Crocodile Géant Contre Requin Immense + D'autres Curiosités Des Abysses

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Transcript

00:00:00Hey, hi!

00:00:02Take popcorn and a hot dog, because it's the show of the century that's coming up.

00:00:06We're going to compare old aquatic aberrations of several categories,

00:00:10then have them face each other in a duel to find out which one is the real queen of the waters.

00:00:14The candidate on the left doesn't need to be introduced.

00:00:17The alpha, the boss, the legend that lived on our planet 3.6 million years ago.

00:00:21She is still the heroine of myths and legends, and a nightmare for fishermen around the world.

00:00:26Make some noise for Meg, the Megalodon.

00:00:31In the right corner, the Sarcosuchus, a.k.a. Sarky.

00:00:36It's the ancestor of crocodiles today, and a real grandmother compared to Meg.

00:00:40She lived about 120 million years ago and saw the dinosaurs come and go.

00:00:45They even took part in her breakfast sometimes.

00:00:48She lived in what is now the Sahara.

00:00:51But there was no desert at the time, and the world was totally different.

00:00:54Even if this crocodile is not as famous as the Megalodon,

00:00:58he is not afraid to face the giant shark.

00:01:02First round, the size.

00:01:06As the only remains of the Megalodon are teeth and vertebrae,

00:01:09its real size remains a mystery.

00:01:11But if we compare these remains to the bodies of modern sharks,

00:01:14we get an incredible size of 15 meters.

00:01:16It's the size of a bus and a half.

00:01:18But I bet you wouldn't want to go around in this kind of transport.

00:01:21The Megalodon's wing measures the size of an adult shark.

00:01:24This ancient monster remains the largest shark that has ever existed.

00:01:27The largest known white shark was 5 meters long.

00:01:30It's less than half.

00:01:32Now it's Sarky's turn.

00:01:34Until recently, we had only found teeth of this ancient crocodile.

00:01:37But scientists have discovered new remains and have been able to determine its real size.

00:01:41Sarky was as long as a limousine, about 9 meters.

00:01:45The largest crocodile to have been measured was a sea crocodile, only 6 meters.

00:01:50Sarky's head was 1.5 meters long.

00:01:53It's almost a whole person.

00:01:55And its mouth had a special massy-shaped end.

00:01:58But even with that, it's only half the length of Meg.

00:02:02The old shark wins this round, and the first point goes to Meg, 1-0.

00:02:10The next category is weight.

00:02:14Let's start with the candidate in the right corner.

00:02:17The largest modern crocodiles weigh about 1 ton.

00:02:20Sarky weighed up to 4 tons.

00:02:23It's about the weight of two helicopters.

00:02:25Its weight and size have allowed Sarky to be the queen of the old river.

00:02:28But it weighs as much as a curtain compared to Meg.

00:02:31You need a big enough weight to weigh the competitor in the left corner.

00:02:35Once an adult, Meg weighed between 30 and 60 tons.

00:02:38That's a lot.

00:02:39A transport helicopter can lift 9 tons.

00:02:42It would take about 5 to lift Meg safely.

00:02:45The heaviest shark today, the white shark, only 1,600 kilos.

00:02:50Meg wins this second round, and the giant shark scores another point, 2-0.

00:02:58The next category is agility.

00:03:02We can assume that Sarky could reach the same speed as most modern crocodiles.

00:03:07In the water, they can reach up to 30 km per hour.

00:03:10That's about three times faster than the fastest human swimmer.

00:03:14Its speed comes mainly from the length and muscles of its tail.

00:03:19It's one of the strongest muscles of its body, which gives it both speed and agility.

00:03:24But Sarky was not limited to the aquatic world.

00:03:27She also liked to move on land.

00:03:29Like the great modern crocodiles, she could probably run at a speed of up to 30 km per hour.

00:03:35This allowed her to run behind other animals, not just fish.

00:03:40She had a weakness for large lizards, and even for small dinosaurs.

00:03:44And Meg, it's hard to move such a huge muscle machine.

00:03:48Its maximum speed was about 15 km per hour.

00:03:51This allowed her to catch whales and small fish.

00:03:55She had nothing to be ashamed of, but 15 km per hour is not really that fast.

00:03:59Modern white sharks can reach 55 km per hour.

00:04:02That's three times faster than Meg.

00:04:04So our giant shark looked more like a truck than a Ferrari.

00:04:09Slow to accelerate, slow to brake, and extremely bad to turn.

00:04:13If Meg wanted to do the 100 meters, it would probably take her 50 seconds.

00:04:17The world record of a human is a little less than 47 seconds.

00:04:21But it would be in a pool where you have to turn around.

00:04:24Meg couldn't do that.

00:04:27It looks like Meg has lost some ground in the face of the agility of the crocodile.

00:04:31And our river monster finally goes up to the score.

00:04:342-1 in favor of Meg.

00:04:37Ok, next round.

00:04:39And what if we called it tools for eating?

00:04:42Of course, Meg's main tool are her teeth.

00:04:45Because Megalodon means big teeth.

00:04:48She had the biggest teeth ever observed.

00:04:515 rows of teeth, 250 in total.

00:04:54The biggest ones were more than 20 cm long.

00:04:57You have to believe that they were all very sharp.

00:05:00It's certainly enough to bite through a big leather sofa.

00:05:03You see what I mean?

00:05:05So if you've ever seen Meg smile at you,

00:05:08it's probably the last smile you've ever seen.

00:05:11And her jaw is incredible.

00:05:13You can put a car in her mouth or lie down in it with enough space.

00:05:17Her bite force was so great that she could easily bend metal.

00:05:22Whale, dolphin, fish, fishing boat,

00:05:25croc, grignotte, everything has disappeared.

00:05:28Sarky's teeth are a little different, but no less impressive.

00:05:31Nor powerful than that of the biggest shark of all time.

00:05:34She had 70 teeth at the top and 62 at the bottom.

00:05:37Their shape allowed Sarky to catch his breakfast

00:05:40and never let go of it again.

00:05:42Crocodiles, in general, have one of the strongest bites of all species.

00:05:46And it's their main superpower.

00:05:48But let's not forget its tail.

00:05:50Sarky's was so heavy and strong

00:05:52that it would be like being overturned by a motorcycle.

00:05:55This kind of asset gives Sarky one more point.

00:05:58So we're two everywhere.

00:06:04A bonus round.

00:06:06Prix de la sympathie du public.

00:06:09If Meg were here today, she would certainly live in Hollywood

00:06:12and would shoot movies, TV shows, commercials.

00:06:15And apparently she's still playing the bad guy.

00:06:18She is also the star of countless scary stories

00:06:20told by fishermen from all over the world.

00:06:23Many people even think she's still swimming somewhere

00:06:26and hiding in the deep waters, like the Marian Falls.

00:06:29But Meg needs a lot of food to feed such a large body.

00:06:33She would have to keep going up to the surface

00:06:35to find something to eat.

00:06:37So it's a myth.

00:06:39And Sarky?

00:06:40She's more of an independent artist, not really Hollywood.

00:06:43But like all crocodiles,

00:06:45she scares anyone who lives near a river.

00:06:47Crocodiles love to play hide-and-seek at the end of the evening,

00:06:50so many people are even afraid to leave their house

00:06:52after sunset.

00:06:54And sometimes people in the area find crocodiles in their garden.

00:06:57Imagine seeing Sarky on your brand new terrace.

00:07:00Let's give this round to Sarky,

00:07:02and she takes the lead.

00:07:033-2.

00:07:07Well, the last round is about the X factor,

00:07:09the combat skills.

00:07:14Meg still holds the crown of the most dangerous animal

00:07:16you can ever meet at sea.

00:07:18And it's mostly thanks to her strategic intelligence.

00:07:21We can understand Meg's tactics

00:07:23by looking at other animals of this era.

00:07:25Many old whale bones

00:07:27have scratches left by Meg's teeth.

00:07:29It would seem that she knew where the weak points

00:07:31of various animals were,

00:07:33so she knew where to start biting.

00:07:35Apparently, she enjoyed a little snack before each meal.

00:07:38Sometimes, she would first give them a little kick.

00:07:41They didn't swim so well after this kind of impact.

00:07:44Then it's time for the resistance dish.

00:07:47Sarky may seem weaker,

00:07:49but she's full of surprises.

00:07:51She's fast and agile,

00:07:53so she could easily catch even the liveliest mammals

00:07:55coming to drink a little water in the river.

00:07:57And when she dies,

00:07:59she never lets go.

00:08:01But scientists say that Sarky

00:08:03probably couldn't do all these genius fighting moves

00:08:05that crocodiles nowadays love to do.

00:08:07She couldn't turn around

00:08:09while holding her meal between her teeth.

00:08:11The structure of her head

00:08:13simply didn't allow her to do it.

00:08:15But despite that, she always won.

00:08:17Few crocodiles stay hungry for a long time.

00:08:21Sarky made a good round,

00:08:23but we have to give this one to Meg.

00:08:25She's simply too great.

00:08:29And we're back at 3-3.

00:08:33And now it's time for the big face-to-face.

00:08:35The arena.

00:08:37The mouth where the mighty river meets the vast ocean.

00:08:39Sarky is good at hiding

00:08:41and sneaking between people.

00:08:43And so she delivers the first blow.

00:08:45Meg tries to dodge,

00:08:47but the old crocodile has already found

00:08:49a succulent jaw.

00:08:51Unfortunately, Sarky's teeth are a little too short

00:08:53to cause the slightest harm

00:08:55to the great Meg.

00:08:57She frees herself and throws the crocodile

00:08:59with her powerful body.

00:09:01Sarky looks stunned,

00:09:03and Meg finds a chance to turn around

00:09:05and finish it.

00:09:07She speeds up and...

00:09:09It's over with one bite.

00:09:11KO.

00:09:17Meg defended her title

00:09:19and remains the undisputed champion of the world

00:09:23Who will be her next opponent?

00:09:33Scientists and marine biologists

00:09:35claim that the weight of the squids

00:09:37on the planet exceeds that of all men

00:09:39together.

00:09:41Keep this information in mind

00:09:43while you listen to the story of the Kraken.

00:09:47No one knows exactly

00:09:49what this giant sea monster looks like.

00:09:51But according to the stories of the old fishermen

00:09:53in the taverns, the archives of the

00:09:55travelers and the legends,

00:09:57the Kraken looks like a giant squid.

00:09:59If this is the case, it has the

00:10:01anatomical properties and the reproductive

00:10:03functions of the squid.

00:10:05And that's a big problem for us,

00:10:07because a female squid can weigh between

00:10:093 and 100,000 pounds.

00:10:11Even if most of them don't survive,

00:10:13it's a lot.

00:10:15Many of these creatures live in the dark

00:10:17depths of the ocean, which have not yet been

00:10:19discovered.

00:10:21The metabolism of these creatures

00:10:23accelerates thanks to the increase

00:10:25in the temperature of the water, which

00:10:27leads to a population growth.

00:10:29Scientists call the squids

00:10:31the bad grass of the seas,

00:10:33because of their rapid reproduction.

00:10:35They are likely to exceed the population

00:10:37of all fish and mammals.

00:10:39They may soon be so numerous that

00:10:41they will no longer have enough food

00:10:43at the bottom of the ocean.

00:10:45They will then begin to migrate to the surface.

00:10:47There may be a Kraken among them,

00:10:49or several, or even dozens,

00:10:51hundreds of thousands.

