What-If Situations That Turn Everything Upside Down

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Transcript

00:00:00Ever wondered how people all around the world spend their precious 24 hours each day?

00:00:05Well, you're about to find out!

00:00:08Time is like a common thread that connects us all.

00:00:11No matter where we're from, we all have the same 24 hours to work with.

00:00:16But people from different countries and cultures spend it very differently.

00:00:20But imagine if the entire world were one person, what would their day look like?

00:00:25That's the question that Canadian researchers aim to answer.

00:00:29They wanted to know what the average human's day looks like all around the world.

00:00:34They collected surveys from over 130 countries, looking at surveys conducted from 2000 to

00:00:402019.

00:00:41Anyway, researchers combed through surveys about people's daily routines and even gathered

00:00:46information about jobs and economic activities.

00:00:50So what are your theories?

00:00:52Do you think it's going to be a boring work-sleep-repeat cycle?

00:00:56Surprisingly, not at all.

00:00:57In reality, it turns out that we spend more than a third of our time on things that make

00:01:02us feel good and keep us healthy.

00:01:05Researchers simplified time into 4 categories to make it super easy to understand.

00:01:10First up, we have sleep and bed rest.

00:01:12There's nothing particularly surprising here.

00:01:15An average adult sleeps about 9 hours a day.

00:01:19We know that this is a norm for healthy sleep.

00:01:22But if you think about it, it turns out that sleep takes up a huge chunk of our day.

00:01:27It's a bit sad that we need it so much.

00:01:29Just imagine how many things we could've gotten done if we didn't.

00:01:32Next, we have direct human outcomes.

00:01:35This category covers things that directly affect us as individuals.

00:01:39It includes activities like eating, hanging out with friends, taking care of ourselves,

00:01:44and having fun.

00:01:45You know, all the stuff that makes us feel good.

00:01:48And not only that, these activities include everything from working, education, and personal

00:01:53growth to socializing and watching TV.

00:01:56The researchers discovered that we dedicate just over 9 hours each day to these things.

00:02:02In this magical 9.4 hours of our day, we do so many cool things.

00:02:07We take care of ourselves and others through hygiene and grooming.

00:02:11We also spend time on healthcare, including looking after our own well-being and taking

00:02:16care of our loved ones.

00:02:17Work, schooling, academic and private sector research, exercising, socializing, meals,

00:02:23hobbies, and even engaging with the media are all part of this awesome mix.

00:02:28Now, let's break it down even further.

00:02:31About half of this time, which is about 4.6 hours, is spent on passive, interactive, and

00:02:37social activities.

00:02:39Think of catching up with friends or reading a fantastic book.

00:02:42Wahoo for fun times!

00:02:44Eating delicious meals takes up around 1.6 hours.

00:02:48It's essential to fuel our bodies and enjoy the wonders of food.

00:02:52School and research add another 1.1 hours to the mix because learning never stops.

00:02:58And here's an interesting twist.

00:03:01Certain activities seem to be universal, regardless of a country's wealth.

00:03:06Hygiene and grooming, as well as meal times, remain consistent across low-income and high-income

00:03:11countries.

00:03:12Well, it makes sense if you think about it.

00:03:14Our basic necessities bring us all together, no matter where we're from.

00:03:19But it's still pretty cool.

00:03:20Of course, keep in mind that there are variations between individuals and cultures.

00:03:25Everyone has their unique way of spending time.

00:03:28But when we zoom out and look at the big picture globally, these activities stay pretty consistent.

00:03:35Next on the list, we have organizational outcomes.

00:03:38This is all about being productive and getting things done.

00:03:41It includes tasks like working, studying, organizing, and managing our lives.

00:03:46Basically, it's all the stuff we do to keep our lives running smoothly.

00:03:50Let's break it down.

00:03:53Organizational outcomes include everyday activities like grocery shopping, getting from one place

00:03:58to another, paying bills, accessing government services, and handling all kinds of administrative

00:04:04stuff, as well as travel and administration.

00:04:08It's the nitty-gritty of managing our lives and taking care of practical matters.

00:04:13In our average human day, we spend just over 2 hours on these important tasks.

00:04:18Now here's an interesting twist.

00:04:20Despite the diversity of countries and cultures around the world, commuting times seem to

00:04:25be remarkably similar.

00:04:27We might've expected significant variations, but the research team discovered that commuting

00:04:32times are remarkably universal.

00:04:35So on average, we spend about 1 hour each day moving from one place to another.

00:04:41This finding has caught their attention.

00:04:43Further research is already underway to dig deeper into this fascinating aspect of our

00:04:48lives.

00:04:49The mysteries of travel and its impact on our daily routines are being unraveled as

00:04:54we speak.

00:04:56And seems like, even though these activities may seem mundane, they play a crucial role

00:05:00in keeping our lives running smoothly.

00:05:03And lastly, we have external outcomes.

00:05:06This category is about things we do that affect the world around us.

00:05:10It includes activities like commuting, participating in the economy, and being part of the bigger

00:05:16picture.

00:05:17In other words, these are the activities that aim to create changes in the world outside

00:05:21of ourselves.

00:05:23Here are some examples.

00:05:24Agriculture and fishing, preparing and serving food, mining, working with lumber, tapping

00:05:30into fossil fuels and renewable energy, constructing and maintaining buildings and infrastructure,

00:05:36keeping our living spaces clean, tending to our pets and gardens, and managing waste.

00:05:41It's a whole bunch of stuff that affects the world around us.

00:05:45So how much time do you think you devote to this every day?

00:05:48Well, research shows that in our daily lives, we spend a whopping 3.4 hours on these tasks.

00:05:55Here's where things get interesting.

00:05:57These activities reveal some salient differences between low-income and high-income countries.

00:06:03In the lowest-income countries, people spend an average of over 1.5 hours each day growing

00:06:09and collecting their own food.

00:06:10It's a massive amount of human labor required to meet their food needs.

00:06:15But as countries become wealthier and more advanced, things change.

00:06:20In the highest-income countries, farming is accomplished in less than 5 minutes per day

00:06:24on average.

00:06:25Can you believe it?

00:06:27The wonders of technology and mechanization free up over an hour of time.

00:06:32So let's appreciate the challenging work that goes into providing food, raw materials,

00:06:37construction, and other similar tasks.

00:06:41This data also shows us that as we progress and become more industrialized, we gain precious

00:06:47hours in our day.

00:06:48We have more time to explore, create, and enjoy the world around us.

00:06:53Time becomes our ally, allowing us to pursue other passions and adventures.

00:06:59So here's what an average human's day looks like.

00:07:03They spend 9 hours sleeping, around 9.5 hours on things that are important and fun to them,

00:07:09around 2 hours organizing stuff, and around 3.5 hours affecting the bigger world around

00:07:15them.

00:07:16Pretty cool, isn't it?

00:07:17How does it compare to your daily routine?

00:07:20By the way, when researchers began their study, they started with Australia and New

00:07:25Zealand and got some surprising results.

00:07:28For example, Australians love to socialize.

00:07:31On average, they spend about 5 hours each day engaging with people and enjoying various

00:07:36activities.

00:07:37That's slightly above the global average.

00:07:40They have a knack for going out, exploring museums, watching sports, and simply hanging

00:07:45out with their friends.

00:07:46It's all part of our social fabric.

00:07:49Interestingly, this trend of social activities, aligning with GDP, holds true not only for

00:07:55Australia, but globally as well.

00:07:58The study's lead author highlights that the activities we humans engage in, and the

00:08:03time we spend on these activities, shape our societies and personal well-being.

00:08:07It's remarkable how the universal notion of time allows us to compare ourselves with

00:08:13people around the world and across different time periods.

00:08:17From sleep to socializing, we've learned some interesting insights about the average

00:08:22human day worldwide and how it compares to life in Australia.

00:08:26Remember, time is precious, so choose how you spend it wisely.

00:08:31Whether you're catching some Zs or enjoying quality time with friends, make the most of

00:08:36each moment.

00:08:37Stay curious, keep exploring, and embrace the wonderful tapestry of activities that

00:08:42make up our daily lives.

00:08:45Humans could live in a vacuum, with the only difference being, well, our entire selves.

00:08:51We're always talking about living on other planets and how we can adapt to them, but

00:08:56theoretically, we could live on a space station.

00:08:59However, in that case, life would evolve completely differently.

00:09:03All because we'd have to live without an atmosphere.

00:09:09What do we humans need to adapt to living in a vacuum?

00:09:13Dugald Dixon created this cool concept in his book, creatures known as vacuum morphs,

00:09:19designed to survive in space.

00:09:21They're kinda like humans, but not really.

00:09:24First, in space, with no air at all, it's all about pressure.

00:09:29There's a thing called atmospheric pressure.

00:09:32In simple words, how much does the atmosphere press on our shoulders, how heavy it weighs.

00:09:39Humans are used to living at sea level where there's a lot of pressure from the air around

00:09:43us.

00:09:44But in space, there's none.

00:09:46This would be tough for our bodies.

00:09:49Astronauts have their suits to handle such dramatic change.

00:09:53Which means, most likely we'd have to get a hard shell guarding our insides, like robots,

00:09:58beetles, or certain marine animals that can handle different levels of depth.

00:10:03Having a shell of some kind also helps to control the movement of atoms both coming

00:10:08in and leaving the body.

00:10:11These unique beings from Dixon's book, homokaleistes, have crustacean-like features.

00:10:18You can see that they have this shield we discussed.

00:10:20They're built to withstand the challenges of orbit and the vacuum.

00:10:24They breathe with three lungs, have stubby limbs for grabbing onto spaceships, and sealed

00:10:29eyes to shield them from harsh conditions.

00:10:33These little guys also need unique organs to handle oxygen and waste.

00:10:37Unfortunately, they can't reproduce.

00:10:40Despite their incredible adaptability, vacuum morphs are sterile and have a limited lifespan.

00:10:49We know from movies that outer space is extremely scary.

00:10:52It's freezing cold, dangerous radiation, and no air at all.

00:10:56If you're out there, your blood boils or you simply freeze instantly.

00:11:00But despite all that, humans could survive in outer space for a while.

00:11:05Imagine you're suddenly thrown out of your spaceship.

00:11:08In movies, that would mean instant departure from the life station.

00:11:12But in real life, it's not as instant as Hollywood makes it seem.

00:11:16Scientists have done questionable experiments and had accidents with humans.

00:11:21There was an astronaut who had his spacesuit accidentally depressurized.

00:11:26He blacked out but was luckily okay after repressurization, although he did lose his

00:11:31sense of taste for a while.

00:11:33In any case, it turns out you could actually survive for a couple of minutes in the vacuum

00:11:38of space, but it's not a pleasant experience.

00:11:42When you're in space without a suit, the lack of pressure makes air in your lungs expand,

00:11:47which is really bad if you're holding your breath.

00:11:50Within a minute, you'll pass out from lack of oxygen.

00:11:54It takes just a few seconds for everything to go dark.

00:12:00However, there is a form of life that can hang out in outer space just fine.

00:12:07Scientists found some tiny creatures called extremophiles that can handle all of that.

00:12:12They're nature's most brave survivors.

00:12:15These microbes can handle crazy conditions like freezing cold, no air, and lots of radiation.

00:12:21Recently, we decided to find out how this special bacterium copes in space.

00:12:28We sent it up to the International Space Station and left it outside for a whole year.

00:12:33When they checked on it later, they found something amazing.

00:12:36The bacterium hadn't changed much in appearance, and it even had produced tiny structures called

00:12:42outer membrane vesicles to protect itself.

00:12:45It turns out that this bacterium has a superpower.

00:12:49It can repair its DNA and fight off harmful molecules that could damage it.

00:12:54It also changes the way it uses energy to adapt to space life.

00:12:58This could help us learn more about how life can exist beyond our planet.

00:13:03It was called the Transpopo mission.

00:13:09Bacteria are incredibly adaptive.

00:13:12For example, we discovered that bacteria can float around in space for years.

00:13:17These tiny organisms can stick together in clumps like little protective communities.

00:13:22They can survive the harsh conditions of outer space by doing so.

00:13:26In a cool experiment, scientists put some really tough bacteria on the outside of the

00:13:31International Space Station.

00:13:33These bacteria were in little balls, each five sheets of paper thick.

00:13:38As a result, they stayed out there, unharmed, for three whole years.

00:13:43Their outer layers acted like shields, protecting the ones inside from all the space nasties.

00:13:49This discovery suggests that groups of bacteria could travel through space between planets.

00:13:54They call this idea panspermia, which basically means spreading life through the universe.

00:14:01In other words, space travel might accidentally bring life to other planets.

00:14:06So if we found microbial life on Mars, for example, that could even signify that it had

00:14:11arrived there from somewhere.

00:14:16All this means that some microbes could survive in outer space.

00:14:20With more complex creatures like animals, however, things get harder.

00:14:24The most important thing for sustaining life is energy.

00:14:28Everything else is a nice addition, but without energy, we wouldn't get anywhere.

00:14:34Life also needs a lot of chemicals mixed in a liquid for a long time and in a big space

00:14:39station to function.

00:14:41If there's not enough pressure, the liquid evaporates.

00:14:45That means there's hardly any pressure at all.

00:14:48Life evolving inside an asteroid or moon that lacks atmosphere might be possible.

00:14:54Life adapting to space is possible.

00:14:57Hypothetically, these space-living beings could be made of gas, sentient clouds floating

00:15:03around.

00:15:04They could also be made of pure energy, invisible but able to communicate through their energy

00:15:09levels.

00:15:10Or some giants with their own atmosphere, like Earth, with smaller creatures living

00:15:14on them.

00:15:15But all this is extremely unlikely, so the chances that life will evolve in outer space

00:15:19by itself are super low.

00:15:23Now, imagine if, instead of space, we were talking about a planet covered in a tough,

00:15:31non-breathable layer around it.

00:15:34Surprisingly, even if there's no air on the planet, there are still some chances that

00:15:38life could evolve.

00:15:40At least if there are some signs of water.

00:15:43Below the surface, there could be rivers warmed by special vents spewing out minerals.

00:15:48Life could start there, away from the surface where it's safe from drying up.

00:15:53Breathing is just one way we get energy, but there are other options.

00:15:57For example, sunlight.

00:16:00Think about the moon's surface.

00:16:02There's no air there, but we could still use solar power to survive.

00:16:05However, we're deep underground.

00:16:09With limited access to sunlight, these creatures would have to evolve ingenious ways to harness

00:16:13alternative energy sources.

00:16:16Some of them could possess photosynthetic capabilities, using specialized pigments to

00:16:20harness even the faintest traces of light filtering through the planet's crust.

