger de Foix,
27:58in March 1223, after releasing Mirepoix
28:00and Philip II Augustus on July 14.
28:03In January 1224,
28:06the Armistice of Carcassonne ratifies the defeat of Montfort.
28:09The young Trencabel,
28:12son of Raimundo Roger de Trencabel,
28:15who died in the prisons of Carcassonne
28:18in November 1209, returns from exile
28:21and recovers his fiefdom for a few years.
28:31The Prince Louis has succeeded his father
28:34under the name of Louis VIII.
28:37The new king wants to settle the Occitan issue.
28:40Curiously, Honorius III asks him to give up his project
28:43and invites the southerners to negotiate.
28:46In Montpellier, in August 1224,
28:49and before Arnaud dies,
28:52Raimundo VII, Trencabel and Count de Foix
28:55promise to fight the heresy
28:57and to be the king's authority.
29:00But surprisingly, the Council of Bourges of 1225
29:03is not satisfied with the oaths of Montpellier.
29:06Raimundo VII is dispossessed and excommunicated.
29:09He will obtain his absolution
29:12on condition of abandoning all his domains
29:15and of renouncing them forever.
29:18This clause is unacceptable.
29:21Such rejection caused the royal crusade.
29:24In 1226, Louis VIII himself took command.
29:27Although Avignon opposed a fierce resistance,
29:30he capitulated after a long siege on September 12, 1226.
29:33The villas of the Midi
29:36submitted to the arrival of Louis' troops.
29:39The memory of Marmont was still alive.
29:46At the time of the royal crusade,
29:49the Catara Church is well established in Languedoc.
29:52Cabaguet has become one of its sanctuaries
29:54and in the Council of Pieds of 1226,
29:57a hundred perfects,
30:00gathered around Guillaver de Castres,
30:03decide to create the new bishopric of Rassès
30:06between Carcassès and Toulossan.
30:13But the cathars should always pay the price of blood
30:16and during the royal crusade,
30:19Pierre Isard, bishop of Carcassonne,
30:21is captured by the Senescal de Beaujeu
30:24and burned alive in Caen in the presence of the king.
30:30The latter, sick,
30:33renounces to attack directly Toulossan
30:36and decides to return to the island of France by the central massif.
30:39He dies in Montpensier on November 8, 1226.
30:42He was only 39 years old.
30:45At that point, his son, the future Louis IX,
30:48is consecrated in Reims,
30:51and the city of Castille will be the regent.
30:57In Languedoc,
31:00the resistance is still maintained,
31:03as in Limoux, where they have found refuge
31:06the Count de Foix and Trencabel, both excommunicated.
31:09During the summer of 1227,
31:12the royal army led by Gambert de Beaujeu
31:15massacres the population of La Bessette
31:18and in May 1228,
31:21in Castel-Sarrasin,
31:24Raimundo VII achieves a crushing victory over the royal troops,
31:27who soon after besiege Toulouse and raze the crops.
31:30Despite not having been defeated,
31:33Raimundo VII prefers to negotiate.
31:36Thus, the preliminary agreements are closed
31:39to the signing of the Treaty of Meux,
31:42between the Count of Toulouse and Blanca de Castilla.
31:44In April 1229,
31:47which completes the provisions of the Treaty of Meux,
31:50Raimundo VII commits to fight the heresy in his domains,
31:53to expel the mercenaries,
31:56to serve five years in the Holy Land
31:59and to marry his nine-year-old daughter Juana
32:02with Alfonso de Poitiers, the brother of the future king.
32:15In addition, he loses two-thirds of his states
32:18and must do penance before Notre-Dame.
32:23On April 25, 1229,
32:26he writes to Roger Bernard de Foix
32:29to advise him to accept peace.
32:32It is an authentic crusader army
32:35that is the Count de Foix in Saint-Jean-de-Berge
32:38on June 16, 1229.
32:41He must accept to submit.
32:44Saint-Jean-de-Berge knows since then
32:47the so-called peace of the Church and the King.
33:00In application of the Treaty of Meux,
33:03Cardinal de Saint-Ange summons in November 1229
33:06the Council of Toulouse,
33:09which establishes the modes of repression of heresy on the ground.
33:11The foundation of the University of Theology in Toulouse
33:14fundamentally obeys this decision.
33:18For his part, Raimundo VII pursues his objectives,
33:22to recover his assets and titles,
33:25to ensure the continuity of his dynasty
33:28and to give a Christian burial to his father.
33:31But the religious power constantly reproaches him
33:34his stubbornness in the fight against the heretics.
33:37He must show good will
33:39and in December 1233
33:42promulgates in Toulouse an edict against the Cathars.
33:45In the same year, Pope Gregory IX
33:48entrusts to the brothers preachers the direction of the Inquisition,
33:51to date in the hands of the bishops.
33:54The excesses committed by his courts
33:57are worth the firm and declared opposition of Raimundo VII,
34:00as well as the hostility of populations such as Albi, Narbonne, Corde
34:03and, above all, Toulouse.
34:10The Cathars
34:16Persecuted, the heretics find refuge in Puy-le-Grance,
34:19Père-Pertusse, Quéribus and Montségur,
34:22which had become the sanctuary of the Cathar movement
34:25since in 1232, Guillabert de Castres,
34:28in the face of the increase of dangers
34:31and with the help of Raimundo de Pereil and Pierre-Roger de Mirepoix,
34:34raises it to the condition of head and seat of the Cathar Church.
34:40At the end of the summer of 1240,
34:43Trencavel tries to reconquer his domain
34:46with the support of other faïdites.
