Le crapaud buffle, également connu sous le nom de grenouille de la canne, est considéré comme le plus destructeur des crapauds dans le monde. Originaire d'Amérique centrale et d'Amérique du Sud, il a été introduit en Australie dans les années 1930 pour lutter contre les ravageurs de la canne à sucre. Au lieu de cela, il est devenu une espèce envahissante, se répandant rapidement et causant des dommages écologiques majeurs. Ces crapauds sont très toxiques, représentant une menace mortelle pour les animaux indigènes qui tentent de les manger. Leur présence a entraîné de fortes diminutions des populations de faune locale, en faisant un énorme problème environnemental. Animation créée par Sympa.
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FunTranscript
00:00According to you, what would be one of the most dangerous animals in the world?
00:03It is neither a venomous snake, nor a formidable tiger.
00:07It is neither a ferocious grizzly, nor a huge crocodile.
00:10This extremely dangerous creature, capable of destroying entire species of animals,
00:16and of causing an ecological imbalance anywhere in the world,
00:19is none other than the buffalo toad.
00:21It does not seem frightening, nor very aggressive.
00:24It will not take it from you, nor from any other animal.
00:28It spends its time among the grass of the swamps, hunting incohescent insects.
00:32It also has many predators, herons, lizards, and many others.
00:37But look, this crocodile swims towards the toad, and grabs it in its powerful jaws.
00:42Lunch is served, but observe what happens next.
00:45The crocodile feels very bad.
00:47It loses its strength, and remains spread out on the grass, without breathing.
00:51We all know what that means.
00:55In reality, the buffalo toad is a highly toxic amphibian.
01:00It has parotid glands behind its omoplates, which secrete a dangerous toxin.
01:05As soon as it enters an animal's stomach, it causes irreversible reactions throughout the body.
01:11Animals devour, these buffalo toads survive very rarely.
01:15And now, imagine that there are a million toads, like this one.
01:19Each one, representing an attractive meal for predators.
01:23This toad is native to South and Central America.
01:27But it became famous after causing a real environmental disaster in Australia.
01:32It all started in 1935.
01:36When people introduced these buffalo toads to fight the coleopteres,
01:40which parasitized sugarcane, they devastated the cultures in the northern part of the country.
01:45Farmers therefore thought that these imported toads would quickly eliminate the harmful ones.
01:51But far from helping them, Australia suffered even more devastation.
01:56The first problem was that toads did not hunt the targeted insects.
02:00It would have been useful to know this in advance.
02:03These insects lived at the top of large bushes, and buffalo toads could not jump so high.
02:09So they preferred to feed on other insects, and quickly multiplied.
02:14Initially, only a hundred buffalo toads had been introduced.
02:18Farmers managed to raise more than 2,000, and released them into the fields.
02:23This population of amphibians increased to reach 200 million in less than 85 years.
02:29They invaded Australia, and led to a decrease in the population of predators that tried to feed on it.
02:35Alas, the local fauna failed to develop immunity against their poison.
02:40These invading toads spread throughout the northern part of the continent,
02:45covering a distance of 50 km per year, and causing damage to all the ecosystems they encountered.
02:51Australians reported seeing birds fall from the sky after eating these toads.
02:59These amphibians are dangerous to anyone who consumes or touches them.
03:03Any animal that would lick or bite this toad would immediately receive a dose of lethal poison.
03:09And their resistance only aggravates the problem.
03:12Amphibians can survive in almost all weather conditions, and reproduce anywhere.
03:18They are found in tropical forests, coastal brushwoods, and even in the dunes.
03:24They can withstand both hot and cold temperatures, and devour everything in their path.
03:29And they are not difficult to feed.
03:32These amphibians feed on living insects, carcasses, and other waste.
03:37But the biggest problem is their rate of reproduction.
03:40Female toads, or buffalo, lay between 8 and 30,000 eggs twice a year.
03:45In three days, tiny toads hatch.
03:48They hover in the water for 20 weeks, then become small toads.
03:53Their life expectancy is 5 to 10 years in the wild.
03:57Bad weather conditions, predators, drought, and everything else are unable to stop them.
04:04We don't know what to do to get rid of them.
04:07The only chance to protect the other animals is to teach them not to eat these toads.
04:12Scientists have prepared sausages made from buffalo toads,
04:16containing a low concentration of poison.
04:19They gave this food to varents, crocodiles of freshwater, and other predators,
04:25so that they could recognize the taste of this famous toad.
