Les astronomes ont récemment découvert un trou noir qui stupéfie tout le monde. Ce trou noir est si massif et étrange qu'il remet en question ce que nous pensions savoir sur l'espace. Il est bien plus grand que ce que les théories actuelles disent que devraient être les trous noirs de ce genre. Les scientifiques se grattent maintenant la tête, essayant de comprendre comment il a pu devenir si énorme. Cette découverte pourrait changer notre compréhension de l'univers de manière significative. Animation créée par Sympa.
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FunTranscript
00:00The James Webb Space Telescope is an absolutely breathtaking technological marvel.
00:05It is about 100 times more powerful than the Hubble Space Telescope,
00:09which has however managed to observe regions located about 13 billion light years away.
00:14But recently, James Webb surpassed himself by spotting something he was not supposed to see.
00:20Astronomers operating this telescope have detected a supermassive black hole,
00:24dating from the time when our universe was less than 600 million years old.
00:28Just a baby.
00:30This discovery represents the most distant supermassive black hole ever observed.
00:34It is located at the heart of its designated high galaxy, Sierres 1019.
00:40This black hole is also one of the smallest ever detected in the primordial universe,
00:44with a mass equivalent to about 9 million suns.
00:48It may seem huge, but in reality,
00:51supermassive black holes most often reach the mass of our star billions of times.
00:56What makes this discovery so exceptional, and why do scientists struggle to explain it?
01:01It is generally accepted that it takes well over 600 million years
01:05for a supermassive black hole to reach full maturity.
01:08This process occurs when a black hole feeds on the surrounding matter,
01:13or merges with a larger black hole.
01:15Even black holes comparable to the one located in the center of our Milky Way,
01:19which has a mass of about 4,500,000 times that of the sun,
01:23are supposed to manifest in a more recent universe.
01:26To tell you the truth, scientists have long suspected
01:29that supermassive black holes could exist in the primordial universe.
01:34However, this hypothesis has only been confirmed thanks to the James Webb telescope,
01:38and its infrared observation capacity.
01:41This telescope revealed that the black hole, Sierres 1019,
01:44was actively swallowing all the matter within its reach.
01:47These black holes, in full absorption,
01:49are generally surrounded by gas and dust whirlwinds that fall into them,
01:53forming accretion disks.
01:55The intense gravitational force of a black hole warms this matter,
01:59making the disk shine spectacularly.
02:01In addition, the powerful magnetic fields generated
02:04channel the matter towards the black hole's shoulder.
02:07And periodically, this matter is expelled in the form of impressive twin jets.
02:12These jets move at a speed close to that of light
02:15and shine with a blinding flash.
02:17Astronomers observed the galaxy housing this exceptionally ancient black hole
02:22in the context of the study,
02:23Cosmic Evolution Early Release.
02:26They thus saw the galaxy as it was when the universe,
02:29now about 13.8 billion years old,
02:33was only 570 million years old.
02:35In addition to the main subject of this video,
02:37scientists have also detected two other black holes,
02:41probably appeared between 1 billion and 1.1 billion years after the Big Bang,
02:46as well as 11 ancient galaxies
02:48born between 470 and 675 million years after the beginning of the history of the cosmos.
02:54What makes these discoveries particularly fascinating
02:57is that until recently,
02:59all research on the primitive universe was essentially theoretical.
03:03But now, thanks to the James Webb telescope,
03:06astronomers can not only observe galaxies and black holes
03:10at unimaginable distances,
03:12but also measure them with precision.
03:14And this is not the only recent discovery on black holes.
03:18Thus,
03:19some time ago,
03:20scientists observed two slow stars in their orbit around black holes.
03:25They concluded that this phenomenon
03:27was very likely due to the drag produced by black matter.
03:30It was the first time that indirect evidence
03:33suggested that huge amounts of black matter
03:36could surround black holes.
03:38Now let's talk about black matter.
03:40What is it?
03:41And what is it made of?
03:42Our universe is made up of ordinary matter,
03:45black matter and black energy.
03:47The ordinary matter, visible to the naked eye or by means of instruments,
03:51represents about 5% of the universe.
