80+ Exciting Facts to Keep You Hooked

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Transcript

00:00:00Most people are sure that humans only have five senses, but that's not entirely true.

00:00:05Taste, touch, smell, sight, and hearing aren't the only ones we have.

00:00:10Scientists claim that people have between 9 and 20 senses in total.

00:00:15These include thermoception, the sense of warmth,

00:00:19equilibrioception, the sense of balance.

00:00:22There's also the sense of time, although not everyone seems to have that last one.

00:00:27We used to think that there were just eight different blood types,

00:00:30but in reality, there are over 30 known blood group systems.

00:00:34Here on the Bright Side, our favorite blood group is B-positive.

00:00:38Get it?

00:00:39For every pound of fat you gain, you generate one mile of new blood vessels

00:00:44to supply oxygen and nutrients to your body.

00:00:47Your stomach produces a new lining every six days to avoid digesting itself.

00:00:53Nerve cells transmit 1,000 nerve impulses a second.

00:00:57They travel between 1 and 268 miles per hour.

00:01:01Our DNA contains 100,000 viruses.

00:01:04Scientists have discovered one that goes back 100 million years.

00:01:08Your body emits visible light.

00:01:11You're the brightest at 4 p.m., and your glow is the least visible at 10 a.m.

00:01:16Unfortunately, this glowing is 1,000 times less intense than what your eyes can see.

00:01:22Sweat is mostly water mixed with proteins, sugars, ammonia, and a lot of other stuff.

00:01:28It even contains tiny amounts of trace metals like copper, zinc, nickel, iron, and so on.

00:01:34What makes sweat taste salty is the sodium it contains.

00:01:38Plus, the more salt you eat, the saltier your sweat is.

00:01:42Your body's trying to get rid of the excess, and the fastest way is to sweat it out.

00:01:47If you walked 2 miles per hour, you'd have to walk for 20 hours straight to lose 1 pound.

00:01:53And it would take you 518 days and 8 hours to circle the equator.

00:01:58Earwax isn't actually wax.

00:02:01It contains fat, skin cells, sweat, and dirt.

00:02:04Your brain gets three times bigger over the first year of life and reaches its full maturity when you're 25.

00:02:1160% of it is fat.

00:02:14Your brain generates around 23 watts of electrical power, which is enough to run a small light bulb.

00:02:21Humans can't really multitask.

00:02:23Your brain can't perform more than one action at the same time.

00:02:26It switches between them, which doesn't save time as you might think,

00:02:31but increases the possibility you'll do something wrong and makes the process longer.

00:02:36When you have an exam to take or you're at work trying to focus on an important task, try chewing gum.

00:02:43Research showed it can help you stay concentrated for longer on tasks that require your full attention.

00:02:49Studies even say that it's a better test aid than caffeine.

00:02:52There's nothing special in the gum, but the act of chewing wakes your brain up.

00:02:57The effect doesn't last long though, just for 20 minutes.

00:03:00Embryos develop fingerprints at 3 months.

00:03:04Your bones are four times harder than concrete.

00:03:07The strongest bone in your body is the femur.

00:03:09It can support up to 30 times the weight of a grown-up person.

00:03:13Even crazier is that our bones are made up of composite material,

00:03:17meaning they're both hard and elastic at the same time.

00:03:21Sunburn is the result of radiation exposure.

00:03:24When your body's natural defense mechanism gets overwhelmed trying to fight UV rays,

00:03:29a toxic reaction occurs that results in sunburn.

00:03:32Goosebumps are an evolutionary reflex left over from our ancestors.

00:03:37The release of adrenaline made their hair stand up, and they look scarier to approaching predators.

00:03:42Your body produces 1 to 3 pints of saliva every day.

00:03:46It helps you digest food and fights off infections.

00:03:49You also have a lot of bacteria in your mouth.

00:03:52Yeah, that's right.

00:03:53The average amount of bacteria in a person's mouth is almost the same as the number of people living on Earth.

00:03:59That's hard to digest.

00:04:01Each human has roughly 150,000 hairs on their head.

00:04:05Every strand grows around one-half an inch per month.

00:04:08If we added the growth from each hair, it would measure the distance of 10 miles in just one year.

00:04:14Your hair is also a lot stronger than you think.

00:04:17A single strand can hold three ounces, which is the weight of an apple.

00:04:21If we combine the strength of all the hair on your head, it could support the weight of two elephants.

00:04:26Hey, let's try it.

00:04:28The beating sound your heart makes is the clap of valve leaflets opening and closing.

00:04:34Your heart doesn't replicate itself unless you have an injury.

00:04:37Your corneas are the only part of your body that don't get blood.

00:04:41They get oxygen directly through the air.

00:04:44When you're sitting or standing upright, it's easier for you to recall some positive memories that make you feel good.

00:04:50Some believe it's because sitting up with your back flat boosts blood flow,

00:04:54and your brain gets more oxygen, which helps it function better.

00:04:58The man who has the deepest voice in the world, and that's definitely not me,

00:05:03can produce sounds that humans, including him, can't hear at all.

00:05:07But elephants can hear those sounds.

00:05:11Veins look blue because light has to go through layers of skin and fat to reach them.

00:05:16Your skin scatters a lot of the red portion of white light before it reflects the blood.

00:05:21This leaves only the blue light to bounce back to your eyes.

00:05:24A person who has anosmia is unable to detect smells.

00:05:28Phantasmia is the opposite condition.

00:05:31When someone smells an odor that isn't actually there.

00:05:35The human brain has 100 billion neurons.

00:05:38It's 73% water, and the same is true about the heart.

00:05:42That's why if your brain loses even 2% of its liquid, you start to feel tired.

00:05:47It also makes your memory worse, shortens your attention span, and puts a dampener on your mood.

00:05:53The earliest known person to have had blue eyes lived in the Stone Age, 7,000 years ago.

00:05:59Your right kidney is probably smaller and sits lower down than your left kidney

00:06:04to make room for your liver.

00:06:06By the way, your brain makes sure you don't drink too little or too much water.

00:06:11After you swallow some liquid, your mouth and throat start to fire signals to your brain,

00:06:16telling it to stop drinking.

00:06:17Otherwise, you'd keep gulping down water for the entire

00:06:2010-60 minutes it takes the liquid to get to your cells.

00:06:24Your eyes can see something for a mere 13 milliseconds,

00:06:28and your brain will already process this image.

00:06:31The average blink lasts from 100 to 400 milliseconds.

00:06:35Even though the tongue isn't the strongest muscle in your body, it never gets tired.

00:06:40That's because of the way it's built.

00:06:42It's made up of 8 interwoven muscles.

00:06:45The tongue is the only muscle with ends not connected to bone.

00:06:49Other muscles join two bones at both ends, because that's how we pull and make a motion.

00:06:55There are around 700 different species of bacteria in your mouth.

00:06:59Over 6 billion of them live there.

00:07:02Your skin is your largest organ.

00:07:05It can cover the surface area of two bath towels.

00:07:08It accounts for around 16% of body weight and is around 22 square feet.

00:07:13If you typed 60 words per minute for 8 hours a day,

00:07:17it would take you 50 years to type the human genome.

00:07:21You get tired pretty quickly when you're out in the heat.

00:07:24This happens because your body is trying really hard to keep itself cool,

00:07:28which puts a lot of extra work on it.

00:07:30So, you get exhausted and tired, even if you don't do anything physically demanding.

00:07:36Your body has 78 organs, but only 5 of them are essential for survival.

00:07:41The brain, liver, kidney, lungs, and heart.

00:07:45Oh, the phone's ringing.

00:07:46Must be something urgent.

00:07:48At 11 pm.

00:07:49Only, all the gadgets in the house are silent.

00:07:52It's your ears that are ringing.

00:07:55You can also hear some hissing, whistling, buzzing, and even roaring.

00:07:59But all this noise doesn't have an external source.

00:08:02That's why it's known as phantom sounds.

00:08:05They can occur in one or both ears, constantly or from time to time.

00:08:10They're usually most noticeable at night, when nothing distracts you.

00:08:14Women have more taste buds on the surface of their tongues than men do.

00:08:18That's one of the reasons why 35% of ladies and only 15% of guys are super tasters.

00:08:24Those are people who feel flavors more strongly than others.

00:08:28Left-handed people usually prefer to chew on the left side.

00:08:31And right-handed people, well, you guessed it, chew on the right.

00:08:36Even if your fingerprints are damaged, they'll grow back in the same unique pattern.

00:08:41When breathing, a single lung only uses 5% of the oxygen you've inhaled.

00:08:49So you're watching your favorite cooking show when suddenly,

00:08:52the star chef adds a pinch of salt to some jam that's supposed to go into a dessert.

00:08:58You kick up the phone to call and complain, but right then the chef explains.

00:09:02It turns out that adding salt to fruit is a common thing in different cuisines across the world.

00:09:08Like in Mexico, they like to spice up mango and citrus fruits with salt and chili powder.

00:09:13You can try mango with a shrimp taste in the Philippines

00:09:16and salted watermelon in the Southern states.

00:09:19So how does it work? Well, let's say you're eating a raw mango sprinkled with salt.

00:09:25With the first bite, you notice the salty flavor,

00:09:28and the sweet fruity taste is then slightly delayed. It feels as juicy and amazing as ever.

00:09:34It's most likely because salt affects the sweet taste receptor for sugar,

00:09:38and then really magic happens on a molecular level.

00:09:42One study even found that we have more sugar detectors in our taste cells than scientists

00:09:47previously thought. One of those detectors must direct sugar to a sweet taste cell when it gets

00:09:52in contact with salt. You can try and put salt on any fruit you like, but the effect will be

00:09:57different. Salt can make sweeter fruits like cherries and strawberries even sweeter and

00:10:03balance the flavor of grapefruit, pineapple, and watermelon. Just take a ripe fruit and slice it

00:10:08the regular way and sprinkle the pieces with salt. Large flaked sea salt might taste more intense,

00:10:14plus it looks more beautiful. After 10 minutes, your gourmet dessert will be ready.

00:10:20So you need to chop up a heap of iceberg lettuce, but that tough core in the middle

00:10:24doesn't want to leave. Just hold the lettuce head in both hands with the core end down

00:10:30and slam it against a cutting board or some other solid surface. Not your brother.

00:10:35Now you should be able to pull the core right out of the bottom and slice the rest of the lettuce

00:10:40without a problem. The next time you take butter out of the fridge and struggle to spread it because,

00:10:46you know, it's hard as a rock, reach for your grater. With its help, you'll easily flake off

00:10:52tiny pieces of butter that will melt instantly on a warm toast. You can also spread them much easier

00:10:58on cold bread without putting your sandwich in the microwave or waiting for a while to soften

00:11:03the butter. Professional bakers approve of this tip and have been using it for a long time.

00:11:09When you're frying something, you first heat the pan and then put the food on it, right?

00:11:14Well, this logic won't work if you want to make your bacon crispy. On a hot pan, the meat will

00:11:19cook before the fat can melt out of it. Your bacon will be too fatty and rubbery. So you gotta lay

00:11:25the strips on a cold pan and then turn on medium-low heat. The fat will render out of the meat,

00:11:31and the final result will be super yummy and crispy!

00:11:36Have you ever tried boiling pasta in a frying pan? I know it sounds a bit weird,

00:11:40but it can actually help you save a lot of time, water, and energy. Instead of filling a huge pot

00:11:47with water and waiting for it to boil, put your pasta in a frying pan and cover it with cold water

00:11:52and add some salt to it. Your pasta will be cooking while the water is getting to the boiling point,

00:11:57so it'll be ready much faster than normal. And the water that's left in the pan will make an

00:12:03excellent base for a sauce because it's filled with starch. Mix it with pesto, tomato sauce,

00:12:09and garlic butter – mmm, it tastes like it's straight out of a gourmet restaurant!

00:12:14Now, the secret to cooking the most delicious and fluffy mashed potatoes is to dry them before

00:12:20you mash them. After boiling, you can either put them in a pot and leave them over low heat on the

00:12:25stovetop or keep them in a baking sheet in a low oven. Then add melted butter that will coat the

00:12:31starch in the potatoes, and only then slowly add milk. Now your mashed potatoes will have the best

00:12:38possible structure and flavor! If you've shed enough tears over onions when trying to slice

00:12:44them, this one is a must-try for you. Peel the onions, cut them in half, and leave them in a

00:12:50fridge in a bowl of iced water for half an hour before you start cooking. The reason behind your

00:12:56tears is the sulfur that onions take from the soil while growing up. When you damage its cells,

00:13:02the acids contact the enzymes that start a whole bunch of reactions and release a chemical that

00:13:07makes your eyes water. Freezing the onion can weaken that chemical. To minimize it even more,

00:13:13only use a sharp knife to slice onions. This way, you'll do less damage to its cells.

00:13:19It's much easier to peel an avocado if you freeze it first. Just put it in the fridge as it is,

00:13:26give it some time, and then take it out and hold it under warm running water.

00:13:30Now you can peel it easily after you make a couple of criss-cross incisions.

00:13:35The best way to keep herbs fresh and juicy is to store them like flowers. If you don't have

00:13:41the right size vase or vase, take a mason jar or a water glass and fill it with an inch of water.

00:13:48Now put the herbs inside as you would do to your roses. For parsley and cilantro,

00:13:54cover the jar with a plastic bag and store the bouquet in the fridge.

00:13:58Basil loves sunlight, so you better leave it uncovered on the counter.

00:14:03If you've made too much sauce or have some leftovers in a can that doesn't seem to be

00:14:08enough for anything, you can save it from the trash can. Pour the sauce into an ice cube tray

00:14:14and keep it in the freezer. Now if you need to spice up a meal,

00:14:17you can always add a couple of sauce cubes to it. Plus, as a bonus, which is redundant,

00:14:23the sauce will last longer this way than it would in the fridge.

00:14:27Do your meatballs always turn out to be perfectly the same shape and size? Then skip this one. But

00:14:34if you're like me, just use an ice cream scoop to get the right amount of your minced meat mix.

00:14:39Try saying that 5 times. The balls will be the ideal shape, and your fingers won't get sticky.

00:14:45The easiest and probably the most beautiful way to slice a mango is to turn it into a hedgehog.

00:14:52Wash the mango under running water. Don't squeeze it while doing it.

00:14:56Now put it straight up on a cutting board and cut it into 3 pieces from the top downwards.

00:15:02Just leave that flat pit in the middle piece, there isn't much you can do with it anyway.

00:15:06Now your mango will have two cute cheeks. I mean, its fattest parts. Next, make crosswise

00:15:13and lengthwise cuts in the mango cheeks. Leave some even distance between the incisions and

00:15:18don't go all the way through the skin. Now press on the back side of the mango until the flesh

00:15:24pokes out. Does it look like something to you? Yep, a hedgehog. Hence the name of this slicing

00:15:30method. The final step will be to slice off the mango cubes into a ball. Then eat.

00:15:36Now this one has all the potential to become your new breakfast favorite.

00:15:40You can cook an omelette in a mug. Take a large microwave-safe mug and coat the inside of it with

00:15:47olive oil or spray it with cooking spray. Add 2 eggs and 1 tablespoon of milk and mix them with

00:15:53a fork. Now add salt and pepper and any cheese, veggies, and herbs you like. Put it in the

00:15:58microwave on high for 30 seconds. Take it out, stir it with a fork, and then put it back for

00:16:04another 30 seconds. And voila! Your breakfast is served. Oh, be sure to use another mug for

00:16:11your coffee. Otherwise, you get eggs in your coffee, and nobody has a recipe for that.

00:16:18Looking for something slimy? Well, many people tend to believe that snails are just slugs with

00:16:24shells. But even though they look so similar, they're completely different species. Slugs

00:16:29don't need any protective shells, as all their internal organs are, well, internal – inside

00:16:35their slimy bodies. They can squish themselves and get into hard-to-reach places. Which is why

00:16:41slugs can often be found in the most unlikely spaces, like under tree bark, or inside tiny

00:16:47crevices, or at the library pretending to study for exams. Snails, on the other hand, are tightly

00:16:54connected with their shells and can't survive without one. Unlike hermit crabs, which replace

00:16:59their shells as they grow, snails are born with a shell on their back. Baby snails look adorable

00:17:05with those fragile translucent bubbles that calcify and become bigger and tougher with age.

00:17:11Cute? You be the judge. Many of the snail's internal organs are inside the shell too,

00:17:17meaning that if it gets crushed or damaged, well, the animal would probably not survive.

00:17:22Still, a snail can repair small scratches and cracks in the shell with the help of proteins

00:17:27and calcium secreted by its mantle. Turtles are very close to snails in this regard, by the way,

00:17:34because, contrary to common myth, they can't leave their shell at a whim either. A turtle's shell is

00:17:40an integral part of its body, and despite the reptile being able to hide its head and paws

00:17:45inside to protect itself from predators, its skeleton is fused with the hard shell. And just

00:17:51like any other animal skeleton, it grows with the turtle itself. Koalas do only eat eucalyptus

00:17:58leaves, but there are over 600 different kinds of those. And koalas only munch on 30, or just 5%

00:18:06of what's available on the menu. So, it has to be a very specific eucalyptus tree to make a good meal

00:18:11for a picky koala. These adorable creatures also have something in common with domestic cats – they

00:18:18sleep for 18-20 hours a day. Polar bears aren't at all white. Their skin is black under the fur.