00:16:25Others could form symbiotic relationships with certain bacteria that could help them

00:16:29receive energy from minerals and organic compounds in the rivers.

00:16:36Deep below the planet's surface, the rivers aren't just sources of water.

00:16:40They're rich in nutrients vital for a sustaining life.

00:16:44These rivers flow through vast underground networks, creating pockets of habitable environments

00:16:49where life thrives.

00:16:52These creatures could eat solid minerals and develop shells to keep their insides moist.

00:16:56They'd have to evolve unique biological features to survive in their harsh surroundings.

00:17:02For example, some species might develop bioluminescence to navigate the dark underground tunnels.

00:17:09Others could adapt sensory organs capable of detecting subtle changes in the environment,

00:17:14helping them locate sources of nutrients and avoid danger.

00:17:18Kind of like moles.

00:17:20These ecosystems would operate on a delicate balance of nutrient cycling.

00:17:26Microorganisms would break down organic matter and release essential nutrients into the rivers.

00:17:31This in turn could help plants evolve.

00:17:34And plants could become food for larger creatures.

00:17:37And so on.

00:17:41And then, who knows what could happen over millennia.

00:17:44As the planet's crust shifts and cracks over time, exposing these underground realms to

00:17:48new challenges, the creatures adapt and evolve in response.

00:17:53In any case, what we learned is that life is much more adapting than we previously thought.

00:17:58It could survive even in extremely harsh conditions.

00:18:02We might not know what types of life we'll discover on other planets.

00:18:06But we shouldn't be surprised if we find it in weird, unexpected places.

00:18:11Day 1.

00:18:14A small but powerful tremor is shaking the city of Naples, Italy.

00:18:19The news networks are reporting on the event.

00:18:21The experts believe that Mount Vesuvius, the stratovolcano on the Gulf of Naples, will

00:18:26explode soon.

00:18:28But when?

00:18:29It's erupted many times in the past.

00:18:31In fact, that's how it got its shape.

00:18:34It's made of multiple layers of hardened lava, pumice, and ash.

00:18:38Vesuvius last erupted in 1944, but a major blast happened there nearly 2,000 years ago.

00:18:45It buried the Roman towns of Pompeii and Herculaneum and decimated the surrounding areas.

00:18:51Today, 3 million people live less than 20 miles from the volcano, and 600,000 live in

00:18:57the danger zone.

00:18:59Large eruptions happen every few thousand years, usually after long periods of calm.

00:19:04And the trouble is, Vesuvius is long overdue for its next one.

00:19:09This time, though, the volcano is being watched by the Vesuvius Observatory.

00:19:13It has seismic stations, special GPS arrays, and satellite-based radar to help it measure

00:19:19ground movement.

00:19:20They also have special equipment to test the chemicals found in the gases coming from the

00:19:24volcano.

00:19:26All of this helps the experts work out whether it's about to go off.

00:19:30But will it?

00:19:31Right now, the magma is more than 6 miles from the surface.

00:19:35Things seemed safe yesterday, but now they're about to take a turn for the worse.

00:19:41Day 3.

00:19:42Another tremor comes in measuring 3 on the Richter scale.

00:19:46All the equipment that's installed near the volcano is now going off.

00:19:50The magma is pushing upwards.

00:19:52It's not at the surface yet, but Vesuvius is definitely restless.

00:19:57Two more tremors follow in the afternoon.

00:19:59They don't feel like regular earthquakes, and geologists can see the difference in their

00:20:04seismographs.

00:20:05Volcanic quakes register about 4-5 less on the Richter scale.

00:20:09Now, the experts are sure, it's just a matter of days or weeks until the volcano erupts.

00:20:16Some volcanoes can be restless for months or even years before they go off.

00:20:20But that's not how it goes with Vesuvius.

00:20:24Day 4.

00:20:25The ground starts to crack open, as if a giant creature is trapped in the Earth's crust

00:20:30and is trying to desperately get out for some air.

00:20:33Steam escapes from the little cracks in the soil.

00:20:36Certain areas are hotter than others.

00:20:38If you went there, it would feel like you walked straight into an oven, and it would

00:20:42be hard to breathe.

00:20:43Some sheep got too close to the mountain and passed out.

00:20:47When the farmer found them, he almost collapsed too, not from the heat, but from the gases.

00:20:52Carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide are being released into the air.

00:20:56The entire area around the volcano smells like rotten eggs, and many of the forest animals

00:21:02are now staying clear.

00:21:04The nearby trees have been absorbing these gases from the soil for days on end now, and

00:21:09they're starting to turn brown.

00:21:11The carbon dioxide levels in the area are skyrocketing, and all the detectors are beeping

00:21:16constantly.

00:21:18Day 6.

00:21:20The tremors are getting more frequent.

00:21:22Experts at the Vesuvius Observatory monitoring the volcano say the quakes are coming from

00:21:27the magma that's being pushed upwards.

00:21:29A few hours later, the National Emergency Alert goes out.

00:21:33Thousands of local people have around 15 days before the volcano erupts, and they need to

00:21:38evacuate their homes.

00:21:40The 600,000 people in the danger zone start to pack their suitcases and leave in cars

00:21:45and trucks.

00:21:46There's chaos everywhere.

00:21:48But in all that disorder, some people are standing still.

00:21:51They look around, trying to understand what's really going on.

00:21:55A few of them are taking photos of their homes.

00:21:58Others are streaming all the confusion on social media.

00:22:01But the senior citizens are just standing outside, looking at their houses one last

00:22:06time.

00:22:07They hope this is all just a false alarm.

00:22:10It's happened before, but who really knows?

00:22:15Day 7.

00:22:16It was a sleepless night.

00:22:18Plenty of the locals have already left.

00:22:20Some good people from other towns drive to the area to help the residents evacuate faster.

00:22:25There's a massive traffic jam, but everyone expected it.

00:22:29This is why the evacuation started early.

00:22:31Ferries, trains, and buses have canceled their services to help the evacuees.

00:22:36They're all working on a tight schedule to make sure everyone gets out safe without

00:22:41any delays.

00:22:42Some people refuse to leave, but their neighbors eventually convince them to go.

00:22:46It will take 7 days to evacuate everyone, and these people will spread out to other

00:22:51areas of the country, not just to the nearby safe regions.

00:22:56Day 10.

00:22:57More than half of the residents have now left the Red Zone.

00:23:01After the chaos, there's now silence, and it's interrupted by the eerie sounds of

00:23:05the tremors.

00:23:07Animals are being evacuated too.

00:23:09Many people are now trying to save as many animals from the forest as they can find.

00:23:15Day 16.

00:23:17All 25 of the towns that were at risk have now been evacuated.

00:23:21The Red Zone is empty.

00:23:23But the tremors are getting stronger, as the volcano is a pressure cooker ready to explode.

00:23:29White smoke rises from the large opening on the mountaintop and the vents on the side.

00:23:35The molten rock moves toward the surface, and the pressurized gases form bubbles, just

00:23:41like the ones you see when you boil food.

00:23:43Suddenly, there are some loud booms, and then an explosion.

00:23:47It's loud enough to be heard thousands of miles away, and the shockwave is felt throughout

00:23:52Italy.

00:23:53Volcanic rock is thrown up into the air.

00:23:55A thick black mushroom cloud forms and expands into the sky.

00:24:00The birds abandon their nests and fly away in huge flocks.

00:24:04The red-hot lava is now spewing out of the volcano like a fountain.

00:24:09As it flows downward, it obliterates everything in its path.

00:24:13Then there's a volcanic landslide.

00:24:15Part of the cone-shaped mountain falls off, and millions of tons of soil and rock break

00:24:20loose from the volcano's side and tumble down.

00:24:24The lava spreads on the slopes, and it slowly slides down into the forest and the farmlands.

00:24:30A plume of ash, pumice, and other kinds of rock has risen so high into the sky that people

00:24:35can see it from Rome.

00:24:37Then the tower of debris starts falling back to Earth.

00:24:40First comes the ash, then chunks of rock.

00:24:43The ash in the atmosphere is so dense that it's hard to breathe.

00:24:47The lava slowly spreads across the area and pulls down all the trees.

00:24:52All the nearby towns are shrouded in darkness and smoke.

00:24:56Trees collapse, and all around there's a mixture of heated, poisonous gas and rock

00:25:00moving faster than a car.

00:25:03Other rocks and more volcanic ash fall miles away from the volcano, hitting cars and destroying

00:25:08roofs.

00:25:09The sky is completely black as the lava keeps on coming.

00:25:13Slowly, all the nearby towns are submerged beneath the molten rock.

00:25:18Some of the lava even reaches the sea.

00:25:21Black-white steam covers the shore where it falls in, and the magma turns black.

00:25:26Now a weird neon-blue fire appears on the slopes of Vesuvius.

00:25:31This is caused by burning sulfuric gases.

00:25:34They're escaping at high pressure from the cracks in the volcano's surface.

00:25:38When they come into contact with the air, they ignite.

00:25:41These blue flames can reach 16 feet into the air.

00:25:45Now all nearby flights are cancelled, and many planes have to change course to reach

00:25:49their destination.

00:25:51Ever since the national alert, no planes have been allowed to fly over the volcano.

00:25:56The clouds of volcanic ash can damage jet engines and other plane components.

00:26:00The water supply is now contaminated by streams of volcanic ash, and it smells unbelievably

00:26:06bad.

00:26:07In just a short amount of time, all that magma has made entire towns vanish.

00:26:13Only the roofs of taller buildings can be seen.

00:26:16After the big and explosive eruption, there are some smaller and quieter ones.

00:26:21At this stage, nobody knows if the volcano has stopped erupting yet, and absolutely no

00:26:26one can go anywhere near the area.

00:26:2910 years later.

00:26:33Most parts of the Red Zone are now hidden under hardened but still warm lava, including

00:26:38the ancient site of Pompeii.

00:26:40Some people have started to forget about what happened, others have begun their new lives

00:26:45elsewhere, and some don't even want to think about what happened to their old homes.

00:26:50But several of them are counting the days until they can go back.

00:26:55100 years later.

00:26:56You're walking in what appears to be a wasteland of volcanic ash.

00:27:01You suddenly realize that you're standing on top of your great-grandparents' town.

00:27:07Everything is now submerged under a thick carpet of solidified lava.

00:27:11But below it all, just about everything is still intact, completely frozen in time.

00:27:19You wake up gasping for air, struggling to peel yourself from your bed.

00:27:24When you do manage to get your feet on the ground, it feels like they're glued down

00:27:28tight.

00:27:29You're twice as heavy, it feels like you're carrying another you on your shoulders all

00:27:32day long.

00:27:33Well, congratulations, you've woken up on an Earth where uncontrolled experiments with

00:27:38dark matter have doubled the force of gravity.

00:27:42Mass panic happens when over 8,000 aircraft fall as soon as the gravity spikes, crashing

00:27:48into buildings, forests, and oceans.

00:27:50And that's because airplanes suddenly lost the balance between the pull of gravity and

00:27:55the lift force necessary to keep them cruising.

00:27:58Pilots did attempt to save their planes, but GPS failed as satellites swiftly moved.

00:28:08After a month, humans begin to look more and more like chimps.

00:28:12Bones are getting thicker, and the immense force constantly pulling people down is squashing

00:28:16their spines, making everybody bend over.

00:28:20People start figuring out that walking ape-style on all fours helps with better balance and

00:28:25stability.

00:28:26And that becomes a big deal, since even tripping over a tiny rock could lead to a nasty fracture.

00:28:32Falls not only get more intense due to the extra forces on bones and joints, but they

00:28:37also happen faster.

00:28:39Gravity's pull doubles the acceleration force, increasing it from 32 feet per second to 64

00:28:45feet per second.

00:28:47Your house is not a safe place anymore.

00:28:50Old buildings and bridges all over the world are now collapsing.

00:28:54Inside those still standing, residents get the scary feeling that the whole place is

00:28:58shaking and cracks start showing up everywhere.

00:29:01It's dangerous to stay inside houses, as roofs are now twice their usual weight, and

00:29:07any rain or snow also feels twice as heavy.

00:29:11Fire alarms are constantly going off because tree branches keep falling all over the place.

00:29:16Most trees simply can't bear the weight of gravity, and only strong and small plants

00:29:20survive, like cactuses and succulents.

00:29:26Six months after the sudden change, supermarkets have a sinister vibe going on, with shelves

00:29:31nearly empty and people arguing over the last loaf of bread.

00:29:36You get frustrated to see that your favorite Japanese restaurant is now 5 times more expensive.

00:29:42And it's not just about salmon prices.

00:29:44It's rice that has become a rare luxury item, since the gravity boost has messed up the

00:29:49photosynthesis process, and the seeds are taking too long to grow.

00:29:54On the flip side, carrots are now cheaper than ever – they're sprouting and growing

00:29:58at lightning speed.

00:30:00People start eating so many carrots that human skin now has an orange glow from all that

00:30:05extra beta-carotene.

00:30:08Farmers are getting creative, using artificial supports to keep plants like tomatoes and

00:30:12corn on their feet.

00:30:14But even with all their efforts, it's hard to get a good harvest.

00:30:20Summer has arrived, and even your air conditioner can't relieve the unbearable heat.

00:30:25A sudden change in gravity disrupted Earth's orbit around the Sun, pushing it into a new,

00:30:30tighter elliptical path.

00:30:32Earth now passes much closer to the Sun than it used to, making your sunscreen simply surrender.

00:30:38The Moon's orbit has also had some dramatic changes, leading to more dangerous and extreme

00:30:43tide patterns.

00:30:45High tides are now higher, and low tides are lower.

00:30:48This shift has also triggered widespread volcanic eruptions and earthquakes on an unprecedented

00:30:54scale.

00:30:55Earth's crust starts to rupture across vast areas, unleashing planet-wide lava flows so

00:31:01intense that living on Venus begins to sound like a pretty good idea.

00:31:06Five years later, people notice that puppies are begging for food twice as much, but they

00:31:11are taking more time to grow.

00:31:13Breeds like beagles look thinner, and their leg bones are getting heavier.

00:31:17Even insects such as locusts now have thicker hind legs to keep those jumps going.

00:31:23Sea creatures are being crushed by the much greater weight of the water around them.

00:31:27It's not a big deal for animals used to deep ocean pressures, like the anglerfish,

00:31:32but crabs and lobsters are really struggling since they live in shallow waters.

00:31:37Sloths and monkeys develop a stronger grip so they won't fall off trees.

00:31:42For carnivorous animals living in jungles or savannas, life is a real challenge because

00:31:47any animal the size of a wolf or bigger can't run without breaking a leg.

00:31:52Large predators like lionesses are starving because they can't move fast enough to catch

00:31:57their prey.