00:10:53And if this happened, humanity and all animals

00:10:55on Earth would be faced with a huge problem.

00:10:57Let's look at the subject.

00:10:59As masters of nature, humans are able

00:11:01to invent toxic products to destroy Kraken.

00:11:03But how to spread this poison?

00:11:05Giant squids, as well as ordinary fish,

00:11:07dolphins, whales, algae

00:11:09and phytoplankton would also suffer

00:11:11if they found themselves in the water.

00:11:13More than half of the world's oxygen is produced

00:11:15by the ocean.

00:11:17If humans spread this poison in the water,

00:11:19they would risk disturbing the entire ecosystem of the planet.

00:11:21The ocean would become lifeless.

00:11:23We must therefore forget this idea of poisoning the water.

00:11:25For a while, we would be helpless

00:11:27in the face of the squid apocalypse.

00:11:29Let's imagine that two billion squids

00:11:31go back to the surface.

00:11:33A few million of them are Kraken.

00:11:35The first thing these monsters will want to do

00:11:37is find food.

00:11:39For them, lunch is made up of fish or huge whales.

00:11:41And no one can stop them.

00:11:43Even if megalodons existed,

00:11:45they could not resist the giant tentacles

00:11:47and the powerful beaks of Kraken.

00:11:49Now the population of fish in the ocean

00:11:51has decreased.

00:11:53This means that fishermen can no longer work in the oceans.

00:11:55We can fish in lakes, rivers and seas,

00:11:57but this is not enough.

00:11:59The products of the sea have become very expensive

00:12:01all over the world.

00:12:03An aquarium with red fish is a luxury.

00:12:05Of course, humans have learned to catch giant squids,

00:12:07which solves the problem of hunger in some regions.

00:12:09The profession of squid fisherman

00:12:11is very popular all over the world.

00:12:13This fishing is dangerous

00:12:15and requires a lot of strength and courage.

00:12:17The second problem is maritime transport.

00:12:19Every day, millions of tons of goods

00:12:21are transported across the ocean.

00:12:23Gigantic companies

00:12:25and the economy of entire countries

00:12:27operate thanks to these transports.

00:12:29But today, Kraken swim close to the surface

00:12:31and make any trip dangerous.

00:12:33A single monster can quickly destroy a small ship.

00:12:35Ten or twenty Kraken

00:12:37are able to sink a giant cargo.

00:12:39This leads to a reduction of logistical chains.

00:12:41Communication between the continents

00:12:43is now done by air.

00:12:45The number of flights increases.

00:12:47The price of plane tickets increases.

00:12:49Travel becomes too expensive.

00:12:51This leads to a decrease in the number of tourists

00:12:53in some countries,

00:12:55which disturbs their economy.

00:12:57There are more Kraken and less food.

00:12:59Resting on a beach also becomes dangerous.

00:13:01Aggressive and hungry giant squids

00:13:03can come to the shore

00:13:05to catch the swimmers in the sun.

00:13:07When the beaches are closed,

00:13:09swimming is forbidden.

00:13:11Of course, scientists invent things

00:13:13to fight against the squids.

00:13:15The sound barriers, for example.

00:13:17Each ship is now equipped with a device

00:13:19that sends powerful ultrasonic waves into the water.

00:13:21They make all the fish flee

00:13:23and free the passage for the boats.

00:13:25At first, it's useful,

00:13:27but then the Kraken no longer fear them.

00:13:29The ultrasounds make them angry.

00:13:31They throw themselves on the boats

00:13:33and cross the sound barriers.

00:13:35The Kraken live in the darkness

00:13:37of the bottom of the ocean.

00:13:39Their eyes are used to the darkness.

00:13:41They fear the bright light.

00:13:43Leaving in the sun,

00:13:45the ships move freely.

00:13:47But as soon as the sun sets

00:13:49or the clouds darken,

00:13:51the sea monsters come out

00:13:53of the depths of the ocean.

00:13:55This is not very useful

00:13:57because it is impossible

00:13:59to cross an ocean

00:14:01in a single sunny day.

00:14:03That's why we invent powerful projectors.

00:14:05They direct their beams

00:14:07towards the heads of the monsters

00:14:09and drag them into the dark depths.

00:14:11These projectors are expensive

00:14:13because they require a lot of energy.

00:14:15Only some ships can afford such a device.

00:14:17While people are looking for more efficient

00:14:19ways to fight the Kraken,

00:14:21the squids multiply more and more.

00:14:23And this becomes the solution to the problem.

00:14:25The ocean lacks fish.

00:14:27Food is not available on Earth.

00:14:29Like a snake devouring a quail,

00:14:31water is filled with foam

00:14:33and the squids cling to each other

00:14:35with tentacles.

00:14:37The big Kraken fight the smaller monsters.

00:14:39Their population decreases.

00:14:41Some giant squids of the size of the Eiffel Tower

00:14:43survive after long battles.

00:14:45And when the fight is over,

00:14:47small squids come into play.

00:14:49Billions of cephalopods throw themselves

00:14:51on the giant Kraken.

00:14:53They are like flies attacking from all sides.

00:14:55The giant monsters cannot fight them.

00:14:57The problem of the voyages is solved.

00:14:59But it is still dangerous to swim in the sea

00:15:01because the small monsters are always hungry.

00:15:03The logistical chains have been restored.

00:15:05But fish are still rare in the oceans.

00:15:07Squids, like parasites,

00:15:09do not allow other creatures to dominate.

00:15:11And this is where scientists come in

00:15:13to help the fish.

00:15:15Let's go back for a moment to our current reality.

00:15:17There is what is called genetic forcing.

00:15:19It is a substance that modifies the genetic code

00:15:21of living creatures.

00:15:23For example, scientists have put in place

00:15:25a gene reader in mosquitoes responsible for malaria.

00:15:27Biologists have modified the genome

00:15:29of these insects so that some

00:15:31female mosquitoes have become sterile.

00:15:33These women then spread the gene

00:15:35in the entire mosquito colony.

00:15:37As a result, the appearance of a large number

00:15:39of insects was unable to conceive.

00:15:41They continued to spread the gene

00:15:43until the population decreased significantly.

00:15:45Genetic guidance

00:15:47is a cheap way to get rid

00:15:49of invasive species of insects or rodents.

00:15:51Scientists can thus control

00:15:53the population of entire species.

00:15:55But such actions can be dangerous.

00:15:57The disappearance of an animal

00:15:59can disrupt the entire ecosystem

00:16:01and lead to the disappearance of other animals.

00:16:03In the case of mosquitoes,

00:16:05nature has not suffered much.

00:16:07Scientists therefore use

00:16:09genetic forcing against squids.

00:16:11But why couldn't they do it from the start?

00:16:13Ordinary squids are not a threat.

00:16:15And their average life expectancy

00:16:17is 3 to 5 years.

00:16:19If scientists had launched a genetic forcing,

00:16:21then in 7 years,

00:16:23all the squids would have disappeared.

00:16:25But this would not have worked with krakens.

00:16:27According to myths and legends,

00:16:29such a monster can live for several hundred years.

00:16:31However, when small squids

00:16:33have solved the problem of the big ones,

00:16:35a gene reader comes into play.

00:16:37It takes several years to get rid of squids.

00:16:39The oceanic ecosystem begins to rebuild.

00:16:41People take fish and marine mammals

00:16:43into the seas and rivers

00:16:45and transfer them to the ocean.

00:16:47The population of whales, sharks,

00:16:49octopus, salmon and hundreds of thousands

00:16:51of other species are increasing.

00:16:53But another threat is awakening

00:16:55in the depths of the ocean.

00:16:57It turns out that when squids and krakens

00:16:59lived at the bottom of the ocean,

00:17:01they prevented even more terrible monsters

00:17:03from rising to the surface.

00:17:05Now that all the arthropods have disappeared,

00:17:07new monsters are emerging.

00:17:09First, earthquakes occur.

00:17:11But scientists discover

00:17:13that it is not the seabed that is shaking,

00:17:15but the back of giant crabs.

00:17:17Hundreds of pirated monsters

00:17:19rise to the surface.

00:17:21And this time,

00:17:23they can land on the shore.

00:17:35The stone fish

00:17:37The stone fish

00:17:39will not win beauty contests,

00:17:41unless the contest is

00:17:43that of the best rock aspect.

00:17:45Their small, non-reflective eyes

00:17:47blend perfectly in their environment.

00:17:49A big head,

00:17:51an even bigger mouth

00:17:53and a house full of ...

00:17:55Yeah, these are stones.

00:17:57And it's not because you're on the beach

00:17:59that you're safe.

00:18:01The stone fish can survive

00:18:03for 24 hours out of the water.

00:18:05Walking on one of them,

00:18:07or even manipulating it,

00:18:09would not be fun.

00:18:11The spines of their dorsal fins

00:18:13contain an extremely powerful venom.

00:18:15It can cause paralysis

00:18:17or even a heart attack.

00:18:19You will need help and fast.

00:18:21No wonder it is one of the most dangerous creatures

00:18:23in the water or elsewhere.

00:18:25Be careful when you sneak

00:18:27into rocky areas.

00:18:29They love to play hide-and-seek.

00:18:31The deep-sea dragonfish

00:18:33If there was a price

00:18:35for the scariest fish in the ocean,

00:18:37the deep-sea dragonfish would win.

00:18:39With its sticky skin,

00:18:41no scales, its huge teeth

00:18:43and its face that only a mother

00:18:45could love,

00:18:47this naughty sea boy has nothing to fear.

00:18:49It likes to swim between 213 meters

00:18:51and 1829 meters

00:18:53under the surface of the ocean,

00:18:55where the waters are the darkest and coldest.

00:18:57Like other creatures on this list,

00:18:59the deep-sea dragonfish

00:19:01uses the bioluminescent parts

00:19:03of its body to catch its prey.

00:19:05It also uses its appendix

00:19:07which has a small red light

00:19:09at its end

00:19:11and its lower jaw.

00:19:13Many fish use this small light

00:19:15for a prey, which attracts them

00:19:17directly into the jaws of the dragonfish.

00:19:19Very clever, dear dragonfish,

00:19:21very clever indeed.

00:19:23The ogre fish

00:19:25The Marian Basin

00:19:27is an underwater basin

00:19:29with a depth of 10,668 meters,

00:19:31which is about 11 kilometers

00:19:33under the surface of the ocean.

00:19:35Let yourself sink.

00:19:37Scientists know that the Marian Basin exists,

00:19:39and it is one of the least explored places

00:19:41on the planet.

00:19:43It is also the deepest area

00:19:45of the oceans on Earth.

00:19:47And although many creatures

00:19:49have probably not yet been seen by humans,

00:19:51scientists had the frightening pleasure

00:19:53of meeting the ogre fish.

00:19:55The ogre fish

00:19:57bears its name well.

00:19:59Just look at this thing.

00:20:01This fish is a carnivore

00:20:03and feeds on about everything it can find

00:20:05and that ends up in its mouth

00:20:07These fish rely on their

00:20:09chemical contact

00:20:11to find their prey.

00:20:13In other words, they can feel

00:20:15the chemical residues from other living organisms

00:20:17in the deep waters.

00:20:19Indeed, they do not have

00:20:21light-producing cells on their bodies,

00:20:23unlike many other deep-sea fish.

00:20:25In addition,

00:20:27it is rather dark there,

00:20:29so everything that crosses their path,

00:20:31they devour it.