00:18:25They need the white color to disguise themselves while on the hunt. The color black absorbs the

00:18:31sun better than any other, while white fur doesn't stop sunlight. Rays pass right through it. In a

00:18:37sense, a polar bear has transparent fur. There's a myth that dogs and cats see the world in black

00:18:44and white. In reality, they just can't distinguish some colors. Nobody knows how exactly dogs see.

00:18:51Some think they only distinguish two colors. Could be blue and yellow, for all we know.

00:18:56But they can see shades of other colors better than people. And cats have wonderful night vision.

00:19:02They need about 7 times less light than a human to see in the dark. Now, giraffes were thought to

00:19:08be mute. But recently, it's been found that they make low-frequency sounds at night to communicate

00:19:14with each other. During the day, they don't say a word and warn each other of danger in a very

00:19:19unusual way – by moving their well-developed eyebrows. It's likely that at night, it's

00:19:26difficult to see the eyebrows, so they start talking for real. While we're on the topic of

00:19:31giraffes, these animals sleep much more than 30 minutes a day, but probably not as much as you do.

00:19:37Their sleeping pattern is quite typical. After researchers monitored a herd of giraffes,

00:19:43they found out they slept at night and took short naps in the afternoon.

00:19:47In total, each giraffe had around 5 hours of sleep every day. Oh, and by the way,

00:19:52a herd of these guys is actually known as a tower of giraffes. Makes sense with the long necks.

00:19:59Seagulls can drink seawater. There are salt-secreting glands near their eyes.

00:20:03These glands purify seawater very quickly. And the salty residue comes out through the nostrils.

00:20:09Yep, you guessed it – salty snot. The Adelie penguins are real romantics.

00:20:15They only have one partner for life. The male must give a smooth stone to the female to create

00:20:21a family. You could say that's kind of an engagement ring. Like humans, though,

00:20:26a female penguin may refuse and not accept the ring. Speaking of animal love, foxes are romantic

00:20:33too. Male foxes are good fathers and husbands. They're devoted to their loved ones for life.

00:20:39They look after the females and even pick fleas from their fur. Aww. Male foxes improve their

00:20:45whole houses and take an active part in their babies' upbringing.

00:20:50Dolphins can sleep with one eye closed and the other one open. Half of the brain dreams and

00:20:55rests, and the second half closely monitors the environment for signs of danger. The perfect brain

00:21:00for sleeping during boring classes and meetings. Hey, I didn't say that. Besides, dolphins manually

00:21:07control their breathing. They can simply drown if their whole brain is sleeping.

00:21:11Sea otters are the cutest sleepers among all animals. In the summer, because of the heat,

00:21:17sea otters spend all the time in water. They swim on their backs and sleep in that position.

00:21:22The babies are sleeping on their mother's stomach, and two adults hold each other by the paws

00:21:27so that they're not carried apart by water currents. Ostriches don't stick their heads

00:21:32in the sand when threatened. In fact, these guys don't bury their heads at all. This myth has

00:21:37spread thanks to that famous idiom to hide one's head in the sand. In real life, ostriches have to

00:21:43dig holes in the sand for their eggs because they're flightless birds. To make sure they're

00:21:48evenly heated, ostriches put their heads in there to rotate the eggs from time to time.

00:21:53But ostriches still have some escaping mentality. When they face some threat,

00:21:58they can flop to the sand and stay perfectly still, pretending they aren't alive.

00:22:03Now, according to a popular misbelief, sharks can breathe only while moving because swimming

00:22:09helps them push water over their gills. Although many kinds of sharks are designed this way,

00:22:14many others, like bottom-dwelling nurse sharks, don't need swimming to pump oxygen-rich water

00:22:20over their gills. Meanwhile, all sharks do lack swim bladders, so if they stop swimming,

00:22:26they'll probably sink to the bottom. But luckily, a shark's body can't be compressed.

00:22:32That's why rapid descents or ascents are safe for them.

00:22:37Scientists from Japan played audio recordings for cats to prove they're truly dismissive.

00:22:43In those recordings, the owners of the cats called them by their names. Cats' pupils dilated,

00:22:49the animals moved their tails, legs, or ears. Cats heard people but rarely responded. It's all

00:22:55about evolution. Cats came to people because they were attracted by mice that ate grains.

00:23:00They lived close to people but were never tame. And yet, we keep feeding them.

00:23:06Birds are actually the only surviving dinosaurs. They evolved from theropods,

00:23:12the dinosaurs that ran on two legs. Yep, T. rex is a distant relative of chickens,

00:23:17ostriches, and even hummingbirds. In reality, flamingos are white. The bird turns pink due

00:23:24to beta-carotene. This pigment is found in the algae and the shrimp that it feeds on.

00:23:29You can change your color too. If you eat a lot of carrots, your skin will turn slightly orange.

00:23:35This will happen because of the high beta-carotene content in the vegetable.

00:23:39Sailors from all over the world talked about the giant squid they met on their voyages.

00:23:45For many years, scientists considered monsters with long tentacles to be a myth.

00:23:49But in 2004, the first photo of a giant squid was taken. They actually exist. Scientists have

00:23:57registered an animal that has grown to 43 feet. Mosquitoes actually bite some people more than

00:24:03others. The most delicious humans are those with type O blood. Also, these insects have really

00:24:09good eyesight. They're attracted by green, black, and red colors. So, check the color of your clothes

00:24:15before you go camping. You can actually put a shark in a trance for 15 minutes.

00:24:21To do this, you need to stroke the nose of a dangerous animal with your hand.

00:24:26This sort of hypnosis is called tonic immobility that happens thanks to the receptors in the

00:24:31shark's nose. When stroked, the receptors send a lot of signals, and the shark's brain is unable

00:24:37to process them all. What it doesn't say here is exactly how you get close enough to a shark to

00:24:43rub its nose. I'd say that's important information, don't you think? Elephants aren't afraid of mice,

00:24:49per se. But these massive animals have bad vision. They also move fairly slowly. That's why they can

00:24:56get startled by a bird or a small creature, like a mouse, darting past them. Just the element of

00:25:02surprise, nothing more. The chameleon can change its color. But this creature doesn't do it to

00:25:08camouflage itself. The color change helps the animal regulate its temperature and communicate

00:25:13with peers. Now, when most dogs pant, their tongues hang out of their mouths. That's why

00:25:20many people think that's how they sweat. In reality, dogs' sweat glands are located on their paw pads.

00:25:26Plus, there are other sweat glands all over their bodies. Dogs pant to evaporate moisture from their

00:25:32nasal passages, tongues, and the lining of their lungs. This also helps to cool them down.

00:25:38You might leave wasps alone, but don't be so sure they'll do the same. Bees do respect human

00:25:44boundaries, and if you don't bother them, they won't hurt you. But wasps are so bad-tempered,

00:25:50they can sting you even if you're just walking by their nest. Well, phooey on them!

00:25:55In 1886, a competition was announced in Paris. The winner would get the right to design and build

00:26:00the centerpiece for the World's Fair of 1889. The company of Gustave Eiffel proposed a project that

00:26:08won among 107 others. The first project of the architects from Eiffel's company was a tower

00:26:16with stonework pedestals, monumental arches between the columns, halls with glass walls on

00:26:22columns, halls with glass walls on each level, the top shaped like a bulb, and plenty of ornaments.

00:26:29That project was too complicated, so they changed it only leaving the arches at the bottom.

00:26:35It took a record 5 months to finish the foundation and another 21 to put together

00:26:40the 18,000 metal pieces on top. You can still see it and count them all when you visit Paris.

00:26:47The Eiffel Tower looks revolutionary where it stands even today. But back in the late 19th

00:26:53century, it was a real sensation, for which a lot of people criticized it. Famous writers called it

00:27:00a tragic street lamp, a half-built factory pipe, and a giant skeleton. Now, they weren't too wrong.

00:27:07The tower really has something in common with a human skeleton. It was inspired by a thigh bone.

00:27:14When they were just beginning to work on the project, Eiffel's team faced a serious problem.

00:27:19They had to make the tower strong enough to withstand the elements,

00:27:22but at the same time, it had to be about as light as air. If they had made one mistake,

00:27:28the tallest construction in the world at that time would've collapsed under its own weight,

00:27:33gravity, or a strong wind. And they had to work with iron, which was a revolutionary

00:27:38new building material back then. Around the same time, anatomist Hermann von

00:27:44Meyer was researching the thigh bone, or femur. It's the longest and strongest bone in the human

00:27:50body. Bones are strong and solid on the outside and spongy on the inside, the same as bamboo.

00:27:57It grows so tall because it's a hollow tube made of smaller tubes that are made of even smaller

00:28:03ones. The bone, just like bamboo, takes the load it carries because of the structures inside it.

00:28:09They're bone fibers arranged in a criss-cross pattern. A Swiss engineer, Carl Coleman,

00:28:15developed that concept and created a crane where patterns like in the thigh bone were used

00:28:20exactly where support was needed most. Gustav Eiffel used that idea and decided to build his

00:28:26tower using criss-cross patterns of studs and braces to support the construction.

00:28:31He did some major math and designed it so that high winds going directly to the strongest part,

00:28:37the four legs, and the flares going outwards at the base of the tower

00:28:41looked like the femur upside down. The plan worked out piece by piece,

00:28:46and the construction was finished on March 31, 1889. A lot has changed since then in science

00:28:52and architecture, but nature still inspired cool new inventions and technologies. This is called

00:28:58bio-mimicry. For instance, the first high-speed rail in the world, the Shinkansen running since

00:29:051964, was also inspired by nature. When the train was getting out of the tunnel at the speed of 185

00:29:13mph, it produced a sonic boom. That noise woke up people in nearby cities and scared wild animals.

00:29:20A group of engineers was working to solve this issue. One of them, who was also a bird watcher,

00:29:26suggested making the train more like a kingfisher. That bird has a long, pointed beak that helps it

00:29:32dive in the water with almost no splashes when it's hunting. They reshaped the front of the train,

00:29:38giving it a sort of beak and solved the noise problem. The new shape also helped save energy

00:29:43consumption because it was more aerodynamic and made the train 10% faster. The inventor of Velcro

00:29:51was inspired by his own dog. He wanted to find out why burrs stick to its fur so easily and

00:29:56noticed tiny hook-shaped spikes on them under a microscope. They catch onto different materials

00:30:02with loops like fur and fabric. Georges de Mistral recreated that technology and started his own

00:30:09company back in 1959. Ever since, the fastening system of nylon loops attaching to tiny spikes

00:30:16has been used for many different purposes. Sharks are some of the best swimmers in the world.

00:30:22They are so fast thanks to their body shape and also a special kind of skin covered in small

00:30:28teeth and not scales. Scientists created a film based on shark secret technology.

00:30:34When a ship is covered in it, little marine creatures can't stay attached to it, and so,

00:30:38the vessel can travel faster and save fuel. Swimmers wearing swimsuits made of shark-inspired

00:30:44material also become much faster. They also bite harder. Not really.

00:30:50Brightly colored butterflies and peacocks inspired an energy-saving technology for

00:30:55phone displays. These creatures have little structures on their wings and feathers.

00:31:00When white light shines on them, they reflect different colors at different speeds because

00:31:05the surface isn't uniform. In screens based on this idea, the colors also come from reflection.

00:31:11The screen doesn't produce them and saves energy this way.

00:31:15The colors are still bright and vivid, so it's a win-win.

00:31:19The African Namib desert beetle is a pro at collecting water. It transforms fog into

00:31:25droplets of water in little bumps on its shell. Then it sends the water directly to its head for

00:31:31drinking. MIT scientists and engineers created a similar structure out of glass and plastic.

00:31:37It can be used for cooling devices and to safely clean up toxic spills.

00:31:43Whales are some of the largest creatures on the planet. And at the same time,

00:31:47they're great swimmers, divers, and jumpers. Their secret is bump protrusions on the fins

00:31:53that are pretty much like wings. They control the water flow to help the whale make different

00:31:58maneuvers. Scientists decided to use this idea for wind turbines. Tests have shown these whale-

00:32:04inspired turbines are more stable, durable, and quieter than regular turbines and can generate

00:32:11more energy from wind and water. Elephant trunks have over 40,000

00:32:16muscles and are super agile. They can lift heavy loads and do complicated maneuvers

00:32:21like picking apples from a branch. Trunk design inspired a super safe and flexible robotic arm.

00:32:28It has a memory and learns to reach and grab things from its own experience, like a human

00:32:33baby. This technology is already used in factories, labs, and hospitals.

00:32:39Another kind of robot, a squishy one, was modeled after an octopus. This robot doesn't

00:32:45move on a predictable trajectory like its hard-bodied friends. It can curl, shrink,

00:32:50and change into a new shape because it doesn't have fixed joints. It doesn't bump into things

00:32:56and adapts to any environment no problem. That's why it can be a great help in rescuing people.

00:33:03Bats get around thanks to echolocation. They produce ultrasonic sounds that bounce off things

00:33:09and then calculate the distance to those things. Scientists designed a similar system to build

00:33:14into walking sticks for the visually impaired. It sends out 60,000 pulses every second and

00:33:20gets echoes. The stronger the echo, the closer the object is.

00:33:25Geckos are super climbers that can move on all kinds of surfaces, including walls,

00:33:30ceilings, and glass. The secret to their success is tons of microscopic hairs that give them a

00:33:37fantastic grip on any material. Scientists decided to use this knowledge for medical purposes

00:33:43and maybe to turn humans into spider-humans in the future.

00:33:47The gripping material they designed is activated by UV light.

00:33:52Lobsters are delicious. They also have a unique vision. Their eye lenses are like flat mirrors

00:33:58that don't bend light but reflect it at many different angles. Scientists use this principle

00:34:04in building telescopes that can focus from different angles in space. A lobster's vision

00:34:10also inspired x-ray devices that can see even through a thick steel wall. Did I mention lobsters

00:34:16are delicious? Woodpeckers spend their days drumming on

00:34:21tree trunks, but their skulls and brains somehow stay safe and sound. That's because their beak

00:34:27and skull have many layers, and some parts of them are soft and absorb the shock. Scientists

00:34:33noticed this on CT scans of the birds' heads and used that knowledge to build a mechanical

00:34:39shock-absorbing system for micro-devices. They can also use it to make insulation material

00:34:44for spaceships and protect football players from injuries.

00:34:49Now, not all attempts at biomimicry are equally successful. In the late 1990s, Mercedes-Benz

00:34:56was looking for a new design idea of an aerodynamic, safe, efficient, and maneuverable car.

00:35:02They thought a boxfish would be a perfect role model. It resists the flow of water and stays

00:35:07on its course even in the rough sea. Well, what worked well in the sea didn't work out for a car.

00:35:14It turned out to be super unstable. Hey, it wasn't failure. They just learned one more way

00:35:20that it didn't work and went on to try the next thing. Hmm, good advice.

00:35:51It's hard to imagine the city without its most famous landmark, the Eiffel Tower. But it wasn't

00:35:57always there, of course. Gustave Eiffel, the tower's architect, was commissioned to expose

00:36:02it during the 1889 World Fair. But the so-called Iron Lady was only meant to stand for 20 years.

00:36:10After that, it was going to be demolished, except that, um, this plan was never implemented.

00:36:16The tower wasn't taken down because of an antenna built on top of the tower,

00:36:20and it conducts wireless signals. But there's a problem. The Iron Lady is made of iron.

00:36:27And with time, and bad weather, which Paris happens to get a lot of, iron deteriorates.

00:36:32It rusts. And this rusting makes the iron weak, up until the point where it can crack.

00:36:38And if a tower that is made purely of iron starts to crack, you know what this means.

00:36:43No more selfies eating croissants in front of the famous Tour Eiffel.

00:36:48Apparently, French authorities are aware that this is happening.

00:36:52But instead of repairing the whole tower, they're kind of just painting over the rust.

00:36:57Your next stop is in beautiful Rome. You are here to visit, you guessed it, the Colosseum,

00:37:04one of the world's most visited monuments. The gladiators used to put on shows there.

00:37:09Well, you might as well say arrivederci to it while you can.

00:37:13Like a lot of ancient monuments, the Colosseum is in danger of disappearing.

00:37:18It survived for almost 2,000 years, since it was commissioned by Emperor Vespasian.

00:37:23But due to yearly exposure to harsh weather, the monument is getting weaker.

00:37:28The problem here is mainly snow. When snow falls upon the Colosseum,

00:37:33the freezing water infiltrates the cracks of the rocks and makes them bloat.

00:37:37You know, like when you put a soda can into the freezer and the bottom pops out?

00:37:42I know, snow is a kind of infrequent visitor in Rome.

00:37:45But even rare below-zero temperatures can damage the Colosseum seriously.

00:37:51And since we can't control the weather, who knows how long we'll get to see this beauty around.

00:37:57After hopping on a red-eye to India, you arrive at the unique Taj Mahal.