04:28They were slightly poisoned by these sausages,
04:31and thought that everything that smelled like this was dangerous.
04:35We hope that after this experiment,
04:37predators will avoid toads when they detect their smell.
04:41Amphibians have destroyed a large part of biodiversity in the north of the country,
04:45and now they are moving quickly to Western Australia.
04:49Researchers hope that their plan will protect the fauna.
04:52But what to do next?
04:54Maybe nature will offer a solution to the problem?
04:57Some predators could become immune to toxins,
05:01but no one knows when this will happen.
05:03These invading toads pose a serious ecological problem,
05:07although they may seem harmless.
05:09But what about the invading pythons?
05:11In the Everglades, in Florida,
05:13it is the Burmese pythons that threaten the local fauna.
05:19These gigantic rampant snakes have become the dominant species,
05:22even dislodging the alligators from the tides.
05:25These pythons feed on rabbits, opossums, and other animals,
05:29reducing their population by 99%.
05:32Of course, there are not as many pythons as there are toads,
05:35and people know how to get rid of them.
05:37But the problem is that they are exceptionally good at hiding.
05:41Even experts in wild fauna can't find them in thick vegetation.
05:45These pythons are also excellent hunters.
05:48They camouflage themselves and wait before attacking,
05:51which makes them some of the most dangerous invasive creatures in the world.
05:55Fortunately, they don't attack humans.
05:58Wild pigs are one of the most aggressive invading species on Earth.
06:03They have sharp teeth and powerful defenses.
06:07They are not afraid of anything and can even attack humans.
06:11These quick-tempered animals feed on glands, chestnuts, wild birds' eggs,
06:17and trample on crops, sowing terror among all the creatures in the region.
06:23They cause 1.5 billion dollars of damage each year in 47 of the 50 American states.
06:29Imported to the United States a few centuries ago,
06:32these wild pigs have recently experienced a demographic explosion.
06:36Biologists and farmers are trying to solve the problem,
06:39but for now, it is very difficult to control the population.
06:43This little insect seems harmless,
06:46but it could lead to the disappearance of orange juice in some countries.
06:50This is the Psilasiatidae, which likes to feed on oranges.
06:55This insect carries bacteria that infect trees and gradually destroy them.
07:01Once infested, tree roots deform,
07:04oranges fall prematurely, and the tree slowly loses its vitality.
07:08Psilasiatidae grows in Florida, where about 80% of American orange juice is produced.
07:15In addition, this parasite is also present in Georgia, Texas, Louisiana, and California,
07:22all being lemon-producing states.
07:25We have talked about amphibians, reptiles, mammals, and invading insects.
07:29And the birds in all this?
07:31The St. John's worm is a cute little bird, but it ceases to be so as soon as it joins a brood.
07:36St. John's worms gather in hundreds, if not thousands, forming huge black clouds.
07:42They invade cities, villages, and fields in search of food.
07:46These birds consume the cattle's food, creating many problems for farmers.
07:52This invading insect does not threaten other animal species,
07:56does not damage crops or trees, does not die, and does not transmit any infection.
08:01The main problem is the unpleasant smell it emits.
08:04There are so many diabolical punishments in Europe,
08:07that it is very likely that some of them live in your garden.
08:10If you have already met one, you probably remember this nauseating smell.
08:15Thanks to this fragrance, the St. John's worms have almost no enemies, at least in our country.
08:22But in China, their population is regulated by wasps that lay their eggs on the backs of insects.
08:29There are no such wasps in the United States, however, so that the St. John's worms reproduce freely.
08:36Now let's talk about one of the most invasive plants in the world, the coccasus.
08:41It secretes a toxin that activates as soon as it is exposed to sunlight.
08:46This toxin can burn the skin and destroy trees and plants that grow around it.
08:53At first glance, it may seem like a pretty plant.
08:56It has a stem 4 to 5 meters high, decorated with a magnificent white flower.
09:00But this plant annihilates all vegetation around it.
09:03The berth of the coccasus releases its seeds and a slight breeze scatters them over kilometers in a row.
09:09When new plants develop, they suffocate all other surrounding vegetation.
09:15The problem is that the berth of the coccasus has no natural enemy.
09:19Insects that can be harmed cannot consume it because of its poison.
09:23Animals also avoid it.
09:25Maybe nature will end up creating insects capable of eating its leaves, thus restoring balance.
09:32Translation by Jean Laflute