00:31:59Tall trees like palms and pines also go through evolutionary changes.

00:32:04They get beefier trunks and only grow about half as tall as usual.

00:32:09This way, water and nutrients can travel from the ground up to their leaves without struggling

00:32:13against gravity so badly.

00:32:17Ten years have passed since gravity increased.

00:32:21Airplanes have finally made changes to prevent commercial flights from nosediving.

00:32:25The wings of airplanes are now longer, pilots have learned to fly at altitudes twice as

00:32:30high, and flight speed has increased by 41%.

00:32:34To avoid people getting extremely nauseated and dizzy during takeoffs and landings, seats

00:32:39are now fully horizontal, like first-class bed-like setups, specially designed to minimize

00:32:45the nasty effects of gravity times two.

00:32:48Flight attendants are trained to raise the seat at the passenger's feet after they pass

00:32:52out so that blood can return to their head.

00:32:55The thing is, when gravity gets a power boost, it yanks your blood down to your feet and

00:33:00hands even more than usual, making your heart work extra hard to pump that blood around,

00:33:05especially to your head.

00:33:09Fifty years have passed.

00:33:11Women in their 30s look like they are 60.

00:33:15Higher gravity decreases collagen synthesis, so even though they're still young, they're

00:33:20dealing with more wrinkles and fine lines, and their skin has already lost a big part

00:33:25of its elasticity.

00:33:27Wounds as small as a pimple pop or a paper cut also take much more time to heal.

00:33:32So people are excited about the creation of a band-aid made from fish skin from cod or

00:33:37tilapia that promotes local blood circulation and speeds up the healing process.

00:33:43People have also got used to wear exoskeletons made of titanium, which support and enhance

00:33:48the wearer's strength.

00:33:50This technology features cool joints at the places that copy humans' natural movements,

00:33:55giving people more flexibility and letting them move around more easily.

00:34:00Prototypes of personal flying devices start popping up after 100 years.

00:34:04The gray flyer is like a jetpack made of carbon nanotubes, making the structure strong without

00:34:10adding much weight.

00:34:12Instead of using fuel for propulsion, the device has these super-thin but high-tech

00:34:16solar panels.

00:34:19Investors are still not sure if humans could fly long distances with it, but the gray flyer

00:34:23definitely can help people tackle tasks that have become almost impossible, like climbing

00:34:29a mountain or grabbing something from the attic.

00:34:35Things at the gym are pretty different too.

00:34:37The anti-gravity treadmill is a favorite among fitness enthusiasts because it uses air pressure

00:34:42to lift users, reducing the discomfort of gravity while running.

00:34:47People can also lift weights in booths, when the gravity settings are customized.

00:34:51When training with G-Force set at 3 or 4 times the new normal, muscles get stronger, making

00:34:57double gravity seem more bearable.

00:34:59However, the maximum set is 4.6, otherwise bones might crack.

00:35:06Over 500 years have passed.

00:35:08Thanks to these amazing technological creations, humans can now handle and establish colonies

00:35:13in other parts of the Universe.

00:35:15A popular choice for family vacations is Kepler-452b, a planet about 60% larger than Earth, orbiting

00:35:23in the habitable zone of a sun-like star.

00:35:27Kids especially like that place, as oceans have been discovered and hotels have been

00:35:31built near rocky beaches.

00:35:34On the other hand, traveling to places in the Universe with lighter gravity is like

00:35:38going to an oasis of tranquility.

00:35:41So Mars and the Moon have become known for amazing yoga retreats.

00:35:45With their gravitational forces much weaker, people can breathe more easily there and move

00:35:50around with more freedom.

00:35:52Keep in mind that these trips are expensive, so you might want to start saving up now.

00:35:58Ah, you're flying first class to Paris!

00:36:05Vacation, sightseeing, it's all good.

00:36:08Then the pilot comes on.

00:36:10Attention passengers, this is your captain speaking.

00:36:13The ground below us is jello.

00:36:15We cannot land.

00:36:17Everyone on the plane panics.

00:36:19Is there no wiggle room?

00:36:21Down there, apparently, it's all wiggle room.

00:36:24The seatbelt sign turns on, but no one seems to care.

00:36:28People topple over each other.

00:36:29The flight attendants try to calm everyone down, but they get pushed around and ignored.

00:36:34There's food flying everywhere.

00:36:36People are frantically dumping out their carry-ons to find who knows.

00:36:40You look out the window and see buildings falling down like dominoes.

00:36:44The roads begin to look like spaghetti, and the sea is being washed inland.

00:36:48The mountains out in the distance are also caving in, causing massive amounts of landslides.

00:36:53It really does look like jello.

00:36:56Your phone starts going crazy with breaking news alerts.

00:36:59This phenomenon is happening all over the world, but it's not a giant earthquake or

00:37:03anything.

00:37:04The Earth's crust has lost its strength and has become soft birthday cake soft.

00:37:10The Earth has many layers stacked on top of each other.

00:37:13The inner core, the outer core, the mantle, and the crust.

00:37:17That's the top layer that we all walk around on.

00:37:20When the mantle moves a little too much, the crust starts to shift.

00:37:25That's sort of what an earthquake is.

00:37:28The crust has about 7 massive pieces and a bunch of smaller ones.

00:37:32Now they've all split up into millions of pieces.

00:37:35It's like the whole world's one giant waterbed.

00:37:39The Eiffel Tower, the pyramids of Egypt, the Great Wall of China, skyscrapers, bridges,

00:37:45you name it, they're all in trouble.

00:37:48Years later, you and the rest of humanity have adapted to the Earth's new wobbly surface.

00:37:54Your daily routine now consists of wearing special shoes to help you keep your balance

00:37:58wherever you go.

00:38:00Say goodbye to high heels and sneakers.

00:38:03These boots have a special gadget that glues you to the ground, kind of like a gecko scaling

00:38:08a wall.

00:38:10Sleeping in constant motion is the new normal, but it's not like sleeping on a waterbed.

00:38:15It's way worse.

00:38:16Imagine waking up in the middle of the night for a glass of milk, and the ground's moving

00:38:21around like crazy.

00:38:23You'd fall down 20 times before making it to the kitchen.

00:38:26Going downstairs would be more of a sliding situation.

00:38:31Houses built with concrete don't exist anymore.

00:38:33You have a sort of giant bubble as your house now.

00:38:37With the help of special technology, the ground inside the bubble can be stabilized so it

00:38:42won't shake all the time.

00:38:44The foundation underneath your house sways with the wiggly crust so that it doesn't

00:38:49collapse.

00:38:51Basketball players now rely heavily on drone technology to deliver food, supplies, or the

00:38:55latest cell phone.

00:38:56In fact, the whole sky is regularly filled with drones going from place to place.

00:39:02Sports gets totally revamped.

00:39:04Basketball players are now equipped with helmets and protective body gear so they don't hurt

00:39:09themselves when they fall, which is a lot.

00:39:12You try dribbling on a soft surface, it's borderline impossible.

00:39:16One sport that survives is ice hockey.

00:39:19Actually all ice sports, speed skating, figure skating, as long as the ice is thick enough,

00:39:25it doesn't matter what's going on underneath.

00:39:28Pretty much everyone relies on these bubbles to do anything or get anywhere.

00:39:33Think of it like a giant hamster ball floating on a shallow lake.

00:39:37Humans have adapted and don't get motion sickness anymore.

00:39:41The new economy is still built on trade and transportation, but now it's mainly done

00:39:46with ships.

00:39:47No more big trucks on the road, no more road.

00:39:50Helicopters are super popular, but landing them can be kinda hairy.

00:39:55All around the world, cities are floating and drifting around.

00:39:59That used to take millions of years.

00:40:01Now it just takes a few.

00:40:03Imagine living in Melbourne, Australia, but your city's only a few months from reaching

00:40:07South America.

00:40:09It's like a giant cruise ship.

00:40:11All over the planet, millions of animals used to migrate huge distances to find water

00:40:16during the dry season.

00:40:18That's all over.

00:40:19Marine life and our flying friends have been relatively unaffected.

00:40:24Since the ground's always moving, it's impossible for huge herds of animals to stick

00:40:29together when they make their way across land.

00:40:32They're trying to adapt, but it's tough.

00:40:35Mountain goats evolved to be in the mountains.

00:40:37Now the whole world's just one flat, soft mess.

00:40:41After putting on your boots, you make your way to visit some friends down at the park.

00:40:46All inside a large bubble, of course.

00:40:49When the ground collapsed all those years ago, many factories went haywire and released

00:40:54a bunch of chemicals into the atmosphere.

00:40:56Yeah, I think I want to stay in my bubble.

00:41:00You get into your little hamster ball of a car and drive off.

00:41:03The ground is bumpy and gooey at the same time, but you make it, eventually.

00:41:09Have you ever tried eating or drinking on a rocking ship?

00:41:12Sailors got used to it ages ago, but for most of us, it'd be a nightmare.

00:41:17But nowadays, everyone's a pro, handling hot soup without spilling a drop.

00:41:23After lunch, your friends decide to go out and explore the lands outside the giant bubble.

00:41:28At first, you refuse, but somehow you find yourself strapped into your personal bubble

00:41:34car, heading for the exit.

00:41:36You sneak past security, find a place to hide the cars, and get out.

00:41:41You and your friends look ridiculous in those specialized boots and gas masks.

00:41:45Still, you wouldn't want to inhale all those toxic fumes.

00:41:50You make your way to where a large major city once stood.

00:41:54It looks like a scene from a sci-fi movie.

00:41:57Buildings piled on top of each other, with nature growing all around.

00:42:01The roads that once existed have split into their original ingredients.

00:42:06You're essentially walking on broken bricks, concrete, and asphalt.

00:42:10Statues are half-buried in the ground.

00:42:13Way out in front of you is an old abandoned airport.

00:42:17You have to watch your every step.

00:42:19The ground ripples under your feet.

00:42:21No one's been here for years.

00:42:23As you make your way to the core of the city, huge blocks of concrete break off a falling

00:42:28building.

00:42:29You try your best to jump out of the way, but the ground's so shaky, you barely make

00:42:33it.

00:42:34You and your friends finally find your way to the downtown area.

00:42:38That's when you notice a lot of water around.

00:42:41When the buildings collapsed, it destroyed all the water and drainage systems.

00:42:46All the water for homes, businesses, factories, and hundreds of nearby farms all ended up

00:42:51here.

00:42:52You and your friends scale a building with your gecko boots and reach the top.

00:42:57It looks like the lost city of Atlantis.

00:43:00The buildings look like ancient ruins from a forgotten civilization.

00:43:04One of your friends is getting nervous.

00:43:06Maybe it's time to go back to the bubble city.

00:43:09But you think it's better to just keep moving forward.

00:43:13You find a piece of driftwood and make a sort of improvised boat.

00:43:17You all hop on board and paddle through the city.

00:43:20Under the surface is a whole new ecosystem of underwater plants and animals.

00:43:25And not too far ahead, you spot a shipwreck that's half-submerged.

00:43:30One of your friends gets the idea of heading over there to explore it.

00:43:35The moment you step onto it, the water starts shaking.

00:43:38The ground under the ship is so fragile that any tiny change in pressure makes the ship

00:43:43sink deeper.

00:43:45You hop back on the boat and start to paddle back where you came.

00:43:49But the land under the water is extremely shaky, and the collapsed buildings begin to

00:43:53move around.

00:43:55It's like kayaking down a wild river, except it's also raining concrete.

00:44:01Once you make it back to the bubble cars, you and your friends decide it's time to

00:44:04head back to the giant bubble.

00:44:07But as you start to move, you notice that everything looks completely different.

00:44:12The ground's shifted so much, you're lost.

00:44:15Everything around you looks the same, like you're stuck in a giant maze.

00:44:20You drive around for ages.

00:44:22Is the giant bubble anywhere close?

00:44:25Impossible to tell.

00:44:27Out of nowhere, you hear a loud rumbling noise above you.

00:44:31You look up and see a helicopter soaring through the air.

00:44:34It drops down a rope ladder, and everyone climbs on.

00:44:38You were lucky this time.

00:44:41Yep, there's ice all around, as far as the eye can see.

00:44:48A white desert covers the entrance to your cave, the one where you and a bunch of other

00:44:53settlers live.

00:44:54Everyone's gathered around a fire pit, trying to keep warm, telling each other stories about

00:45:00how much snow they saw the other day.

00:45:02Some are running around playing tag, throwing sticks, whatever people used to do for fun

00:45:08300,000 years ago.

00:45:10You're one of the earliest Homo sapiens to ever walk the Earth.

00:45:16Others are sleeping, or just resting their eyes.

00:45:19All around the cave, all you can hear are stomachs rumbling.

00:45:24Sounds like a wild animal lurking around.

00:45:26You look out the mouth of the cave, and see that the storm has cleared.

00:45:31Time to grab some tools and head out as a group.

00:45:34In the open wilderness, you find some berries covered in snow, and plants that might be

00:45:40edible.

00:45:41But it's not enough to feed the whole tribe.

00:45:45It's the Ice Age, and there's not much vegetation growing anywhere.

00:45:49One of your friends spots some large footprints in the snow.

00:45:53The chase is on.

00:45:55You can't tell what it is, but it should be enough to feed everyone for a couple of days.

00:46:01As you go deeper into the snow-covered forest, you hear a growl behind you.

00:46:06You hope it's your stomach, but you look behind you and suddenly black out.

00:46:13The Ice Age is a period when large sheets of ice cover everything, changing the Earth

00:46:18permanently.

00:46:19It's partly responsible for the raising and lowering of sea levels, as well as the

00:46:23current layout of the continents.

00:46:26Picture monster-thick ice sheets spread across what's now Canada, Scandinavia, Russia,

00:46:32and even South America.

00:46:33That's all caused sea levels to change drastically, and temperatures around the world fell dramatically.

00:46:42But I'm not talking about just one Ice Age.

00:46:45There were a bunch of them.

00:46:47Scientists say there have been five major Ice Ages throughout history, lasting for millions

00:46:52of years.

00:46:53And we're in the middle of one right now.

00:46:56Relax, don't panic.

00:46:58It doesn't mean we're all going to be sleeping next to bonfires, trying to keep warm after

00:47:02being out all day looking for woolly mammoths.

00:47:06And no, there won't be a massive geological ice storm that freezes everything in its path.

00:47:12Ice Ages have warmer periods in them that come and go, lasting for tens of thousands

00:47:17of years.

00:47:18In fact, billions of years ago, the Earth was one giant snowball with no life on it.

00:47:25And the Sun back then was also just a cute little fireball without enough heat to melt

00:47:30all that ice.