00:38:02It's even more mesmerizing in person than it is in pictures.

00:38:06The Taj is one of the seven wonders of the modern world.

00:38:09But why is it at risk of disappearing, you might ask?

00:38:13The monument was finished way back in 1643.

00:38:16It was made with pristine white marble as a gift from Emperor Shah Jahan to his beloved wife.

00:38:23But if our white shirts get dirty just by stepping outside the house,

00:38:27imagine an open-air monument that has existed for over four centuries.

00:38:32The Taj Mahal is located in the city of Agra, right beside the Yamuna River.

00:38:38Over the years, the region has become very polluted.

00:38:41And all of this pollution is helping to destroy the Taj.

00:38:45India's Supreme Court has been on the case for many years now,

00:38:48and they say the monument is turning greenish and brown.

00:38:52So, high authorities decided that either the local government restores the Taj Mahal completely,

00:38:58or they'll shut it down, or worse, destroy it.

00:39:02For the good of humanity, I hope they decide to restore it already.

00:39:05Otherwise, we'll be down to only six wonders.

00:39:09Ah, finally, you've made it to South America.

00:39:12More specifically, you're now in the mountainous country of Peru.

00:39:16If you're not used to such high altitudes, you might get a little dizzy.

00:39:20But it's worth it to see the mesmerizing Incan ruins of Machu Picchu.

00:39:25The city is located at over 7,000 feet above sea level.

00:39:29And no one knows how the Incas built such a sophisticated village.

00:39:33That's why the site attracts around 440,000 visitors every single year.

00:39:39But since regulation is not so strict, the site is also slowly deteriorating.

00:39:45Machu Picchu may be the victim of something known as overtourism.

00:39:50I mean, if you look at any footage from the site on a normal day, it's pretty packed up.

00:39:55And even if it's a stone-made town and stones are pretty resistant,

00:40:00they do suffer from erosion.

00:40:02Man-made or weather-made.

00:40:04Oh boy, I really don't like the sound of that.

00:40:08There's another stone monument that you need to check off your list.

00:40:11Can you guess which one it is?

00:40:14Yep, Stonehenge.

00:40:16Located in the peaceful hills of Wiltshire, England,

00:40:18Stonehenge has been around for over 5,000 years.

00:40:23Well, nobody knows exactly when it was built, but bear with me.

00:40:27If the only cause for disappearance would be erosion,

00:40:30then it would make the monument millions of years before it disappeared.

00:40:33But that's not the case.

00:40:35Since 1995, there have been multiple proposals from British authorities

00:40:39to build an underground tunnel that connects southeast and southwest England.

00:40:44The thing is, the tunnel passes underneath Stonehenge,

00:40:47and it might rock the site's foundation.

00:40:50Get it?

00:40:50Rock?

00:40:51Anyway, since the project was suggested,

00:40:54local supporters of the monument have found a safe Stonehenge alliance

00:40:58to keep the monument safe.

00:41:00They strongly believe that any enterprise such as this tunnel

00:41:04will severely harm the site.

00:41:07Ah, Egypt.

00:41:08This time, to arrive at your destination, you travel in style.

00:41:13And by that, I mean camels.

00:41:15Just for the photo op, of course.

00:41:17But why are you here?

00:41:18You came to check out the Great Sphinx.

00:41:21You know, the one with the broken nose?

00:41:23The Sphinx was also built way, way back in the day.

00:41:27Try over 4,000 years ago.

00:41:30And back then, they used what they had at their disposal – limestone.

00:41:35Now, some researchers think that hazardous weather

00:41:38may be damaging the Sphinx's limestones.

00:41:41You see, they're very porous types of rock,

00:41:44so water easily infiltrates inside of them,

00:41:47making erosion stronger and faster.

00:41:50But water is also coming from down below.

00:41:54Unlike the Pyramids of Giza,

00:41:55the Great Sphinx was carved directly from the bedrock.

00:41:59And right underneath the monument, there's a riverbed,

00:42:02which also infiltrates into the Sphinx, making it weaker.

00:42:07Fingers crossed that Egypt doesn't get a lot of rainfall

00:42:10in the next few centuries.

00:42:12I hope you brought your swimsuit,

00:42:13because it's time to dive deep into the Dead Sea.

00:42:17Except that you probably won't get too deep.

00:42:20You know, since there's so much salt in the water

00:42:22that you basically only float.

00:42:24Fun fact – this sea is 10 times saltier than the ocean.

00:42:29It may be a little ironic that the Dead Sea

00:42:31is at risk of actually perishing, but it's true.

00:42:35The lake level is dropping 4 feet every year.

00:42:39It has to do with one of the sea's main tributaries.

00:42:42A tributary is a river that flows into a much larger body of water.

00:42:47The thing is, the region is not so rich in natural water,

00:42:51so some of the local authorities ended up diverting

00:42:54small tributaries for basic human uses.

00:42:57But since every action has a reaction,

00:43:00the Dead Sea is now facing some difficulties.

00:43:04Back in the USA, it's time to visit the city that never sleeps.

00:43:08And if you've understood this trip by now,

00:43:10you already know the landmark we're visiting.

00:43:13It's Lady Liberty.

00:43:15It may come as a surprise to some,

00:43:17but the famous Statue of Liberty was originally copper.

00:43:21It's turned green due to oxidation.

00:43:23I mean, maybe I would also turn green

00:43:26if I was constantly exposed to New York's harsh weather.

00:43:30Some researchers say that air pollution

00:43:32can also speed up oxidation processes,

00:43:35threatening the long life of Lady Liberty.

00:43:37Of course, New York City does its share of maintenance.

00:43:40Hopefully, it'll be enough for us

00:43:42to keep seeing the statue during our lifetime.

00:43:45Hey, it's time to head back home.

00:43:47I sure enjoyed this trip.

00:43:48Hope you did, too.

00:43:49Let's hope we can still visit these places.

00:43:52There's a dangerous dish that can poison you

00:43:54when prepared incorrectly.

00:43:55Everyday food like honey and cashew

00:43:58can be harmful, too, in certain conditions.

00:44:01You should know these facts before you eat some products.

00:44:04Have you ever chewed the seeds when eating an apple?

00:44:07Then you know that unpleasant taste the seeds have.

00:44:09That's because of cyanide.

00:44:12Don't be alarmed yet.

00:44:13The seeds have a protective cloak covering them.

00:44:16That's why cyanide doesn't enter your system

00:44:19if you accidentally swallow the seeds.

00:44:21Better be cautious, though.

00:44:22Even small doses of cyanide can result in rapid breathing

00:44:26and more extreme and unpleasant results.

00:44:30Another danger lurking in your kitchen is potatoes,

00:44:33the ones with sprouts and green spots.

00:44:35Cutting off the green parts or sprouts

00:44:37solves the problem only visibly.

00:44:40The toxic substance called glycoalkaloid

00:44:42may have already spread through the whole potato.

00:44:45This substance turns some parts of a potato green

00:44:48for some reason.

00:44:49It's a sign for you.

00:44:51Eating this kind of potato can cause nausea,

00:44:54headaches, and other consequences.

00:44:57Are you a bubble tea fan?

00:44:58Then maybe you're familiar with cassava,

00:45:01aka tapioca.

00:45:03This is a root veggie,

00:45:05and it's cultivated in South America.

00:45:07It's also often used to make cakes and chips.

00:45:10It can be either sweet or bitter.

00:45:13It's common for root and tuber varieties of cassava

00:45:16to contain toxins.

00:45:18Tapioca must be prepared properly

00:45:20before you consume it.

00:45:22If it's served incorrectly or eaten raw,

00:45:24the consequences are pretty serious.

00:45:27But when it's processed correctly,

00:45:29it's delicious and safe to eat.

00:45:32Elderberries are known as a supplement

00:45:34to boost your immune system

00:45:35and help your body fight a cold or the flu.

00:45:38This medicinal plant needs to be handled

00:45:41and prepared with care, too.

00:45:43If you eat unripe berries,

00:45:45they can do more harm than good.

00:45:47Here comes lectin and cyanide.

00:45:49These chemicals can cause stomach problems,

00:45:51for instance.

00:45:53This one makes me sad

00:45:54more than any other thing on the list.

00:45:56And this list includes a lot of healthy products.

00:45:59Anyway, here I spell it out.

00:46:01Popcorn.

00:46:03There are many studies saying that

00:46:05microwave popcorn is harmful for you.

00:46:08First, you consume the chemicals used in packaging.

00:46:11There are also flavoring additives

00:46:13that aren't healthy.

00:46:15Now remember that moment

00:46:16when you open the bag

00:46:17and hot popcorn smelling air

00:46:19goes up into your nose?

00:46:21It can lead to irreversible lung damage.

00:46:23For instance, there's a diagnosis named popcorn lung.

00:46:27A chemical used to provide microwave popcorn

00:46:30with its buttery flavor

00:46:31is related to that diagnosis.

00:46:34What can you do?

00:46:35Choose other packaging options

00:46:37or invest in an air popper.

00:46:39Air popped popcorn has only 90 calories

00:46:42and less than one gram of fat.

00:46:44Yay!

00:46:46Number six is honey.

00:46:49Honey is a sweet liquid made by...

00:46:51I'm joking.

00:46:51But do you know that natural honey is dangerous to eat

00:46:54if the amount is more than a teaspoon?

00:46:57It has a toxin with a hard to pronounce name.

00:46:59To get rid of this toxin,

00:47:01honey has to go through a pasteurization process.

00:47:04Let's move on to cherry pits.

00:47:06If you don't chew or crunch them,

00:47:08you'll probably be fine.

00:47:09Yet, keep in mind that these pits contain prussic acid

00:47:13and this stuff is poisonous.

00:47:17What about ackee fruit?

00:47:18It's the national fruit of Jamaica

00:47:20and it turns out unripe ackee

00:47:22contains a poison called hypoglycin.

00:47:25Ackee fruit must be fully ripe

00:47:27if you want to eat it.

00:47:28In other words,

00:47:29this fruit should open up by itself.

00:47:31Once it's ready to be picked up,

00:47:33it'll split wide open.

00:47:35No to the highly toxic pink flesh or black seeds.

00:47:38And yes to the delicious creamy pulp near the seeds.

00:47:42Eating this fruit incorrectly

00:47:44can cause Jamaican stomach sickness.

00:47:48Fugu is the Japanese word for pufferfish

00:47:51and the dish prepared from it.

00:47:52What's interesting about this dish

00:47:54is that it can be the last dish in your life

00:47:57if you don't prepare it properly.

00:47:59This fish contains a very powerful toxin

00:48:02that's very dangerous to humans.

00:48:04A single fish has enough poison to harm 30 people.

00:48:08Because of this,

00:48:09Japanese chefs undergo years of training

00:48:11to get a special license.

00:48:13Despite all precautions and preparations,

00:48:16fugu still sometimes becomes

00:48:18the last meal for some people.

00:48:20Would you take that risk?

00:48:25They can also be very risky to eat when they're raw.

00:48:28You probably get cashews from stores

00:48:30with raw cashew labels,

00:48:31but they aren't 100% raw.

00:48:34Before they find their spots on the shelves,

00:48:36they're processed with steam

00:48:38to remove a toxin called urushiol.

00:48:41Cashew shells contain this toxin.

00:48:43What would happen to you if you ate these nuts raw?

00:48:46A dangerous allergic reaction

00:48:48if you have a tendency to allergies.

00:48:51This depends on your sensitivity to poison ivy.

00:48:55Speaking of raw food,

00:48:56raw kidney beans are risky too.

00:48:59They contain a toxin called lectin.

00:49:01This one can give you stomach aches

00:49:03and other digestion-related issues as a bonus.

00:49:07All you need is to swallow 4-5 raw beans

00:49:10to experience these side effects.

00:49:12Red beans are rich in plant-based protein,

00:49:15essential vitamins, and minerals.

00:49:17Cook them correctly to enjoy these goodies.

00:49:19For this, keep dried red beans on the stove

00:49:22for at least 10 minutes.

00:49:24Boiling them for a shorter time

00:49:25and at a lower temperature

00:49:26can actually increase their toxicity.

00:49:29Beans can become even more toxic

00:49:31than if they are consumed raw.

00:49:33So yeah, a minimum of 10 minutes

00:49:35at high temperatures.

00:49:37Eating too many untreated bitter almonds

00:49:40can cause many unpleasant symptoms

00:49:42and health issues.

00:49:44Rhubarb leaves are a bit tricky too.

00:49:46You can eat the stalk,

00:49:47but don't munch on the leaves.

00:49:49The leaves contain oxalic acid,

00:49:51which ties to calcium.

00:49:53This makes it harder for the body

00:49:55to absorb the needed amounts of calcium.

00:49:58Mushrooms.

00:49:59For plenty of people,

00:50:00pizza and pasta wouldn't be so great

00:50:02without mushrooms.

00:50:04We all know that mushrooms

00:50:06are kind of unpredictable,

00:50:07especially if they grow in the wild.

00:50:09Here are two of the most dangerous ones,

00:50:11the death cap and the destroying angel.

00:50:15Starfruit is a risky choice

00:50:17for people with sensitive kidneys.

00:50:19If you're one of them,

00:50:20you might want to keep this fruit

00:50:22out of your meals.

00:50:23Regularly functioning kidneys

00:50:25can filter out the toxins

00:50:26starfruit contains.

00:50:28Otherwise, the toxin will hang around

00:50:30and cause some problems there.

00:50:32The next product on the list is nutmeg.

00:50:35If you find that nutty flavor

00:50:36super nice like me,

00:50:38hear me out before adding it everywhere.

00:50:40Small amounts of nutmeg

00:50:42are fine and healthy.

00:50:43But if you, let's say,

00:50:45eat spoonfuls of nutmeg,

00:50:46it can cause problems.

00:50:48Even with two teaspoons,

00:50:50knock knock,

00:50:51you get poisoned.

00:50:53Canned tuna can be a lifesaver.

00:50:55It's not pricey.

00:50:56It's a good source of protein

00:50:58and with its help,

00:50:59you can prepare a delicious meal quickly.

00:51:02No cooking,

00:51:03just lettuce, bread,

00:51:04and a few more ingredients.

00:51:06There you go.

00:51:07How about three to five times a week?

00:51:10And you might experience a side effect

00:51:12called mercury poisoning.

00:51:14Now, this is related to how much

00:51:16and what type of food you consume.

00:51:18Canned tuna contains mercury,

00:51:20and that's why eating too much of it

00:51:22can lead to mercury poisoning.

00:51:24Medical advisors say

00:51:25that every kind of fish

00:51:27has some level of mercury.

00:51:29But that level differs

00:51:30from one species to another.

00:51:32For example,

00:51:33canned tuna

00:51:34has relatively high levels of mercury.

00:51:37Obviously,

00:51:38seafood is a great source of omega-3

00:51:40and other things

00:51:40that are essential to our brain

00:51:42and good health.

00:51:43To stay safe,

00:51:44experts advise people

00:51:45to choose low-mercury seafood.

00:51:48Here's an interesting fact

00:51:49related to this.

00:51:50To get the most omega-3 fats

00:51:52from your canned tuna,

00:51:54choose water-packed fish

00:51:55instead of oil-packed.

00:51:57In oil-packed cans,

00:51:58the oil mixes with some of the tuna's

00:52:01natural fat.

00:52:02You open the can and drain the oil,

00:52:04and some of the fish's

00:52:05omega-3 fatty acids also get drained.

00:52:08But water and oil don't mix.

00:52:11Water-packed tuna

00:52:12won't lose its omega-3 fats.

00:52:14You can add some oil and dressing

00:52:16after you open the can.

00:52:28are in their feet.

00:52:29Or the taste buds

00:52:30aren't actually those bumps on your tongue.

00:52:33Well,

00:52:33get ready for some eye-openers!

00:52:36No, no,

00:52:37we're really not going to

00:52:38open someone's eyes.

00:52:40I don't do surgery here

00:52:41on the bright side.

00:52:42Well,

00:52:42maybe in a future video.

00:52:44Anyway,

00:52:45here we go

00:52:45with a big batch of

00:52:46biological background bots

00:52:48to boggle your brain.

00:52:50Your stomach gets a new lining

00:52:51every 3-4 days.

00:52:53This way,

00:52:54your body prevents the stomach

00:52:55from digesting itself.

00:52:58Your brain contains

00:52:58more than 86 billion nerve cells,

00:53:01which are joined with one another

00:53:02by 100 trillion connections.

00:53:05That's many more than the number of stars

00:53:07in our home Milky Way galaxy.

00:53:09By the way,

00:53:10if you decided to count

00:53:11all those numerous nerve cells

00:53:13in your brain,

00:53:14it would take you up to 3,000 years.

00:53:16Better get started!

00:53:18Your fingernails grow faster

00:53:19on your dominant hand.

00:53:21In other words,

00:53:22if you write with your right hand,

00:53:23you'll have to trim those nails more often.

00:53:26Your fingernails also grow faster

00:53:27in the summer and during the day.

00:53:30When your brain sends messages

00:53:32to different parts of your body,

00:53:33the signals travel along your nerves

00:53:36at a speed of up to 270 mph.

