Les scientifiques viennent de décoder un signal spatial mystérieux qui a voyagé pendant 200 millions d'années avant d'atteindre la Terre ! 🚀📡 Ce signal, provenant d'une galaxie lointaine, s'est avéré provenir d'une explosion cosmique colossale, possiblement d'une étoile mourante s'effondrant en un trou noir. Pendant des années, les experts ont été déroutés par les étranges motifs d'énergie, se demandant s'ils s'agissaient de messages extraterrestres ou de quelque chose d'encore plus étrange. Maintenant, ils ont percé le code : c'est une rare explosion de rayons gamma, l'un des événements les plus puissants de l'univers ! Cette découverte aide les astronomes à comprendre comment certaines des plus grandes explosions spatiales façonnent les galaxies. Mais qui sait ? Peut-être que le prochain signal mystérieux ne viendra pas d'une étoile, mais de quelque chose... d'autre. Animation créée par Sympa.
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FunTranscript
00:00This signal had crossed space for 200 million years, and when it finally reached Earth,
00:07it was accompanied by a captivating story.
00:09It could even allow us to elucidate an enigma that has been going on for 18 years.
00:14We detected this one in 2022, it was a flame of radio waves of exceptional intensity.
00:21Although it lasted only a fraction of a second, it surpassed entire galaxies in a flash.
00:27At first, this signal did not attract attention, because we had already observed similar phenomena.
00:33It was a fast radio overjump, or FRB.
00:36These manifestations have remained an enigma for years,
00:39especially because we totally ignore their origin.
00:42FRBs are brief and intense discharges of energy that reach us from all regions of the universe.
00:48Their duration does not exceed 3 seconds, which makes them difficult to detect.
00:52However, it is almost impossible not to notice them, as their power defies understanding.
00:58A single overjump can release as much energy as the sun over a whole day.
01:03It has intrigued us since 2007.
01:06We have recorded more than a thousand of these signals,
01:09coming from everywhere, from our own galaxy to regions located 8 billion light years away.
01:15None, however, has delivered the slightest clue as to its origin or meaning.
01:21At least, we know that it is not an extraterrestrial activity.
01:26They must be generated by a recurring phenomenon.
01:29And this last signal could finally provide us with answers.
01:32It lasted only 2 milliseconds, and was not particularly bright.
01:36But by examining it more closely,
01:38researchers realized that they would, for the first time, be able to locate it with precision.
01:44They immediately got down to work.
01:47The analysis revealed that this impulse came from a galaxy located about 200 million light years away.
01:53In other words, these radio waves traveled during all this time before reaching Earth.
01:58The signal fluctuated in a singular way, a phenomenon known as scintillation.
02:04When the light or radio waves spread to us, they can inevitably cross gas clouds.
02:10Particles and waves then collide with these masses, which slightly disturbs the signal.
02:16Thus, when it reached us, it was somewhat altered.
02:20However, it was precisely this cloud that allowed us to identify, with accuracy, the origin of this signal.
02:27It turns out that it came from a neutron star, objects of rare fascination.
02:32These stars are the remains of stars, with a brief but flamboyant existence.
02:37When a huge star, much larger than our sun, runs out of fuel,
02:42it becomes unable to support its own mass.
02:45It then disappears in an explosion known as supernova.
02:49In these last moments, its core collapses under the effect of extreme gravity,
02:54thus generating one of the densest objects in the universe.
02:57Out of curiosity, let's compare this to osmium, the densest element found on Earth.
03:03A simple small cube of osmium would weigh about 360 grams, which is already considerable.
03:09Thus, 30 cubic decimeters of this element would reach a stupefying weight of 640 kilos,
03:15which is the equivalent of a medium-sized cow.
03:17Now, try to guess the mass of a tiny cube extracted from a neutron star.
03:22It would be a frightening weight of 7 billion tons.
03:25Forget the very idea of holding it in your hand.
03:28Such an object would distort the very structure of the reality around it.
03:32It's a bit like trying to imagine Mount Everest reduced to the size of a ball.
03:36A vision that is difficult to conceive.
03:38Despite their colossal mass, these stars are surprisingly small,
03:42barely 10 kilometers in radius, the equivalent of a city.
03:46Yet, their weight exceeds that of the sun itself.
03:49But if that doesn't impress you already,
03:51know that the neutron star you are wondering about was not an ordinary star.
03:55It was a magnetar.
03:57A magnetar is a rare category of neutron stars.
04:01When such a star is born, there is only one chance out of ten that it becomes a magnetar.
04:06This phenomenon occurs if, at the time of the stellar collapse,
04:09its magnetic field increases uncontrollably.