00:47:32But as the Sun got bigger and hotter, Earth's ice slowly melted away, leaving the green

00:47:38and blue ball we have today.

00:47:41We're living in the Quaternary Ice Age that's been going on for the past 2.6 million years

00:47:46– and counting.

00:47:48Some animals have thrived in this latest Ice Age, like whales and sharks.

00:47:53They have been at the top of the food chain for ages.

00:47:56Under them are seals, certain kinds of fish, otters, all the way down to tiny plankton.

00:48:04Up on the cold surface, mammals had to grow thick and shaggy fur just to stay warm.

00:48:10Mammoths, rhinos, and bison were known to have thick rugs on them.

00:48:14They looked awesome.

00:48:16They were herbivores and ate small shrubs and whatever grass they could find.

00:48:21But several thousand years ago, temperatures began to rise, and most of these animals became

00:48:27extinct.

00:48:28The ones that remained evolved into the elephants, hippos, and rhinos we have today.

00:48:36You wake up from your blackout and find yourself face-to-face with a creature that kind of

00:48:41looks like a modern-day bobcat, except it's much bigger and furrier.

00:48:46It's a smilodon, an epic version of a saber-toothed cat with a mean look.

00:48:52It's around the same size as a male lion and has two front fangs that make me think twice

00:48:58before leaving the safety of my cave.

00:49:01They look scary, but scientists think their bite wasn't as powerful as today's tigers

00:49:06or lions.

00:49:07What made them tough were their giant forearms used to wrestle down anyone who got on their

00:49:12nerves.

00:49:13In packs, they were even able to take down mammoths.

00:49:18Either way, you don't want to be waking up next to this kitty.

00:49:22It's staring you down ready to pounce.

00:49:25But you and your friends keep calm and slowly back off.

00:49:29You get the genius idea to throw a rock to distract it, then run.

00:49:35Nowadays it's near impossible for a human to out-sprint a lion or tiger, but humans

00:49:40back then were much fitter.

00:49:43Once the danger's over, everyone continues to look for food.

00:49:46It's getting dark, and you haven't found anything to bring back to the cave.

00:49:51Suddenly you smell something burning.

00:49:54Way off in the distance, you see a thin column of smoke rising into the sky.

00:50:00Another settlement?

00:50:01You and your friends look at each other and approach the smoke cautiously.

00:50:07Homo sapiens first came into being about 200 or 300 years ago.

00:50:12But human history didn't just pop up out of nowhere.

00:50:15As far back as 7 million years ago, some of us decided to call it quits.

00:50:21We left our chimpanzee ancestors in the jungle and started doing our own thing.

00:50:26And that didn't just happen once.

00:50:29Over those next millions of years, there were over 20 different human species.

00:50:34Some were our ancestors, some were twigs from a completely different branch.

00:50:39Some were tiny, others better adapted for hot or cold weather.

00:50:44Before you know it, you see a group of Neanderthals cooking some meat, sharpening their tools.

00:50:50Neanderthals were the first to migrate to Europe.

00:50:53Scientists believe they were around somewhere between 40,000 to 400,000 years ago.

00:50:59They occupied all areas between Europe and Asia, while Homo sapiens – that's us – were

00:51:05still all the way down in Africa.

00:51:07You enter their camp and immediately see the differences between each other.

00:51:12They're stocky and look a bit different.

00:51:14But there are some similarities, like flat teeth for chewing and gnawing, and big skulls

00:51:20for their big brains.

00:51:21They even have clothes on, like you.

00:51:24According to archaeologists, they lived in shelters and made tools out of stone, sticks,

00:51:29and bones.

00:51:30They welcome you inside and give you a tour like no other.

00:51:34You're officially meeting another human species.

00:51:37They take you inside their cave and show you some of their cave paintings.

00:51:42They were the first artists of their time.

00:51:45Many of their galleries are still around today, like the ones in caves in Spain.

00:51:50You know their style – minimalist paintings of deer, a large handprint.

00:51:55They also dabbled a bit in jewelry-making.

00:51:58They made necklaces out of eagle talons and animal fangs.

00:52:02They were also probably the first ones to harness the power of fire.

00:52:06Did they discover it when a bolt of lightning hit a tree?

00:52:10Or when one of them dropped a rock on another rock, creating a spark?

00:52:14No one really knows.

00:52:15But they were able to recreate it and use it to keep warm, to cook food, to see in the

00:52:20darkness, and to protect themselves.

00:52:24After the nice tour, you hang around the campfire to keep warm.

00:52:28They even offer you some extra clothes for the journey home.

00:52:31Mostly thick, shaggy mammoth coats.

00:52:34If only you could talk to each other, that would be awesome.

00:52:38But it's getting dark, and you need to head back to the tribe.

00:52:42You say your goodbyes and thank them for teaching you how to draw a deer, and for that

00:52:46sack of food they gave you.

00:52:49The Ice Age was important for the development of the modern Homo sapiens.

00:52:54Because of the extreme cold and other harsh conditions, they had to adapt to survive,

00:52:59be extra clever and innovative.

00:53:02They developed advanced tools, and even used bone needles to sew warm clothing.

00:53:07They may have hosted the first ever runway show.

00:53:13When the climate started to get warmer, they developed farming techniques to sustain themselves

00:53:18and mainly settled near large bodies of water, like rivers or lakes, while others opted to

00:53:24be near seas and oceans.

00:53:26They, I mean we, were even the first to domesticate animals.

00:53:31Fast forward a few hundred thousand years, and here we are.

00:53:37You spend an average of 8 minutes of your day in the shower.

00:53:40Hey, I'm not there holding a stopwatch, you know, it's just typical.

00:53:44Anyway, that adds up to around 6 months by the time you're 60.

00:53:49All this showering takes about 11 bottles of shower gel, or 30 bars of soap per year.

00:53:55You also use enough water to sprinkle over 98 football fields.

00:54:00Not wanting to let too much time and money go down the drain, you decide to reduce your

00:54:05showering to just water and stop using shampoo.

00:54:08You'll still wash your hands with basic soap to stay healthy.

00:54:12You do some research and find out that 80% of all those mean bacteria that make you stink

00:54:18can be washed off by plain water.

00:54:20You don't believe it, but you hide your soap, shower gel, and body wash and go to bed.

00:54:26On day one of the experiment, you wake up as usual, brush your teeth, splash yourself

00:54:31with nothing but water, and put on some organic deodorant.

00:54:35You just save 7 minutes and use that time to enjoy a cup of coffee.

00:54:40You arrive at the office and ask your friend, Sam, to sniff at you just to be sure.

00:54:45Well, he looks at you like you're crazy.

00:54:47Hey, what did you expect?

00:54:49Sam doesn't notice any difference at all.

00:54:52Triumphant, you get back home and repeat your water-only shower the next morning.

00:54:57Your hair is starting to get a bit greasy as you washed it 2 days ago.

00:55:02You decide to give it another day and gradually make those gaps between washing longer and

00:55:07longer.

00:55:08In the evening, you feel the temptation to reach for some shower gel.

00:55:13You really want to get a cold shower, but you realize you need higher water temperatures

00:55:17to combat those bacteria.

00:55:19Day by day, you get used to those sauna-like showers.

00:55:23You go to bed and see soap and body lotion in your dreams, stretching their arms towards

00:55:28you and begging you to get back to them.

00:55:31On day 3 of the experiment, you wash your hair with water only for the first time.

00:55:36Before you do it, you rub your scalp to spread the natural oils.

00:55:40Then you pinch it in sections to pull the oils from the roots down to the ends.

00:55:45You brush it well to get rid of tangles, and only then you wash it with lukewarm water.

00:55:51You let it dry, and it feels just as clean as after shampoo.

00:55:55The rest of your body doesn't feel as clean.

00:55:58By day 6, you feel like you're greasy and dry at the same time.

00:56:03Your abandoned soap triumphs.

00:56:05You reach for it, about to give up, when suddenly your TV turns on by itself.

00:56:10It's a whole show on how to stay clean with no soap.

00:56:14It says that Romans in the 1st century used to take 2-hour-long soaks in baths of different

00:56:20temperatures, scrape and apply oil to feel clean.

00:56:24For French aristocrats in the 17th century, changing a shirt every day and putting some

00:56:29water on their hands was enough.

00:56:32It's kind of a psychological thing.

00:56:34You have to get used to your new clean feeling.

00:56:37The smell of soap or body wash used to be your clean smell.

00:56:41Now you have your own natural smell, and it's okay that it's not vanilla ice cream.

00:56:47It also explains no soap doesn't mean no scrubbing.

00:56:51If you just stand under running water, you won't make the bacteria go away.

00:56:56You can use a washcloth, a loofah, a body brush, or whatever works for you.

00:57:01When you scrub yourself, you remove the top layer of those skin cells you no longer need.

00:57:07You tell yourself you're clean as ever, hop out of the shower, and after 15 minutes, you

00:57:12feel your skin is crisp and impeccable.

00:57:16You also notice your skin has that creamy soft glow like in a body lotion ad.

00:57:21The chemicals soap contains are super dehydrating.

00:57:24They remove the protective oils from your skin.

00:57:27It messes up the oil balance in its fragile ecosystem and turns it into a patchy dry desert.

00:57:34Water helps restore that balance.

00:57:36You get to work and ask Sam if he's noticing any changes in your smell.

00:57:40Again, he really doesn't get it, so you explain the experiment idea.

00:57:46He looks at you with approval and, surprisingly, shares some knowledge on the topic too.

00:57:51First, what you do for a living matters.

00:57:54If you work with dangerous chemicals, at a farm, as a gardener or construction worker

00:57:59and contact dirt, pollens, and allergens, you have to shower daily and with soap.

00:58:05The same is with athletes, personal trainers, and fitness instructors.

00:58:09Unless you're one of them, you can go just fine with water or even no showering at all

00:58:14for days.

00:58:15Plus, you save a lot of energy when you're driving and not running around.

00:58:20That's why people of the past needed the shower more often than you do.

00:58:24Second, your genetics also play a role.

00:58:27Your sweat glands could be more active than your neighbor's, and you could be more likely

00:58:31to smell.

00:58:33Your colleague Jill overhears the talk and adds it's also about what you're wearing.

00:58:38Cotton lets your skin breathe better than polyester.

00:58:41It also lets enough moisture escape so that you don't smell bad.

00:58:45Jill also reveals her secret.

00:58:48She's been taking water-only showers for a month.

00:58:50She always wears a long-sleeve shirt and jeans to the office, and she's perfectly fine.

00:58:56Her skin doesn't really get that dirty.

00:58:58She also confesses she has smelly feet, soap or no soap.

00:59:03As long as she's wearing shoes like most people do in the office, no one ever notices

00:59:08that.

00:59:09It's been 7 days since you last washed your hair with lukewarm water.

00:59:13It feels a bit greasy, but you can tell it's getting stronger at the roots.

00:59:17Because you don't wash it with shampoo anymore, all the natural oils stay on your scalp.

00:59:23You are retraining it to produce just enough of them so that your hair doesn't get greasy

00:59:28quickly like it used to.

00:59:30You repeat the hair ritual with massaging, preening, brushing, and washing.

00:59:35You go on with the experiment, and by the beginning of week 3, you realize you can perfectly

00:59:41live without soap and shampoo in your bathroom.

00:59:44You go to work, meet up with your friends, and no one notices any difference.

00:59:49You learn to accept your natural smell isn't roses, but it's not dirty socks either.

00:59:54You also realize soap doesn't deodorize, but puts on a thin top layer of fragrance.

01:00:00It makes you smell fresh and clean short-term.

01:00:02But then it restarts the problem it just solved.

01:00:06Your hair feels good like never before.

01:00:09It's perfectly hydrated, soft, silky, and even bouncy.

01:00:13It smells fresh and looks clean, so no one could tell you aren't using shampoo anymore.

01:00:19It now starts to look oily 7-10 days after washing.

01:00:23It also dries faster and is easier to handle.

01:00:26You save some money that used to go on shampoo, soap, shower gels, and body wash.

01:00:32Most importantly, you now have more time in the morning and before bed.

01:00:37You can see your skin is healthier than ever, and you decide to give it a soap vacation

01:00:42every once in a while.

01:00:44If you stay in this mode forever, you might have trouble with the remaining 20% of bacteria

01:00:49that can't be removed by just water.

01:00:52Water game is especially strong in the warm and humid areas of your body.

01:00:56At those times you want to use more than water, you can try one of the soap alternatives.

01:01:01You can make your own natural scrub from the ingredients you have in your kitchen.

01:01:05Oatmeal, honey, and plain yogurt mix well, same as avocado oil, honey, and sugar.

01:01:11You just can't scrub your face with it because the skin is more delicate there.

01:01:16You can also try oil-based cleansers that trap dirt and old skin cells.

01:01:21They don't disrupt the oil balance when you put them on before taking a shower.

01:01:25Cinnamon and cloves are both famous for their antibacterial properties, so their oils are

01:01:30perfect for this.

01:01:32Honey is great for keeping your body healthy and preventing the growth of bacteria.

01:01:37You can use it as a one-ingredient natural cleanser.

01:01:40Apple cider vinegar makes a great natural toner to cleanse skin.

01:01:45If you want to use soap, choose the natural options.

01:01:48Check if it has glycerin in it.

01:01:50It's a plant-based cleanser that keeps all useful moisture in your skin's natural protective

01:01:55barrier.

01:01:56Shea butter and coconut butter are used in hypoallergenic soaps.

01:02:00Lemon, rose, lavender, and cedarwood oils are often added to healthy scented soaps.

01:02:07Coconut and almond oil are also great moisturizers.

01:02:10All of it's a great way to have some skin in the game.

01:02:15The ocean is turning red hot!

01:02:17You try to get closer for a better look, but you start feeling the air getting hotter

01:02:21and hotter, like reaching into an oven.

01:02:24And the sand is so hot that your rubber slippers start melting!

01:02:28The oceans somehow turned into steamy hot gooey lava!

01:02:33You start running inland and see a frenzy of people running wild.

01:02:37See, in reality, lava is made of molten rocks from below the Earth's surface.

01:02:44But inside our planet, like the distance between New York and Philadelphia deep, the

01:02:48underground heat from the core melts rocks the same way the sun melts ice cream.

01:02:54When these rocks melt, their temperatures can reach around 2200 degrees Fahrenheit.

01:03:00But don't worry, that only happens really deep under the ground and only in some specific

01:03:05areas, mostly around the Atlantic Ocean.

01:03:09And it only pops out of the ground when there's so much pressure that it flows up to the surface,

01:03:14as a gooey orange super hot liquid called lava that usually erupts through a volcano's neck.

01:03:21But somehow, the entire ocean is made of lava now!

