Certaines espèces, comme le Leopardus narinensis (un chat sauvage de Colombie) et le vipère des pitons d'Arunachal (un serpent venimeux d'Inde), ont été vues une seule fois puis ont disparu, presque comme les "œufs de Pâques" les plus rares de la nature. Le Musa fitzalanii est une espèce de bananier de l'Australie qui est apparue une fois avant de disparaître de vue. Il y a aussi le requin poche, une minuscule et insaisissable créature des profondeurs marines qui a été trouvée une fois puis s'est remise à se cacher. Ces espèces sont comme les "one-hit wonders" du monde naturel—super rares et mystérieuses, rendant leurs brèves apparitions d'autant plus fascinantes. Animation créée par Sympa.
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FunTranscript
00:00In 2016, two researchers were exploring the forests of Arunachal Pradesh, in India.
00:06When they discovered, by chance, a magnificent snake camouflaged among the leaves.
00:11An inhabitant then showed them the animal,
00:13and they immediately understood that they were in the presence of an exceptional viper.
00:18This snake, with its pointed muzzle resembling that of the Ipnal viper of Indonesia,
00:23and its orange belly left them stunned.
00:26Returning to the camp, after an in-depth examination,
00:29they understood that they had come across a remarkable discovery.
00:33DNA analysis carried out at the Indian Institute of Sciences
00:37confirmed that it was a totally unprecedented species,
00:40now baptized Trimeresurus arunachalensis.
00:45However, the peculiarities of this snake did not stop there.
00:49Its reproductive organ had characteristics distinct from those of other vipers,
00:54and its scales pattern was quite unique.
00:57While its closest relative had about twenty rows of scales around its body,
01:02this mysterious specimen counted only 17.
01:07The next species is a real case of exception,
01:10known to be the largest jackal ever observed,
01:13with a length approaching 60 cm,
01:16and a thickness comparable to that of the wrist of an adult man.
01:20The only specimen of the Delcourt giant jackal
01:24is currently preserved in France,
01:26but its precise origin remains still partly mysterious.
01:30Originally, it was thought to come from New Zealand,
01:33because some local legends mentioned the existence of a giant lizard living in the forests.
01:38Although this theory is fascinating,
01:40recent DNA studies tend to indicate that this nocturnal species
01:44could actually come from New Caledonia.
01:46However, no definitive evidence has yet been provided on this subject.
01:52In general, nocturnal sharks are slow and imposing creatures,
01:56who prefer deep, cold waters of the oceans.
01:58Their large, flat heads allow them to hide in the sea's darkness.
02:02However, in 2017, a specimen was captured in a fishing port in Taiwan,
02:07then collected on a fish market,
02:09and it did not look like its congeners at all.
02:11First of all, this one-and-three-meter shark
02:14had smaller eyes and a second dorsal fin
02:17reduced in comparison to its congeners.
02:20In addition, it had more teeth in its upper jaw
02:24and less in its lower jaw.
02:26However, the most surprising discovery was that it was a pregnant female
02:31with 33 embryos.
02:33This suggests that there are probably other specimens of this species
02:37hidden in the ocean depths that we have not yet detected.
02:41Here is the Molisquama parini.
02:43It is tiny, measuring barely 14 centimeters in length,
02:47while most deep-sea sharks reach about 2 meters.
02:51However, do not be fooled by its small size,
02:55because this creature is undoubtedly one of the most intriguing secrets of the ocean.
03:00Discovered in 1979 in the deep waters of Chile,
03:03this little shark looks like a real spy gadget,
03:07especially thanks to the mysterious pockets located near its pectoral fins.
03:12These pockets, which represent about 4% of the length of its body,
03:16could either emit light or secrete pheromones.
03:20Thus, this shark could potentially illuminate itself to distract its predators
03:25or attract prey in the darkness of the depths.
03:28And when I talk about depth, it is more than 3,000 meters under the surface,
03:33the equivalent of 7 Empire State Buildings stacked on top of each other,
03:38but underwater.
03:40Since its initial discovery in Chile,
03:42another specimen has been observed in 2010 in the Gulf of Mexico,
03:46but no other has been reported since.
03:50However, this pocket shark is not the only bioluminescent animal we will mention today.
03:55This 2.5 cm long cockroach,
03:58scientifically named Luchiormetica lucae,
04:01was initially collected in 1939,
04:03but gained notoriety only decades later, in 2012.
04:07What makes it particularly fascinating are its bioluminescence abilities,
04:12that is, it has areas of its body that light up in the dark.