00:20:33Although they look scary,

00:20:35they are not a threat to humans.

00:20:37They are only 18 cm long.

00:20:39Despite everything,

00:20:41I would not want to fall on one of them

00:20:43during a pleasant swim in the ocean.

00:20:49Curiously,

00:20:51this prehistoric fish,

00:20:53nicknamed the sea t-rex,

00:20:55had no teeth.

00:20:57It was replaced by bone plates

00:20:59that allowed it to have the strongest bite

00:21:01among other monsters of its size.

00:21:05If you thought that the films

00:21:07about sharks were scary,

00:21:09the next creature of the depths

00:21:11will make you swear

00:21:13to never dive in the ocean again.

00:21:15However, it lives at 914 meters

00:21:17under the water,

00:21:19and you will probably never see it face to face.

00:21:21The goblin shark

00:21:23looks like a cross between a shark

00:21:25and a creature from your worst nightmare.

00:21:27These sharks have a pro-eminent

00:21:29muscle in the shape of a sword

00:21:31and a jaw that moves forward to adapt.

00:21:33Unlike other sharks

00:21:35that have a gray shade,

00:21:37this scary thing is not very pretty in pink.

00:21:39Apart from their scary behavior,

00:21:41what do scientists really know

00:21:43about the goblin shark?

00:21:45Well, not much,

00:21:47except that it can reach 5 meters long.

00:21:49It looks like there is still a lot

00:21:51to learn about these guys,

00:21:53if you dare to dive.

00:21:55By the way,

00:21:57did you know that sharks do not sleep?

00:21:59Many species have to let water flow

00:22:01through their gills to get oxygen.

00:22:03So they can't fall into a deep sleep

00:22:05like we do.

00:22:07That's why they stay half awake

00:22:09during their rest.

00:22:11In general, sharks don't even close their eyes.

00:22:17This shark is a living horror,

00:22:19with large and pointy lower teeth,

00:22:21while the upper ones

00:22:23are much smaller.

00:22:25When its teeth fall,

00:22:27the shark eats them to get its calcium level.

00:22:29A rather smart solution

00:22:31for a shark.

00:22:33The lizard shark

00:22:35Studying the lizard shark

00:22:37is like looking through a portal

00:22:39to prehistoric times.

00:22:41Indeed, scientists think

00:22:43that these sharks, which look like eels,

00:22:45haven't changed much

00:22:47since their oldest ancestors

00:22:49went deep,

00:22:51so they are sometimes called living fossils.

00:22:53The mouth of these animals

00:22:55is filled with 25 terrifying rows

00:22:57of pointy teeth

00:22:59facing backwards.

00:23:01300 in total.

00:23:03They are designed to grab prey

00:23:05and hold them firmly

00:23:07so they can't escape,

00:23:09according to the first studies on the shark

00:23:11carried out in 1884

00:23:13and published in the Essex Institute's bulletin.

00:23:15Fortunately for swimmers,

00:23:17these animals live between 119 meters

00:23:19and 1,280 meters

00:23:21under the surface of the ocean,

00:23:23so they will probably never meet them.

00:23:25Probably.

00:23:27It's probably the worst nightmare

00:23:29of all dentists.

00:23:31The Astroscopus gutatus

00:23:33Look at this little piece of show.

00:23:35The Astroscopus gutatus

00:23:37is certainly not a creature

00:23:39that we want to see at the bottom of the ocean.

00:23:41This horrible creature

00:23:43hides its body under the sand

00:23:45and leaves its face above

00:23:47to wait for its prey.

00:23:49The bearded carp

00:23:51Here is another carp

00:23:53in our list.

00:23:55It lays down at the bottom of the sea

00:23:57and patiently waits for its prey to pass.

00:23:59The ghost shark of Australia

00:24:03The ghost shark of Australia

00:24:05is not really a shark,

00:24:07but a very bony fish.

00:24:09It is also a living fossil.

00:24:11It hasn't changed in the last 400 million years.

00:24:13Believe it or not,

00:24:15sharks and humans

00:24:17have a common ancestor

00:24:19that lived there about 440 million years ago.

00:24:21Even if we have both evolved

00:24:23in our own way,

00:24:25there are still signs of this link.

00:24:27For example, the genome of a chimera elephant

00:24:29is very similar to that of humans.

00:24:33The lyopleurodon

00:24:37This list of terrifying creatures

00:24:39would be incomplete without mentioning

00:24:41the terrifying and prehistoric lyopleurodon.

00:24:45This carnivorous marine reptile

00:24:47existed at the calovian stage of the Middle Jurassic

00:24:49and reigned over the waters

00:24:51with its 2.7 meters long.

00:24:53Scientists believe

00:24:55that the lyopleurodon

00:24:57lived in a deep underwater pit

00:24:59thanks to its ability to swim

00:25:01over long distances

00:25:03and to its four pallet-shaped limbs.

00:25:05Although it was probably unable

00:25:07to propel itself towards its prey

00:25:09like other animals in the region,

00:25:11it nevertheless managed to accelerate

00:25:13and attack in an absolutely pitiful

00:25:15and effective way.

00:25:17Lyopleurodons have long muzzles

00:25:19to sense their prey,

00:25:21which leads scientists to believe

00:25:23that they did not depend on sight

00:25:25to hunt.

00:25:27This means that they could have

00:25:29survived in the darkness

00:25:31of the Mariana Falls.

00:25:33About 150 million years ago,

00:25:35the lyopleurodon died

00:25:37due to competition

00:25:39for prey with other marine reptiles

00:25:41in full bloom.

00:25:43And I think I speak on behalf of everyone

00:25:45in the Mariana Falls

00:25:47and that they found some

00:25:49of the scariest marine creatures

00:25:51that we can imagine,

00:25:53we can only dream of other animals

00:25:55that live in deep waters.

00:25:57It may be preferable

00:25:59to keep them in your imagination.

00:26:01I'm wrong.

00:26:03The big-mouthed shark.

00:26:05This shark is a filter

00:26:07and it is nice to humans,

00:26:09although its huge mouth

00:26:11may seem quite threatening.

00:26:13It has a large open mouth,

00:26:15as if it were on Twitter.

00:26:17The big-mouthed pelican.

00:26:19This shark is deep,

00:26:21has an easily distended belly

00:26:23that allows it to swallow

00:26:25prey twice its size

00:26:27in a single monster mouth.

00:26:29It has a very unusual

00:26:31jaw shape and can reach

00:26:33a length of 61 to 91 cm.

00:26:35Do you see this big log

00:26:37near the bottom of the ocean?

00:26:39It may be part of an old ship,

00:26:41a treasure, gold, diamonds,

00:26:43I'm rich!

00:26:45As you approach,

00:26:47you notice something.

00:26:49It's swimming.

00:26:51It's not a shark or a dolphin,

00:26:53it's a saltwater crocodile.

00:26:55Now, don't panic.

00:26:57If you come across one of these reptiles

00:26:59in the sea, it is unlikely

00:27:01that they will consider you

00:27:03as food.

00:27:05Crocodiles have a special valve

00:27:07in their throats

00:27:09Normally, they head

00:27:11to a nearby island

00:27:13and the fastest way to get there

00:27:15is to body surf.

00:27:17They can't really take the ferry.

00:27:19You can watch them from afar,

00:27:21but don't swim straight to the shore.

00:27:23They like to ambush their meal

00:27:25in shallow waters.

00:27:27If there is a moment when I would like

00:27:29to see a big white shark,

00:27:31it's when I dive with crocodiles.

00:27:33They willingly accept a meal

00:27:35the size of a crocodile

00:27:37Do you think you know

00:27:39what is hidden in the depths of the ocean?

00:27:41While nearly 95% of our oceans

00:27:43have not yet been explored,

00:27:45it is difficult not to let

00:27:47your imagination run wild.

00:27:49But thanks to brave explorers,

00:27:51underwater cameras,

00:27:53and formidable archaeologists,

00:27:55we know of some incredible marine creatures

00:27:57that have lived in our waters

00:27:59for millions of years.

00:28:01From the 2.7-meter sea spider

00:28:03to the 18-meter prehistoric megalodon,

00:28:05these inhabitants of the sea

00:28:07are of all shapes and sizes.

00:28:09But let's focus on the underwater creatures

00:28:11famous for their gigantic size.

00:28:13Can you guess

00:28:15which living species of whale

00:28:17is the largest?

00:28:19Well, it's not the orca,

00:28:21but it could have been, yes.

00:28:23Orcas are toothed whales

00:28:25that can reach a size of 7 to 9.8 meters,

00:28:27which is slightly smaller

00:28:29than a school bus.

00:28:31And the narwhal?

00:28:33These sea unicorns

00:28:35mainly live in the Arctic

00:28:37and are between 4 and 6 meters long,

00:28:39not to mention

00:28:41their 2.7-meter defense.

00:28:43Tired of looking?

00:28:45Okay, I'll drop it.

00:28:47The largest whale still existing

00:28:49today is the blue whale,

00:28:51with its 25 to 32 meters.

00:28:53The blue whale

00:28:55is not only the largest whale

00:28:57we know,

00:28:59but also the largest animal

00:29:01in the world.

00:29:03Seriously.

00:29:05These animals are larger than a T-Rex

00:29:07and even than the prehistoric megalodon.

00:29:09If you put a blue whale

00:29:11next to a school bus,

00:29:13you might think it's going to swallow it.

00:29:15Imagine that.

00:29:17According to the National Geographic,

00:29:19the tongue of a blue whale

00:29:21can weigh as much as an elephant,

00:29:23and its heart can weigh as much as a car.

00:29:25It doesn't even seem possible.

00:29:27It's not surprising

00:29:29that it eats around 4 tons of krill a day.

00:29:31Although there aren't many

00:29:33living animals today

00:29:35that can compete with the gigantic proportions

00:29:37of the blue whale,

00:29:39there is a completely different species

00:29:41that is a good competitor.

00:29:43And it's not exactly what you might expect.

00:29:45It's a jellyfish.

00:29:47No, I'm not talking about small jellyfish

00:29:49that die on the seashore

00:29:51and waste a beautiful day at the beach.

00:29:53I'm talking about the lion's mane jellyfish,

00:29:55the biggest jellyfish that exists.

00:29:57This invertebrate can reach

00:29:59up to 36.6 meters long.

00:30:01They also exist in different

00:30:03splendid colors,

00:30:05such as red, purple,

00:30:07or even orange shades.

00:30:09And as if their length wasn't impressive,

00:30:11the lion's mane jellyfish

00:30:13has 8 sets of 70 to 150 tentacles,

00:30:15which means

00:30:17it can have up to

00:30:191,200 in total.

00:30:21And here is the giant

00:30:23oceanic manta ray,

00:30:25the largest type of ray in the world.

00:30:27Their wingspan can be longer

00:30:29than a bus.

00:30:31These animals can reach up to 9.1 meters long.

00:30:33They also have the biggest brain

00:30:35in relation to the size of the body

00:30:37among all the fish.

00:30:39Unlike their cousins the rays,

00:30:41mantas don't have venomous tails.

00:30:45And while the lion's mane jellyfish

00:30:47and the blue whale have not yet been

00:30:49named the longest marine creature,

00:30:51there is a marine creature

00:30:53that can become even longer.

00:30:55The Portuguese galley,

00:30:57with its tentacles,

00:30:59can reach up to 50 meters long,

00:31:01according to mentalfloss.com.