01:03:25And although from a really far away distance, it looks pretty cool to look at, it's really dangerous.

01:03:32First of all, say goodbye to the beautiful blue waves and the ocean currents.

01:03:37Unlike water, lava is thicker, closer to creamy peanut butter in texture, so the wind can't

01:03:43move it around like it used to.

01:03:45But that also means that nothing can sink or swim in it.

01:03:50So even if some ocean creatures could withstand the super high temperatures of lava, they

01:03:55won't be able to live inside of it.

01:03:57They'll either be submerged or float on the surface instead, depending on their density.

01:04:03So all our marine friends and other creatures that used to call the ocean home will need

01:04:08to find another body of water to live in if they want to survive.

01:04:12Actually, the only animals on this planet that could possibly survive the heat of lava

01:04:17would be the tardigrades.

01:04:19These cute microscopic creatures can survive in any extreme environment on this planet.

01:04:25From frozen icy glaciers to hot and fiery volcanoes, they can even survive in outer

01:04:30space under the cosmic rays.

01:04:34You run away from the beach along with everyone else nearby.

01:04:37The atmosphere is getting thicker and it's not easy to see around you.

01:04:42You think to yourself, I should have stayed home.

01:04:45But home isn't exactly safe either.

01:04:48The heat radiating from all the lava alone would be intolerable for miles.

01:04:53So no more houses by the sea and beach resorts.

01:04:57You're going to want to make sure you live as far away from the ocean as possible.

01:05:03Most of the coastal cities would become instantly uninhabitable, especially areas touching the

01:05:08ocean with more than one side.

01:05:11Cities like Florida, California, and Central America would become mostly unbearable to

01:05:16live in.

01:05:17And that's not to mention island life.

01:05:20Most islands would be so hot that no animal or plant could survive.

01:05:2597% of the planet was made up of ocean water, and it now all turned to lava.

01:05:32No place on Earth can hold snow anymore as the planet would look like a glowing orange

01:05:36lava ball.

01:05:38Temperatures would rise so much that the furthest place from the shores and even the highest

01:05:42peaks will still feel like the hottest day in a desert.

01:05:46As you keep running away from the ocean, you realize that maybe you're dreaming.

01:05:51But you look at your skin and see so much redness.

01:05:54Even if you run for miles, the heat will still catch up to you.

01:05:59All the offshore oil rigs and ships in the middle of the oceans will face plenty of problems

01:06:04too.

01:06:05Their metallic composition would simply glow red and melt instantly when in contact with

01:06:11hot lava.

01:06:12And even if it doesn't melt, you better hope nobody happens to be on it.

01:06:16But in any event like that, they would have evacuated everyone.

01:06:21Meanwhile, at the North and South Poles, where the planet is at its coldest, all the ice

01:06:27that was covering the ocean is instantly melting in contact with the lava.

01:06:32It would then cool down and solidify into rocky black landmasses, called igneous rocks,

01:06:38that are often glassy in texture.

01:06:40The moment the hot lava cools down, huge clouds of acidic steam and gases get released into

01:06:47the air, covering the sky.

01:06:50Scientists call those lays, which is a combination of the words lava and haze.

01:06:56Kinda like when you exit the shower and all the heat comes in contact with the cold outside

01:07:01air, creating a haze.

01:07:03Except this one would cover the whole North and South Poles, and it would be super toxic.

01:07:08It sometimes even contains tiny glass particles that are extremely hazardous.

01:07:14And this lays can travel around the world with strong enough wind and cover almost the

01:07:19entire Northern Hemisphere.

01:07:21It could also cover the southern part of New Zealand, Argentina, South Africa, and Australia.

01:07:28Flying an airplane through this gas wouldn't be the best idea.

01:07:32The heat alone emitted from the lava would be enough to cause major damage to the exterior

01:07:38and affect the airplane's hardware.

01:07:41It's a good thing you found your trusty oxygen container.

01:07:44The air is barely breathable at this point.

01:07:47You make your way to your car and drive away as fast as you can.

01:07:51But even your car's taken some damage.

01:07:54You drive out to the countryside, where the atmosphere hasn't been affected by the lava

01:07:58yet.

01:07:59But even all the way out here, the temperature is changing.

01:08:03The river you used to see on your weekly hikes is drying up.

01:08:07The plants around you are losing their green lush.

01:08:11The animals around have migrated to a different place.

01:08:15Rivers flowing into the ocean would simply create mounds of glassy igneous rocks upon

01:08:19contact, permanently creating natural dams.

01:08:24The rest of the water inland, like in ponds and lakes, would eventually evaporate over

01:08:29time.

01:08:30With the rise in temperatures and no rainfall, it would be the end of water on the planet

01:08:35as we know it.

01:08:36The huge mass of ocean water plays a major role in creating clouds and rainfall.

01:08:42Without water in the atmosphere, the sun's heat would add to the lavas.

01:08:47The world would be a huge, barren wasteland.

01:08:50The nights would be hot, and the days even hotter.

01:08:57Hop on the Bright Side of life together with our brand new tees, hoodies, and more.

01:09:01Click the link to pick your choice.

01:09:03Still, lava cools down eventually in contact with the cool air.

01:09:07So soon enough, the surface would start forming a thin layer of black crust that would gradually

01:09:13thicken over the years.

01:09:15The thicker the lava, the longer it takes to completely cool down on the inside.

01:09:20It would still be super hot though, but at least if you touch it, you won't be directly

01:09:24touching the burning lava.

01:09:27That's actually how many islands were formed, like the Hawaiian Islands for example.

01:09:32They're fully formed by lava erupting from below the ocean that dried over hundreds of

01:09:37thousands of years.

01:09:39Heat accumulated layers over layers of solidified lava from below the ocean until it rose above

01:09:45the surface forming islands and even mountains.

01:09:49As we speak, a new landmass in Hawaii is being formed by an active volcano.

01:09:56Scientists expect it to be a new fully formed island in about 10,000 years.

01:10:02So now, the view that used to be the blue ocean turned into steamy glowing orange slime

01:10:08that will in turn quickly transform into a solid black wasteland.

01:10:13But don't think you can easily walk over that ocean.

01:10:16It could take hundreds of years for it to fully cool down and turn into solid rock.

01:10:21Until then, walking on that dried lava crust would be similar to walking on a frozen lake,

01:10:27except that in this case, one misstep would cause you to fall into boiling hot lava instead

01:10:33of ice cold water.

01:10:35Some regions would even take thousands of years to fully solidify.

01:10:39The Mariana Trench, the deepest region of the ocean, is about a whopping 43,000 feet

01:10:45deep.

01:10:46It would actually take at least 5,000 years for that much lava to completely cool down.

01:10:51There are many planets out there that are so-called lava planets.

01:10:55A recently discovered planet, K2-141b, has magma oceans, supersonic winds up to 3,000

01:11:03mph, and even rocky rains.

01:11:07That's right, the planet is so hot that it vaporizes rocks and rains them back down.

01:11:13Keep in mind that this planet is much closer to the sun than our planet is.

01:11:19Maybe their oceans once turned into lava overnight.

01:11:26Behold the distant future.

01:11:28Yep, humans have successfully colonized Mars and the Moon.

01:11:32Problems with overpopulation and hunger on Earth are solved.

01:11:36But soon, a new threat looms over our planet, excuse me, planets, and the Moon.

01:11:42Anyway, scientists have figured out that in 150 years, the sun will explode and destroy

01:11:48our entire solar system.

01:11:50Bummer.

01:11:51There's enough time to build a fleet of huge spaceships and evacuate everyone.

01:11:56But it's not enough time to come up with some sort of sci-fi space jump.

01:12:01It's been a long time since people found a new potentially livable planet, and the

01:12:06nearest one's a several million years' ride away.

01:12:10There's no other choice, humankind is evacuated into gargantuan spaceships, and the infinitely

01:12:16long voyage begins.

01:12:18A few decades pass, we leave the solar system and watch our sun explode.

01:12:23A huge flash and that's it, there's no more light.

01:12:27Stars, small faraway stars, and the infinite black depths of space.

01:12:33All ships are on a synced autopilot that won't go off course no matter what.

01:12:38Even if everyone on board were to disappear, the ship would still arrive at its destination.

01:12:44So the upside, humans will survive for millions more years.

01:12:48The downside?

01:12:49Because of all that time spent on space transports, we'll look different, totally different.

01:12:55Astronauts arriving to the new planet will be populated with shapeless, pulsating biomasses

01:13:01sitting inside metal exoskeletons.

01:13:04Here's how it happens.

01:13:06Bones in space get weaker, so do muscles.

01:13:09There's no gravity, so your body's not under any sort of pressure to keep it running properly.

01:13:15Astronauts on the International Space Station do a lot of exercise to stop their muscles

01:13:19from withering away.

01:13:21Back to the story.

01:13:23There are gyms and special machines that recreate gravity on every space transport.

01:13:28But to save energy, they're only plugged in in a couple of hours per day.

01:13:32Unfortunately, no matter how hard people exercise, in space it just won't be enough.

01:13:39After the first hundred years, human bones have become so brittle that anything remotely

01:13:44physical can lead to injury.

01:13:46After another hundred years, people lose the ability to stand up on their two legs.

01:13:51But it's not only because of weak bones.

01:13:54After all those years in zero gravity, the human body's already changed a lot.

01:13:59A big problem is that people lose their sense of balance.

01:14:03If you try to stand up, you'll just fall.

01:14:06The ship's captains dismantled the gravity machines – they weren't working anyways.

01:14:11And all the sports equipment on board got taken apart ages ago and used as spare parts

01:14:16for the ships.

01:14:18The lack of gravity didn't just make people weaker – it also made them taller.

01:14:23The spine needs gravity to keep it stable, and now all those backbone discs have stretched

01:14:29themselves out.

01:14:31Humans are starting to look like blow-up toys.

01:14:33Everyone's given mechanical arms and legs.

01:14:36You just strap them on and get to work.

01:14:40Surfacing the engine, cleaning out the bedrooms, throwing trash out into space, lifting anything

01:14:46Not happening without those mechanical arms and legs.

01:14:50Time passes, and people become more helpless.

01:14:53Luckily, the mechanical body suits keep getting better and better.

01:14:57Since the sun collapsed in on itself, human eyes have been having a hard time.

01:15:03Inside the ships, the sun is replaced by special artificial light that also gives off vitamin

01:15:08D. Since there's way less light overall, people's pupils become whiter.

01:15:14Then after a few more centuries, their vision really starts going downhill.

01:15:18But this problem is solved by technology.

01:15:22Artificial lenses magnify light and keep humans from going completely blind.

01:15:27The ships get disinfected every single day.

01:15:30That stops bacteria and microbes from multiplying.

01:15:33But it also means that the human immune system doesn't have to fight off any diseases.

01:15:38Pretty soon, humans can't defend themselves against anything.

01:15:42And a mild cold could be seriously harmful.

01:15:45It's fine for now, there are no germs or anything on board.

01:15:49But what's going to happen later on down the road?

01:15:52On the ship, millions of plants grow in special greenhouses with water and ultraviolet light.

01:15:58The plants produce oxygen and spread it through the entire ship.

01:16:02Of course, it's not enough oxygen to satisfy millions, but it helps people remember the

01:16:07planet they left behind.

01:16:09After centuries of living on spaceships, humans have adapted to the new conditions and almost

01:16:14stopped breathing.

01:16:16Lungs have disappeared almost completely, and humans are starting to develop other ways

01:16:21of getting oxygen.

01:16:22From water, from liquid oxygen tanks, we're becoming a totally new species.

01:16:28But it's not all bad.

01:16:30Genetic engineering is developing every year.

01:16:33Full-fledged life support suits are created.

01:16:36They help with movement, strength, speed, vision, hearing, even speech.

01:16:41People's voices get so weak they can only speak in whispers.

01:16:45Luckily, the suits have built-in microphones and speakers.

01:16:49There's no food anymore, just specially created liquids.

01:16:52After all that time in space, the human stomach can't digest anything anyway.

01:16:57Fancy a handful of peanuts or a small cracker?

01:17:00Forget it!

01:17:01In the beginning, the special space food had loads of flavor.

01:17:05But over time, people sort of forgot what things were supposed to taste like.

01:17:10Eventually, they stopped adding in flavorings, and because of this new tasteless food, tongue

01:17:15receptors stopped working.

01:17:17Soon, people lost all sense of taste.

01:17:20For some people, this life seems unbearable, but they have a choice.

01:17:24They can just slide on into a cryogenic capsule for millions of years.

01:17:30Then it's just a matter of a quick defrost when the ships finally arrive.

01:17:34But it's seriously risky to be frozen for such a long time.

01:17:38There's no guarantee that the ships won't crash into a huge meteorite or worse.

01:17:45People start to take a different approach.

01:17:47They upload their consciousness to a central computer.

01:17:50It's safer and requires much less power.

01:17:53And when you wake up, you can just download your mind into a new modified human suit.

01:17:59Some people decide to stay awake and live a, quote, normal life.

01:18:04Thousands of years pass, then millions.

01:18:07Humans look really different now.

01:18:09All their limbs are now artificial, and the exoskeletons they wear are controlled by mind

01:18:14power.

01:18:15With each passing millennium, arms, neck, legs, and spines, they become smaller and

01:18:20smaller.

01:18:22Brittle bones soon dissolve into nothingness.

01:18:24Eyes, nose, and mouths disappear.

01:18:28The brain isn't protected by a skull anymore, it's just surrounded by soft skin.

01:18:33Only consciousness remains.

01:18:35Nowadays, a human is a powerful high-tech robot ruled over by a small, pulsating bag

01:18:42filled with a brain.

01:18:43It's been a few million years since humans left Earth.

01:18:47All the ships' inhabitants have already forgotten that their species was born on a

01:18:51planet with gravity.

01:18:53The history of life on Earth has become a myth, an ancient legend.

01:18:58Most people believe that these ships are their true homes, always have been.

01:19:02That's why, when humans finally reach their destination, no one's that eager to get

01:19:07off and have a walk around.

01:19:10Life on a new, unknown planet seems like a huge pain in the spacesuit.

01:19:14Gravity, air, bacteria, germs… it takes several thousand years of evolution for humanity

01:19:21to get used to these new conditions.

01:19:24Luckily, humans have a secret weapon – technology.

01:19:28At this point, all humans are downloaded from the central computer into new robot suits.

01:19:34People face a choice – get off the ship and make this planet their new home, or stay

01:19:39and live on the ships.

01:19:41Those that stay on the ships set off into the expanses of space to explore the galaxy

01:19:46and discover new worlds.

01:19:48Those who decide to stay on the new planet have to adapt to the new conditions.

01:19:52It's pretty different from Earth.