03:53And given its rarity,
03:55we can therefore wonder what it has of ordinary.
03:57Black energy, as for it,
03:59constitutes about 68%,
04:01while black matter represents about 27% of the universe.
04:05Black matter is one of the most confusing mysteries of all astronomy.
04:09If black energy is responsible for the expansion of the universe,
04:13black matter, it,
04:14is supposed to explain the interaction between cosmic objects.
04:18The candidates considered as being black matter
04:20go from exotic particles
04:22to practically infinite objects.
04:24Although astronomers do not know exactly what black matter is,
04:28they are certain of what it is not.
04:30This matter being dark,
04:31it does not include stars and visible planets.
04:34It cannot either be composed of dark clouds of ordinary matter,
04:38because this would be detectable.
04:40Black matter is not antimatter,
04:42because astronomers do not observe the unique gamma rays
04:45produced during the contact between antimatter and matter.
04:49Finally, black matter is not made up of gigantic black holes.
04:53In short, this black matter remains as mysterious to us as black energy.
04:57Let's go back to the potential discovery of black matter around black holes.
05:01If it is confirmed,
05:02it would represent a major advance in research on black matter,
05:06which led scientists to this hypothesis,
05:09is that the latter interacts gravitationally,
05:12thus influencing ordinary matter.
05:14A team of researchers observed that the orbits of two stars
05:18were degrading by about a millisecond per year
05:20as they rotated around their companion black holes.
05:23Scientists concluded that these speed variations
05:26were due to the friction and drag
05:28generated by black matter on these stars.
05:30By using computer simulations of black hole systems,
05:34the team tested a well-known model in cosmology,
05:37called the dynamic friction model of black matter.
05:41This predicts a loss of impulse
05:43in objects that interact gravitationally with black matter.
05:47And guess what?
05:48The results of the simulations corresponded perfectly to these predictions.
05:52These researches have confirmed a long-standing theory.
05:55Black holes can actually swallow up black matter
05:58that approaches too close.
06:00This black matter is then redistributed around black holes,
06:03creating variable density zones,
06:05thus influencing the orbits of surrounding objects,
06:08as the stars mentioned above.
06:10By mentioning black holes,
06:12a theory suggests that the primordial black holes
06:14could in fact be made up of black matter.
06:17These hypothetical black holes
06:19have never been directly observed by scientists.
06:22They would be extremely old
06:24and relatively small in size compared to standard black holes.
06:28Astronomers estimate that they could have formed there
06:31a few milliseconds after the Big Bang,
06:33long before the birth of stars and galaxies.
06:36Thus, the primordial black holes
06:38would probably have been witnesses
06:40to the entirety of the history of the universe.
06:42Today, it is likely that the smallest of these primordial black holes
06:46have evaporated.
06:47But some, larger,
06:49could still be dispersed through space.
06:52If it is proven that primordial black holes really existed,
06:55they could have appeared because some regions of space were warmer,
06:59others colder,
07:00and some extremely dense areas.
07:03Scientists think that such clusters
07:05could have collapsed to form primordial black holes.
07:08What is most fascinating, however,
07:10is that these black holes could have been so small
07:13precisely because they appeared just after the Big Bang.
07:16Indeed, the more a black hole takes time to form,
07:19the larger it is.
07:20The difference in mass between the oldest black holes,
07:23therefore small,
07:24and the youngest, larger,
07:26was amazing.
07:28Imagine comparing a mass a thousand times greater than that of our sun
07:32to that of a chickpea.
07:34Anyway,
07:35the idea that primordial black holes and black matter
07:38could share the same nature
07:40and remain marginal for decades.
07:42Nevertheless,
07:43scientists have recently realized
07:45that there were many more black holes in the universe
07:48than they thought before.
07:50This means that this theory could well be valid.
07:53The vast population of black holes in the Big Bang,
07:56still invisible to our eyes,
07:57could not only constitute,
07:59but also be black matter.
08:01After all,
08:02astronomers have still not discovered a single particle of black matter,
08:06despite decades of research.