00:31:03Although this thing

00:31:05looks like a jellyfish,

00:31:07it is actually a siphonophore.

00:31:09And there are hundreds,

00:31:11even thousands,

00:31:13which are genetically identical.

00:31:15Their long tentacles

00:31:17help the organism to catch its prey,

00:31:19and their sting is deadly

00:31:21for most animals,

00:31:23and even for humans in some cases.

00:31:25What is even more frightening

00:31:27is that if one of the tentacles

00:31:29detaches from the organism

00:31:31for some reason,

00:31:33it can float in the water

00:31:35for days before decomposing.

00:31:37Even if it detaches,

00:31:39this tentacle can still sting you.

00:31:41But don't flee the ocean right away.

00:31:43The chances of being injured

00:31:45by a Portuguese galley sting

00:31:47are rather slim.

00:31:49The side effects

00:31:51are not beautiful to look at,

00:31:53with bells, stomach cramps,

00:31:55a high heart rate,

00:31:57and stomach pain.

00:31:59Even if you don't want to

00:32:01approach these long creatures,

00:32:03they are really beautiful to look at.

00:32:05Look at all these colors.

00:32:07The chastasaurus

00:32:09is the largest marine reptile

00:32:11that has ever existed.

00:32:13These predators lived at the end of the Triassic

00:32:15about 210 million years ago.

00:32:17They could reach a length of 21 meters

00:32:19and weigh more than 75 tons.

00:32:23The chastasaurus was therefore

00:32:25as heavy as a blue whale.

00:32:27And if you could put this creature

00:32:29vertically, it would be as tall

00:32:31as a seven-story building.

00:32:33Despite appearances,

00:32:35it was actually quite small for its size.

00:32:37Its thoracic cage was only

00:32:392 meters wide.

00:32:41One might think that this big guy

00:32:43would devour other dinosaurs,

00:32:45but it was not the case.

00:32:47This reptile survived thanks to

00:32:49a diet of small fish and cephalopods,

00:32:51such as octopuses and calamari.

00:32:55The albertonectus

00:32:57is an excellent representative

00:32:59of the plesiosaur family,

00:33:01which means that this marine reptile

00:33:03had a small head on an incredibly long neck

00:33:05and large members in the form of fins

00:33:07that helped it move in the water.

00:33:09These creatures occupied the seas

00:33:11around North America

00:33:13for 70 million years.

00:33:15The length of this sea monster

00:33:17could reach 11.5 meters,

00:33:19the neck taking 7 meters of this length.

00:33:23Its neck broke all records.

00:33:25It counted 76 bones.

00:33:27No other animal known

00:33:29to humanity had so many vertebrae

00:33:31in its neck.

00:33:33Scientists do not know exactly

00:33:35why they needed such a long neck.

00:33:37They may have used it

00:33:39to pick up shells on the seabed

00:33:41or to catch their main prey,

00:33:43fish and calamari.

00:33:45This aquatic reptile

00:33:47also had gastrolytes in the stomach,

00:33:49some of which could reach

00:33:51a diameter of 14 centimeters.

00:33:53The ptilosaurus

00:33:55belonged to the family of mosasaurs.

00:33:57It dominated the shallow seas

00:33:59of North America about 85

00:34:01to 80 million years ago.

00:34:03It was a huge predator

00:34:05whose largest representatives

00:34:07reached 13 meters long.

00:34:09It had a narrow

00:34:11hydrodynamic body

00:34:13and a muscled and powerful head

00:34:15which it used to catch

00:34:17and strike its prey.

00:34:19Its body was equipped

00:34:21with agile fins

00:34:23and a long tail

00:34:25decorated with a fin

00:34:27easy to maneuver.

00:34:29The ptilosaurus was a carnivore

00:34:31and its diet included

00:34:33not only fish,

00:34:35turtles and small sharks

00:34:37but also a large group

00:34:39of pterosaurs.

00:34:41This prehistoric reptile

00:34:43lived at the end of the Jurassic

00:34:45in the oceans of the world.

00:34:47It weighed about 2,722 kilos

00:34:49and was about 4.9 meters long

00:34:51according to the site

00:34:53newdinosaurs.com.

00:34:55It is about the same length

00:34:57as the beluga today.

00:34:59It is a pity that these animals

00:35:01went extinct before we had

00:35:03the chance to see them ourselves

00:35:05because the dolphins' features

00:35:07are rather cute.

00:35:09Of course, the ophthalmosaurus

00:35:11evolved over time

00:35:13to become ophthalmologists

00:35:15or eye doctors

00:35:17as we know them today.

00:35:19No, it's not true,

00:35:21I just wanted to see your reaction.

00:35:23The mosasaur is a truly gigantic

00:35:25predator that dominated the seas

00:35:27of the entire world

00:35:29about 66 million years ago.

00:35:31According to fossil evidence,

00:35:33it was the largest marine carnivore

00:35:35of its time.

00:35:37One of the most terrifying aspects

00:35:39of this creature was its crocodile head

00:35:41decorated with hundreds of sharp teeth

00:35:43like razors

00:35:45organized in two rows

00:35:47on both jaws.

00:35:49The fact is that it was quite difficult

00:35:51for the mosasaur to catch its prey

00:35:53in the water.

00:35:55That's why it had all its teeth

00:35:57as well as a peculiarity,

00:35:59pterygoid teeth anchored

00:36:01This made hunting and catching

00:36:03its prey much easier.

00:36:05The Styxosaurus

00:36:07belonged to the family of plesiosaurs

00:36:09and lived at the end of the Cretaceous

00:36:11about 85 to 70 million years ago.

00:36:13At first,

00:36:15you could confuse this dinosaur

00:36:17with a sea snake

00:36:19and it would be understandable

00:36:21to make this mistake.

00:36:23The Styxosaurus measured about

00:36:2510.6 meters long

00:36:27but their snake-shaped long neck

00:36:29had a relatively small body

00:36:31and weighed about 4 tons.

00:36:33Their mouth was full

00:36:35of pointy and conical teeth

00:36:37that they used to catch fish.

00:36:39They did not need to chew their prey

00:36:41thanks to the 200 small pebbles

00:36:43called gastroliths in their stomach

00:36:45that probably helped them digest.

00:36:47At the same time,

00:36:49some scientists think that the Styxosaurus

00:36:51used its stones to sink

00:36:53to the bottom of the ocean

00:36:55in search of a particular type of fish.

00:36:57It looks a bit like the Loch Ness Monster,

00:36:59doesn't it?

00:37:27The Styxosaurus was a marine carnivore

00:37:29that lived in the interior sea

00:37:31of the Euromanga,

00:37:33a high-latitude fresh sea.

00:37:35It covered vast areas

00:37:37of the interior of Australia

00:37:39at the beginning of the Cretaceous,

00:37:4190 to 120 million years ago.

00:37:43Almost complete fossils

00:37:45of this creature

00:37:47were also discovered in Colombia,

00:37:49a country known for housing

00:37:51many reptiles and prehistoric turtles.

00:37:53This suggests that the monster

00:37:55that I am going to describe

00:37:57could have existed all over the world.

00:37:59By the way, Zorus,

00:38:01you may have thought

00:38:03that I was talking about a dinosaur,

00:38:05but it was actually a reptile.

00:38:07They were the largest members

00:38:09of the Pliosaurus family.

00:38:11The fossils found suggest

00:38:13that they weighed more than 10 tons

00:38:15and measured about 10 meters long.

00:38:17On a scale,

00:38:19the largest crocodile ever measured

00:38:21was a marine crocodile

00:38:23that weighed a little more than a ton.

00:38:25It was therefore almost twice as long

00:38:27and much lighter

00:38:29than an average Kronosaurus,

00:38:31which means that this crocodile

00:38:33would pass for a red fish

00:38:35next to this giant.

00:38:37Despite its terrifying length,

00:38:39the most formidable feature

00:38:41of the Kronosaurus was its head.

00:38:43Its skull was about 2.5 meters long,

00:38:45which was proportionally very large

00:38:47given the size of its body.

00:38:49All that was unfortunate

00:38:51was to find itself in the mouth

00:38:53of a Kronosaurus

00:38:55that must have had false hopes.

00:38:57After all,

00:38:59its teeth were not really sharp.

00:39:01But to tell the truth,

00:39:03I would not feel so confident

00:39:05in front of a toothed snake

00:39:07and even less in front of this monster's mouth.

00:39:09It is true that the teeth of the Kronosaurus

00:39:11were not so sharp,

00:39:13especially compared to those

00:39:15of other carnivorous reptiles

00:39:17like crocodiles and alligators.

00:39:19But this aspect did not make them

00:39:21less dangerous.

00:39:23These huge teeth could measure

00:39:25up to 30 centimeters long.

00:39:27This also means that the Kronosaurus

00:39:29had an extremely powerful bite.

00:39:31It is estimated that it could reach

00:39:3330,000 newtons,

00:39:35almost twice as much as the bite

00:39:37of a large marine crocodile.

00:39:39Due to their foamed shape,

00:39:41these teeth were not well adapted

00:39:43to lacerate their prey once seized.

00:39:45But their size and shape

00:39:47made them perfect

00:39:49for a simple bite by slapping

00:39:51that could easily crush

00:39:53rigid objects

00:39:55such as sea turtle carapaces,

00:39:57no matter how hard they are.

00:39:59Just like crocodiles,

00:40:01the Kronosaurus had a very short neck.

00:40:03It may be an evolutionary trait

00:40:05allowing it to catch small animals

00:40:07that would try to escape.

00:40:09Its body was fusiform

00:40:11and profiled,

00:40:13which means that it was thinner

00:40:15and therefore it offered

00:40:17very little resistance to water.

00:40:19It also had four paddle-shaped fins.

00:40:21The rear fins were larger

00:40:23than the front fins.

00:40:25They could reach 2 meters in width.

00:40:27All this allowed the Kronosaurus

00:40:29to propel under water

00:40:31effortlessly,

00:40:33making it an ultimate predator.

00:40:35Do you know Predator X?

00:40:37It is the name given to the fossil

00:40:39of a creature discovered in 2009

00:40:41near Svalbard,

00:40:43a group of Norwegian islands.

00:40:45This fossil was identified

00:40:47as belonging to a monster

00:40:4915 meters long,

00:40:51weighing 45 tons

00:40:53and having a bite force

00:40:55of more than 2 tons per square centimeter,

00:40:57the strongest of all known animals.

00:40:59Although Predator X

00:41:01has not yet been classified

00:41:03in a specific group,

00:41:05it was certainly a pliosaur

00:41:07like the Kronosaurus.

00:41:09Anyway, the Kronosaurus

00:41:11was a real titan

00:41:13that roamed the seas relentlessly.

00:41:15It also takes its name

00:41:17from the mythological character

00:41:19of Kronos,

00:41:21Zeus's father,

00:41:23who was considered

00:41:25as the master of the titans,

00:41:27a generation of almost divine beings.

00:41:29So what did the terrifying Kronosaurus

00:41:31eat to satisfy its appetite?

00:41:33This monster was known

00:41:35to feed on sea turtles,

00:41:37calamari and other large marine reptiles

00:41:39as well as ichthyosaurs.

00:41:41This suggests that if crocodiles

00:41:43existed in its kingdom,

00:41:45it would have also eaten them.

00:41:47The fossils of the Kronosaurus

00:41:49indicate that it also ate sharks.