01:19:54There's a different air density, different weather patterns, and strange new chemical

01:19:59elements.

01:20:00It will take another million years before these robo-brain sacks take on a new shape.

01:20:06One day, these distant human descendants will want to research their origins.

01:20:10They'll invent a ship that can jump through space and time.

01:20:14The research will lead them to the distant past, to the small planet Earth, to now.

01:20:20This might sound crazy, but just imagine that tomorrow, someone lands in your backyard,

01:20:26and they're your descendants from the future.

01:20:29Those passengers who stayed on the ships will probably find new planets, and maybe decide

01:20:35to stay on some of them.

01:20:36Their bodies will change and adapt too.

01:20:39So in billions of years, the universe will be inhabited by different amazing creatures

01:20:45that all have something in common.

01:20:47They were all humans once.

01:20:50Ah, it's a lovely day for a boat ride in the swamp.

01:20:57If not for these mosquitos, then today would be perfect.

01:21:00But for some reason, the mosquitos keep getting bigger the further you go into the swamp.

01:21:05They started out as tiny, almost invisible insects, and can now be the size of your thumb.

01:21:11You can hear their buzzing as they whiz past you.

01:21:14You go deeper to investigate why they're so big.

01:21:17Eventually, you see a large cluster of mosquitos the size of your hand buzzing around.

01:21:23They notice you and start flying toward you.

01:21:26You grab a branch and start swatting them away.

01:21:29You run back to your boat and try to escape, but they follow you, and some manage to land

01:21:34on you.

01:21:35You swat them away, but more mosquitos pop out of nowhere the size of a basketball.

01:21:41You start your boat and speed your way back to the mainland.

01:21:44As you arrive, you see everyone running away in a frenzy, panicking because of the giant

01:21:49mosquitos.

01:21:51Some of them are as big as a large dog.

01:21:54People are ducking under picnic tables, while some are running back to their cars and driving

01:21:58away.

01:21:59You get off the boat and run toward the closest grocery store, along with dozens of people.

01:22:04The employees lock up the gates, but the large glass panels show the mosquitos multiplying.

01:22:09They're getting bigger and bigger until you can see one as big as a car zipping by.

01:22:15It's so strong that it landed on an empty car and crushed it.

01:22:19Everyone inside is ducking away out of fear.

01:22:22You try to calm everyone down and not make any noise.

01:22:25The mosquitos are landing on the glass panel, blocking out the natural light.

01:22:30It's getting dark inside.

01:22:32Everyone turns up the volume on the TV to the breaking news.

01:22:36Mosquitos are flying rampant all across the continent, destroying natural resources and

01:22:41infiltrating cities.

01:22:43People are advised to stay indoors until further notice.

01:22:46The mosquitos notice that there are people in the store, so they try to get in by force.

01:22:51A car-sized mosquito flies around in the sky, unaware of what's happening below.

01:22:57Everyone hears some noise coming from the back room.

01:22:59The employees realize they didn't lock the doors.

01:23:03A large mosquito enters and knocks down everything.

01:23:07Everyone runs around in a panic while throwing random stuff at it.

01:23:11Some people grab a fire extinguisher and spray it until it flies to the back room.

01:23:16Some employees lock the door and barricade it so that nothing can enter.

01:23:20Everyone waits nervously.

01:23:22The TV broadcasts some live coverage of how giant mosquitos are flying everywhere.

01:23:27A helicopter is forced to land because the mosquitos are flying around wildly in the

01:23:31skies.

01:23:32Everyone shudders when they hear the sound of more mosquitos buzzing around near the

01:23:37back door.

01:23:38Hours pass, and more mosquitos keep coming endlessly.

01:23:43There are no people outside, and much of the urban and landscape design in the park is

01:23:47destroyed or overrun by giant insects.

01:23:51Some people eat whatever is available, while some are sleeping.

01:23:54A piece of breaking news interrupts the live coverage and shows that there will be armored

01:23:58buses ready to pick up people near the picnic site.

01:24:02However, the buses won't drive to hot spots since it'll be too dangerous.

01:24:07The only way to get on them is by being on the highway in two hours.

01:24:11Everyone tries to call their loved ones, but the cell towers have been knocked down, and

01:24:15no one can call anyone.

01:24:17The mosquito that broke in a while ago destroyed the only landline that was present.

01:24:22People are arguing about whether they should stay or go.

01:24:25More insects cover the only clear patches of the sky until the sun disappears.

01:24:31The people split into two parties, those who are leaving to catch the bus and those who

01:24:35want to stay.

01:24:37The employees know a back way that can quickly lead to the highway.

01:24:41The only problem is that it'll take around 20 minutes on foot, and there are no cars

01:24:45to use.

01:24:46The way is tricky.

01:24:47First, they would need to escape through the main entrance and head through the bushy forest

01:24:52behind the dumpsters.

01:24:54Over there, they can enter a building, possibly through the sewers, which will lead to the

01:24:58lake next to the highway.

01:25:00The first party decides to leave.

01:25:02They prepare supplies for the breakout.

01:25:05Every second, more mosquitoes arrive, covering the sky.

01:25:09They gear up with anything they can find to protect themselves.

01:25:13Mosquitoes are attracted to the carbon dioxide that people breathe out, and they know that

01:25:17there's a source coming from the grocery store.

01:25:20Once everyone is ready, they get some makeshift torches and light them up.

01:25:24They add some barbecue fuel to keep the fire going.

01:25:27You're part of the party that is planning to escape.

01:25:30The doors open, and everyone makes a break for it behind the dumpster.

01:25:34Many mosquitoes try to attack you, but the smoke from the fire repels them.

01:25:39Every second, more mosquitoes are filling the sky and the environment.

01:25:43Many people end up running back into the store, since they couldn't make it past the dumpster

01:25:47to the other building.

01:25:48Eventually, the rest of the people, including yourself, run toward the building.

01:25:53But it's locked, and no one can break down the door.

01:25:56Plan B is to break the glass from a window and crawl inside.

01:26:00You grab a rock and smash the closest window.

01:26:03The only problem is that the mosquitoes can follow you inside.

01:26:07So without any options left, you pull through and run to the basement of the building to

01:26:12find the entrance to the sewer.

01:26:14Success!

01:26:15You've found it, and everyone descends to the bottom.

01:26:18No mosquitoes in sight, just rats.

01:26:21You're walking knee-high in sewer water, with it flowing past you, but it's only a few minutes

01:26:26until you reach the river.

01:26:28Another problem is that the sewer isn't going to the lake, but somewhere deep into the sewer

01:26:33channels.

01:26:34You follow it until you see what looks like an outlet.

01:26:37You make it out, and are near a waterhole where all the discarded sewage leads next

01:26:42to the swamp.

01:26:43The only problem is that you're not next to the highway anymore, and time is running out.

01:26:48More mosquitoes are swarming the air, but they don't bother buzzing next to you.

01:26:52You notice some cat-sized creatures floating on the water.

01:26:56These are baby mosquitoes, or the larvae, and they're coming your way!

01:27:02You and everyone else swim for your lives to the shore.

01:27:05The giant alpha mosquito soars into the air and swoops down to try and grab someone, but

01:27:11it misses.

01:27:13Everyone makes it to the thick, swampy area where no giant mosquitoes can enter.

01:27:17Everyone covers themselves with branches to protect themselves.

01:27:20Fifteen minutes until the armored bus arrives.

01:27:23Since the mosquitoes can't enter, this will be the best place to hide until then.

01:27:27Darkness falls, and still, no bus!

01:27:30It's been three hours, and nothing!

01:27:33The mosquitoes are still buzzing around, and everyone is getting uncomfortable under the

01:27:37thick bushes.

01:27:38After a while, everyone hears a roaring engine and sees lights flashing on the highway!

01:27:44Everyone gets up and runs to the bus, but you stop them to not draw the mosquitoes'

01:27:49attention.

01:27:50You volunteer to sneak out and stop the bus, and then everyone else can follow without

01:27:54drawing too much attention.

01:27:56You move a couple of branches, step over some tree bark, and crawl to the highway.

01:28:01You try to hold your breath so that you won't make any heavy breathing sounds.

01:28:05You reach the side of the road and wave your arms to stop the bus.

01:28:09It pulls over, and the door opens.

01:28:10You signal the rest of the people to follow, and they follow your lead.

01:28:15Everyone is inside and safe.

01:28:17Some mosquitoes notice and start pecking on the bus, but the armor is sturdy.

01:28:22The bus drives off, looking for other people along the road, and suddenly, a Goliath lands

01:28:28in front of you!

01:28:29The bus stops and sees a mosquito the size of a Boeing 747!

01:28:34It looks straight at you.

01:28:35It gets ready to attack, but the bus speeds under its legs and drives off.

01:28:40The mosquito takes off and tries to catch the bus, but you enter a tunnel to the other

01:28:45side of the mountain.

01:28:47After a few minutes, you reach an open area with no trees or buildings.

01:28:51The bus is speeding while dodging obstacles along the way.

01:28:54Finally, you notice you are near the grocery store where you were held up.

01:28:59The bus opens the door for everyone inside to be taken to a safe zone.

01:29:03You hear from the aid workers that the whole world is being overrun by these giant creatures.

01:29:09As you drive along, you see a hybrid mosquito that has two heads and a scorpion's tail!

01:29:15It's as tall as a Statue of Liberty, and it's ready to attack!

01:29:19Whatever is causing these mosquitoes to grow abnormally is also making them into hybrids

01:29:24and mutants.

01:29:25And you thought it was going to be a good Monday.

01:29:30Day 1.

01:29:31A small but powerful tremor is shaking the city of Naples, Italy.

01:29:36The news networks are reporting on the event.

01:29:38The experts believe that Mount Vesuvius, the stratovolcano on the Gulf of Naples, will

01:29:43explode soon.

01:29:45But when?

01:29:46It's erupted many times in the past.

01:29:48In fact, that's how it got its shape.

01:29:50It's made of multiple layers of hardened lava, pumice, and ash.

01:29:55Vesuvius last erupted in 1944, but a major blast happened there nearly 2,000 years ago.

01:30:02It buried the Roman towns of Pompeii and Herculaneum and decimated the surrounding areas.

01:30:08Today, 3 million people live less than 20 miles from the volcano, and 600,000 live in

01:30:14the danger zone.

01:30:16Large eruptions happen every few thousand years, usually after long periods of calm.

01:30:21And the trouble is, Vesuvius is long overdue for its next one.

01:30:26This time, though, the volcano is being watched by the Vesuvius Observatory.

01:30:30It has seismic stations, special GPS arrays, and satellite-based radar to help it measure

01:30:36ground movement.

01:30:37They also have special equipment to test the chemicals found in the gases coming from the

01:30:41volcano.

01:30:43All of this helps the experts work out whether it's about to go off.

01:30:47But will it?

01:30:48Right now, the magma is more than 6 miles from the surface.

01:30:52Things seemed safe yesterday, but now they're about to take a turn for the worse.

01:30:58Day 3.

01:30:59Another tremor comes in measuring 3 on the Richter scale.

01:31:03All the equipment that's installed near the volcano is now going off.

01:31:07The magma is pushing upwards.

01:31:08It's not at the surface yet, but Vesuvius is definitely restless.

01:31:14Two more tremors follow in the afternoon.

01:31:16They don't feel like regular earthquakes, and geologists can see the difference in their

01:31:21seismographs.

01:31:22Volcanic quakes register about 4 to 5 less on the Richter scale.

01:31:26Now, the experts are sure, it's just a matter of days or weeks until the volcano erupts.

01:31:33Some volcanoes can be restless for months or even years before they go off.

01:31:37But that's not how it goes with Vesuvius.

01:31:41Day 4.

01:31:42The ground starts to crack open, as if a giant creature is trapped in the Earth's crust

01:31:47and is trying to desperately get out for some air.

01:31:50Steam escapes from the little cracks in the soil.

01:31:53Certain areas are hotter than others.

01:31:55If you went there, it would feel like you walked straight into an oven, and it would

01:31:59be hard to breathe.

01:32:00Some sheep got too close to the mountain and passed out.

01:32:04When the farmer found them, he almost collapsed too, not from the heat, but from the gases.

01:32:09Carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide are being released into the air.

01:32:13The entire area around the volcano smells like rotten eggs, and many of the forest animals

01:32:19are now staying clear.

01:32:21The nearby trees have been absorbing these gases from the soil for days on end now, and

01:32:26they're starting to turn brown.

01:32:28The carbon dioxide levels in the area are skyrocketing, and all the detectors are beeping

01:32:33constantly.

01:32:35Day 6.

01:32:37The tremors are getting more frequent.

01:32:39Experts at the Vesuvius Observatory monitoring the volcano say the quakes are coming from

01:32:44the magma that's being pushed upwards.

01:32:46A few hours later, the national emergency alert goes out.

01:32:50Thousands of local people have around 15 days before the volcano erupts, and they need to

01:32:55evacuate their homes.

01:32:57The 600,000 people in the danger zone start to pack their suitcases and leave in cars

01:33:02and trucks.

01:33:03There's chaos everywhere.

01:33:05But in all that disorder, some people are standing still.

01:33:08They look around, trying to understand what's really going on.

01:33:12A few of them are taking photos of their homes.

01:33:15Others are streaming all the confusion on social media.

01:33:18But the senior citizens are just standing outside, looking at their houses one last

01:33:23time.

01:33:24They hope this is all just a false alarm.

01:33:27It's happened before, but who really knows?

01:33:30Day 7.

01:33:33It was a sleepless night.

01:33:35Plenty of the locals have already left.

01:33:37Some good people from other towns drive to the area to help the residents evacuate faster.

01:33:42There's a massive traffic jam, but everyone expected it.

01:33:46This is why the evacuation started early.

01:33:48Ferries, trains, and buses have canceled their services to help the evacuees.

01:33:53They're all working on a tight schedule to make sure everyone gets out safe without

01:33:58any delays.

01:33:59Some people refuse to leave, but their neighbors eventually convince them to go.

01:34:03It will take 7 days to evacuate everyone, and these people will spread out to other

01:34:08areas of the country, not just to the nearby safe regions.

01:34:13Day 10.

01:34:14More than half of the residents have now left the Red Zone.

01:34:18After the chaos, there's now silence, and it's interrupted by the eerie sounds of

01:34:22the tremors.

01:34:24Animals are being evacuated too.

01:34:26Many people are now trying to save as many animals from the forest as they can find.

01:34:32Day 16.

01:34:34All 25 of the towns that were at risk have now been evacuated.

01:34:38The Red Zone is empty.

01:34:40But the tremors are getting stronger, as the volcano is a pressure cooker ready to explode.

01:34:46White smoke rises from the large opening on the mountaintop and the vents on the side.