00:53:39It's way faster than a sports car!

00:53:41People spend more than 4 years

00:53:43of their lives eating.

00:53:44Wow,

00:53:45is the restaurant service that slow?

00:53:47Just kidding!

00:53:49The fastest muscles in your body

00:53:51are those that make your eyes blink.

00:53:53Their contraction speed is one blink

00:53:55in less than one hundredth of a second.

00:53:57In a day,

00:53:58you can blink more than 15,000 times.

00:54:02In their lifetime,

00:54:03the average person processes

00:54:04more than 100,000 pounds of food.

00:54:07That's more than the weight

00:54:08of 7 elephants combined.

00:54:10And how do you eat an elephant?

00:54:11Yeah,

00:54:12one bite at a time.

00:54:14If someone decided to uncoil

00:54:16the human DNA,

00:54:17the whole thing would stretch

00:54:18for 10 billion miles,

00:54:20which is 40,000 times more

00:54:22than the distance

00:54:23between the Earth and the Moon.

00:54:25If you don't have insomnia,

00:54:26you're likely to spend

00:54:27around one-third of your life asleep.

00:54:29But there are creatures

00:54:31that sleep even more.

00:54:32For example,

00:54:33for a dog,

00:54:34this time is 44% of their life,

00:54:37and for a python,

00:54:3875%.

00:54:40During just one day,

00:54:41all the blood in your body

00:54:42travels more than 12,000 miles.

00:54:45That's half as long

00:54:46as the distance around Earth.

00:54:48Your skeleton will renew itself

00:54:50completely within 10 years.

00:54:52And yes,

00:54:53without surgery.

00:54:55An adult uses around 200 muscles

00:54:57to make just one step.

00:54:59And don't tell me

00:55:00I don't work out enough.

00:55:02Every minute,

00:55:03your body sheds

00:55:04more than 3,000 skin cells.

00:55:06It's almost 200,000 skin cells per hour

00:55:09and more than 9 pounds per year.

00:55:11Hey,

00:55:12it's the shedding skin cells

00:55:13weight loss plan.

00:55:15But don't worry,

00:55:16you still have about

00:55:17300 million skin cells

00:55:19at any given moment.

00:55:20Plus, your skin completely

00:55:22renews itself every 28 to 30 days.

00:55:25The liver is the only human organ

00:55:27that can regenerate completely.

00:55:29As little as 25%

00:55:31of the original liver weight

00:55:32can get back to its full size.

00:55:35Skin cells create a lot of dust,

00:55:37not only under your bed,

00:55:38but also in the Earth's atmosphere.

00:55:41If someone collected

00:55:42all the flaked-off skin cells

00:55:43floating in the air,

00:55:45this dust would weigh up

00:55:46to a billion tons.

00:55:48It's 150 times the weight

00:55:50of the Great Pyramid.

00:55:51How's that for a comparison?

00:55:53Now, you won't see your taste buds

00:55:55by the naked eye

00:55:56because they're too tiny.

00:55:58The small bumps

00:55:59most people take for taste buds

00:56:01are called papillae.

00:56:02Real taste buds are on top

00:56:04of these hair-like projections.

00:56:06By the way,

00:56:07taste buds also have

00:56:08a very short life cycle.

00:56:10They live for no longer

00:56:11than 10 to 14 days,

00:56:13so they get a very short

00:56:14taste of life.

00:56:17The average person

00:56:17has more than 100,000 hairs

00:56:19on their head.

00:56:20And since this hair

00:56:21grows about 6 inches per year,

00:56:23it'll make more than 40 feet

00:56:25in a lifetime.

00:56:27Some people can hear

00:56:28their eyeballs moving

00:56:29inside the eye sockets.

00:56:30Wow, that must be no fun.

00:56:32Now, unlike other parts

00:56:34of your body,

00:56:35your ears and nose

00:56:36never stop growing.

00:56:38Wow, that must be no fun.

00:56:40Your skin wrinkles

00:56:41if you stay in the water

00:56:42for too long,

00:56:43but not because it absorbs water.

00:56:45When your body's wet,

00:56:47wrinkled fingers and toes

00:56:48provide you with a better grip.

00:56:50You know,

00:56:50like when the treads

00:56:51on your car tires

00:56:52grip the road better

00:56:53when they're new.

00:56:55Your eyes are an amazing instrument.

00:56:57They can distinguish

00:56:58between 10 million

00:56:59different colors.

00:57:01Your brain uses more than

00:57:0220% of your body's energy,

00:57:04even when you're resting.

00:57:06When you're asleep,

00:57:07it still consumes

00:57:08almost as much power

00:57:09as when you're awake.

00:57:10It also burns about

00:57:11330 calories per day at that.

00:57:15An adult person

00:57:16has about 25%

00:57:17of all their bones

00:57:18in their feet.

00:57:20Most of them are tiny

00:57:21but crucial.

00:57:22If these bones

00:57:22are out of alignment,

00:57:24so is the rest of the body.

00:57:26You breathe around

00:57:2720,000 times a day.

00:57:29Try not to stop.

00:57:30I actually set a personal

00:57:32best record today

00:57:33for consecutive days breathing,

00:57:35and I plan to top that tomorrow.

00:57:37Human bones

00:57:38are a real paradox.

00:57:40They're almost 5 times stronger

00:57:41than a steel bar

00:57:43with the same width,

00:57:44but can fracture on impact

00:57:45and are rather brittle.

00:57:48Fingers don't have muscles

00:57:49that can make them move.

00:57:50All the muscles

00:57:51that move the finger joints

00:57:52are located in the forearm

00:57:54and palm.

00:57:56Your body contains

00:57:56more than 37 trillion cells.

00:57:59Earth has more than

00:58:007 billion inhabitants.

00:58:01It means that there are

00:58:02over 5,000 times

00:58:04more cells in your body

00:58:06than people on our planet.

00:58:08It surely depends

00:58:09on your lifestyle

00:58:10and on how much you move,

00:58:12but the average person

00:58:13will walk up to

00:58:13110,000 miles in their lifetime,

00:58:16which is half as long

00:58:17as the distance

00:58:18from Earth to the Moon,

00:58:20or more than 4 times longer

00:58:21than the distance

00:58:22around our planet.

00:58:24Now, if a person has anosmia,

00:58:26also called smell blindness,

00:58:28they can't distinguish

00:58:29and detect smells,

00:58:30but they can still be smelly.

00:58:33Sorry.

00:58:34You start feeling thirsty

00:58:35when water loss

00:58:36is 1% of your body weight,

00:58:39more than 5%,

00:58:40and you may faint.

00:58:41Water loss is bigger

00:58:42than 10% of the body weight,

00:58:44and dehydration

00:58:45can end a person,

00:58:47if you know what I mean.

00:58:48The strongest muscle in your body,

00:58:50based on its weight,

00:58:51is your jaw muscle.

00:58:53Yeah, mine is way overdeveloped.

00:58:56At any moment,

00:58:5750,000 cells in your body

00:58:58are getting replaced

00:59:00by new ones.

00:59:01Boy, that sounds like a company

00:59:02I used to work for.

00:59:04By the end of their life,

00:59:05the average person

00:59:06can recall up to

00:59:07150 trillion pieces

00:59:09of information,

00:59:10except where they

00:59:11left their car keys.

00:59:12Even if fingerprints

00:59:13are badly damaged,

00:59:15they can still grow back

00:59:16with their original pattern.

00:59:18Your most powerful sneeze

00:59:19can travel at a speed

00:59:20of more than

00:59:21100 miles per hour,

00:59:23almost as fast as

00:59:24a skydiver in free fall.

00:59:26The average person

00:59:27has about 250 hairs

00:59:29in each eyebrow.

00:59:30These hairs get completely

00:59:32replaced every 4 months.

00:59:34Your brain's memory capacity

00:59:35is equivalent to about

00:59:364 terabytes on a hard drive,

00:59:39which is more than

00:59:398 million photos.

00:59:42People are the only

00:59:43living creatures

00:59:44that can naturally

00:59:45sleep on their backs.

00:59:46Even apes usually sleep

00:59:48in a sitting position,

00:59:49leaning on something.

00:59:51Your longest bone

00:59:52is your thigh bone,

00:59:53not your funny bone,

00:59:55and the tiniest one

00:59:56is in your ear.

00:59:57It's shorter than

00:59:57a grain of rice.

00:59:59The largest organ

01:00:00in your body

01:00:01is your skin.

01:00:02Despite being thin,

01:00:04it weighs a surprising

01:00:059 to 11 pounds.

01:00:07That's the weight of a

01:00:07healthy and well-fed

01:00:09house cat.

01:00:10Your skull may feel

01:00:11like it's all in one piece,

01:00:13but in fact,

01:00:14it consists of 29

01:00:16different bones.

01:00:17The only part of your body

01:00:18that can't heal itself

01:00:19is your teeth.

01:00:20Ah, what a shame.

01:00:23Right-handed people

01:00:23tend to chew most of

01:00:24their food on the

01:00:25right side of their mouths,

01:00:27while the left-handed

01:00:28opt for the other side.

01:00:31Out of all people

01:00:32who can move their ears,

01:00:34only 30% can move

01:00:35just one ear.

01:00:36Ooh, such talent!

01:00:39Every person has

01:00:40dimples on their lower back.

01:00:42But in some people,

01:00:43they're more pronounced

01:00:44than in others.

01:00:45These dimples appear

01:00:46in places where the pelvis

01:00:47is connected with the sacrum,

01:00:49so their existence,

01:00:50even if it's not apparent,

01:00:52makes sense.

01:00:53Your right lung is

01:00:55shorter than the left one,

01:00:56because it has to leave

01:00:57some room for your liver.

01:00:59The left lung,

01:01:00on the other hand,

01:01:01is narrower,

01:01:02since it has to make

01:01:03space for the heart.

01:01:04A male's lungs can

01:01:05usually hold more air

01:01:06than a woman's.

01:01:08Surprisingly,

01:01:09you burn more calories

01:01:11when you're sleeping

01:01:12than when you're watching TV.

01:01:14Actually, that should

01:01:15tell you something helpful.

01:01:17By the time you turn 60,

01:01:19you're likely to lose

01:01:2050% of your taste buds.

01:01:23Your hair grows twice faster

01:01:25when you're traveling by plane.

01:01:27It has to do with

01:01:28higher atmospheric pressure.

01:01:30The muscles that help

01:01:31your eyes focus

01:01:32make around 100,000

01:01:34movements a day.

01:01:35If you want to make

01:01:36your leg muscles move as much,

01:01:37you'd need to walk 50 miles.

01:01:40When you listen to music,

01:01:42your heart starts

01:01:43beating in sync with it.

01:01:56The tuatara is a reptile

01:01:58that has a third eye

01:01:59on top of its head.

01:02:01The eye has a retina,

01:02:02nerve connections,

01:02:03and a lens,

01:02:04but isn't used for seeing,

01:02:05as during growth,

01:02:06it quickly becomes

01:02:07covered by scales.

01:02:09Scientists are still

01:02:10trying to find

01:02:11the eye's mysterious function.

01:02:13There's only one letter

01:02:15that doesn't appear

01:02:15in the name of any

01:02:17of the 50 U.S. states.

01:02:18There's a Z in Arizona

01:02:20and even two pesky Xs

01:02:22in New Mexico and Texas.

01:02:24But search a map,

01:02:25and you won't find

01:02:26a single Q in any

01:02:28U.S. state name.

01:02:30It's estimated that

01:02:31a total of 108 billion people

01:02:33have lived on Earth

01:02:34throughout its history.

01:02:36Ever wondered what

01:02:37that tiny pocket

01:02:38in your jeans is for?

01:02:40It's a watch pocket,

01:02:42and was originally intended

01:02:43as a place to store

01:02:44pocket watches.

01:02:45It dates back to 1879

01:02:47as a new feature

01:02:48on a pair of Levi's jeans.

01:02:51Over 3 billion pounds

01:02:52of potatoes are used

01:02:53to make McDonald's fries

01:02:55every year,

01:02:56which is around 15%

01:02:58of all the potatoes

01:02:59grown in America in 2020.

01:03:02Unlike humans,

01:03:03cats don't have

01:03:04the same amount of toes

01:03:05on their front and back paws.

01:03:08They usually have

01:03:095 toes on their front paws,

01:03:10but only 4 on their back ones.

01:03:12If you've got

01:03:13a feline companion,

01:03:14go take a look.

01:03:16The entire population

01:03:17of Earth could fit

01:03:18inside Los Angeles.

01:03:20With the world's population

01:03:21being 7.5 billion,

01:03:23this seems crazy.

01:03:25But if everyone

01:03:26stood shoulder to shoulder,

01:03:28we could all fit inside

01:03:29500 square miles.

01:03:32Pigs aren't the only animals

01:03:33that are great

01:03:34at finding truffles.

01:03:36Dogs are just as good,

01:03:37thanks to their sense of smell,

01:03:39and are now used more commonly.

01:03:41The current American flag

01:03:43was designed by a high school student.

01:03:45Bob Heft designed the flag

01:03:47for his history class in 1958

01:03:50and was only given a B-

01:03:52for his efforts.

01:03:53Later, his design was chosen

01:03:55out of more than 1,500 others

01:03:57to become the new flag.

01:03:58His grade was unsurprisingly

01:04:00changed to an A after this.

01:04:04The pandas in your local zoo

01:04:05may look at home,

01:04:06but unless you're in China,

01:04:08they're just on vacation.

01:04:10That's because technically

01:04:11all pandas are on loan from China

01:04:13and are the property of that country.

01:04:16The sentence,

01:04:17the quick brown fox

01:04:18jumps over the lazy dog,

01:04:20uses every letter

01:04:21in the English language.

01:04:23In 1974, a full NASA spacesuit

01:04:26cost between $15 and $22 million.

01:04:30But over time,

01:04:31NASA hasn't replaced worn-out suits,

01:04:33leading to them only having

01:04:35four working EVA suits left.

01:04:38But have no fear.

01:04:39Since 2009,

01:04:40NASA has been working to upgrade

01:04:42their outside-the-spaceship wardrobe

01:04:44with an investment of $200 million.

01:04:47Does that come with sequins?

01:04:50Hot water actually may freeze

01:04:51faster than cold water.

01:04:53This is because the cooled water

01:04:55at the bottom is denser

01:04:56than the hot water at the top,

01:04:58and this uneven temperature distribution

01:05:00speeds up the cooling process.

01:05:03In a 12-hour period,

01:05:04it's likely that an ant

01:05:06will only take 8 minutes of rest.

01:05:08They're really switching up

01:05:09the definition of a power nap!

01:05:12Camels have three sets of eyelids

01:05:15and two rows of eyelashes

01:05:16to protect them from the

01:05:17blowing sands of the desert.

01:05:19The letter X was first used

01:05:21to represent a kiss

01:05:22all the way back in 1763.

01:05:25It was first used in a letter

01:05:27written by British naturalist

01:05:29Gilbert White.

01:05:31No one actually knows

01:05:32if we're spelling

01:05:33William Shakespeare correctly,

01:05:35and it looks like the man himself

01:05:36wasn't too sure either.

01:05:38He signed his name

01:05:39in a number of ways.

01:05:41But it turned out he never signed

01:05:42anything as William Shakespeare,

01:05:45despite it being

01:05:45the accepted spelling today.

01:05:48The word swims still looks the same

01:05:50even when turned upside down,

01:05:52like that.

01:05:55A tiny percentage of the static

01:05:57that you see on old TV screens

01:05:59is residual radiation

01:06:01leftover from the Big Bang.

01:06:03If you were to lift up

01:06:04the tail of a kangaroo,

01:06:06and I wouldn't necessarily

01:06:08recommend this,

01:06:09the animal would no longer

01:06:11be able to hop.

01:06:12Kangaroos use their tails

01:06:14as a third leg to propel them forward

01:06:16and also to keep balance.

01:06:17So, basically, they'd fall over.

01:06:21If you're heading to London

01:06:22to see the famous London Bridge,

01:06:24think again,

01:06:25as the original bridge

01:06:26is now in Arizona.

01:06:27By the 1960s,

01:06:29London Bridge was falling down.

01:06:31Really.

01:06:32And so the city decided to sell it

01:06:34to an American oil tycoon,

01:06:36Robert P. McCullough.

01:06:37It was disassembled,

01:06:38each piece labeled,

01:06:40shipped over to the US,

01:06:41and reassembled.

01:06:42It can now be found

01:06:43in Lake Havasu City.

01:06:46Movie trailers,

01:06:47those teasers of upcoming movies

01:06:49shown before the main feature,

01:06:51were originally shown

01:06:52after the movie,

01:06:53which is why they're called trailers.

01:06:58You don't have to worry

01:06:58about a crocodile mocking you,

01:07:00as they can't actually

01:07:02stick out their tongues.

01:07:04Crocs have a membrane in their mouth

01:07:06which prevents the tongue from moving.

01:07:08English is the most widely spoken

01:07:10language in the world,

01:07:11but four times more people

01:07:13speak it as a second language

01:07:14than as their mother tongue.