00:41:51This is certainly a great disappointment

00:41:53for those who considered this animal

00:41:55as the king of the oceans,

00:41:57because it was not so much the case

00:41:59when the Kronosaurus was still there.

00:42:01Anyway, crushing all kinds of food

00:42:03into small pieces to better digest them

00:42:05would have been difficult

00:42:07This also explains the presence

00:42:09of rounded stones

00:42:11in the remains of these marine creatures.

00:42:13Researchers believe that these stones

00:42:15could have been swallowed

00:42:17to control the buoyancy

00:42:19or to help transform food.

00:42:21It is also possible

00:42:23that they were swallowed accidentally

00:42:25by catching other animals

00:42:27at the bottom of the sea.

00:42:29As if its power and size

00:42:31were not terrifying enough,

00:42:33there is evidence that the Kronosaurus

00:42:35was a vicious predator.

00:42:37It turns out that after using

00:42:39all its attributes to catch its meal,

00:42:41the Kronosaurus liked to play

00:42:43with its food,

00:42:45like a cat with a mouse.

00:42:47I guess hunting was so easy

00:42:49that it needed to have a little fun.

00:42:51You must now have an idea

00:42:53of what this creature looked like, right?

00:42:55So let's imagine what the world would be

00:42:57if it were still there today.

00:42:59And besides, why wouldn't it be there anymore?

00:43:01The Kronosaurus was destroyed

00:43:03by the same meteorite, KT,

00:43:05which took the dinosaurs

00:43:0766 million years ago.

00:43:09But even before this catastrophic event,

00:43:11it was under enormous pressure

00:43:13from a family

00:43:15of even larger

00:43:17and more vicious carnivorous reptiles

00:43:19than its own, the mosasaurs.

00:43:21We say that we always end up

00:43:23falling on stronger than ourselves, don't we?

00:43:25But if this had never happened

00:43:27and if they still existed,

00:43:29can you imagine the impact

00:43:31that this would have on marine tourism?

00:43:33If we base ourselves on the impact

00:43:35that movies have on sharks and orcas,

00:43:37imagine going to the beach

00:43:39when you know that a Kronosaurus

00:43:41may be roaming in the parishes.

00:43:43This same creature that eats

00:43:45sharks and whales at breakfast.

00:43:47The beaches would certainly become

00:43:49the ideal place to walk,

00:43:51quietly, because no one would come

00:43:53to swim there.

00:43:55And what about activities

00:43:57like fun sailing, surfing and diving?

00:43:59Would anyone dare to risk it

00:44:01knowing that a 10-meter-long monster

00:44:03could be buried just below?

00:44:05Let's be objective

00:44:07and assume that most people would not dare.

00:44:09This would paralyze

00:44:11the world's marine tourism industry,

00:44:13which brings in about

00:44:15143 billion dollars a year.

00:44:17To make it easier for you,

00:44:19know that the most expensive yacht

00:44:21ever sailed was called the History Supreme.

00:44:23Its main room was equipped

00:44:25with a T-Rex bone statue,

00:44:27a meteorite wall

00:44:29and a panoramic mural aquarium

00:44:31made of 24-karat gold.

00:44:33This yacht was worth

00:44:35nearly 5 billion dollars,

00:44:37which means that we could have

00:44:39paid 28 billion dollars

00:44:41with the money potentially lost

00:44:43in a year because of the Kronosaurus.

00:44:45I'm sure the owner of this yacht

00:44:47was happy that this beast

00:44:49never decided to invite himself

00:44:51to his luxury aquarium.

00:44:53The History Supreme,

00:44:55one of the most expensive

00:44:57in the world,

00:44:59was even so luxurious

00:45:01that some people think

00:45:03it never existed.

00:45:05Rumor has it that it is

00:45:07simply a cannula

00:45:09made by the supposed designer.

00:45:11But let's go back to our sheep.

00:45:13People would be in great danger

00:45:15whether they were close to the ocean or not.

00:45:17I'm not saying that this thing

00:45:19would grow legs to come

00:45:21and devour us on land.

00:45:23In South America,

00:45:25the maritime freight represents

00:45:2776% of the national trade.

00:45:29In addition, more than 100

00:45:31pharmaceutical and vital products

00:45:33come from the sea.

00:45:35I will also make a point

00:45:37by recalling that the ocean

00:45:39represents a huge source of food

00:45:41for us humans.

00:45:43The presence of the Kronosaurus

00:45:45could have an important impact

00:45:47on our relationship with the ocean,

00:45:49a space that we tend to

00:45:51The water is boiling under

00:45:53the fishing boat as if something

00:45:55was going to come out of the water.

00:45:57It's getting closer and closer.

00:45:59Suddenly, you see giant jaws

00:46:01and sparkling teeth.

00:46:03A few seconds later,

00:46:05a huge shark jumps out of the water

00:46:07and smashes the boat.

00:46:09It was the Megalodon,

00:46:11the largest fish that ever existed on Earth.

00:46:13For a long time, we imagined

00:46:15the Megalodon like this,

00:46:17an enlarged version of the Great White Shark.

00:46:19Today, however,

00:46:21they agree to say

00:46:23that the image we had

00:46:25of this giant shark was false.

00:46:27Here are the data

00:46:29that scientists are sure of.

00:46:31Size, about 15 meters long,

00:46:33as much as a school bus

00:46:35or a metro train,

00:46:37and 8.5 times the size of an average adult.

00:46:39Let's compare now

00:46:41with the modern Great White Shark.

00:46:43The Megalodon is three times larger,

00:46:45but this is only an approximate estimate.

00:46:47The Megalodon skeleton

00:46:49was entirely preserved

00:46:51because it did not have bones

00:46:53but cartilage.

00:46:55There is not much left

00:46:57during the 3.6 million years

00:46:59that followed the extinction of the Megalodons.

00:47:01All that survived

00:47:03are teeth and some vertebrae.

00:47:05In comparison,

00:47:07dinosaurs went extinct

00:47:09about 66 million years ago.

00:47:11But their solid bones

00:47:13are perfectly preserved

00:47:15and their jaw,

00:47:17this is a tooth.

00:47:19It measures about 18 centimeters long,

00:47:21more than the palm of your hand,

00:47:23and three times the size

00:47:25of the teeth of a modern Great White Shark.

00:47:27The jaw of the Megalodon

00:47:29was 2 meters wide

00:47:31and had 5 rows of teeth.

00:47:33A total of 276 claws

00:47:35like razor blades.

00:47:37The other preserved remains

00:47:39are the vertebral column.

00:47:41It consists of 150 vertebrae,

00:47:43which contain a lot of calcium

00:47:45because the Megalodon loved fresh milk.

00:47:47Oh no,

00:47:49it's because these vertebrae

00:47:51had to support the huge mass

00:47:53of the Giant Shark.

00:47:55From these fossils,

00:47:57scientists created a model

00:47:59and calculated an approximate size

00:48:01of the Megalodon.

00:48:03But it could hardly have been bigger.

00:48:05It's a matter of breathing.

00:48:07The bigger the fish is,

00:48:09the more oxygen it needs.

00:48:11If the Megalodon had been bigger,

00:48:13it would have had trouble breathing.

00:48:15Scientists therefore believe

00:48:17that 15 meters was the maximum

00:48:19size for an individual.

00:48:21But on average,

00:48:23most did 1 or 2 meters less.

00:48:25Now let's talk about weight.

00:48:27On average, a Megalodon weighed

00:48:29about 30 to 35 tons.

00:48:31In comparison, a Great White Shark

00:48:33weighs 1 ton, so 30 to 35 times less.

00:48:35Easy. With its 7.5 tons,

00:48:37a school bus is 4 times lighter.

00:48:39The weight of a Megalodon

00:48:41can be compared to that of a Boeing 737.

00:48:43But the modern Blue Whale

00:48:45beats the Megalodon in size and weight.

00:48:4730 meters long

00:48:49against 15,

00:48:51almost twice as long.

00:48:53And the weight of the Blue Whale

00:48:55is about 180 tons,

00:48:57the equivalent of 6 Megalodons,

00:48:59or 6 airplanes,

00:49:01or 33 adult elephants,

00:49:03if you like comparisons.

00:49:05Now let's talk about the appearance

00:49:07Scientists think it doesn't look like

00:49:09a White Shark.

00:49:11The Megalodon belongs to a family of different fish

00:49:13and probably looked like

00:49:15a Giant Bull Shark.

00:49:17Its muzzle is flattened

00:49:19and its eyes are small.

00:49:21Its dorsal fins are thrown back.

00:49:23The Bull Shark has two

00:49:25of similar size.

00:49:27Its color draws towards the light brown

00:49:29with a white belly.

00:49:31It may also have had red-brown spots

00:49:33all over its body,

00:49:35but since it's fossil,

00:49:37it's considered a scary monster.

00:49:39It was during the Renaissance.

00:49:41People thought its teeth

00:49:43were dragon or snake teeth.

00:49:45Here's the first drawing

00:49:47of what their owner

00:49:49was supposed to look like.

00:49:51A massive muzzle

00:49:53with a scary nose

00:49:55and a bunch of sharp teeth

00:49:57like razors.

00:49:59We also have evidence

00:50:01that Megalodons were ferocious hunters

00:50:03and predators.

00:50:05Their first weapon

00:50:07was their belly.

00:50:09But the Megalodon was a slow swimmer.

00:50:11It could only swim up to 18 km per hour.

00:50:13In comparison,

00:50:15the modern White Shark can swim

00:50:17up to 50 km per hour

00:50:19after lunch.

00:50:21The fastest human swimmer

00:50:23can only swim 10 km per hour.

00:50:25Good luck escaping a shark!

00:50:27But the Megalodon had an incredible mass.

00:50:29Although slow,

00:50:31its prey was surprised

00:50:33so much that it only had one chance to touch it.

00:50:35If it missed it,

00:50:37it would take too long to make a second turn.

00:50:39The Megalodon's maneuverability

00:50:41was comparable to that of a big truck.

00:50:43But if the belly stroke succeeded,

00:50:45the prey was stunned

00:50:47and could no longer move.

00:50:49Accordingly, the Megalodon

00:50:51aimed at vulnerable places

00:50:53like the fins and tail of its prey.

00:50:55Scientists have found many remains

00:50:57of old whales

00:50:59where the vital organs of its prey

00:51:01were located and could reach them.

00:51:03When the prey was immobilized,

00:51:05the Megalodon discovered its teeth.

00:51:07An adult person could easily

00:51:09enter its open jaw at full height.

00:51:11And according to various estimates,

00:51:13the force of bite of the Megalodon

00:51:15was nearly 11 tons.

00:51:17Imagine the weight of three concentrated

00:51:19scales at the end of a pointed tooth.

00:51:21It is 9 times the power of the biggest bite

00:51:23of the White Shark and 6 times the power

00:51:25of the holder of the modern record

00:51:27the sea crocodile.

00:51:29I took a look at this map

00:51:31indicating where the remains of the Megalodon

00:51:33have been found.

00:51:35South America, North America,

00:51:37Europe, Asia, Australia.

00:51:39It was the master of all seas

00:51:41and was at ease everywhere on our planet.

00:51:43We even found remains of the giant shark

00:51:45in freshwater sediments.

00:51:47Perhaps he was not afraid

00:51:49to enter the rivers to hunt.

00:51:51Other scientists say

00:51:53that the Megalodon

00:51:55could not swim fast.

00:51:57He could not even do short sprints

00:51:59like the White Shark.