01:34:52The molten rock moves toward the surface, and the pressurized gases form bubbles, just

01:34:58like the ones you see when you boil food.

01:35:00Suddenly, there are some loud booms, and then an explosion.

01:35:05It's loud enough to be heard thousands of miles away, and the shockwave is felt throughout

01:35:09Italy.

01:35:11Volcanic rock is thrown up into the air.

01:35:13A thick black mushroom cloud forms and expands into the sky.

01:35:17The birds abandon their nests and fly away in huge flocks.

01:35:21The red-hot lava is now spewing out of the volcano like a fountain.

01:35:26As it flows downward, it obliterates everything in its path.

01:35:30Then there's a volcanic landslide.

01:35:32Part of the cone-shaped mountain falls off, and millions of tons of soil and rock break

01:35:37loose from the volcano's side and tumble down.

01:35:41The lava spreads on the slopes, and it slowly slides down into the forest and the farmlands.

01:35:47The plume of ash, pumice, and other kinds of rock has risen so high into the sky that

01:35:52people can see it from Rome.

01:35:54Then the tower of debris starts falling back to Earth.

01:35:57First comes the ash, then chunks of rock.

01:36:00The ash in the atmosphere is so dense that it's hard to breathe.

01:36:04The lava slowly spreads across the area and pulls down all the trees.

01:36:09All the nearby towns are shrouded in darkness and smoke.

01:36:13Buildings collapse, and all around there's a mixture of heated, poisonous gas and rock

01:36:17moving faster than a car.

01:36:20Other rocks and more volcanic ash fall miles away from the volcano, hitting cars and destroying

01:36:25roofs.

01:36:27The sky is completely black as the lava keeps on coming.

01:36:30Slowly, all the nearby towns are submerged beneath the molten rock.

01:36:35Some of the lava even reaches the sea.

01:36:38Gigantic white steam covers the shore where it falls in, and the magma turns black.

01:36:43Now a weird neon-blue fire appears on the slopes of Vesuvius.

01:36:48This is caused by burning sulfuric gases.

01:36:51They're escaping at high pressure from the cracks in the volcano's surface.

01:36:55When they come into contact with the air, they ignite.

01:36:58These blue flames can reach 16 feet into the air.

01:37:02Now, all nearby flights are cancelled, and many planes have to change course to reach

01:37:06their destination.

01:37:08Ever since the national alert, no planes have been allowed to fly over the volcano.

01:37:13The clouds of volcanic ash can damage jet engines and other plane components.

01:37:17The water supply is now contaminated by streams of volcanic ash, and it smells unbelievably

01:37:23bad.

01:37:24In just a short amount of time, all that magma has made entire towns vanish.

01:37:30Only the roofs of taller buildings can be seen.

01:37:33After the big and explosive eruption, there are some smaller and quieter ones.

01:37:38At this stage, nobody knows if the volcano has stopped erupting yet, and absolutely no

01:37:43one can go anywhere near the area.

01:37:4610 years later.

01:37:50Most parts of the Red Zone are now hidden under hardened but still warm lava, including

01:37:55the ancient site of Pompeii.

01:37:57Some people have started to forget about what happened.

01:38:00Others have begun their new lives elsewhere, and some don't even want to think about

01:38:05what happened to their old homes.

01:38:07But several of them are counting the days until they can go back.

01:38:12100 years later.

01:38:13You're walking in what appears to be a wasteland of volcanic ash.

01:38:18You suddenly realize that you're standing on top of your great-grandparents' town.

01:38:24Everything is now submerged under a thick carpet of solidified lava.

01:38:28But below it all, just about everything is still intact, completely frozen in time.

01:38:36Millions of years ago, there were seas and oceans where deserts are today.

01:38:41What if it all comes back?

01:38:43Water instead of sand, where deserts used to be.

01:38:46Life on the planet would change completely.

01:38:49Sand can act like a liquid if a strong enough airflow makes it rise from below.

01:38:53The air reduces friction between sand particles, making more space.

01:38:57The particles begin to move freely, as if they're in a liquid.

01:39:01If a huge vent suddenly opened under the Earth's crust, blowing air from beneath, then perhaps

01:39:06the entire landscape would begin to sink like being in quicksand.

01:39:11Such monuments as the Egyptian pyramids or the Sphinx would sink under the ground.

01:39:17Huge cities built on sand would disappear.

01:39:20The Sahara Desert would resemble one bubbling cauldron.

01:39:23Camel caravans would simply fall down.

01:39:26But don't worry, the animals wouldn't get hurt.

01:39:29Liquid sand is filled with oxygen, so they'd be able to swim in it.

01:39:34But what if sand turned into water instead of just a liquid version of itself?

01:39:39If this happened quickly and unexpectedly, then disasters would occur on all the beaches

01:39:44of the world.

01:39:46Imagine you're sunbathing on an air mattress on a sandy beach of a seaside resort.

01:39:51You're wearing sunglasses, the sea waves are tickling your heels, gulls are squawking overhead,

01:39:56and you have iced tea in your hands.

01:39:57A perfect holiday.

01:39:59But then you feel your mattress moving.

01:40:01A wave hits you.

01:40:03You take off your glasses and find yourself in the middle of the sea.

01:40:07The entire beach has turned into water.

01:40:10It reaches way up to the road where cars drive and houses stand.

01:40:14You help people who were sunbathing nearby to climb on the mattress.

01:40:18You swim to the new shore, head home, turn on the TV, and see this is happening all over

01:40:24the world.

01:40:25Hundreds of thousands of beaches are flooded.

01:40:29Water overflows city streets and houses.

01:40:32People are scared.

01:40:33Some leave their homes.

01:40:34While others take surfboards and ride the waves.

01:40:37And while part of the world is trying to cope with a global flood of sandy shores, a fifth

01:40:42ocean is being formed at the same time.

01:40:46You get on a plane and fly over the largest sandy desert on the planet.

01:40:51The area of the Sahara Desert is 3.5 million square miles.

01:40:56This is almost the area of the entire USA.

01:40:59Billions of tons of sand turned into water in an instant.

01:41:03All this water starts to spill over.

01:41:06Animals living in the sand, such as jerboa, scorpions, cobras, and many others, disappear

01:41:12from the face of the planet.

01:41:14The nearest countries are devastated by the flood.

01:41:17The new ocean connects to the Mediterranean, Red, and Tyrrhenian seas.

01:41:22The water level in the world's oceans is rising so much that most island countries have to

01:41:27evacuate to continents.

01:41:30In coastal cities, people sit in cafes and enjoy life.

01:41:34Some are sunbathing, while others try to escape from the heat and the shade.

01:41:38Suddenly, the wind rises and a shadow appears on the ground.

01:41:43People look at it, puzzled, and it keeps growing.

01:41:46Everyone looks up and sees that a huge tsunami is approaching the shore.

01:41:51Desert countries have it even worse.

01:41:53They're flooded at once and turn into many small divided islands.

01:41:58The huge waves will hit the shores of port towns for a long time.

01:42:03The hottest places on the planet have become wet.

01:42:06Hot sands turned into almost boiling water.

01:42:09It quickly evaporates and forms huge rain clouds.

01:42:13Thanks to high humidity, the air pressure changes and strong winds begin to blow.

01:42:18They drive clouds all over the planet.

01:42:21Long rains begin all over the world, drenching everything.

01:42:26Water mixes with the world's oceans and cools down.

01:42:29The hottest places in the world are getting colder.

01:42:32With temperatures changing, tornadoes and hurricanes form in different parts of the

01:42:36world and ravage the planet.

01:42:39The face of the whole earth is warping.

01:42:42New seas, lakes, and rivers form all over the world.

01:42:45Before, water comprised 70% of the planet's surface.

01:42:50Now it's 90%.

01:42:53Fortunately, cataclysms don't last long.

01:42:57Even though sands cover a lot of land, they're not very thick.

01:43:01The depth of the ocean is hundreds of times deeper than the depth of sand in a desert.

01:43:06In some, the sand is only a few inches thick.

01:43:09Only the largest dunes may reach 150 feet in thickness.

01:43:13The water levels will rise drastically and will probably never return to what they used

01:43:18to be.

01:43:19But at least the weather will calm down sooner or later.

01:43:22Something bad is still going to happen.

01:43:26Every year, 2 billion tons of dust rise into the air.

01:43:30Most of it comes from deserts.

01:43:31Particles of this dust contain useful elements and bacteria.

01:43:35The wind carries them all over the planet.

01:43:37A quarter of this dust comes to rest in seas and oceans.

01:43:41Bacteria and nutrients feed small creatures in the ocean, such as phytoplankton or krill.

01:43:47These creatures, in their turn, are food for small fish and even whales.

01:43:51And the fish are food for predators, as well as for many land animals.

01:43:55So if sands turn into water, the ocean will lose a lot of its nutrients.

01:44:01The good news is that it won't last long either.

01:44:04Nutrients and bacteria will adapt to the new conditions and will be able to evaporate with

01:44:09water, which condenses into rain clouds.

01:44:12The largest variety of the marine world lives in shallow waters not far from the coast.

01:44:17The desert turned into water gives ideal conditions for new life to develop.

01:44:22New species of animals appear that can survive in hot water.

01:44:27Many creatures that lived in hot sands have now adapted to marine life.

01:44:31Camels have learned to swim.

01:44:33And small reptiles can hold their breath underwater for a long time.

01:44:37Thanks to hot weather and shallowness, a huge amount of seaweed grows on the bottom that

01:44:42can withstand high temperatures.

01:44:44The new ocean now resembles a multicolored garden of marine plants.

01:44:50People are also trying to adapt.

01:44:52They build towns on massive wooden structures right on the water and attach them to the

01:44:57bottom with long chains.

01:44:59Fishing has become the main source of food for all humankind.

01:45:03Cars have become obsolete.

01:45:05Everyone wants boats.

01:45:06Famous expensive car brands now design luxury yachts and ships.

01:45:11Also, everyone learns to swim, and every resident of sea cities is an excellent swimmer.

01:45:17All the new water was fresh until it mixed with the sea and gained its saltiness.

01:45:23People have created special filters that turn this water fresh.

01:45:27Global stocks are increasing.

01:45:28There are almost no places left in the world where people don't have enough water.

01:45:33But what if our situation became stranger still, and all the sand on the planet, not

01:45:38only on beaches and in deserts, turned into liquid?

01:45:42All hourglasses in the world would accelerate because the water flows much faster than sand.

01:45:48Sand is also used for all types of construction works.

01:45:51They use it in the production of concrete and to lay a strong foundation.

01:45:55It would be impossible to create bricks and clay without sand.

01:46:00Almost all houses, not counting wooden ones, would simply fall apart.

01:46:06Wooden houses could just rot because of the high humidity levels.

01:46:11Sand is used for glass.

01:46:12Production of mirrors, windows, and light bulbs would be greatly reduced.

01:46:16World reserves of drinking water would decrease as sand is a natural filter for purification.

01:46:22There would be huge traffic jams on the roads because, well, there would be no roads to

01:46:27speak of.

01:46:28Imagine you're driving a car and its wheels turn into jelly.

01:46:32Road vehicles would be severely affected.

01:46:35Planes would also stop flying because sand is used in the construction of the runway.

01:46:40The only means of transportation left would be ships.

01:46:44Sand is present almost everywhere on our planet, so the water would begin to moisten and wash

01:46:48away the soil.

01:46:50The whole world would turn into a vicious marsh, and it would be very difficult to move

01:46:54around.

01:46:55The humidity levels would increase significantly, and thick fogs would appear every day.

01:47:01A huge number of scolopendras, salamanders, frogs, and other creatures that love humidity

01:47:06would take over the planet.

01:47:08Some insects may evolve and increase in size thanks to the new ideal conditions.

01:47:13And people, if they survive at all, might grow scales to better transfer moisture.

01:47:19The Earth would look like a planet from a sci-fi movie.

01:47:23But fortunately, this isn't going to ever happen.

01:47:28You've spent your entire life researching microorganisms.

01:47:32Last few years, you've been creating a device that can shrink you in size.

01:47:37And finally, it's ready.

01:47:39At first, you want to shrink yourself to the size of a thumb so you can probably see some

01:47:44microbes with the unaided eye.

01:47:46And then, after more experimenting, you hope to shrink to the size of a bacterium yourself.

01:47:53To make the journey safe, you put on a special suit, similar to a spacesuit.

01:47:58It's equipped with a life-support system.

01:48:00You direct a beam from the device at yourself.

01:48:04The beam must change your mass and volume.

01:48:06To return to the previous state, you must stand on a round platform the size of a hockey

01:48:11puck.

01:48:12You put it near your feet so you can easily climb on it when you get smaller, press the

01:48:16button and activate the machine.

01:48:19Ooh, something's wrong.

01:48:21The device gives an error and you shrink not to the size of a thumb, but a thousand times

01:48:26smaller to the size of a bacterium.

01:48:29Oops.

01:48:30You become so small that the fleece of the carpet on which you were standing seems to

01:48:35be the size of huge trees.

01:48:37Now, don't panic.

01:48:39You need to find the puck, stand on it, and you'll return to your normal size.

01:48:43It was right next to your feet, just an inch away.

01:48:46Wait, but what's one inch now, when a thousand people your size can fit on the tip of a human

01:48:52hair?

01:48:53You decide to climb the fleece to see where the puck is.

01:48:57You can't see the lab ceiling.

01:48:59The room is out of focus because of its huge size.

01:49:02You're surrounded by thousands of bacteria.

01:49:05They're so different in sizes and colors, but you can identify three main forms.

01:49:12Round bacteria that look like spheres are cocci.

01:49:15They can merge with each other and increase in size.

01:49:19Cylindrical capsule-shaped bacteria, looking like sausages or bananas, these are bacilli.

01:49:25And spirobacteria are called spirilla.

01:49:28At the end of their body, they have a hair-like cilium.

01:49:32Bacteria are essential for our planet.

01:49:34They help to produce oxygen and absorb carbon dioxide.

01:49:37They purify the water and air, digest the food inside our stomachs, and improve our

01:49:42immune system.

01:49:43They're crawling on the ground all over the carpet.

01:49:47You start climbing the fleece.

01:49:49On your way, you meet cocci that look like huge potatoes, spirilla similar to spaghetti.

01:49:56After a few hours, you've finally reached the top of the carpet.

01:49:59For you, it was a long time, but in reality, just a couple of minutes have passed.

01:50:04The smaller you are, the slower the time's going.

01:50:08Do you remember how difficult it is to swat a fly?

01:50:11That's because it sees your movements in slow motion.

01:50:14So looking around, you see an endless forest of fleece.