04:12The rotation accelerates, the interior is in full effervescence,
04:16and suddenly, a magnetic field a billion times more powerful than that of the Earth arises.
04:22And that's not all.
04:23These fields are among the most extreme in the universe,
04:26to the point of being able to disintegrate atoms.
04:28And that's exactly what they do.
04:30They spray everything around them,
04:33thus forming an incandescent sea of electrically charged particles,
04:37called plasma.
04:39The magnetic field,
04:41unleashed,
04:42twisted,
04:43and deforms this plasma as it pleases,
04:45transforming the scene into a real burning chaos.
04:48Everything is in perpetual motion.
04:50Collision,
04:51dispersion,
04:52absorption.
04:53An environment not conducive to relaxation.
04:56But let's go back to our protagonist.
04:58The magnetar we are talking about was also bathed in this plasma soup,
05:02and was surrounded by an invisible field with dreadful effects.
05:06And that's precisely where the mysterious signal came from.
05:09It was born somewhere in this infernal environment,
05:12at a distance of 10,000 km from the magnetar.
05:16This may seem considerable,
05:17but in reality,
05:19this distance is less than that separating New York from Singapore.
05:23An intriguing fact remains,
05:25how could a radio overjump escape from such a place?
05:28In general,
05:29these emissions are either blocked,
05:31or absorbed.
05:33Most of the time,
05:34radio waves remain trapped in place,
05:36like in a cage.
05:37However, in this particular case,
05:39one of them managed to free itself,
05:41which means that a phenomenon literally perforated the plasma.
05:45The energy behaved in an unpredictable way,
05:48twisting and reorganizing itself in a way that favored the emission of radio waves.
05:53All this suggests that fast radio overjumps,
05:56or FRBs,
05:57probably come from neutron stars,
05:59whether they are magnetars or pulsars.
06:02Recently,
06:03astronomers have designed a revolutionary telescope named CHIME,
06:07the Canadian Hydrogen Intensity Mapping Experiment.
06:11A long-term name, of course,
06:12but this instrument detects FRBs on a daily basis.
06:15FRBs keep surprising us.
06:18The same year, we discovered a radio overjump whose periodic peaks
06:22extended over more than 3 seconds,
06:24a much longer duration than the average.
06:26This one could also be from a neutron star.
06:30If only FRBs from neutron stars could reach us,
06:34they would undoubtedly be much rarer.
06:37Everything suggests that these signals are very varied
06:39and can come from a multitude of sources,
06:43including black holes.
06:45There are therefore several theories about their origin.
06:48For example,
06:49it could result from the collision of two stars.
06:52Such a monumental shock would release an unimaginable energy
06:56and completely destroy the stars involved.
06:59Some astronomers believe that this phenomenon
07:02could explain the overjumps at high-speed radio.
07:04However, such events are extremely rare.
07:08Especially since some FRBs are repeated.
07:11If the majority of them are only a brief flash before disappearing,
07:14others seem to sparkle,
07:17like the one we mentioned.
07:18Some even follow well-defined cycles.
07:21Let's take the example of a well-known repeater.
07:24It operates on a 16-day cycle.
07:27For 4 days, it emits frantically,
07:29then remains silent for 12 days before restarting.
07:33This behavior is difficult to explain,
07:35even with neutron stars.
07:37A unique astrophysical mechanism must necessarily be at work,
07:41perhaps involving an object in orbit around another.
07:45Anyway,
07:46a stellar collision could only justify unique signals,
07:50never reiterated.
07:51Another fascinating hypothesis is that of the blizzard.
07:55Behind this strange name,
07:56there is a dramatic phenomenon.
07:58The transformation of a neutron star into a black hole.
08:02Such an event would produce an intense radio wave burst.
08:05But again,
08:07it would be excessively rare and these signals should not be repeated.
08:11Black holes themselves remain a very serious track.
08:14They are at the heart of many theories about FRBs.
08:17Could it be that these radio impulses
08:19result from the fall of a neutron star into a black hole?
08:22Or from the collapse of a black hole itself?
08:25Maybe even from an interaction between black matter and a black hole?
08:29Who knows?
08:30At this stage,
08:31all hypotheses deserve to be explored.
08:33Of course,
08:34the idea that excites the most is that of an extraterrestrial origin.
08:38Maybe all these signals do not come from an unknown intelligence,
08:42but a fraction of them could be the message of an advanced civilization.
08:46However, this hypothesis remains highly improbable.
08:49FRBs come from all regions of the sky and from very varied distances.
08:54In addition, they are for the most part similar.
08:57Which would be surprisingly complex to reproduce for an intelligent civilization.
09:02But who knows what the future holds for us in terms of discoveries?