00:52:01If a prey tried to escape,

00:52:03the Megalodon would not even bother to chase it

00:52:05because he could never catch up with it.

00:52:07Another problem is the skeleton of the Megalodon.

00:52:09The cartilage is weaker than the bones.

00:52:11The musculature of the giant shark

00:52:13was therefore not so robust.

00:52:15The Megalodon was perhaps even a carcass

00:52:17that never fought.

00:52:19This is perhaps one of the reasons

00:52:21why these old sharks have gone extinct.

00:52:23Today, the water is warm and shallow

00:52:25with temperatures above 12 degrees.

00:52:27But more than 3 million years ago,

00:52:29the climate cooled down.

00:52:31This deprived the Megalodons

00:52:33of territory and abundant food.

00:52:35The primitive whales,

00:52:37which had constituted the main diet

00:52:39of giant sharks,

00:52:41began to disappear.

00:52:43Faster predators

00:52:45took over the rest of the food.

00:52:47The Megalodon began to starve.

00:52:49In evolution, a new actor

00:52:51emerged, the toothed whales,

00:52:53ancestors of modern orcs.

00:52:55They lived in herds and had a brain

00:52:57larger than that of the Megalodon.

00:52:59Then, over time,

00:53:01they began to compete with him.

00:53:03They took advantage of his clumsiness.

00:53:05A group of orcs could easily

00:53:07compete with a giant shark.

00:53:09Many scientists think that this is the reason

00:53:11for the disappearance of the largest shark in the world.

00:53:13But there are theories

00:53:15according to which the Megalodon

00:53:17is still alive and wanders in the dark waters

00:53:19of our planet.

00:53:21Several Australian fishermen

00:53:23would have met a shark of incredible size.

00:53:25But no one can confirm these testimonies.

00:53:27Supporters of this theory

00:53:29think that these giant sharks

00:53:31could hide in the deep waters,

00:53:33far from the eyes of humans.

00:53:35In the Marian Basin, for example,

00:53:37which is the deepest place on our planet,

00:53:39even deeper than Mount Everest.

00:53:41And we even found the teeth of a Megalodon.

00:53:43But science claims that such a giant shark

00:53:45could not live in the Marian Basin

00:53:47for many reasons.

00:53:49And the first is that it is too cold there.

00:53:51The Megalodon was probably

00:53:53a cold-blooded fish.

00:53:55It had to use the heat of its environment

00:53:57to survive.

00:53:59However, the water of the Marian Basin

00:54:01is very cold, about 4 degrees.

00:54:03This is because the deeper you go,

00:54:05the less sunlight penetrates.

00:54:07The second reason is pressure.

00:54:09Every time you sink 10 meters,

00:54:11the pressure increases in an atmosphere.

00:54:13That is, at a depth of 30 meters,

00:54:15the water presses you three times harder than on the surface.

00:54:17The weak muscles and cartilage

00:54:19of the Megalodon would not allow it

00:54:21to dive so deeply into the Marian Basin.

00:54:23And finally, the most important point,

00:54:25the food.

00:54:27The further from the surface of the ocean,

00:54:29the less living organisms there are.

00:54:31Megalodons used to eat

00:54:33primitive whales from 3 to 6 meters.

00:54:35Only small fish live in the Marian Basin.

00:54:37A Megalodon

00:54:39would never be able to catch one.

00:54:41However, given its size,

00:54:43everything the Megalodon did

00:54:45during its days was eating,

00:54:47then looking for food again.

00:54:49Compare its weight to that of a human.

00:54:51An average human must consume

00:54:53about 2,000 calories per day

00:54:55for an average weight of about 80 kilos.

00:54:57The Megalodon weighed 470 times more

00:54:59and therefore needed

00:55:01a lot more calories.

00:55:03So even all the fish that inhabit the Marian Basin

00:55:05could hardly feed a Megalodon.

00:55:07Even for a few days.

00:55:09In short, all these theories are far from being founded,

00:55:11but in itself,

00:55:13it is always better to be careful at sea,

00:55:15isn't it?

00:55:17At the beginning of the 20th century,

00:55:19somewhere off the coast of West Africa,

00:55:21a German steamboat

00:55:23left its port.

00:55:25Suddenly,

00:55:27the weather became brutally degraded

00:55:29and the ship sank

00:55:31in a thick fog.

00:55:33The building collapsed

00:55:35against a sandbank

00:55:37near the shore.

00:55:39No one was able to save their precious cargo.

00:55:41But the boat was definitely stuck.

00:55:43And it was not the only one.

00:55:45Almost the entire length

00:55:47of the west coast of Namibia

00:55:49is called the Skeleton Coast.

00:55:51And if its name seems sinister,

00:55:53it is because it is itself.

00:55:55This beach,

00:55:571,570 kilometers long,

00:55:59is one of the most dangerous places on the planet.

00:56:01Local Bushmen

00:56:03believe

00:56:05that their guardian deity

00:56:07would have created this land

00:56:09during an Axel Furi.

00:56:11The Portuguese were the first Europeans

00:56:13to set foot in Namibia

00:56:15in the 15th century.

00:56:17And no, they did not like the Skeleton Coast either.

00:56:19Portuguese exporters

00:56:21thought that this land

00:56:23sheltered the doors of the underground world.

00:56:25It is the place where the Namibian desert

00:56:27meets the Atlantic Ocean.

00:56:29It may not be well navigated,

00:56:31but it is a magnificent place,

00:56:33as well as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

00:56:35If someone had to promote

00:56:37the Skeleton Coast,

00:56:39he would resign on the first day.

00:56:41The region is not really touristic,

00:56:43because of its geography

00:56:45and its history.

00:56:47Under the sand and the waves,

00:56:49a secret oceanic current

00:56:51worries the sailors who have no doubt.

00:56:53It is the Bangla Current.

00:56:55It flows north along the South African coast.

00:56:57This part of the Atlantic

00:56:59is rich in marine life,

00:57:01but the desolate land it covers

00:57:03can be easily exchanged.

00:57:05It is this arid climate

00:57:07that created the Namibian desert,

00:57:09one of the driest regions on the planet.

00:57:11And this marine life we just talked about?

00:57:13These are sharks,

00:57:1511 species to be precise.

00:57:17And yes, even the great white shark

00:57:19points its nose from time to time.

00:57:21For now, we have a desert landscape,

00:57:23strong currents and sharks.

00:57:25This is certainly not the ideal place

00:57:27for a swimming pool.

00:57:29But if someone finds himself

00:57:31in the middle of the desert,

00:57:33he will know that he is in great danger.

00:57:35Do not worry, he will realize it

00:57:37by himself.

00:57:39The beach is full of wrecks

00:57:41of all sizes and origins.

00:57:43If you remember the German ship

00:57:45we talked about at the very beginning,

00:57:47its massive and rusty hull

00:57:49now exceeds the sand of the desert.

00:57:51In total, some 500 wrecks

00:57:53are scattered along the coast.

00:57:55And it is a heteroclite crowd.

00:57:57Portuguese galleons,

00:57:59as well as ships that failed

00:58:01in our time.

00:58:03A modern fishing boat

00:58:05named the Zeila India

00:58:07found a way to escape

00:58:09to its mooring cable in 2008

00:58:11to find itself lost

00:58:13on the Skeleton Coast.

00:58:15Of course, he did not really know

00:58:17how to escape on his own

00:58:19and the elements helped him a little.

00:58:21But it is better to be a tourist

00:58:23attraction on the beach

00:58:25than to be dismantled

00:58:27The famous Skeleton Coast

00:58:29is the wreck of the Dunedin Star.

00:58:31This British cargo

00:58:33failed here in 1942.

00:58:35The vast rescue operation that followed

00:58:37reveals why it is so dangerous

00:58:39for sailors to venture here.

00:58:41Rescuers managed to save

00:58:43all crew members

00:58:45as well as passengers.

00:58:47But at what cost?

00:58:49A plane and a trailer were lost

00:58:51during the operation

00:58:53and it took two months

00:58:55to get back to the Cape

00:58:57in South Africa.

00:58:59Why do you ask?

00:59:01A simple look at a map

00:59:03of the region makes it possible

00:59:05to understand it.

00:59:07It is a huge stretch of yellow,

00:59:09in other words, of sand.

00:59:11There are so few roads here

00:59:13that the Skeleton Coast

00:59:15is almost inaccessible

00:59:17by land.

00:59:19And there are also

00:59:21some legal obstacles.

00:59:23There are also animal bones

00:59:25most of which belonged to whales

00:59:27and seals.

00:59:29Many creatures adapted to the region

00:59:31and that's why lions and hyenas

00:59:33roam the coast in search of food.

00:59:35And yes,

00:59:37now there are also hungry lions

00:59:39as if sharks were not enough.

00:59:41Elephants, cheetahs,

00:59:43leopards and giraffes

00:59:45are other animals that temporarily

00:59:47live at home on the Skeleton Coast.

00:59:49In 1971,

00:59:51the Namibians created

00:59:53a national park there.

00:59:55But apart from surfers

00:59:57adept at adrenaline,

00:59:59they do not receive many visitors.

01:00:01The Namibian desert

01:00:03is the oldest desert in the world

01:00:05and it is not very touristic either.

01:00:07Those who enter the region

01:00:09must wear sunscreen

01:00:11and a warm winter jacket.

01:00:13A strange combination, isn't it?

01:00:15Well, not so much when you think

01:00:17that during the day

01:00:19the temperature rises to more than 45°C

01:00:21and at night, the air temperature

01:00:23drops below zero.

01:00:25Real climatic mountaineers.

01:00:27And this is not the last danger.

01:00:29There are still others.

01:00:31Do you remember this German ship

01:00:33that got lost in a thick fog?

01:00:35It was not an isolated event.

01:00:37Due to the climate of the region,

01:00:39the fog appears very frequently.

01:00:41This is what will make a beautiful seagull

01:00:43but this fog is actually beneficial

01:00:45for the fauna.

01:00:47The Namibian desert has a lot of water.

01:00:49Reptiles and mammals have adapted

01:00:51to this harsh climate

01:00:53and they use as little water as possible.

01:00:55Changing sands, a thick fog,

01:00:57strong currents,

01:00:59lions and sharks.

01:01:01This is not what you would put forward

01:01:03in a tourist brochure.

01:01:05But the Skeleton Coast is not the only beach

01:01:07on earth where you would not really

01:01:09want to spend your holidays.

01:01:11We now take you to Cap Tribulation

01:01:13in Australia.

01:01:15Cap Tribulation is located

01:01:17125 km² northwest of the continent

01:01:19in the Queensland region.

01:01:21And no, the region is not as arid

01:01:23as the Skeleton Coast.

01:01:25It is surrounded by the tropical forest

01:01:27of Daintree.

01:01:29We can say that here it is the jungle

01:01:31and not the desert that meets the ocean.

01:01:33Cap Tribulation beach

01:01:35seems straight out of a postcard.

01:01:37But appearances can sometimes be misleading.

01:01:39Hmm, Australia?

01:01:41Sharks without a doubt?

01:01:43These are the crocodiles

01:01:45that will take care of you

01:01:47if you decide to go diving in the sea.

01:01:49These are marine crocodiles

01:01:51nicknamed Salties.

01:01:53A nice nickname for such a ferocious reptile.

01:01:55And there is more.

01:01:57The local fauna seems to have

01:01:59more of a tooth against visitors.