01:50:19In the distance, you can see the silhouette of a big mountain with a flat top.

01:50:24It seems bigger than Everest to you.

01:50:26Great.

01:50:27Now you need to get there alive.

01:50:30Suddenly, a huge bacterium attacks you from below.

01:50:34It's several bacilli joined together.

01:50:36They look like a bunch of sausages.

01:50:38To escape, you jump down.

01:50:40You weigh so little that falling from any height is safe.

01:50:44You run through the dense forest.

01:50:46You notice that almost all bacteria are going at you.

01:50:50Most of them eat organic material, such as glucose or carbohydrates.

01:50:54And right now, lucky you, you're the biggest source of carbs.

01:50:59Smaller microbes stick to your legs, arms, and face.

01:51:03You shake them off and fall.

01:51:05Several bacilli joined together are approaching, but then a round object with spikes the size

01:51:11of a football crashes into them.

01:51:13You see a lot of these balls and realize they're viruses.

01:51:18Microorganisms that can't live apart from bacteria.

01:51:20To reproduce, they must infect a living being.

01:51:24The viruses have entered the bacterium.

01:51:27Other bacteria that chased you are attacked too.

01:51:30You see a gigantic bacterium that looks like a passenger Boeing without wings.

01:51:35It's a type of kachi.

01:51:37Several big balls attached to each other and about to eat you.

01:51:41You see a small prickly football getting inside its body.

01:51:44The bacterium shivers and freezes.

01:51:47After a moment, a hole appears in it, and hundreds of thousands of viruses fly out.

01:51:52They're everywhere and looking for a new host.

01:51:56Prickly balls fly towards you at high speed.

01:51:59You grab a piece of lint and swing it like a baseball bat.

01:52:02You fight off the viruses one by one.

01:52:05Your bat breaks, and you run away.

01:52:08It seems that you're safe now.

01:52:10You're entering a huge field.

01:52:12There's nothing here but bacteria.

01:52:14You realize this is a small spot on the carpet that you accidentally burned a few months

01:52:19ago.

01:52:20There's a billion microbes here, and they're multiplying at a tremendous rate.

01:52:25One bacterium increases in size and splits into two.

01:52:29After a few minutes, these two bacteria also grow and divide.

01:52:33Now there are four of them.

01:52:35The colony of bacteria grows exponentially.

01:52:38With such rapid reproduction, a single bacterium can create offspring weighing about a ton

01:52:44in 24 hours.

01:52:46After 5 days, the bacteria will be able to fill all the seas and oceans.

01:52:51Fortunately, the speed with which they divide is equal to the speed of their destruction.

01:52:56Dryness, a ray of light, high temperature, humidity – all these phenomenon control

01:53:02the population of microbes.

01:53:04Under ideal conditions, the bacteria could take over the whole world.

01:53:09You make your way through a field of microorganisms.

01:53:12Large bacteria consume small ones.

01:53:14They multiply and are being destroyed.

01:53:17It's a boiling sea of life.

01:53:20You feel your foot is stuck.

01:53:21You stepped on something sticky.

01:53:24Right underneath, a large spherical bacterium crawls out of the ground.

01:53:28It's connected with other bacteria and hasn't gotten a certain form.

01:53:33It looks like formless pulsing biomass.

01:53:36The thing is clinging to your body, wrapping you.

01:53:39It feels like you're being absorbed by warm jelly.

01:53:42The bacterium compresses your chest.

01:53:44It's hard to breathe and move.

01:53:47At this moment, something that looks like a metal screw smashes into the bacterium.

01:53:51A large diamond bursts in next.

01:53:54After that, several thin smooth legs looking like curved needles get inside too.

01:54:00All these details unite and transform into a strange creature inside the microbe.

01:54:05A diamond is attached to one end of the screw, and the needle legs cling down.

01:54:11Several dozen of these break into the jelly's body.

01:54:14They connect together and form an army of robots.

01:54:17All these creatures break out from a small hole in the bacterium and tear the microbe

01:54:22to pieces.

01:54:23You escape and find yourself in chaos.

01:54:26The little robot with a diamond for a head is called a bacteriophage.

01:54:31Despite their appearance, they're created by nature, not artificially.

01:54:35The goal of bacteriophages is to attack and destroy bacteria from within.

01:54:40That's how they reproduce.

01:54:42These creatures are all around us everywhere and control the population of microorganisms.

01:54:48When bacteria multiply inside the human body, they leave waste products of decay.

01:54:54This waste is harmful to the body, so it has to fight.

01:54:58Sometimes doctors use bacteriophages so they help to get rid of bad microbes.

01:55:03They don't attack anything but bacteria.

01:55:06And now you see hundreds of billions of bacteriophages destroying billions of bacteria.

01:55:12The walking diamonds jump on the bacterium, plunging their heads into it and release the

01:55:17genetic code – separate parts that assemble in new bacteriophages.

01:55:22You continue on your way and take a few diamonds with you just in case.

01:55:27The road is long, but after a few weeks, you finally manage to reach the puck.

01:55:32In the normal flow of time, it's been an hour.

01:55:35You're exhausted, and there's still a whipping to the top.

01:55:39The puck is so high that you can't see the top of it.

01:55:43You can't sleep because you might wake up inside some microbe.

01:55:47There are still a lot of bacteriophages around, but you don't want to take any chances.

01:55:53A deafening crash shakes the air.

01:55:55It's like an airplane turbine is running right next to your ear.

01:55:59You're looking up.

01:56:01A creature the size of a city lands on the carpet from the sky.

01:56:05It flaps its wings and makes this noise.

01:56:08The wings create a hurricane.

01:56:10You grab the fleece to keep yourself from being blown away.

01:56:14The creature smells bad.

01:56:16One of its legs resembles a large skyscraper.

01:56:19You realize it's a fly.

01:56:21Here's your chance to get to the puck.

01:56:24Big orange eyes divided into thousands of segments look like two planets.

01:56:29You climb on the tip of the fly's leg.

01:56:32The insect takes off, and you hold on tight.

01:56:35The carpet is moving further and further away.

01:56:38From up here, you can see the top of the puck.

01:56:41It's so wide that you can't see the round edge.

01:56:44You let go of the fly and fall.

01:56:47In the air, you run into millions of bacteria.

01:56:50Finally, you land on the solid puck's surface.

01:56:53The device activates, and you return to your normal size.

01:56:58You are, indeed, one lucky bug.

01:57:02Check this out!

01:57:03There's a giant tornado heading towards you, and it's so fast!

01:57:07These twisters can move at crazy speeds of more than 250 miles per hour.

01:57:12Plus, they can carve a pathway 50 miles long and a mile wide.

01:57:17Sometimes you can see them coming clearly, while in some cases, low-hanging clouds or

01:57:21rain can hide them, so they sneak up on you, and you don't even see them.

01:57:26And in most cases, a tornado can develop so fast that no one can even warn you in time

01:57:31if it's already too close.

01:57:33And now, this insane storm is really close.

01:57:37Maybe you have a couple of minutes to get somewhere safe.

01:57:39Do you have a basement?

01:57:40Go hide!

01:57:41And maybe, I know this is a crazy idea, but what do you think about going inside a tornado

01:57:47to check what it would be like?

01:57:49Some tornadoes appear as rope-like swirls, while others have wide clouds in the shape

01:57:53of a funnel.

01:57:55And here's the second one, right before you.

01:57:57Look at these whirling winds, born in a thunderstorm.

01:58:00They extend down from it to the ground.

01:58:03Many times, hail joins the party, too.

01:58:06The U.S. itself has something like a thousand tornadoes per year.

01:58:10Texas holds the record with about 120 tornadoes per year, a record not to be proud of.

01:58:16But you'll generally see most twisters in Tornado Alley, which is a stretch of land

01:58:21in the Midwestern part of the U.S.

01:58:23They develop when warm, moist air coming from Mexico meets cool, dry air from Canada.

01:58:29These two clash and turn into a powerful storm that at some point can spawn tornadoes.

01:58:34And you'll see most tornadoes there between April and June, though lately, some have come

01:58:39even in December.

01:58:41They can range from a regular dust storm to an incredibly powerful force that can carry

01:58:46away cars, large trees, and even houses.

01:58:49But this is a unique chance, you've never been this close, right?

01:58:53Plus, it's a gigantic one, you don't often get to see such a big one.

01:58:57Okay, ready then?

01:58:59It's getting closer.

01:59:00You feel the wind getting stronger while tossing dirt and debris in your face.

01:59:05You close your eyes and WHOOSH, you're inside, and it's crazy!

01:59:09Vicious winds are hurling and spinning you around.

01:59:12They're lifting you up at the same time, feeling dizzy, feeling like Dorothy from The Wizard

01:59:17of Oz?

01:59:18Now may be a good time to check what's really happening to you, while inside, swirling with

01:59:23winds and… oh wait, is that your neighbor's motorcycle spinning together with you?

01:59:28Hope it'll stay that far away.

01:59:30Now let's take a moment to catch up.

01:59:33Being in the middle of a raging tornado is actually something you might survive.

01:59:37But I won't lie to you, it won't be easy.

01:59:40The first thing you'd sense would likely be the temperature changes.

01:59:44Inside this crazy twister, it can be 36 degrees colder than outside of it.

01:59:50That's because the center of the tornado funnel spins all the time.

01:59:54All that funneling makes the inside of the vortex way colder, and it makes the air way

01:59:58thinner than you used to.

02:00:00The air would be 20% less dense than, for example, what you would find at high altitudes.

02:00:06Now I hope you're not planning to stay there for too long.

02:00:09Disclaimer here, the atmospheric pressure inside this swirling vortex is so low that

02:00:14your lungs won't be able to extract enough oxygen.

02:00:18Now to give you a perspective of all this, breathing inside a tornado is like trying

02:00:23to get some air at an altitude of 26,000 feet.

02:00:26That's a pro level, similar to climbing Everest.

02:00:29So yeah, you'll need some help just to be able to take a regular breath.

02:00:34In short, you'll probably pass out after only a couple of minutes.

02:00:38But don't worry, I brought you this special mask, so breathing is not a problem anymore.

02:00:43Hey, did you notice how smooth the airflow from the inside is?

02:00:48Some storm watchers ended up inside a tornado.

02:00:50Later, they said it all looks so chaotic with all those raging clouds and winds swirling

02:00:55around.

02:00:56But from the inside, the air is surprisingly smooth.

02:01:00But that doesn't mean you'll get a peaceful ride because of it.

02:01:03And it's not a solo party in that thing.

02:01:06The neighbor's motorcycle is not the only thing you'll see there.

02:01:09Wood, bricks, glass, maybe even cars, cows, motorhome, bricks, roofs, and other big objects.

02:01:16You'd be pretty lucky if nothing crashes into you in all that chaos.

02:01:21With all that debris that's swirling at, for instance, 310 miles per hour, you can

02:01:26hardly avoid it.

02:01:27But let's just say a miracle happens and you got through it.

02:01:31Now you're really dizzy, and you're just wondering when all of this is gonna be over and if you're

02:01:36even gonna be able to come out of this gigantic tornado.

02:01:40Well, the tornado will eventually slow down.

02:01:43It happens because cool air enters the twister.

02:01:46Just because things are settling down, it doesn't mean you can relax.

02:01:51Now your stomach hurts, since all that crazy swirling is done, but the tornado will drop

02:01:56you from whatever height you're on when it stops.

02:01:59If you're somewhere in the countryside, there might be some soft bale of hay to break your

02:02:03fall.

02:02:04Oh wait, we're talking about a twister that's probably more than 45,000 feet tall, so that

02:02:10won't work.

02:02:11I hope you brought your parachute, because now would be a good time to pop it.

02:02:15Nope?

02:02:16Hey, don't worry.

02:02:17I'm all about happy endings, so I'll help you out.

02:02:20There you go.

02:02:21And now you're slowing down, enjoying the view, if you even see anything around you

02:02:26from all that dizziness.

02:02:28How come there are clear sunlit skies from your left, you may wonder?

02:02:33It's not unusual.

02:02:34Tornadoes often form near the edge of a thunderstorm.

02:02:37It's like a border between two different worlds.

02:02:40And it wasn't even windy, plus the air was very still before it hit, right?

02:02:44Well, that's common too.

02:02:46Okay, I think you know this kind of scenario is impossible in reality.

02:02:51So it would be best to find a safe spot quickly if a tornado is close by.

02:02:56Use your underground shelter first.

02:02:58And if you don't have one, your basement could be the next best choice.

02:03:02Prepare ahead of time with a battery-operated TV or radio, together with fresh batteries.

02:03:08Or a device with internet to be able to hear the latest updates on the tornado.

02:03:13Get some non-perishable food, water, and other essentials prepared too.

02:03:18As it turns out, some people really were picked up by tornadoes, and they managed to go through

02:03:23it.

02:03:24A tornado actually dropped them a few hundred feet away without a scratch.

02:03:28Hey, I'd say that's a whole lot of bother just to save some bucks on Uber.

02:03:33But you can't have a guarantee you'll be safe or where you'll end up.

02:03:37It would be incredibly hard to get out of one of those big and fierce ones though, like

02:03:42supercells.

02:03:43They fall into the category of the strongest type of storms, mostly thunderstorms.

02:03:49And imagine falling into water spouts.

02:03:51Those could be fine though, at least at the beginning, because they're weak and they form

02:03:55over warm water.

02:03:56So they could be like a part of your spa day, at least until they move inland and turn into

02:04:02a real tornado.

02:04:03Now dust devils wouldn't be that pleasant.

02:04:06They're not that big, but we're talking about columns of air that rotate at large speeds.

02:04:12You can easily see them because of all that dirt and dust they pick up, which is why you

02:04:16need glasses for that.

02:04:18Whoops, wait, I forgot that, so I can't help you this time.

02:04:22But if it makes you feel any better, they're not associated with thunderstorms.

02:04:26Hmm, don't know why that would make anyone feel better when I think about it.

02:04:31But if you're willing to jump into a fire tornado, I'll find you a special suit that

02:04:36will keep you safe while spinning through smoke, gas, and flames.

02:04:39I promise!

02:04:41Storms here are narrow, and they rise vertically into the air, similar to a dust devil.

02:04:46Of course, the heat is crazy.

02:04:48And as updrafts are becoming stronger, and if there's enough dry fuel, a fire whirl

02:04:53is turning into a real fire tornado that extends from the ground up to the cloud, moving incredibly

02:04:59fast.

02:05:00Okay, let's stop now, I'm pretty dizzy.

02:05:10That's it for today!

02:05:11But – hey!

02:05:12If you pacified your curiosity, then give the video a like and share it with your friends!

02:05:16Or if you want more, just click on these videos and stay on the Bright Side!

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