01:07:17Speaking of England,

01:07:18the crown jewels contain

01:07:20two of the largest cut diamonds

01:07:21of all time.

01:07:23The Cullinan diamond

01:07:24is the largest diamond ever found

01:07:26and is part of the

01:07:27sovereign scepter with Crocs.

01:07:29The second gem is

01:07:30the aptly named Cullinan II,

01:07:32which is mounted in the impressive

01:07:33imperial state crown.

01:07:35So now you know.

01:07:37Every glass of water you drink

01:07:38probably contains water molecules

01:07:40that have also been drunk

01:07:42by a dinosaur.

01:07:43The dinosaurs were around

01:07:44for 186 million years,

01:07:47compared to humanity's 200,000,

01:07:49giving them a lot more time

01:07:51to drink Earth's water than us.

01:07:53Huge diamonds could be raining down

01:07:55on Jupiter and Saturn

01:07:56as you watch this video.

01:07:58That's because lightning storms

01:07:59turn methane into carbon,

01:08:01which gradually hardens as it falls

01:08:03and turns into diamonds.

01:08:06Beneath the Easter Island heads,

01:08:08they actually have hidden bodies.

01:08:11In the 1900s,

01:08:12archaeologists dug up

01:08:13two of the statues

01:08:14to find full torsos

01:08:16measuring 30 feet.

01:08:18That's the torso was 30 feet long,

01:08:20not the head.

01:08:21It's 30 feet long,

01:08:22not that the statue had 30 feet.

01:08:24That would be weird.

01:08:26Next time you're struggling

01:08:27to concentrate when studying,

01:08:29try reaching for a stick of gum.

01:08:31A study found that participants

01:08:33who chewed gum

01:08:34while taking a memory test

01:08:35could stay focused longer

01:08:37than those who didn't.

01:08:39Now, common sense would suggest

01:08:40that trees have been around

01:08:42before most animals,

01:08:43as they produce oxygen

01:08:44for us to breathe.

01:08:46If you were to tell this to a shark,

01:08:47it would laugh,

01:08:48as the sea creatures

01:08:49were actually around

01:08:50long before trees.

01:08:52Sharks date back

01:08:53around 400 million years,

01:08:55with trees coming in

01:08:56about 50 million years later.

01:08:58Yeah, I want to see a shark laugh.

01:09:01Listen closely next time

01:09:02you turn on the hot

01:09:03and cold water taps,

01:09:04as water actually makes

01:09:06different pouring sounds

01:09:07depending on its temperature.

01:09:09The heat changes

01:09:10the thickness of the water,

01:09:12which changes the pitch of the sound

01:09:13it makes when it's poured.

01:09:15There may be a new suspect

01:09:17to add to police lineups,

01:09:19and that suspect

01:09:20is a koala bear.

01:09:22While gorillas and chimps

01:09:23have fingerprints

01:09:24similar to humans,

01:09:25so does the cuddly koala.

01:09:28The Comic Sans font

01:09:29has divided people

01:09:30across the world for decades

01:09:32and has developed a reputation

01:09:33for being informal

01:09:35or unprofessional.

01:09:36This makes perfect sense

01:09:38given its creation,

01:09:39as designer Vincent Conner

01:09:41looked to his favorite comic books,

01:09:43like Watchmen, for inspiration.

01:09:46Think of the first thing

01:09:47that comes to your head

01:09:48when Transylvania is brought up.

01:09:50It's vampires, right?

01:09:52But Dracula's author,

01:09:53Bram Stoker,

01:09:54never actually visited

01:09:55the mountainous region of Romania,

01:09:57which cemented Transylvania

01:09:59in the legend of the vampire forever.

01:10:02The first college football game

01:10:04took place as far back as 1869

01:10:07and was between Rutgers and Princeton.

01:10:09Rutgers won the game 6 to 4.

01:10:12If you're looking for a bodyguard

01:10:14from the animal kingdom,

01:10:15look no further.

01:10:17The silverback gorilla

01:10:18can lift up to 10 times

01:10:19its own body weight,

01:10:20which translates to a total

01:10:22of around 1,800 pounds.

01:10:25This makes them

01:10:25one of the strongest

01:10:26living mammals on Earth.

01:10:29Ever wondered how a city gets named?

01:10:31In Portland,

01:10:32it came down to a coin flip.

01:10:34If the coin had landed

01:10:35the other way around,

01:10:36we'd be calling it Boston, Oregon.

01:10:39Iceland is growing 2 inches every year.

01:10:42This is because it's divided

01:10:43by the North American

01:10:44and European tectonic plates,

01:10:46so as the plates push wider apart,

01:10:48the bigger Iceland gets.

01:10:50The average person will spend

01:10:52a whopping 6 months of their life

01:10:54waiting for red traffic lights

01:10:55to turn green.

01:10:57Poor yellow isn't even mentioned.

01:10:59Humans are the only animals with chins.

01:11:02While other animals,

01:11:03like the chimpanzee,

01:11:05share similarities with humans,

01:11:06like walking on two legs

01:11:08or having a jaw,

01:11:09none actually have that little bit of bone

01:11:11in the middle of the lower jaw.

01:11:13So hey, when you're feeling down,

01:11:15chin up!

01:11:46is the sewage and drain problems

01:11:48such as contamination,

01:11:49but such a smell can also be produced

01:11:51if you've got problems

01:11:52with the water heater.

01:11:54Another possible problem

01:11:55might be a gas leak.

01:11:56Manufacturers add some distinct

01:11:58bad-smelling chemical to natural gas

01:12:01so that people could notice

01:12:02even the tiniest gas leak on the spot.

01:12:06This one may not be as easy to spot

01:12:08as a unicorn in Central Park,

01:12:09but it's still important to know.

01:12:12Have you ever caught a whiff

01:12:13of something funky

01:12:14before your stove ignites?

01:12:16That's the smell of carbon monoxide.

01:12:18And let me tell you,

01:12:19it's no joke.

01:12:21This sneaky gas can be extremely dangerous

01:12:23if you inhale too much of it.

01:12:25And the worst part is

01:12:26that it's completely odorless and tasteless.

01:12:29That weird scent you're picking up?

01:12:31It's actually added to the gas

01:12:32to give you a heads-up

01:12:33the danger is lurking.

01:12:35So, next time you catch a funky smell

01:12:37coming from your stove,

01:12:38don't just brush it off

01:12:39as last night's leftover lasagna.

01:12:41It's not uncommon to find mold in your home

01:12:43wherever water is present and trapped,

01:12:45like an unknown leak in the walls.

01:12:47Mold spores can grow

01:12:48as a result of this moist patch

01:12:50and can cause pretty serious health issues.

01:12:53Bedbugs have a thing for shoes.

01:12:55Yep, they love to hide in them,

01:12:57but only if the conditions are right.

01:12:59So, if you've got a pair of shoes

01:13:00that you hardly ever wear,

01:13:02watch out.

01:13:03Bedbugs might just be snuggling up in there

01:13:04for a cozy nap.

01:13:06But don't worry,

01:13:07there's a trick to keeping those pesky bugs

01:13:09out of your kicks.

01:13:10Leather shoes are a bit too smooth

01:13:12for bedbugs to crawl on,

01:13:13so they're less likely to hide in those.

01:13:16Athletic shoes, on the other hand,

01:13:17are like a playground for bedbugs.

01:13:20All those interesting textures and patterns

01:13:22make for the perfect hiding spot.

01:13:25So, if you want to keep bedbugs

01:13:26out of your shoes,

01:13:27just wear them regularly.

01:13:29Those creepy crawlers don't like anything

01:13:31that moves or gets disturbed often.

01:13:33And who knows,

01:13:34you might even squish a few of them

01:13:36in the process.

01:13:37Talk about a win-win situation.

01:13:39So go ahead, put on those shoes

01:13:41and show those bedbugs who's boss.

01:13:43Your feet and your sanity

01:13:44will thank you for it.

01:13:47If your nostrils are being assaulted

01:13:48by an unpleasant odor,

01:13:49it might be time to check your mattress.

01:13:51Recent scientific studies have revealed

01:13:53that a 7-year-old mattress

01:13:54can harbor more bacteria

01:13:56than a sci-fi movie set in outer space.

01:13:58Over 16 million colony-forming units

01:14:00per square inch.

01:14:02That's enough to make even the bravest of us

01:14:03want to sleep in a hazmat suit.

01:14:06But fear not,

01:14:07for there is a solution

01:14:08to this gross problem.

01:14:11Enter Baking Soda,

01:14:12the unsung hero of household cleaning.

01:14:15Simply sprinkle some of this magical powder

01:14:17onto your mattress.

01:14:18Let it sit for half an hour

01:14:20while you go do something fun

01:14:21like watching cat videos

01:14:23and then vacuum it up

01:14:23with a brush attachment.

01:14:25Voila!

01:14:26Your bed will smell fresher

01:14:27than a field of daisies on a spring day.

01:14:30So don't let those pesky bacteria

01:14:31get the best of you.

01:14:33And who knows,

01:14:34maybe your newly freshened mattress

01:14:36will even inspire some sweet dreams

01:14:38or at least keep the nightmares at bay.

01:14:40Have you ever noticed

01:14:40that your towel smells

01:14:42like a swamp monster's armpit?

01:14:44Yeah,

01:14:45that's because you've been using it

01:14:46for too long.

01:14:48Don't be a bacteria hoarder.

01:14:50Switch out your towel

01:14:51after three uses.

01:14:52And if you really want to banish

01:14:54those stinky germs,

01:14:55toss in some baking soda

01:14:56every now and then.

01:14:57Your nose,

01:14:58and if you share an apartment,

01:14:59your roommates will definitely thank you.

01:15:03If your bathroom smells like a swamp,

01:15:05it could be because of stagnant water

01:15:07or some gross residue from the bathroom.

01:15:10It could also be because of

01:15:11the smell of the toilet paper roll.

01:15:13It's not the same smell

01:15:14as the residue in the drain.

01:15:16Don't worry,

01:15:17if the plumber can't come until tomorrow,

01:15:19you can hack the smell

01:15:20by adding a few drops

01:15:21of your favorite essential oil

01:15:22to the toilet paper roll.

01:15:24It won't solve the problem,

01:15:25but at least you won't feel

01:15:26like you're suffocating.

01:15:29Now,

01:15:30on to the stinky toilet brush.

01:15:32Squirt some scented detergent

01:15:33right into the holder,

01:15:34or make your own DIY scent

01:15:36with distilled water and essential oil.

01:15:38Just make sure you're allergic

01:15:39to the oils you choose.

01:15:42Moving on to the dishwasher.

01:15:44Did you know that mold can grow in there?

01:15:46Gross, right?

01:15:47Run a dry heat cycle

01:15:49with no dishes,

01:15:49but some vinegar instead.

01:15:51Make sure to flush all the interiors,

01:15:53including the filters and panels.

01:15:55And if your silverware basket

01:15:57is looking a little moldy,

01:15:59soak it in some diluted

01:16:00antibacterial detergent

01:16:01before rinsing it thoroughly.

01:16:04Now let's talk about

01:16:05weird sounds in your house.

01:16:07Clicking and knocking in the winter or fall

01:16:09could be from turning on

01:16:10the heating or radiators.

01:16:11If there's condensed steam

01:16:13stuck in the system,

01:16:14try bleeding the radiators.

01:16:15And if you hear a bubbling sound,

01:16:17it could be a water leak

01:16:18or sediment in the water heater.

01:16:20Shut off the main water and listen.

01:16:22If the sound stops,

01:16:23call the plumber.

01:16:24If not,

01:16:25try draining the tank.

01:16:27If you're moving into a new house,

01:16:29check the walls and ceiling

01:16:30for any red flags.

01:16:32Fresh paint could be hiding something,

01:16:33so ask the landlord what's up.

01:16:35And stay away from popcorn ceilings.

01:16:37Not only are they ugly,

01:16:38but they contain asbestos.

01:16:41Asbestos is like a bowl of alphabet soup.

01:16:43It's made up of all these

01:16:44hard-to-pronounce crystal fibers.

01:16:46Chrysotile,

01:16:47anthophyllite,

01:16:48tremolite,

01:16:49chrysitolite,

01:16:49actinolite,

01:16:50and amasite.

01:16:51But don't let their wacky names trick you.

01:16:54Asbestos is one tough cookie.

01:16:56It can withstand high temperatures,

01:16:57chemicals,

01:16:58and even electricity.

01:17:00No wonder it was such a popular

01:17:01building material back in the day.

01:17:03Asbestos is like a sneaky ninja.

01:17:06It can break down into teeny tiny fibers

01:17:08that are so small they can float around

01:17:10in the air for days.

01:17:11And if you accidentally breathe in

01:17:13these fibers,

01:17:15it's like inviting a dangerous guest

01:17:16to your lungs.

01:17:18Yikes.

01:17:19So let's give asbestos the boot

01:17:20and keep our lungs happy and healthy.

01:17:22Just be careful if you're renovating

01:17:24an old home.

01:17:25You never know if you'll uncover

01:17:26a surprise layer of asbestos roofing.

01:17:30Odor-causing bacteria love to party

01:17:32in your kitchen sink and drain.

01:17:34And don't even get us started

01:17:35on the garbage disposal scraps.

01:17:37It's like a bacteria buffet in there.

01:17:39But there's a fun solution for you.

01:17:42Once a week,

01:17:43throw a party of your own

01:17:44by inviting six ice cubes,

01:17:46one tablespoon of baking soda,

01:17:48three thin lemon slices,

01:17:50and one teaspoon of bleach

01:17:51to the disposal.

01:17:52Turn up the music.

01:17:53Ahem.

01:17:54Turn on the disposal

01:17:55and let those ice cubes do their thing.

01:17:58When the party's over,

01:17:59rinse with cold water for 30 seconds

01:18:01and voila!

01:18:01A fresh and clean sink.

01:18:04Your new sofa or cabinets

01:18:05could be secretly releasing

01:18:07some stinky gases into the air.

01:18:09Yep, it's true.

01:18:10These gases,

01:18:11called volatile organic compounds,

01:18:12aka VOCs,

01:18:14can make your nose and throat

01:18:15feel pretty irritated.

01:18:16And if that's not bad enough,

01:18:18they can even give you a headache

01:18:19or make you feel dizzy.

01:18:21Yikes!

01:18:22But don't worry.

01:18:23I've got your back.

01:18:24If you can,

01:18:25try opening up some windows

01:18:26to get some fresh air flowing.

01:18:28And if you're on the hunt

01:18:29for some new furniture

01:18:30or home products,

01:18:31keep an eye out for low VOC options.

01:18:33Your nose will thank you.

01:18:35Plus, who wants to be surrounded

01:18:36by stinky furniture anyways?

01:18:40How long do you think ice cream

01:18:42has been saving humanity

01:18:43on hot summer days?

01:18:46For many centuries.

01:18:48No one knows for sure the story

01:18:50of how ice cream was discovered,

01:18:52but it likely dates back

01:18:53to at least as far

01:18:55as the 4th century BCE.

01:18:59Of course,

01:18:59it wasn't the ice cream we know today.

01:19:01Alexander the Great,

01:19:03the king of Macedonia,

01:19:04would enjoy snow and ice

01:19:06covered in honey and nectar.

01:19:08That's the early ice cream.

01:19:10The Roman emperor Nero Caesar

01:19:12was eating snow flavored

01:19:14with fruits and juices.

01:19:16How would those guys get snow

01:19:17if they lived in very warm climates?

01:19:20Well, their helpers would run up

01:19:21a nearby mountain

01:19:22to bring some from up there.

01:19:25I'm not sure how they were dealing with it

01:19:27without a refrigerator,

01:19:28but I guess they had ways.

01:19:30Some historians say

01:19:31that there were deep pits

01:19:32covered with straw

01:19:33and the snow was stored there

01:19:35after harvesting it from the mountains.

01:19:37How it didn't melt

01:19:38on the way to the pit

01:19:39remains a mystery to me,

01:19:41but history has many of those.

01:19:43OK, so far,

01:19:44it's just been ice and snow,

01:19:46but we all know

01:19:47it's not the ice cream we're used to.

01:19:49One of the main ingredients

01:19:51of the dessert we know today

01:19:52is milk,

01:19:53and this one most likely

01:19:55appeared in China

01:19:56around the 7th century CE.

01:19:58Back then,

01:19:59the Tang dynasty

01:20:00was ruling the country

01:20:01and the emperors

01:20:02probably were the first ones

01:20:03to eat ice cream

01:20:05that contains milk.

01:20:07Back then,

01:20:07it was made from buffalo,

01:20:09goat or cow milk.

01:20:10To enhance the flavor and aroma,

01:20:12they were adding camphor to it.

01:20:14Then, metal tubes

01:20:15would be filled with the mixture

01:20:17and stored in an ice pool to freeze.

01:20:20Let's leave China for a little bit

01:20:22and move to the Arab world

01:20:23during medieval times.

01:20:25Time to observe

01:20:26what frosty treats they ate there.

01:20:29They used to drink icy refreshments,

01:20:31the earlier versions of sorbet.