01:02:01From October to June,

01:02:03the waters around Cap Tribulation

01:02:05are full of box jellyfish.

01:02:07Their venom affects the human cardiovascular system.

01:02:09When they are stung by a jellyfish at sea,

01:02:11swimmers do not have time to reach

01:02:13the mainland to receive help.

01:02:15Vinegar, however, helps neutralize the sting.

01:02:17It is therefore better to keep a bottle

01:02:19at hand.

01:02:21Crocodiles and jellyfish seem dangerous,

01:02:23but there is another animal

01:02:25to watch out for.

01:02:27These are wild boars.

01:02:29It may sound funny,

01:02:31but you will not laugh when you are

01:02:33chased by one of them on the beach.

01:02:3521 million boars live in Australia.

01:02:37They are mostly active at night,

01:02:39which makes the situation

01:02:41even more dangerous when they charge you.

01:02:43The best defense is

01:02:45to turn in a circle.

01:02:47Wild boars do not know how to

01:02:49negotiate turns very well.

01:02:51This is probably why we do not see

01:02:53many of them making a career

01:02:55in motorsport.

01:02:57Cap Tribulation has one last danger.

01:02:59And this time, it is not an animal.

01:03:01Here, even trees are linked

01:03:03against intruders.

01:03:05The Jimpy Jimpy may have a funny name,

01:03:07but when he sees one of these beautiful red berries,

01:03:09he will defend himself.

01:03:11These spikes are like tiny green splashes

01:03:13and their unpleasant effect on your skin

01:03:15will last more than a month.

01:03:17There is also the bush Wait A While.

01:03:19We wonder who finds all these nuts

01:03:21to lay outside.

01:03:23The long vines of this climbing palm tree

01:03:25are provided with spikes that hang easily

01:03:27and do not release anything.

01:03:29They are so robust that they can

01:03:31make a man fall from a horse.

01:03:33And he will have no choice but to wait

01:03:35to save himself from this spiky situation.

01:03:37Some sharks have the strange ability

01:03:39to spit out their stomach

01:03:41and then put it back in place.

01:03:43It would be very practical.

01:03:45Most sharks eat a huge amount of food.

01:03:47But the problem is

01:03:49that they cannot digest

01:03:51all that they have swallowed.

01:03:53They need a way to get rid of residues

01:03:55like carapaces and sea turtle beaks,

01:03:57feathers and bird's nests,

01:03:59lobster claws and others.

01:04:01So these amazing creatures

01:04:03voluntarily digest their entire stomach

01:04:05with all its contents.

01:04:07Once they have finished,

01:04:09they reintroduce their main digestive organ

01:04:11into their body.

01:04:13And the whole process usually takes

01:04:15no more than a second.

01:04:17Some species of sharks,

01:04:19such as the great white or mackerel,

01:04:21have a special system to warm

01:04:23their eyes and brain

01:04:25thanks to their retina.

01:04:27This helps them not only to better detect

01:04:29movements but also to improve

01:04:31their ability to move

01:04:33vertically through different temperatures.

01:04:35Contrary to most people

01:04:37who have only one mobile jaw,

01:04:39sharks can move their lower

01:04:41and upper jaws freely.

01:04:43This allows them to have a better grip

01:04:45on their meal and to chew it

01:04:47faster and more completely.

01:04:49That's reassuring!

01:04:51Sharks give birth to a large number

01:04:53of babies at the same time.

01:04:55It depends on the species, of course.

01:04:57But the blue shark, for example,

01:04:59gives birth to 30 babies at the same time.

01:05:01The great white sharks have a more powerful bite

01:05:03than most felines in the jungle

01:05:05and in the savannah.

01:05:07A 6-meter-long aquatic predator

01:05:09can produce a force of more than

01:05:11276 kg per square centimeter,

01:05:13a bite four times more powerful

01:05:15than that of a lion or a tiger.

01:05:17Humans, with their miserable bite

01:05:19of 10 to 14 kg per square centimeter,

01:05:21are not at all in the race.

01:05:23The red sharks

01:05:25defend themselves by swallowing

01:05:27an enormous amount of water.

01:05:29The shark's body then becomes

01:05:31twice as large as its normal size.

01:05:33This makes potential predators flee.

01:05:35Sharks can grow more than

01:05:3750,000 teeth in their lifetime.

01:05:39But all their teeth are not the same.

01:05:41The strongest and the most massive

01:05:43are at the front, and those closest

01:05:45to the back are smaller and less powerful.

01:05:47But if the front teeth are damaged,

01:05:49the weaker teeth can replace them.

01:05:51This is possible because the shark's teeth

01:05:53are not as deeply rooted

01:05:55as those of humans,

01:05:57and they can move.

01:05:59The shark's skin has the same

01:06:01touch as glass paper.

01:06:03It is made of small scales

01:06:05resembling teeth pointing

01:06:07towards the animal's tail.

01:06:09This reduces the friction

01:06:11that occurs when the sharks

01:06:13move in the water.

01:06:15Whale sharks have extremely thick skin.

01:06:17At certain places in their body,

01:06:19it can reach 15 cm thick.

01:06:21It is one of the most resistant

01:06:23animals in the world.

01:06:25Sharks have an incredible sense

01:06:27of smell.

01:06:29But in addition to that,

01:06:31they use another sense

01:06:33to detect other animals.

01:06:35They have special pores

01:06:37around their heads,

01:06:39near the nostrils,

01:06:41and under the muzzle.

01:06:43These are special organs,

01:06:45a bit like a second sight.

01:06:47Each creature generates

01:06:49a tiny electric field.

01:06:51Their ears are incredibly thin.

01:06:53They can hear their potential meal

01:06:55from 900 meters away.

01:06:57They can also detect low-frequency sounds,

01:06:59like those produced by the contraction

01:07:01of a fish's muscle tissue.

01:07:03Sharks have existed for more than

01:07:05400 million years.

01:07:07This means that they have lived

01:07:09four massive extinctions out of five.

01:07:11This makes them much older than Mount Everest,

01:07:13humans, dinosaurs, and even trees.

01:07:15These creatures date back

01:07:17to the time when coral reefs

01:07:19were just beginning to form.

01:07:21Some species of sharks can jump out of the water,

01:07:23like the great white shark

01:07:25or the pelican shark.

01:07:27They are known to be able to jump

01:07:29more than 2.5 meters in the air.

01:07:31Thanks to this maneuver,

01:07:33they can catch animals such as seals

01:07:35or sea birds.

01:07:37But unless you are in South Africa,

01:07:39it is unlikely that you will see

01:07:41a shark jump out of the water.

01:07:43The skeleton of sharks is composed

01:07:45of muscles and cartilages

01:07:47This makes sharks more flexible

01:07:49and allows them to make tight turns

01:07:51when they chase other animals.

01:07:53It is not for nothing that hammerhead sharks

01:07:55have such a bizarrely shaped head.

01:07:57Thanks to it, these creatures have

01:07:59an incredible 360-degree vision.

01:08:01Their eyes are slightly tilted forward,

01:08:03which allows them to have

01:08:05a field of vision that overlaps.

01:08:07The terrifying jaws of the goblin shark

01:08:09are attached to elastic ligaments.

01:08:11They can unfold

01:08:13from the animal's muzzle

01:08:15up to 8 cm.

01:08:17This allows the animal to catapult

01:08:19its mouth forward to catch

01:08:21other marine creatures.

01:08:23Sharks do not sleep like you.

01:08:25Some species must never stop swimming.

01:08:27Otherwise, the water will stop flowing

01:08:29into their gills and they will no longer be able

01:08:31to breathe.

01:08:33Others rest but do not enter

01:08:35a state of unconsciousness.

01:08:37They simply enter special rest periods.

01:08:39These creatures have no eyelids.

01:08:41This is why their eyes are always open

01:08:43to the environment.

01:08:45They also keep their mouths open

01:08:47so that water can pass into their gills.

01:08:49Sharks can travel remarkably long distances

01:08:51without needing rest.

01:08:53All this thanks to their

01:08:55strange sleeping habits.

01:08:57For example, white sharks can swim

01:08:59over distances of more than 3,200 km

01:09:01without stopping to eat or rest.

01:09:03How come these creatures

01:09:05don't starve?

01:09:07They can store in their bellies fat.

01:09:09By the way, this organ can represent

01:09:11a third of the animal's body weight.

01:09:13Contrary to popular belief,

01:09:15sharks do not swim backwards

01:09:17and cannot go backwards.

01:09:19Their tails propel them forward

01:09:21and their pectoral fins

01:09:23help them keep their balance and turn.

01:09:25This means that these animals

01:09:27can only move forward.

01:09:29Sharks have no vocal cords.

01:09:31They cannot produce sound to communicate

01:09:33with each other or express their emotions.

01:09:35This is why they must use body movements

01:09:37such as twisting their bodies or turning around.

01:09:39Sharks live in all the oceans of the world,

01:09:41but several species

01:09:43also inhabit rivers and freshwater lakes.

01:09:45For example,

01:09:47bull sharks have been found

01:09:49in tropical rivers.

01:09:51They are also known for being able

01:09:53to swim between fresh and salty water.

01:09:55The smallest shark that exists

01:09:57is the dwarf lantern shark.

01:09:59This unique creature does not exceed

01:10:0120 cm in length,

01:10:03but it compensates for its tiny size

01:10:05in many other ways.

01:10:07Sharks eat a lot,

01:10:09often more than they need.

01:10:11Some of this food

01:10:13can remain undigested

01:10:15for weeks

01:10:17until it is necessary

01:10:19to provide them with energy.

01:10:21Sharks have something

01:10:23that looks like a tongue,

01:10:25but this organ is called the basihal.

01:10:27It is the front part of the cartilage

01:10:29that goes from the shark's chest

01:10:31to its mouth.

01:10:33It does not move

01:10:35and is almost useless.

01:10:37This so-called tongue

01:10:39does not participate

01:10:41in the feeding process.

01:10:43It is not covered with gusting paper.

01:10:45Its only real utility

01:10:47could be that it supports

01:10:49some of the bones

01:10:51that connect the gills of the shark.

01:10:53There are hundreds of species

01:10:55of sharks in the world,

01:10:57about 500.

01:10:59Some of them are rather bizarre.

01:11:01Just look at the goblin shark,

01:11:03it has a long neck.

01:11:05They also live in very different environments.

01:11:07Tiger sharks eat everything

01:11:09that falls under their jaws.

01:11:11Among the strangest things

01:11:13they have eaten,

01:11:15we found camiscopes,

01:11:17ticket bags,

01:11:19registration plates

01:11:21of almost all American states,

01:11:23dog leashes,

01:11:25and much more.

01:11:27Each whale shark

01:11:29has a unique pattern on its skin.

01:11:31The gray shark

01:11:33can dive to a depth

01:11:35equivalent to 5 Empire State Buildings.

01:11:37When they are born or hatch,

01:11:39baby sharks are already fully fed.

01:11:41And if they choose to swim

01:11:43far from their mother,

01:11:45they do not need to look for food

01:11:47for at least several weeks.

01:11:49You swim 3 km

01:11:51in the depths of the ocean.

01:11:53Do not ask me how,

01:11:55but play the game.

01:11:57It's cold and the pressure is intense.

01:11:59The shark is a green and shiny thing.

01:12:01It is a ferocious skeleton.

01:12:03Its neck shines in the dark

01:12:05to attract fish

01:12:07and other delicious goodies.

01:12:09This shark looks like nothing.