34:49He besieges Carcassonne from September 7
34:52until October 11,
34:55after having seized Limoux, Montollier, Montréal and Sésac.
34:58But, aware of the arrival of the royal forces,
35:01he flees and takes refuge in Montréal,
35:04from where he negotiates without obtaining more way out than exile.
35:10In his advance, the royal army,
35:13led by Jean Beaumont, takes some places,
35:16such as the Roque des Fins, defended by Olivier de Terme.
35:19Père-Pertusse capitulates after three days of siege,
35:22on November 16, 1240.
35:39Raimundo VII does not help Trencavel,
35:42but neither does he collaborate, of course, with Louis IX,
35:45who reproaches him for his attitude.
35:48The king summons Montargis in March 1241,
35:51reminds him of his commitments,
35:54and asks him to destroy Montségur,
35:57a city that Raimundo VII will besiege without conviction and without results.
36:00In reality, at the same time,
36:03Raimundo is promoting a coalition against the Crown of France,
36:06along with Hugo de Lusignan, Count of La Marche
36:09who lands in Royan on March 20, 1242.
36:19On the night of May 28-29, in Avignonet,
36:22the Inquisitor Guillermo Arnaud and eleven Dominicans and Franciscans
36:25are assassinated by a command of Faydid,
36:28from Montségur.
36:35Winds of revolt blow in the Medin.
36:40Raimundo VII is excommunicated
36:43and the coalition in which he actively participates
36:46collapses after the Battle of Taillebourg,
36:49in July 1242.
36:52Definitely defeated, he submits to Louis IX
36:55and signs the Peace of Loghis in January 1243.
36:58He resorts to his excommunication before the Council of Béziers,
37:01which on the other hand decides the fate of Montségur.
37:04The head of the dragon must be cut.
37:10Montségur welcomes about 500 people,
37:13gathered at the summit of the Pog
37:16and completely determined to sustain the long site that is being prepared.
37:19It will last ten months.
37:22It is led by the Senescal de Carcassona, Hugo de Arzy.
37:25The mountain surely resists
37:28until a small group of Basques climb, at night,
37:31the Rocca de la Torre,
37:34takes the position and installs its catapults.
37:36Since then, the situation of the besieged
37:39becomes unsustainable
37:42and on March 2, 1244, Montségur capitulates.
37:46The last resistance focus
37:49against the French crusaders has fallen.
37:52After a truce of 15 days,
37:55the cathars who refuse to abjure their faith are condemned
37:58and on March 16, more than 200 of them
38:01die in a bonfire raised at the foot of the Pog.
38:06This is the story of Montségur.
38:25After the fall of Montségur,
38:28the cathars who do not leave exile to Lombardy or Catalonia
38:31go to clandestinity.
38:33The end of the life of Raimundo VII
38:36bears the mark of his defeat.
38:39He tries to marry to have a heir
38:42who can save his dynasty.
38:45In the same way, he participates in a pilgrimage
38:48to Santiago de Compostela.
38:51In Aján, in 1249, he perishes in the bonfire
38:54at 80 cathars.
38:57A last cruel and useless gesture.
39:00He will die in that same year in Millau,
39:03in 1250.
39:06Alfonso de Poitiers, brother of Luis IX,
39:09who had married his daughter Juana in 1237,
39:12becomes Count of Tolosa.
39:15In 1246, Trencabel has definitively abandoned
39:18his rights to the crown of France.
39:23Only the Fenouillet remains,
39:26where two fortresses resist,
39:29but Puy-le-Grance ends up surrendering
39:31in 1255.
39:36By the Treaty of Corbeil, in 1258,
39:39the King of Aragon renounces his sovereignty
39:42over all the lands located north of the Gly.
39:45When Juana and Alfonso de Poitiers die in 1271
39:48without offspring, all the Languedoc
39:51becomes part of the Kingdom of France.
39:54The persecuted heresy
39:57lives its last dramatic episodes.
40:00On February 13, 1278,
40:03in Italy, in the Arena de Verona,
40:06200 heretics are burned,
40:09captured in 1276 in Sirmione.
40:14In Languedoc, from 1284,
40:17the Inquisition pursues the heretics
40:20in Corde, Albi and Carcassona.
40:23In 1302, a vote is raised
40:26to protect the inhabitants of these villages
40:29from the Inquisitors.
40:32It is that of the Franciscan Bernard de Lisieux.
40:35Torture and prison silence him in 1318.
40:42In 1296, Pierre Gauthier,
40:45notary in Aix-les-Thermes,
40:48and his brother Guillaume,
40:51left to Piedmont to become good Christians.
40:54Back, both preached and comforted
40:56in Carcassès and Sabartès,
40:59especially in Aix and Montellou.
41:03But the Inquisition continued
41:06its sinister work.
41:09In 1305, ten inhabitants of Aix,
41:12frightened, present themselves before Clement V in Lyon,
41:15to swear and obtain his forgiveness.
41:18In 1309, an expedition is organized
41:21against the Cathars in Montellou,
41:23where many inhabitants will be questioned
41:26between 1318 and 1324
41:29by the bishop of Pamiers, Jacques Fournier,
41:32future Pope Benedict XII.
41:45The brothers Gauthier die in the bonfire in 1310.
41:49And Guillaume Belivast,
41:51the last known perfect,
41:54captured in virtue of a betrayal,
41:57is sentenced to the same sentence in 1321,
42:00in Villers-Rouges-Thermenès.
42:21To be continued...