01:20:33There,

01:20:34they were typically made of pomegranate,

01:20:36cherry or quince.

01:20:38Soon after,

01:20:38the Europeans picked it up

01:20:40and it became quite popular in Europe too.

01:20:43The Italians and the French

01:20:44are the ones who especially adored it,

01:20:47so they took it from there

01:20:48and perfected it into their own versions.

01:20:52In the 17th century,

01:20:54Antonio Latini became the first person

01:20:56to officially record a recipe

01:20:58for his sorbetto.

01:20:59It contained fruits,

01:21:01ice,

01:21:01but also sugar and milk.

01:21:04This is the recipe

01:21:05that most culinary historians consider

01:21:07to be the first official ice cream.

01:21:10The Italians perfected

01:21:11their own type of sorbet,

01:21:13called gelato.

01:21:14In Italian,

01:21:15it means frozen.

01:21:17No one is sure about

01:21:18who exactly invented gelato,

01:21:20but everyone knows the guy

01:21:21who opened the first café in Paris

01:21:23and started selling it.

01:21:25An Italian guy from Sicilia

01:21:27opened his Il Precope in 1686

01:21:30and the café became a favorite meeting place

01:21:32for famous intellectuals at that time.

01:21:35That's how the French were first introduced

01:21:37to the Italian gelato,

01:21:39which was sold in porcelain bowls

01:21:41resembling egg cups.

01:21:43But you have to remember

01:21:44one important thing.

01:21:46Never call gelato ice cream,

01:21:48especially in front of Italians.

01:21:50Even though these two might seem similar,

01:21:52there are many significant differences.

01:21:56Gelato contains way less fat,

01:21:58less air,

01:21:59and the flavor is more intense,

01:22:01and it's also served warmer than ice cream.

01:22:04So that's the Italian way.

01:22:06The French have perfected

01:22:08their own frozen dessert,

01:22:09the fromage.

01:22:11This translates from French as cheese,

01:22:13but in fact,

01:22:15it has nothing to do with it.

01:22:17Originally, it was made of cream,

01:22:19sugar,

01:22:19and orange flower water.

01:22:21Even today,

01:22:22the cream is an important ingredient,

01:22:24so the fromage is creamier

01:22:26and heavier than a gelato.

01:22:28Also,

01:22:29did you know that eggs

01:22:30are used to produce both?

01:22:32Yes,

01:22:32it's an important gelato

01:22:34and fromage ingredient

01:22:35that gives the dessert

01:22:36the necessary fat

01:22:38but also a specific flavor.

01:22:42We haven't covered America yet.

01:22:44Most likely,

01:22:45ice cream was brought to the USA

01:22:47by European immigrants.

01:22:49The first ice cream parlor in the States

01:22:51opened in 1790 in New York.

01:22:53But until the beginning of the next century,

01:22:55it was only available to the elite.

01:22:58Once it became more common,

01:23:00of course,

01:23:01it took over the country.

01:23:02It couldn't be any other way,

01:23:04could it?

01:23:05When NASA astronauts were asked

01:23:06what they missed most,

01:23:08ice cream was at the top of the list.

01:23:10Today,

01:23:119% of all produced cow milk in the USA

01:23:14is used to produce ice cream.

01:23:16The people who love ice cream most in the world

01:23:19live in New Zealand.

01:23:20The country is the biggest per capita

01:23:22ice cream consumer in the world.

01:23:25The second one is the United States.

01:23:28What do you think

01:23:29the most popular ice cream flavor is?

01:23:32Yeah,

01:23:32that's vanilla, of course.

01:23:34The second most popular flavor is chocolate.

01:23:37Turns out,

01:23:37chocolate ice cream was invented earlier.

01:23:40That's because vanilla

01:23:41wasn't available for a long time.

01:23:43Today,

01:23:44most vanilla is imported from Indonesia

01:23:46and Madagascar.

01:23:51Over 1,000 ice cream flavors exist.

01:23:53There are quite a few really weird ones,

01:23:56like hot dog flavor,

01:23:57bacon,

01:23:58avocado,

01:23:58licorice,

01:23:59octopus,

01:24:00jellyfish flavor,

01:24:01and even roasted garlic.

01:24:04Then,

01:24:04there's also cheese ice cream,

01:24:06and it's a real and very common thing

01:24:08in the Philippines.

01:24:10The Philippines only got ice cream

01:24:12in the 19th century,

01:24:13but it wasn't widely available

01:24:15until a whole century after that.

01:24:18After refrigeration became widespread,

01:24:20an American opened the first ice cream parlor

01:24:22in the country.

01:24:24Serving ice cream of three flavors,

01:24:26vanilla,

01:24:27chocolate,

01:24:27and strawberry.

01:24:29Soon after,

01:24:29many more people started producing the frozen treat,

01:24:32incorporating locally available products,

01:24:34like mango,

01:24:35avocado,

01:24:36and coconut.

01:24:38Instead of cow milk,

01:24:39Filipinos traditionally use milk

01:24:41from domestic water buffalo,

01:24:42which is also used to make white cheese.

01:24:45In the second half of the 20th century,

01:24:47cheddar cheese was first imported to the Philippines,

01:24:50and it became an instant favorite.

01:24:52It's the ingredient of the famous Filipino spaghetti,

01:24:55and a common topping for pastries.

01:24:58Without thinking long,

01:24:59they combined their favorite cheese

01:25:01with their favorite dessert,

01:25:03ice cream,

01:25:03and they got an amazing creamy,

01:25:06salty,

01:25:06sweet cheese ice cream.

01:25:10So yes,

01:25:10that's a long story.

01:25:12We mentioned ice drinks,

01:25:13sorbet,

01:25:14and ice cream,

01:25:15but there was no word about popsicles.

01:25:18That's right,

01:25:19popsicles didn't exist for a long time.

01:25:22In fact,

01:25:22they were only invented by accident in 1905,

01:25:25by an 11-year-old boy called Frank Epperson.

01:25:29On a cold night,

01:25:30he was mixing sugary soda powder with water

01:25:32and forgot it outside after.

01:25:35After sitting there all night,

01:25:36it got frozen.

01:25:38When the boy returned and found it,

01:25:39he had to lick it off the wooden stick

01:25:41he was stirring it with.

01:25:43He liked it so much

01:25:44that he started producing them.

01:25:45He called them Epsicles,

01:25:47honoring his own name,

01:25:48but later,

01:25:49the name evolved into a Popsicle.

01:25:52Ice cream cones were invented

01:25:53just a year before popsicles in 1904,

01:25:57so a guy was selling

01:25:58waffle-like pastries at a fair.

01:26:00Right next to him,

01:26:01there was another guy selling ice cream.

01:26:04At some point,

01:26:05the ice cream guy ran out of dishes

01:26:07and didn't know what to do.

01:26:08So,

01:26:09his neighbor rolled his waffle

01:26:10and offered to sell ice cream in them.

01:26:14The history of ice cream

01:26:16isn't even finished yet.

01:26:17Frozen treats keep being invented even today.

01:26:20For example,

01:26:21Slurpees were only invented

01:26:23in the late 1950s.

01:26:25Omar Knedlik was working at Dairy Queen

01:26:27in Kansas City

01:26:28and the soda fountain broke down.

01:26:30To keep the beverages cool,

01:26:32he put them in the freezer.

01:26:33They turned slushy

01:26:34and that's how the guy got the idea

01:26:36to make a machine

01:26:37that makes frozen beverages.

01:26:39He even created the icy name

01:26:41and designed a logo for the brand.

01:26:44Several years later,

01:26:457-Eleven bought the right to sell the drinks

01:26:48and they got popular.

01:26:50The newest ice cream-like invention

01:26:52is Dippin' Dots.

01:26:53In 1988,

01:26:54a microbiologist wanted an easier way

01:26:57to feed cows.

01:26:58So,

01:26:58he started to freeze cow feed.

01:27:01Then he thought a little bit more

01:27:02and figured out

01:27:03that you can freeze other food,

01:27:05not only cow feed.

01:27:07So he started to freeze ice cream

01:27:09and it was a blast.

01:27:12That's it for today.

01:27:13Maybe you can come up with something too

01:27:14and will forever be imprinted

01:27:16in the ice cream history

01:27:17like all these heroes we mentioned today.

01:27:48We're all actually connected

01:27:50and have common traits

01:27:51because we've all evolved

01:27:52from the same micro-ancestor.

01:27:54This would be our planet's original ancestor,

01:27:57LUCA.

01:27:58This stands for

01:27:59the Last Universal Common Ancestor,

01:28:01which is a 3.8 billion year old organism.

01:28:05Closing the eyes

01:28:06can improve your memory.

01:28:08Let's say you want to listen to a story

01:28:10and see how much you can remember.

01:28:12Studies show that if you close your eyes

01:28:14and take a 15-minute rest,

01:28:16you'll remember it better.

01:28:17A good technique for when you're studying

01:28:19or trying to remember

01:28:20some boring information.

01:28:24The pink corner of your eye

01:28:25is actually the remnant of the third eyelid.

01:28:28We all have this mysterious membrane.

01:28:30The third eyelid is way more prominent

01:28:32in certain mammals and birds

01:28:34since it protects their eyes from dust.

01:28:37But for humans,

01:28:38this tissue doesn't have

01:28:39any particular meaning,

01:28:40so scientists believe

01:28:41we'll eventually lose it.

01:28:45When potatoes are exposed

01:28:46to too much light,

01:28:47they mostly turn green,

01:28:49whether they're in a factory,

01:28:50storage,

01:28:51or a field.

01:28:52This happens because

01:28:53they start to form chlorophyll,

01:28:55a pigment that gives plants green color.

01:28:57So when you see green potato chips,

01:28:59it means they were made

01:29:00from one of these potatoes

01:29:02that were exposed to light

01:29:03for a longer time.

01:29:05But just because some green potato chips

01:29:07made it into the bag

01:29:09doesn't mean you should eat them.

01:29:10As it turns out,

01:29:11the green areas on potatoes

01:29:13and on chips

01:29:14are not good for you.

01:29:15Nothing's going to happen

01:29:16if you eat one or two

01:29:17of these green potato chips.

01:29:19But if you eat too much

01:29:20of a green potato,

01:29:21you might experience

01:29:22some discomfort.

01:29:24Despite their name,

01:29:26some oranges are not orange.

01:29:28Some initially contain

01:29:30large amounts of chlorophyll,

01:29:31which makes this citrus

01:29:33green-colored in the first place.

01:29:35As it matures and ripens,

01:29:36the chlorophyll slowly disappears

01:29:38as the fruit is exposed

01:29:39to cool temperatures.

01:29:41That's when it gets its color.

01:29:43But this is also why

01:29:44in warm areas across the world,

01:29:46oranges remain green.

01:29:50If you've ordered something small

01:29:51from Amazon,

01:29:52like a pen,

01:29:53a single book,

01:29:54or something else,

01:29:55you might have got it in a box

01:29:57that seemed way too big

01:29:58for your item.

01:29:59And it's not an accident,

01:30:00nor random.

01:30:02It's because of their

01:30:03complex shipping algorithm.

01:30:04It takes into account

01:30:05the size of other packages

01:30:07going to the same place,

01:30:08as well as the size

01:30:10of the shipping vehicle.

01:30:11The small item gets a box size

01:30:13that will fit the space

01:30:14inside the vehicle

01:30:15together with other packages,

01:30:17and keep boxes from sliding around.

01:30:21Physicist and inventor

01:30:22Percy Spencer

01:30:23discovered microwaves by accident.

01:30:26He was building a magnetron

01:30:28for some of his radar equipment.

01:30:29At one moment,

01:30:30he realized the chocolate bar

01:30:32he had been keeping in his pocket

01:30:33had begun to melt.

01:30:35He was curious about

01:30:36what was going to happen next.

01:30:38So, he directed microwaves

01:30:39at eggs, which exploded,

01:30:41and popcorn, which popped.

01:30:43This is how he discovered

01:30:45a great tool to heat food

01:30:47that uses less energy

01:30:48than a conventional oven.

01:30:51In its original version,

01:30:52the clay-like substance

01:30:54we call Play-Doh today

01:30:55was a wallpaper cleaner.

01:30:57It was invented and sold

01:30:59for the purpose of lifting soot

01:31:00off of wallpaper.

01:31:02At the time it first showed

01:31:03on the market,

01:31:04you could only get it

01:31:05in an off-white color.

01:31:06But later, they started

01:31:08selling it as a toy.

01:31:09The substance was produced

01:31:10in yellow, blue, and red.

01:31:12Today, you can get it

01:31:14in more than 50 colors.

01:31:17Bubble wrap had a somewhat

01:31:19different purpose

01:31:19at its beginning.

01:31:20It was supposed to be wallpaper.

01:31:22In the 1950s,

01:31:24when it first showed up,

01:31:25two engineers decided to glue

01:31:27two shower curtains together.

01:31:28That's how they trapped

01:31:29small bubbles of air

01:31:30between them.

01:31:32They were trying to create

01:31:33some sort of textured wallpaper,

01:31:35but it didn't take off.

01:31:36A couple years later,

01:31:38IBM had to ship

01:31:39some data processors

01:31:40and needed something

01:31:41to protect them,

01:31:42which is when the phenomenon

01:31:43of bubble wrap came up.

01:31:45One study showed

01:31:46that one minute

01:31:47of popping bubble wrap

01:31:48is as calming

01:31:49as a 30-minute massage.

01:31:52Why don't electric fans

01:31:53cool the air?

01:31:55You could set a thermometer

01:31:56in front of it

01:31:56and choose a turbo mode.

01:31:58But the temperature

01:31:59won't go down.

01:32:01In fact,

01:32:01the temperature

01:32:02might even go up

01:32:03if you leave the thermometer

01:32:04next to the working parts

01:32:05thanks to the electric current.

01:32:07A fan won't cool the air,

01:32:09but it will cool you

01:32:10or any other object

01:32:11with water inside.

01:32:13An electric fan

01:32:14improves air circulation

01:32:15in a closed space.

01:32:17Plus,

01:32:17it speeds up evaporation,

01:32:19which makes liquids,

01:32:20including the sweat on your skin,

01:32:22a bit cooler.

01:32:25Have you noticed pen caps

01:32:26have tiny holes on the top?

01:32:28It seems random at first,

01:32:30but it's actually a lifesaver.

01:32:32If you can accidentally

01:32:33swallow this cap,

01:32:34the hole ensures

01:32:35you can continue breathing

01:32:37because the cap

01:32:38won't completely block the airway.

01:32:41If you take a closer look

01:32:43at the night sky,

01:32:44you'll see stars

01:32:45come in different shapes

01:32:46and sizes.

01:32:47White is the most prevalent color,

01:32:48true,

01:32:49but they sparkle in shades

01:32:50of red,

01:32:51blue,

01:32:52and yellow too.

01:32:53But you won't see a green star.

01:32:55It's not that stars

01:32:56don't emit green light,

01:32:57it's just that our eyes

01:32:58don't see it like that.

01:33:00Stars vary in colors

01:33:01when they burn

01:33:02at different temperatures.

01:33:03The hottest stars appear blue,

01:33:05while the coolest stars

01:33:07seem to burn in red hues,

01:33:09but they all shine

01:33:10in multiple colors.

01:33:11They emit

01:33:13different light wavelengths

01:33:14that represent various parts

01:33:16of the color spectrum.

01:33:17We can't all perceive

01:33:19those wavelengths separately,

01:33:20we only see the dominant

01:33:21light wavelength,

01:33:22which means the dominant color.

01:33:24So,

01:33:25stars of medium heat

01:33:26emit green photons

01:33:28in most cases,

01:33:29but they just don't appear green.

01:33:31When we try to process

01:33:32something that generates

01:33:33red,

01:33:33green,

01:33:34blue,

01:33:35and yellow photons at once,

01:33:37our eyes see it as white.

01:33:39That's the same reason

01:33:40why mid-temperature stars

01:33:42such as our sun

01:33:43appear white to us.

01:33:46Why do we blink?

01:33:47To moisten and cleanse the eye,

01:33:49that's for sure.

01:33:51Every time you close your eyelids,

01:33:52the tear glands

01:33:53secrete a salty substance

01:33:54that sweeps over

01:33:55the surface of your eye.

01:33:57It then flushes away

01:33:59all those tiny dust particles

01:34:00and also lubricates

01:34:01the exposed parts of your eyeball.

01:34:04We usually blink

01:34:05every four to six seconds

01:34:06unless the eyes

01:34:07are more irritated.

01:34:08Then,

01:34:09we blink more frequently

01:34:10to keep them moist

01:34:11and clean.

01:34:12But not just that.

01:34:14Blinking also helps

01:34:15our brain to reset.

01:34:16It has to process

01:34:17so many things all the time,

01:34:19so it's fair to give it a break

01:34:20from time to time.

01:34:22So blinking rescues our brain

01:34:24around 15 to 20 times per minute.

01:34:27When we shut our eyes,

01:34:28we help our brain

01:34:29to power down

01:34:30and take a very short

01:34:31but still effective mental break.

