En 2017, le vol 759 d'Air Canada est passé terriblement près de provoquer l'une des pires catastrophes aériennes jamais survenues à l'aéroport international de San Francisco. L'avion était censé atterrir sur une piste dégagée, mais a commencé à descendre sur une voie de circulation où quatre avions entièrement chargés attendaient de décoller. Les pilotes ont confondu la voie de circulation avec la piste dans l'obscurité, s'approchant à 14 pieds d'un autre avion. Un contrôleur aérien réactif a crié aux pilotes d'Air Canada d'annuler leur atterrissage à la dernière seconde. L'avion s'est redressé juste à temps, évitant de peu un carambolage catastrophique qui aurait pu affecter des centaines de vies. Les experts ont ensuite déclaré que c'était une chance pure et des réactions vives qui ont empêché la tragédie cette nuit-là. Animation créée par Sympa.
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FunTranscript
00:00This could have turned into one of the worst tragedies in the history of aviation.
00:04It was almost midnight at the San Francisco International Airport
00:08when flight 759 of Air Canada approached to land.
00:12The pilots, exhausted by this end of the day, were waiting for a landing without a hitch.
00:17However, they did not know that the airport had an unusual configuration that night.
00:21The right runway 28 was operational, while the left runway 28, usually parallel,
00:27had been closed for maintenance, its lights had been turned off.
00:31Although they are already accustomed to this airport, the pilots made a terrible mistake.
00:36Thinking to spot two parallel runways, they took the central runway for the left runway 28,
00:40plunged into the darkness, and thought that the taxiway on the right corresponded to the right runway 28.
00:46What the crew did not know was that the taxiway was not empty.
00:50Four planes were parked there, ready for takeoff,
00:54carrying more than a thousand passengers in total.
00:56And Air Canada's plane was heading dangerously towards them.
01:00An opinion of the air navigator contained essential information for flights,
01:04including this crucial detail.
01:06However, these opinions, often very long and complex, sometimes covering several pages,
01:11can be difficult to quickly exploit.
01:14Air Canada's crew had omitted to note the closure of the runway.
01:18That night, the pilots made a visual approach,
01:21relying only on their perception to align with the runway.
01:26This process, adapted by daylight, becomes much more delicate in the dark.
01:31Tired by a long flight from Toronto, they fought against exhaustion.
01:35Their biological clock was already showing more than three o'clock in the morning.
01:39In addition, Canadian regulations on pilots' rest were less strict than elsewhere.
01:44The pilot had accumulated nearly 19 hours of work without benefiting from adequate rest.
01:50As the plane approached dangerously,
01:52no one in the cockpit realized that they were following an incorrect trajectory.
01:56The aircraft arriving in San Francisco frequently adopt a light angle
02:00to minimize noise pollution above the bay.
02:03It is therefore common for them to appear slightly offset in the eyes of air traffic controllers.
02:07However, this feature was only added to the confusion,
02:11and Air Canada's crew continued to direct the aircraft towards the taxiway.
02:15When the pilots finally became aware of an anomaly,
02:18they contacted the control tower to confirm their permission to land.
02:23The controller, busy managing both air traffic and ground operations due to the late hour,
02:29took several seconds to respond.
02:31He confirmed their permission, without suspecting that the plane was following the wrong trajectory.
02:36Simultaneously, the crew of one of the planes parked on the taxiway
02:41quickly contacted the tower by radio to report the imminent danger.
02:45The tower reacted immediately,
02:47ordering Air Canada's crew to stop landing and begin a new approach.
02:52The pilots, reacting just in time,
02:54re-aligned their aircraft, avoiding the planes on the ground by just a few meters.
02:59Although shaken by this incident, they managed to save hundreds of lives.
03:03Following this event, an in-depth investigation was carried out,
03:07and new security measures were established.
03:09However, doubts persist as to their effectiveness in preventing other similar incidents.
03:15In recent years, the number of incidents avoided accurately has experienced a disturbing increase.
03:21For example, the flight Cantaz 32, connecting London to Sydney via Singapore,
03:26had to face a critical emergency on November 4, 2010.
03:30A few minutes after taking off from the Changi airport in Singapore,
03:33an Airbus A380, flying over the Indonesian islands of Rio,
03:37was hit by a major failure.
03:39One of its four engines suffered a non-confined failure.
03:43During the next two hours, the crew had to manage an extremely tense situation,
03:48trying to assess the extent of the damage suffered by the aircraft.
03:51The incident occurred at 10h01 local time in Singapore.
03:56When the engine exploded, fragments settled in the wing,
03:59causing considerable damage to several essential systems.
04:03The fuel system was severely damaged,
04:06causing leaks and even starting a fire in one of the tanks.
04:10In addition, one of the hydraulic systems, critical of the operation of the flaps and the landing gear,
04:16was put out of service.