04:16Unlike the Luchiormetica lucae,
04:18which mainly uses their light to attract a partner,
04:21this cockroach emitted a glow aimed at imitating a toxic colleopter
04:25blinking in order to repel predators.
04:28Unfortunately, the region of Ecuador where this creature was discovered
04:32was severely affected by a volcanic eruption,
04:35causing fear that this luminous specimen would be an impossible discovery to repeat.
04:41Let's continue with the small creatures,
04:43and discover the Minotaur hippocampus,
04:45also nicknamed bull-nosed hippocampus.
04:48It is distinguished by its large neck,
04:50its large head and its relatively small body,
04:53hence its nickname of Minotaur.
04:55The only specimens listed have been found off the coast of Eden, in Australia,
05:00and none have ever been observed living in its natural environment.
05:03This is why we know little about its behavior.
05:06Some research suggests that it would live at depths of about 100 meters,
05:11the equivalent of the height of a 30-story building.
05:14It is thought that this mysterious hippocampus
05:17likes to wrap its prehensile tail around corals,
05:20and could even hide in the sand.
05:22Its yellow-orange color probably allows it to melt in coral reefs,
05:27which makes its observation in the ocean
05:29as difficult as searching for a needle in a haystack.
05:35Now let's move on to the Nariño cat.
05:37In 1989, a unique specimen of this sly and enigmatic feline
05:42was discovered on the slopes of the Galeras volcano,
05:45in southern Colombia.
05:47This little leopard had a short tail,
05:49adorned with seven black rings,
05:51and a black tip as well.
05:53Its characteristic reddish fur
05:55clearly differentiated it from its congeners.
05:57Realizing that it was not an ordinary animal,
06:00researchers began to visit several museums
06:03throughout Latin America
06:05to find similar felines, but without success.
06:08Subsequently, an DNA analysis confirmed
06:11that it was unique in its genus,
06:13having diverged from its closest relatives
06:15about 1.9 million years ago.
06:19The Bogota hummingbird is a remarkable bird
06:22with a bright purple color and black flight feathers.
06:25All this is complemented by a chin
06:27and a crown of a bright green.
06:29For many years,
06:31only one specimen bought in Bogota, Colombia,
06:34in 1909, was known.
06:36And that's about all we had on hand.
06:38We only knew very little
06:40about this fascinating and enigmatic bird.
06:43However, the situation evolved in 2017
06:46when a study deepened
06:48and led to a new DNA analysis.
06:50These results revealed that the Bogota hummingbird
06:53could not represent an entirely distinct species.
06:56It would seem rather that it is a hybrid
06:59from the cross-breeding of two species of hummingbirds.
07:02It is very likely that its mother
07:04was a blue-tailed sylph,
07:06a superb hummingbird
07:08found mainly in the Andes,
07:10in South America.
07:13The hummingbird is considered
07:15as the unicorn of the ornithological world.
07:18It was first described in 1783
07:21by the English doctor John Lassam,
07:24who observed it only once.
07:26Since this unique observation,
07:28there was no doubt that it was a pigeon.
07:31And many researchers were convinced
07:33that it was a separate species.
07:35However, recent DNA studies
07:37have revealed that this bird
07:39could actually be closely linked to the famous dodo,
07:42this dodo bird unable to fly from the island of Morris,
07:45which looked like a big pigeon with an impressive beak.
07:48Whatever it is,
07:50the hummingbird measures about 33 cm in length
07:53and is distinguished by its yellow-stained plumage.
07:56Unlike its terrestrial cousin,
07:58the hummingbird was probably
08:00more arboreal,
08:02feeding on fruit in the trees.
08:04Today, to observe this rare bird,
08:06you have to go to the World Museum of Liverpool,
08:09where the only known specimen is located.
08:12During your stay in England,
08:14do not forget to make a detour through London
08:16to visit the Museum of Natural History.
08:19You will find there the only specimen known
08:21of a hummingbird scientifically designated
08:23under the name of Pteropus brunus.
08:26Hummingbirds, or flying foxes,
08:28are among the largest bats in the world,
08:31with a body length,
08:33that is, without wings,
08:35reaching about 40 cm.
08:38However, this particular bat,
08:40discovered in 1874 on the island of Percy,
08:43looks more like a miniature version of its congeners,
08:46because it measures only 21 cm from head to toe.
08:50So, although it has not been observed
08:52in its natural habitat for some time,
08:55there is no need to worry
08:57if you happen to meet it.