01:34:33That's why we blink more

01:34:34when we're in the middle of a task

01:34:36that demands some

01:34:37serious mental activity.

01:34:39Why do we have nails?

01:34:41They're generally made

01:34:42of a specific type of protein

01:34:44you can find in fur,

01:34:45hair,

01:34:45claws,

01:34:46and hooves.

01:34:47It's called keratin,

01:34:49and unlike claws,

01:34:50nails are flat and wide,

01:34:52so they're more effective

01:34:53at shielding the tips of toes

01:34:55and fingers

01:34:56from potential injuries.

01:34:58Fingernails not only

01:34:59protect sensitive areas

01:35:01but also provide

01:35:02a rigid backing

01:35:03so you can take

01:35:04and separate small objects

01:35:06more easily.

01:35:08How would you pick up

01:35:08a single jigsaw piece

01:35:10or peel a sticker

01:35:11from its backing

01:35:12without nails?

01:35:13It would be almost impossible

01:35:15without additional tools.

01:35:16Apes and monkeys

01:35:17use their feet

01:35:18for such delicate tasks too.

01:35:20Primates have probably

01:35:22evolved nails

01:35:22because they needed help

01:35:24with simple tasks

01:35:25such as grasping branches tightly

01:35:27and removing ticks.

01:35:29Raspberries, blackberries,

01:35:30strawberries, and cherries

01:35:31are not berries.

01:35:33To classify a berry,

01:35:34they have to have

01:35:35three layers.

01:35:37A protective outer one,

01:35:38a fleshy one in the middle,

01:35:39and finally,

01:35:40an inner part

01:35:41where you can find the seeds.

01:35:43Also, a plant must come

01:35:45from a flower

01:35:45with just one ovary

01:35:47and have two or more seeds.

01:35:49So, by this criteria,

01:35:51cranberries and blueberries

01:35:52are berries.

01:35:54Together with some more plants,

01:35:55you wouldn't expect

01:35:56to be in this category.

01:35:58Kiwis, bananas,

01:35:59watermelons, tomatoes,

01:36:01eggplants, and even peppers.

01:36:04You've probably heard

01:36:05your ears and nose

01:36:06are those body parts

01:36:07that never stop growing.

01:36:09This happens because

01:36:10the effects of skin changes

01:36:12and gravity.

01:36:13Other parts of your body

01:36:14change in the same ways,

01:36:16but you can't see it as well

01:36:17as you can see

01:36:18what's happening

01:36:18with your nose and ears.

01:36:29You must have guessed.

01:36:30It's a description of coffee.

01:36:33This is how coffee

01:36:34was described

01:36:34by a German physician

01:36:36who had a 10-year trip

01:36:37to the Near East

01:36:38back in the 16th century.

01:36:41Today,

01:36:41you don't have to venture

01:36:42into the unknown

01:36:43to get a cup of precious liquid.

01:36:45You can easily make it at home

01:36:47or visit the closest coffee shop.

01:36:49As of 2023,

01:36:51in the US alone,

01:36:52there are over 72,000 coffee shops.

01:36:55Imagine the whole world.

01:36:58When you think of coffee,

01:36:59what's the first country

01:37:01that comes to your mind?

01:37:02Italy?

01:37:03Maybe France?

01:37:04But here's the kicker.

01:37:05Actually, Finland

01:37:07is the coffeest country

01:37:08in the world.

01:37:09Just picture it.

01:37:10An adult Finn consumes

01:37:12up to 27.5 pounds of coffee per year,

01:37:16while an American

01:37:17only consumes about 11 pounds.

01:37:21Norway proudly takes second place,

01:37:23and Denmark closes the top three.

01:37:25Italy and France

01:37:27aren't even in the top 10.

01:37:28And by the way,

01:37:29each day,

01:37:30people on our planet

01:37:31drink approximately

01:37:331.6 billion cups of coffee.

01:37:36If you're planning

01:37:37to hit some longevity records,

01:37:39coffee may come in handy.

01:37:41There's been research

01:37:42conducted by Harvard Health Publishing

01:37:44stating that those

01:37:45who drink three to four cups

01:37:46of coffee per day

01:37:48are more likely

01:37:49to have a longer lifespan.

01:37:51Sounds cool,

01:37:51but it's probably

01:37:53not the best option.

01:37:55One of the world's

01:37:56most famous supercentenarians,

01:37:58Jeanne Calment,

01:37:59acknowledged that she would drink coffee

01:38:01with milk for breakfast.

01:38:03And she lived an incredibly long life.

01:38:05Of 122 years.

01:38:08Not only do people prove

01:38:10that coffee helps with longevity,

01:38:12but cats can also prove it.

01:38:15This is Cream Puff from Texas.

01:38:17It's the cat that lived for 38 years.

01:38:21Jake Perry, Cream Puff's owner,

01:38:23shared some details

01:38:24about his pet's diet.

01:38:25Cream Puff would typically

01:38:27eat dry cat food,

01:38:28eggs, turkey bacon.

01:38:30All right, nothing special here.

01:38:32But the cat was a big fan

01:38:34of coffee, too.

01:38:36Cream Puff preferred coffee

01:38:37with cream.

01:38:39Now here's a question for you.

01:38:41What color is your coffee mug?

01:38:43Thing is,

01:38:44it matters a lot

01:38:45what you drink from.

01:38:46There are certain colors,

01:38:48for example,

01:38:49lead-based glaze

01:38:50that can release toxic substances

01:38:52in your drink.

01:38:53Mugs glazed with red and orange

01:38:55are most likely to contain lead.

01:38:57So if you want to play it safe,

01:38:59opt for mugs made of glass,

01:39:01ceramic or stainless steel.

01:39:04Also,

01:39:05mugs made of plastic or aluminum

01:39:07aren't safe either,

01:39:08as they may release unwanted substances,

01:39:11just like glazed mugs.

01:39:13But the color matters

01:39:14for psychological reasons, too.

01:39:16There's been an experiment

01:39:18concerning coffee perception

01:39:19based on the mug color.

01:39:21So it turns out

01:39:23that if we drink coffee

01:39:24from a white mug,

01:39:25it may seem less sweet

01:39:26than if we drink it from a blue

01:39:28or transparent one.

01:39:31Coffee even played an important role

01:39:32in major sports events.

01:39:34Back in 1932,

01:39:36Brazilian athletes

01:39:37couldn't afford a trip to LA

01:39:38to participate in the Olympic Games.

01:39:41However,

01:39:41a solution was found.

01:39:43The authorities loaded the athletes

01:39:45onto a ship full of coffee.

01:39:47That coffee was sold on the way,

01:39:49so it helped finance their trip.

01:39:52Coffee is also the key

01:39:54to a happy family life,

01:39:55or at least it used to be.

01:39:57In the 15th century in Mesopotamia,

01:39:59coffee was pretty important

01:40:00when it came to marriage.

01:40:02Men would choose their future wives

01:40:04based on how well

01:40:05they could make coffee.

01:40:07Luckily, we have coffee machines

01:40:08for that today,

01:40:09so we choose partners

01:40:10based on their personalities.

01:40:12And in Constantinople,

01:40:14a wife could file for divorce

01:40:15in case her hubby

01:40:16did not provide her

01:40:17with enough coffee.

01:40:20According to industry standards,

01:40:22you need around 56 coffee beans

01:40:24to make a single shot of coffee.

01:40:26Beethoven,

01:40:27yes, I'm talking about

01:40:28one of the main hit makers

01:40:29of all time,

01:40:31would count 60 beans precisely

01:40:33to brew his morning coffee.

01:40:34I guess it was more of a ritual

01:40:36than a particular recipe.

01:40:38Hey, do you have any rituals

01:40:39for your morning, Joe?

01:40:42Another hit maker,

01:40:43Johann Sebastian Bach,

01:40:45even dedicated a cantata to coffee,

01:40:47which he called Coffee Cantata.

01:40:49Pretty straightforward, huh?

01:40:51The cantata tells about

01:40:53coffee dependence.

01:40:55Even though black coffee

01:40:56is supposedly the most

01:40:58common type out there,

01:40:59pretty much everyone

01:41:00tried cappuccino at least once.

01:41:03By the way,

01:41:03it got its name

01:41:04because of the final color

01:41:06the drink has.

01:41:07It's a soft brownish shade,

01:41:08very much similar to the color

01:41:10of the cappuccino robe.

01:41:12Plus, the robe has a hood,

01:41:14and the word hood

01:41:15translates to Italian as

01:41:17cappuccio.

01:41:18Now the name finally makes sense.

01:41:21Those who don't like to spend time

01:41:23brewing coffee

01:41:24often opt for the instant variety.

01:41:26Let's say happy birthday

01:41:27to instant coffee.

01:41:29It's soon to turn 116 years old.

01:41:32It was invented in 1907,

01:41:35and up until the 1970s,

01:41:37many consumers would criticize it

01:41:38for having an inferior taste.

01:41:41However, in the 1970s,

01:41:43the technology changed,

01:41:44and the manufacturers claimed

01:41:46it tasted almost like

01:41:47freshly brewed coffee.

01:41:49Also, instant coffee created

01:41:51another popular thing,

01:41:53coffee vending machines.

01:41:54The first prototype was invented

01:41:56back in 1947,

01:41:58and they've been with us

01:41:59ever since the 1950s.

01:42:04There are also some products

01:42:06you don't really want

01:42:07to combine coffee with.

01:42:09Number one, meat.

01:42:11The logic is simple,

01:42:12coffee can absorb zinc in the body.

01:42:14Therefore, it's not the best choice

01:42:16to have coffee after grabbing

01:42:18something that contains zinc.

01:42:20I'm talking about red meat,

01:42:22oysters, and beans.

01:42:24Number two, fried food.

01:42:26Such dishes tend to contain

01:42:27a lot of so-called bad fats,

01:42:30and once you combine them

01:42:31with caffeine,

01:42:32this mix increases

01:42:33the cholesterol levels

01:42:34in your body.

01:42:36Number three may come

01:42:37as a surprise,

01:42:38but still, coffee and milk

01:42:40aren't the best match.

01:42:41Coffee doesn't let the calcium absorb,

01:42:44so technically,

01:42:45you just don't get many nutrients

01:42:46from the milk.

01:42:48Japan seems like the perfect place

01:42:50for those who love coffee.

01:42:52I mean, do you know any other place

01:42:54where you can literally

01:42:55bathe in coffee?

01:42:57Me neither.

01:42:58So this hot spring spa

01:42:59and water amusement park

01:43:01near Tokyo got famous

01:43:02for its extraordinary hot tubs.

01:43:05There are 26 baths in total,

01:43:06and they're filled with coffee,

01:43:08green tea, and many other drinks.

01:43:11Only fresh ingredients are used,

01:43:12and the baths get refilled every day.

01:43:15So to make a coffee tub,

01:43:17they brew coffee beans with water

01:43:18from natural hot springs.

01:43:20By the way,

01:43:21the price is pretty reasonable.

01:43:23An adult ticket costs about $36.

01:43:26If you tried to make a coffee tub yourself,

01:43:28you'd probably spend more.

01:43:31Time to debunk another myth.

01:43:33Decaf coffee does have caffeine.

01:43:36A middle-sized decaf drink

01:43:38has about seven milligrams of caffeine,

01:43:40while regular coffee has about seven.

01:43:43Yep, ten times less,

01:43:45but it's enough to disrupt your sleep.

01:43:47As for classic coffee,

01:43:48remember that caffeine

01:43:50has a six-hour half-life,

01:43:52so it takes about 12 hours

01:43:53to fully eliminate it from your body.

01:43:56Coffee is a no-go

01:43:58both before you go to sleep

01:43:59and right after you wake up.

01:44:01Cortisol, the stress hormone,

01:44:03is not only responsible for stress,

01:44:05but for sleep cycles, too.

01:44:07It spikes between 8 a.m. and 9 a.m.,

01:44:10so a cup of coffee

01:44:11only adds to anxiety in the morning.

01:44:14Grab it when the cortisol is at its lowest.

01:44:16It also spikes between noon and 1 p.m.,

01:44:19and between 5.30 and 6.30 p.m.

01:44:22No coffee at this time.

01:44:25Many people believe

01:44:27coffee is not the healthiest drink,

01:44:29opting for good quality water

01:44:30or other beverages.

01:44:32Still, if you just can't say no

01:44:34to your guilty pleasure,

01:44:35try buying a thermo cup

01:44:37and brewing coffee at home.

01:44:39You'll save money and nature

01:44:41since the disposable coffee cups

01:44:43aren't recyclable,

01:44:44and it takes at least 20 years

01:44:45for them to decompose.

01:44:47A pop-in in a coffee shop

01:44:49may be your daily ritual,

01:44:50but have you ever counted

01:44:52how much you spend

01:44:53on your morning habit?

01:44:54Millennials spend over $2,000 a year

01:44:58on coffee,

01:44:59investing sometimes more

01:45:00than they do in their retirement.

01:45:08You're alone in a dark alleyway

01:45:11when you hear a lion's roar.

01:45:13Peeking out of the shadows,

01:45:14the king of the jungle

01:45:15stares at your face

01:45:16and runs directly towards you.

01:45:19You try sprinting to get away from it,

01:45:21but it looks like your legs and arms

01:45:23are moving through jello-like air.

01:45:25That's when you spot an old phone booth

01:45:27and manage to get inside it.

01:45:29But how do you even call anyone

01:45:31in one of these things?

01:45:32Where's your smartphone?

01:45:35The world of dreams is a crazy one,

01:45:37to say the least.

01:45:39It's a safe place to live out

01:45:40our deepest and darkest fears.

01:45:43But regardless of what

01:45:44common knowledge says,

01:45:45it's not where all things are possible.

01:45:48For example,

01:45:49you'll most likely never dream

01:45:51of your smartphone,

01:45:52and you'll have a pretty hard time

01:45:53trying to run.

01:45:55Why, though?

01:45:56Scientists are still studying

01:45:58why humans dream,

01:45:59so there's a lot we don't know

01:46:01about the science of dreaming just yet.

01:46:04But there's a theory that helps to explain

01:46:06why we have a hard time dreaming

01:46:07of modern things,

01:46:09such as smartphones,

01:46:10computers,

01:46:11and even airplanes.

01:46:13It's called the Threat Simulation Hypothesis.

01:46:16Let's call it the TSH.

01:46:19This theory says that by living

01:46:20our deepest fears and anxieties

01:46:22through our dreams,

01:46:23we are practicing how we would react

01:46:25to them in real life.

01:46:27That's why so many people

01:46:29relive traumatic experiences

01:46:31in dream states.

01:46:33The brain is trying to condition us

01:46:35to survive threatening situations

01:46:37by practicing them out

01:46:38in a safe environment,

01:46:39aka the sleeping state.

01:46:42So if you dream you're being chased

01:46:44in the woods by a bear

01:46:45or you're trying to finish that math exam

01:46:47without studying,

01:46:48this is your brain

01:46:50anticipating possible reactions

01:46:52by trying them out

01:46:53in a dream state first.

01:46:55It makes you sharp and aware

01:46:57in case these things do happen to you

01:46:59in real life.

01:47:00Should we thank our brains for this?

01:47:01I think so, yeah.

01:47:03But that's just one half of the story.

01:47:06Scientists also argue that

01:47:07since the dream state evolved

01:47:09as a defense mechanism,

01:47:10we tend to dream about situations

01:47:13that were dangerous to our ancestors.

01:47:15So modern technologies

01:47:17such as computers and smartphones

01:47:19will rarely appear in people's dreams.

01:47:23Notice I said rarely?

01:47:25That means it's not universal.

01:47:27According to an analysis

01:47:28of 16,000 dream reports,

01:47:31smartphones do seem to appear

01:47:32in 3.55% of women's dreams,

01:47:36while computers appeared

01:47:37in only 1.2%.

01:47:40It's a very small number,

01:47:42but still some people have the luxury

01:47:44or the haunt of dreaming

01:47:45about their cell phone.

01:47:47But why can't we run though?

01:47:49I don't know about you,

01:47:51but I'm always trying

01:47:52and failing to run in my dreams.

01:47:55There are a couple of reasons

01:47:56why that might happen.

01:47:58Some dream experts suggest

01:47:59that it might be because

01:48:01when we're sleeping,

01:48:02our brain is active,

01:48:03but our muscles are relaxed

01:48:04and lying still.

01:48:06Some conflicting signals may happen,

01:48:08which result in the

01:48:09running through water movement

01:48:10we feel in a dream state.

01:48:13Another theory says

01:48:14that when we're dreaming,

01:48:16we're engaging in a constant act

01:48:18of world building.

01:48:19Our brain is building the scenarios

01:48:21we're engaging with,

01:48:22processing all the information

01:48:24that's unfolding before us.

01:48:26If we started running,

01:48:27maybe the brain wouldn't be able

01:48:29to keep up with the world building.

01:48:31So our dream avatars

01:48:33are slowed down to a speed

01:48:34that is compatible

01:48:35with the brain's processing speed.

01:48:38You're flying above

01:48:40crystalline sea waters.

01:48:41The wind is brushing

01:48:43through your hair.