04:18The anti-locking brakes, essential to ensure a safe landing,
04:23also stopped operating.
04:24In parallel, two other engines began to lose power,
04:28while the flaps, responsible for controlling the descent and speed, were damaged.
04:34Despite the extent of the damage, the crew noticed that the aircraft remained maneuverable.
04:38They decided to fly over the surroundings of Singapore for about 50 minutes,
04:43the time to precisely assess the state of the aircraft.
04:46The commander and his co-pilot used a specialized landing calculator
04:51to determine whether a landing in Changi was possible,
04:55although the aircraft was 50 tons above its maximum allowed weight.
05:00At first, the system failed to provide landing distances.
05:04However, taking into account the dry conditions of the runway,
05:08it indicated that the aircraft could land,
05:10with a margin of only 100 meters of remaining runway.
05:14At 11h45, the aircraft finally landed without trouble at Changi Airport.
05:20However, due to an approach speed of about 65 kmh at normal,
05:26four tires burst when touching the runway.
05:29Once on the ground, a new problem arose.
05:32The crew could not turn off engine number 1.
05:35The emergency teams had to intervene to deactivate it manually.
05:39The crew was faced with a critical decision.
05:42Should the passengers be evacuated immediately,
05:45knowing that fuel was flowing near overheated brakes,
05:48increasing the risk of fire?
05:50Captain David Evans explained later
05:53that it was ultimately more prudent to keep the passengers on board
05:56until the situation was under control, despite the potential risks.
06:01During this time, the cabin crew was in a maximum alert state,
06:05ready to organize an immediate evacuation if things got worse.
06:09An additional difficulty was added to this.
06:12The aircraft operated only on batteries,
06:14limiting the use of communications to a single radio,
06:18to coordinate operations with the emergency services.
06:21Luckily, the danger was removed,
06:23allowing everyone to leave the aircraft calmly, via a staircase.
06:27And the 440 passengers and 29 crew members were able to evacuate without trouble.
06:33On the ground in Batam, fragments of the engine fell on a school,
06:37houses, as well as a car.
06:39But fortunately, no injuries were reported.
06:42A few errors of judgment would have been enough to turn this situation into a disaster.
06:47But the crew showed heroic professionalism.
06:51Investigations revealed that the failure had been caused by a small oil conduit
06:56poorly manufactured in the engine, which was at the origin of the incident.
07:01It was the first time that such an engine failure occurred on an A380,
07:06which was, and still is today, the largest airliner in the world.
07:11Following this incident,
07:13Qantas, as well as other airlines,
07:16temporarily immobilized their A380 to study their safety.
07:21A comparable incident occurred in 2002 with the flight 85 of Northwest Airlines.
07:27The aircraft took off from the Metropolitan Airport in Detroit at 2.30 pm,
07:32east coast time.
07:33On board, there were 4 pilots.
07:36About 7 hours after the start of the flight,
07:38while the aircraft was flying at 10,000 meters altitude,
07:41an unexpected problem occurred.
07:43The plane suddenly turned, tilting to the left.
07:46The pilots first suspected an engine failure.
07:49The on-board commander immediately returned to the cockpit to resume manual controls.
07:54An emergency situation was declared,
07:56and the decision was made to derail the aircraft to Anchorage.
08:00Communication was complicated,
08:01because they were in an area where the signal was weak.
08:05Finally, they managed to contact another flight of Northwest Airlines nearby,
08:10which relayed their emergency call to Alaska.
08:13The situation was so unusual
08:15that no standard emergency procedures were applied.
08:18The crew then contacted the Northwest Airlines headquarters in Minneapolis
08:22to get help, but even they were unable to offer a solution.
08:27Despite everything, the pilots united their efforts to maintain control of the aircraft.
08:31They used round wings and adjusted the power of the engines,
08:35by increasing that of one reactor compared to the other,
08:39in order to direct the aircraft.
08:40This complex maneuver allowed them to land safely in Anchorage.
08:45After this incident,
08:46the National Security Council of Transport and Boeing launched a new investigation.
08:51An investigator described the event as dramatic,
08:54requiring an in-depth analysis.
08:56The investigation revealed a crack in the power control module of the fuselage,
09:00resulting in the rupture of part of its metal box.
09:03This type of failure was unusual,
09:06because it touched the external envelope of the module rather than its internal components.
09:10The NTSB determined that this crack had caused a phenomenon called
09:14governance hardening,
09:16where it is blocked in the maximum position,
09:19resulting in a sudden and dangerous turn.
09:22These terrifying situations illustrate how fatigue,
09:25inefficient communication and obsolete procedures
09:28can lead to disasters.
09:30However, the large number of similar incidents in history,
09:34notably in American airports,
09:36raises the question of whether the necessary lessons
09:39have really been learned.