01:48:44You look around

01:48:45and there's a pig-faced pelican

01:48:46smiling at you.

01:48:47It approaches you

01:48:48and starts to tickle your nose

01:48:50with its feathers.

01:48:51You laugh,

01:48:51but you can't feel a thing.

01:48:53What's up with that?

01:48:55Here's a fun fact.

01:48:57Even lucid dreamers

01:48:58can't feel ticklish

01:48:59when they're dreaming.

01:49:00In case you don't know,

01:49:01lucid dreaming happens

01:49:02when a person is aware

01:49:04that they're dreaming

01:49:05and starts to constantly narrate

01:49:07the course of their dreams.

01:49:08It's where you get to be

01:49:10the script writer

01:49:10and director of your own life.

01:49:13Scientists speculate

01:49:14that lucid dreaming

01:49:15is not a state of sleep,

01:49:17but rather a state of wakefulness

01:49:19where the person can establish

01:49:20a so-called two-way communication

01:49:22between dreaming and real life.

01:49:25Does this remind you

01:49:26a little bit of the movie Inception?

01:49:29If it does,

01:49:30that's because Christopher Nolan

01:49:31took inspiration

01:49:32from his experience

01:49:33with lucid dreaming

01:49:35in order to write this movie.

01:49:37Anyways,

01:49:38in a study published

01:49:39by a neuroscience journal,

01:49:41researchers worked

01:49:41with lucid dreamers

01:49:42to see if they could

01:49:43tickle themselves

01:49:45or be tickled by other characters

01:49:46in their dreams.

01:49:48And they found

01:49:48something quite amazing.

01:49:50Dreamers couldn't feel the tickles.

01:49:53Researchers think

01:49:54this suggests that

01:49:54when we're dreaming,

01:49:55the part of the brain

01:49:56that reacts to stimuli

01:49:58is minimized.

01:49:59And let's face it,

01:50:00that's a good thing

01:50:01when you're dreaming

01:50:01you're stuck inside a house

01:50:03catching fire, right?

01:50:05Now let's say you just woke up

01:50:07from an agitated dream.

01:50:08You spent the night dreaming

01:50:09you were at a rock concert

01:50:11where the band members

01:50:12were your childhood stuffed animals.

01:50:14You remember all the minor details

01:50:16of the dream,

01:50:17but you can't seem to remember

01:50:18any of the melodies

01:50:19the teddy bear band was singing.

01:50:21Why is that so?

01:50:23Most people don't

01:50:24or can't dream of music.

01:50:26But that seems so strange

01:50:28since music is a huge part

01:50:29of our daily lives.

01:50:31The only ones

01:50:32who do seem to dream

01:50:33and remember the soundtrack

01:50:34of their sleeping lives

01:50:35are musicians.

01:50:37To understand this a bit more,

01:50:39we have to look

01:50:40at another dream theory.

01:50:42In 1983,

01:50:43scientists came up

01:50:44with a neurobiological theory

01:50:46called reverse learning.

01:50:48This theory says

01:50:49that during our REM sleep cycles,

01:50:52the neocortex reviews

01:50:53our daily neural connections

01:50:55and decides what to do with them.

01:50:58That's when our short-term memory

01:50:59is tucked away

01:51:00in the long-term memory section

01:51:02of our brain.

01:51:03And it's also the moment

01:51:05when our brain cleans up.

01:51:07It dumps the unnecessary

01:51:08neural connections

01:51:09and tries to keep the important ones.

01:51:12In this theory,

01:51:13dreams are the result

01:51:14of this unlearning process.

01:51:16Say you've been dealing

01:51:17with some anxiety

01:51:19regarding your work.

01:51:20You suspect you might get fired

01:51:22and that's all you think about.

01:51:24Your brain makes up

01:51:25different make-believe scenarios,

01:51:26playing out a series of interactions

01:51:28that end up never happening

01:51:30in real life.

01:51:31Some of these neural connections

01:51:33will be deleted

01:51:34from your brain database

01:51:35while you sleep.

01:51:36This is what might happen to music.

01:51:39The dreaming mind

01:51:40treats music as parasitic

01:51:42and non-essential,

01:51:44preventing it from ever making it

01:51:45to the long-term memory pile.

01:51:48If you think about it,

01:51:49our brain kind of protects us

01:51:51from having that cheesy melody

01:51:52stuck with us for eternity.

01:51:54Let's do a quick thought exercise.

01:51:57Consider that an average human being

01:51:59spends about two hours dreaming

01:52:01every night.

01:52:02That means by the time

01:52:03that you're 80 years old,

01:52:04you'll have dreamed

01:52:05the equivalent of 60,000 hours.

01:52:08That's 10 years worth of dreaming.

01:52:10Crazy, huh?

01:52:12Now imagine if our brains

01:52:13didn't erase a cheesy melody

01:52:15we listened to more times

01:52:16than we would have liked.

01:52:18I can't even begin to imagine

01:52:19the overload of information

01:52:21our brains would have been able to stock.

01:52:24Moving on.

01:52:25You know what else you can't do

01:52:26while you're dreaming?

01:52:28Experience things in real time.

01:52:30We just said we spend

01:52:31an average of two hours

01:52:32dreaming each night,

01:52:34but on average,

01:52:35we sleep around eight hours

01:52:36and it does feel like

01:52:37we spent all those hours dreaming.

01:52:40According to recent research,

01:52:42a simple action

01:52:43that might take five minutes

01:52:44in waking life to be performed

01:52:46can take much longer in a dream.

01:52:49They tested this out

01:52:50with lucid dreamers

01:52:51where scientists would ask them

01:52:52to perform a task and signal

01:52:54when they're done

01:52:55while the researchers timed everything.

01:52:58Perhaps that's why we get

01:52:59the impression we dream

01:53:00for eight hours straight every night.

01:53:02Tell me one thing, though.

01:53:04How many of you

01:53:05even remember your dreams?

01:53:07According to statistics,

01:53:09half of us remember

01:53:10at least one dream a week

01:53:12and women are more likely

01:53:13to remember their dreams

01:53:14compared to men.

01:53:16Care to tell us

01:53:16about any recent dreams of yours?

01:53:19You're strapped in a boat

01:53:20cruising down the Amazon River

01:53:22with the sun scorching hot.

01:53:24As you check out your map,

01:53:25your boat starts rocking

01:53:27back and forth.

01:53:28The water is starting

01:53:29to get more intense,

01:53:30so you hang on for dear life.

01:53:33You tuck your map in your pocket

01:53:35and try to take control of your boat.

01:53:37You strike some jagged rocks

01:53:39and duck low to avoid tree branches.

01:53:41Your boat strikes a large rock

01:53:43out of nowhere and capsizes.

01:53:45You're swimming in the murky green water.

01:53:48While you're trying your best

01:53:49to get ashore,

01:53:50your boat gets washed away.

01:53:53Underneath the water

01:53:54lies a whole new world

01:53:55of bizarre and dangerous animals.

01:53:58Candiru fish are snake-like creatures

01:54:00that can grow up to 16 inches long.

01:54:03Arapaimus can weigh more

01:54:05than an adult male

01:54:06and are taller than

01:54:07most basketball players.

01:54:09They're the biggest freshwater fish

01:54:11in South America.

01:54:12They have a hybrid gill system

01:54:14that forces them to pop up

01:54:15to the surface every 5 to 15 minutes

01:54:17to breathe in oxygen

01:54:19for their large swim bladder.

01:54:21You swim out of the raging water

01:54:23and dry yourself off.

01:54:25Oh no!

01:54:26Your map is completely soaked.

01:54:28There's no way you can get

01:54:29to your destination without it.

01:54:31You venture into the thick rainforest,

01:54:33shoving the branches and leaves away.

01:54:35As you get deeper,

01:54:37you notice something on a tree.

01:54:39It's barely moving,

01:54:40but it's got sharp claws

01:54:41and a raggedy coat.

01:54:43It stretches its arm

01:54:44to another branch

01:54:45and tries to pull itself up,

01:54:47ever so slowly.

01:54:50Sloths sleep more than

01:54:52half their days

01:54:53and only head down

01:54:54from trees once a week.

01:54:55They're so motionless,

01:54:57they sometimes grow algae

01:54:58and moss on their fur.

01:55:00The rainforest gets denser

01:55:02with each step

01:55:03until there's barely any sunlight

01:55:04illuminating the path

01:55:05in front of you.

01:55:07You notice a figure following you.

01:55:09With every branch you step on,

01:55:10you can hear a faint sound

01:55:12right next to you

01:55:13creeping around.

01:55:14You start walking a bit faster

01:55:16and the sound catches up with you.

01:55:18You make it out of the dense part

01:55:20and tread along a narrow path

01:55:22until you reach a cliff.

01:55:24You can't walk normally here,

01:55:26so you pin against the wall

01:55:27and walk sideways

01:55:28to cross the hills.

01:55:30You slowly move across

01:55:31with the river 30 feet below you.

01:55:33You move your right foot

01:55:35and some rocks fall into the river.

01:55:37You keep going and misstep.

01:55:39You're about to fall,

01:55:40but you hold on

01:55:41to a large tree branch

01:55:42and pull yourself up.

01:55:44You notice a couple of colorful

01:55:46poison frogs

01:55:47inches away from your fingers.

01:55:49Touching any of these frogs

01:55:51can be extremely dangerous

01:55:52and harmful,

01:55:53despite their amazing

01:55:55color patterns.

01:55:56The golden poison frog

01:55:57is one of the most poisonous

01:55:59animals in the world.

01:56:00One of them hops right next to you,

01:56:02so you let go of the branch

01:56:04and fall back in the river.

01:56:06The river is washing you down

01:56:07until you reach a calm current.

01:56:10Underneath you is a swarm of piranhas

01:56:13swimming with their sharp teeth.

01:56:14The red color on their skin

01:56:16is unmistakable,

01:56:17so you swim off

01:56:18like an Olympic athlete.

01:56:20Piranhas will eat anything

01:56:22that gets in their way,

01:56:23no matter the size.

01:56:25You grip onto a log

01:56:26and climb up a small rock

01:56:28to catch your breath.

01:56:29There's a huge electric eel

01:56:31underneath the rock.

01:56:32Despite their name,

01:56:34they're more related

01:56:34to catfish than eels.

01:56:36They use their powerful

01:56:37600 volts of electricity

01:56:39to defend themselves

01:56:41and catch food.

01:56:42You're stuck,

01:56:43unless you're like

01:56:44the common basilisk

01:56:45that can run on the water

01:56:47like a jet ski.

01:56:48These incredible lizards

01:56:49have special webbing

01:56:50on their toes

01:56:51and can run the distance

01:56:52of a basketball court.

01:56:54You hop on a bunch of rocks

01:56:55until you reach the land.

01:56:57You continue walking

01:56:58along the riverbank

01:56:59until you come

01:57:00across a moving rock.

01:57:02You rub your eyes

01:57:03and see it moving again.

01:57:05It's a dinosaur-looking turtle

01:57:07that resembles a crocodile

01:57:08with armor.

01:57:09The mata mata

01:57:10is a freshwater turtle

01:57:12that disguises itself

01:57:13with its surroundings

01:57:14to catch prey.

01:57:15Their heads stretch longer

01:57:17than their bodies.

01:57:18You shimmy your way past it

01:57:20and continue.

01:57:21You head back into the rainforest

01:57:22and find a spot to rest.

01:57:24Wait!

01:57:25There are giant ants everywhere!

01:57:27They're the biggest ants

01:57:28in the world

01:57:29and can produce

01:57:30one of the most painful

01:57:31stings out there,

01:57:32even comparable

01:57:33to a wasp's sting.

01:57:35You immediately get up

01:57:36and find another place to rest.

01:57:39As you continue walking along,

01:57:41you notice the same feeling

01:57:42of something following you.

01:57:44You can hear some leaves rustling,

01:57:46but it's getting dark

01:57:47and there's no way of telling.

01:57:49You find a nice little spot

01:57:51to build a campfire

01:57:52and catch some zees.

01:57:53But in the Amazon,

01:57:54everything is a threat,

01:57:56except for those cute capybaras

01:57:58wandering around.

01:57:59They live in groups

01:58:00next to water sources.

01:58:01They're also the biggest rodents

01:58:03in the world.

01:58:04You don't need to worry about them

01:58:05if you're stuck in the middle

01:58:07of the Amazon rainforest.

01:58:08Suddenly,

01:58:09you feel something slithering

01:58:11up next to you.

01:58:12You look down

01:58:13and see a massive green anaconda

01:58:15just about to constrict you.

01:58:17They are the heaviest snakes

01:58:19in the world

01:58:19and can grow up to 20 feet long

01:58:22and have a huge appetite.

01:58:24You get up

01:58:25and sprint your way out of there.

01:58:26All right,

01:58:27you found a decent cave to crash in.

01:58:33It's daytime again

01:58:35and you're still alive.

01:58:36You continue walking

01:58:37along the rainforest.

01:58:39You were able to find some breakfast

01:58:40to boost your energy

01:58:41for the rest of the day.

01:58:43You spot something on a tree

01:58:45that looks like a branch,

01:58:46but it's actually a potu,

01:58:48a master of disguise

01:58:50that can spend days motionless

01:58:52on broken tree branches.

01:58:53These bizarre birds

01:58:55use those branches

01:58:56as their permanent home

01:58:57where they lay their eggs

01:58:59and chill all day.

01:59:00You continue your way

01:59:01through the rainforest

01:59:02and see a Brazilian wandering spider

01:59:05crawling on a tree branch

01:59:06right in front of you.

01:59:08Eight of these species

01:59:09can be found in the Amazon area.

01:59:11They are some of the most aggressive

01:59:12and venomous spiders out there.

01:59:15So,

01:59:15you make a big detour

01:59:17and walk away from it.

01:59:18You feel someone walking

01:59:19next to you again,

01:59:21but you still can't figure out

01:59:22what it is.

01:59:23You see a steep cliff

01:59:24with a waterfall

01:59:25hitting a large lake ahead of you.

01:59:27Looks peaceful

01:59:28until you see

01:59:29a team of black caimans

01:59:31gathering around the shore.

01:59:32They're the biggest predators

01:59:34in the whole Amazon ecosystem

01:59:36and feed on anything that moves.

01:59:38It's a good thing you're on high ground.

01:59:40Otherwise,

01:59:43you slip and fall down the river

01:59:44right on the deep end.

01:59:46So far,

01:59:47no caiman spotted you.

01:59:49You swim underwater

01:59:50and try to get to the opposite end

01:59:51of where the reptiles are.

01:59:53As you climb out and dry yourself off,

01:59:55you notice some large black spots on you.

01:59:58You try pulling them off,

02:00:00but they've latched on pretty hard.

02:00:02The Amazon giant leech

02:00:04finds its target

02:00:05by tracking movement and shadow.

02:00:07Once they attach themselves to the skin,

02:00:09it's extremely difficult to extract them.

02:00:12The best way to do so

02:00:13is to slide your finger

02:00:14next to its mouth

02:00:15and pull it off slowly.

02:00:18You manage to get them off your body

02:00:20and see that the caimans

02:00:21are swimming towards you.

02:00:22You're pinned to the wall

02:00:24with the lake of hungry reptiles approaching.

02:00:27Suddenly,

02:00:27a pink dolphin jumps out of the water

02:00:30and splashes all over them.

02:00:31They can grow larger than humans

02:00:33and are the celebrities of the Amazon.

02:00:35Scientists think they get their color

02:00:37from the blood capillaries on their skin.

02:00:40The Amazon even has bull sharks

02:00:42swimming around.

02:00:43These carnivorous giant fish

02:00:45are threatening to humans

02:00:46and can swim in both salt water

02:00:48and fresh water.

02:00:50These sharks prey on anything within their reach,

02:00:52including other sharks.

02:00:54The dolphin distracted the caimans,

02:00:56so you climb up the cliff

02:00:57and try to find the best way to escape.

02:01:00Opened jaws waiting for you

02:01:02to fall into the pit

02:01:03are right below you.

02:01:05You're lucky enough to escape to the top,

02:01:07but as your arms pull you up,

02:01:09the first thing that you see

02:01:11is a jaguar looking straight at you.

02:01:13It's the creature that's been following you

02:01:15this whole time.

02:01:16You get up while it starts circling you,

02:01:18timing its strike.

02:01:20You know that you can't take on a jaguar,

02:01:23nor can you outrun it,

02:01:24so you grab a large tree branch

02:01:26from the ground to defend yourself.

02:01:28It jumps at you,

02:01:29but you duck down in time.

02:01:31The jaguar lands in the water

02:01:33far away from the caiman crocs.

02:01:35It's a good thing these large kitties

02:01:36are excellent swimmers.

02:01:38You pick yourself up and continue.

02:01:40And to your surprise,

02:01:41you find your boat again.

02:01:43You fix it up and sail your way

02:01:45out of the Amazon.

02:01:48That's it for today!

02:01:49So, hey, if you pacified your curiosity,

02:01:51then give the video a like

02:01:53and share it with your friends.

02:01:54Or if you want more,

02:01:55just click on these videos

02:01:56and stay on the Bright Side!

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