01:12:11It is small,

01:12:13about the size of a cat.

01:12:15It has brown skin

01:12:17and big green eyes.

01:12:19But appearances can be misleading.

01:12:21Every night,

01:12:23this creature goes back to the surface

01:12:25and attacks large white sharks,

01:12:27with sharp teeth.

01:12:29These teeth do not only bite,

01:12:31but they work a bit like a saw.

01:12:33This shark is called

01:12:35Scalele Feroce,

01:12:37Cookie Cutter Shark in English,

01:12:39because when it sees something delicious,

01:12:41it squeezes and bites

01:12:43into a shape of cookie.

01:12:45These sharks are even known

01:12:47to unbite submarines.

01:12:49We wonder what flavor they have.

01:12:51Our next shark is about

01:12:53the length of a car.

01:12:55You will never forget this shark.

01:12:57It has a big mouth,

01:12:59a huge mouth,

01:13:01a mega mouth,

01:13:03like mine.

01:13:05You could easily hold it

01:13:07if you put yourself in a ball.

01:13:09But they are not dangerous,

01:13:11at least not for humans.

01:13:13They feed by swimming with their mouth open,

01:13:15filtering plankton and other underwater products.

01:13:17The shark has special organs

01:13:19in its mouth that shine

01:13:21to attract small crustaceans.

01:13:23It swims in the depths of the ocean

01:13:25in total darkness,

01:13:27but it probably also has a big smile.

01:13:29Fox sharks also have

01:13:31a very voluminous part of the body,

01:13:33the tail.

01:13:35It is almost half the length

01:13:37of the shark itself

01:13:39and looks like a helicopter blade.

01:13:41It is one of the rare animals

01:13:43that hunts by using its tail.

01:13:45The shark surprises a bunch of fish

01:13:47and begins to shake its gain.

01:13:49This scares some of the fish,

01:13:51but it can also use its tail

01:13:53to defend itself.

01:13:55What is really cool with this shark

01:13:57is that it does not attack people.

01:13:59The angelfish, although there are

01:14:01several types of angelfish,

01:14:03are more sharks than angels.

01:14:05They are flat like reeds

01:14:07and their skin is covered with patterns

01:14:09that help them melt in the seabed.

01:14:11Because of this camouflage,

01:14:13divers sometimes accidentally touch them,

01:14:15which is not necessarily a good idea.

01:14:17They are fast and have powerful jaws.

01:14:19However, they prefer the taste

01:14:21of small fish to yours.

01:14:23The angelfish has two ridges

01:14:25that look like horns

01:14:27just above its eyes.

01:14:29It is undoubtedly the grandfather

01:14:31of the world of sharks.

01:14:33It is not aggressive,

01:14:35it swims quite slowly

01:14:37and goes to bed late almost every night.

01:14:39Its two favorite meals

01:14:41are sea urchins and crustaceans.

01:14:43It moves its fins

01:14:45on the seabed

01:14:47and bites all the sharks.

01:14:49It needs its big teeth

01:14:51to crush the shells of its meals

01:14:53at the end of the evening.

01:14:55And if one thing tries to attack it,

01:14:57you have to be careful.

01:14:59Horned sleeper sharks

01:15:01have sharp points on their fins.

01:15:03The price of the ugliest shark

01:15:05is discerned by the sea urchin

01:15:07and it is far ahead.

01:15:09From the outside,

01:15:11it already looks a little weird

01:15:13and it is about the size

01:15:15of the ocean

01:15:17and loves to eat squids.

01:15:19It is not as fast as its peers

01:15:21but it is much smarter.

01:15:23It has a secret and totally wild technique

01:15:25to catch the squids.

01:15:27The shark swims behind the squid,

01:15:29catches it and gets closer

01:15:31more and more.

01:15:33But no question that the squid slows down.

01:15:35It looks like the poor shark

01:15:37will not have lunch today

01:15:39and then it opens its mouth.

01:15:41Its jaw is attached to folds of skin

01:15:43that allow it to literally

01:15:45throw it out of its mouth.

01:15:47And as it is a shark,

01:15:49its teeth are sharp.

01:15:51This additional range allows it

01:15:53to capture its meal

01:15:55and once the feast is over,

01:15:57it simply puts its jaw back in its mouth.

01:15:59These sharks have been spotted

01:16:01many times off the coast of Japan.

01:16:03They owe their name to myths

01:16:05and fairy tales.

01:16:07There is only one thing cooler

01:16:09than a ninja shark.

01:16:11Imagine that there is a tube

01:16:13that you can slide down

01:16:15and that takes you to the bottom of the ocean.

01:16:17It's too dark, you can't see anything.

01:16:19Suddenly, you notice a bright spot

01:16:21moving in the distance.

01:16:23It gets closer and heads for you.

01:16:25It's a blue and shiny head.

01:16:27Worse, it looks like this head

01:16:29has no body.

01:16:31The ninja shark has black skin.

01:16:33It is therefore almost invisible in the dark.

01:16:35It has the size of a human arm

01:16:37but its small, sharp teeth

01:16:39can be used as gadgets.

01:16:41Nobody really knows why this shark shines.

01:16:43Maybe to attract tasty fish.

01:16:45Another theory suggests

01:16:47that it uses this light

01:16:49to communicate with its friends.

01:16:51Does it really have friends?

01:16:53The hammerhead shark.

01:16:55This ferocious shark can weigh up to half a ton.

01:16:57It lives in the tropical waters of the world

01:16:59and is one of the easiest sharks to recognize.

01:17:01Its eyes are actually located

01:17:03on the sides of its head

01:17:05in the shape of a hammer.

01:17:07It can move in almost all directions.

01:17:09It even has special muscles

01:17:11at the neck level

01:17:13to raise and lower its head

01:17:15to see a little better.

01:17:17Its favorite food?

01:17:19Pastenaga rays.

01:17:21You know, those flat things

01:17:23that swim at the bottom of the sea

01:17:25camouflaged to look like sand

01:17:27and pieces of rock.

01:17:29Pastenaga rays get by

01:17:31by melting in their environment

01:17:33while the danger is only passing.

01:17:35At present, hammerhead sharks

01:17:37and other large sharks

01:17:39live about 25 years.

01:17:41But there is a shark

01:17:43that can live much longer.

01:17:45The Greenland shark

01:17:47can live between 300 and 500 years.

01:17:49It is mainly found

01:17:51in the North Atlantic and Arctic Oceans.

01:17:53It likes to swim in the depths

01:17:55where it gets dark

01:17:57so it uses its nose

01:17:59to sniff the food.

01:18:01As it spends a lot of time at the bottom

01:18:03it is the oldest living fish,

01:18:05the largest and the slowest on Earth.

01:18:07Imagine that you are cruising in the Arctic

01:18:09and you see one of these sharks

01:18:11moving slowly in the icy water.

01:18:13It may be 400 years older than you.

01:18:15Most sharks are omnivores.

01:18:17They can attack dolphins,

01:18:19other sharks, crabs,

01:18:21urchins, smaller fish

01:18:23or even bigger.

01:18:25Hot dogs?

01:18:27No, I'm kidding about hot dogs.

01:18:29But the hammerhead shark,

01:18:31is a bit different.

01:18:33It eats half of its meals.

01:18:35It looks like a hammerhead shark

01:18:37but its head looks more like a shovel.

01:18:39Can you dig it?

01:18:41If you see it swimming

01:18:43you might think it is a sea snake

01:18:45or a huge glass of water.

01:18:47Lizard sharks like to swim

01:18:49at the bottom of the ocean

01:18:51like many other sharks.

01:18:53When they hunt something delicious

01:18:55they move a bit like a snake.

01:18:57And just like a snake

01:18:59they don't have teeth.

01:19:01On the contrary,

01:19:03they have about 200 teeth

01:19:05and they are very sharp.

01:19:07This shark has a long flat nose

01:19:09and is very pointy.

01:19:11The teeth it has on its nose

01:19:13never stop growing.

01:19:15Each of its teeth is equipped

01:19:17with electrical receivers

01:19:19to help the shark feel the fish

01:19:21that are nearby,

01:19:23like the radar of a ship.

01:19:25When dinner is near,

01:19:27it shows off its talents.

01:19:29By the way,

01:19:31if this guy gets close

01:19:33you won't have time to blink.

01:19:35Did you see it?

01:19:37And now,

01:19:39I present you

01:19:41the fastest shark in the world,

01:19:43the mackerel shark.

01:19:45It can swim up to 55 km per hour.

01:19:47It doesn't seem that fast on land

01:19:49but under water it is.

01:19:51It is longer than a cheetah

01:19:53but faster than most dogs.

01:19:55It can swim in cold and remote places

01:19:57where an ordinary shark

01:19:59would simply not survive.

01:20:01The mackerel shark is much faster.

01:20:03It can swim up to 90 km per hour.

01:20:05It is not a shark

01:20:07but it is still an extraordinary creature.

01:20:09In a race,

01:20:11the mackerel shark usually comes first.

01:20:13But it is not only fast,

01:20:15it is ingeniously fast.

01:20:17It has a gland next to its nose

01:20:19that pumps a special oil.

01:20:21This oil spreads through the nose

01:20:23This special oil is waterproof

01:20:25which allows the mackerel shark

01:20:27to slide in the water at high speed.

01:20:31So here you are,

01:20:33you are diving in the Atlantic Ocean

01:20:35and you suddenly realize

01:20:37that you have not seen anyone for a while.

01:20:39You go back to the surface

01:20:41and your boat is no longer there.

01:20:43No, in the distance you see a floating beacon.

01:20:45You will be able to get on it.

01:20:47Once in safety,

01:20:49you look at the ocean around you.

01:20:51And at this moment,

01:20:53something big, moving in the water,

01:20:55attracts your attention.

01:20:57A dorsal fin pierces the surface.

01:20:59Everything is over.

01:21:01It's a big, huge shark.

01:21:03Wait a minute,

01:21:05it just rolled to the side.

01:21:07It's not a shark at all.

01:21:09You just fell on the heaviest bonefish in the world,

01:21:11the moon fish.

01:21:13It can reach a size of 4 meters.

01:21:15And it lives in the depths of the ocean.

01:21:17You just saw it come back to the surface.

01:21:19This is the mola mola.

01:21:21It mainly feeds on jellyfish

01:21:23and can dive from 180 to 800 meters.

01:21:25It is not getting tanned.

01:21:27It is waiting for the marine birds

01:21:29to get rid of the parasitic creatures

01:21:31that cover it.

01:21:33A delicious meal without any doubt.

01:21:35Yes, the moon fish is so big and so heavy

01:21:37that scientists have a hard time studying it.

01:21:39And then it lives in abyssal depths.

01:21:41The mola mola,

01:21:43just like the jellyfish,

01:21:45is a relaxed creature

01:21:47and prefers to swim against it

01:21:49like a normal fish.

01:21:51The mola mola is found in the Gulf of Mexico

01:21:53and off the Atlantic West.

01:21:55It lives quite deeply under the surface.

01:21:57And it's better for us that it stays there.

01:21:59Thanks to its teeth,

01:22:01it catches its favorite food,

01:22:03shells.

01:22:05Although it may seem scary at first,

01:22:07the mola mola is quite common

01:22:09on the scales of fishermen

01:22:11and in some restaurants.

01:22:13But would you be ready to eat a fish

01:22:15that is the most misunderstood in the world

01:22:17but also the saddest?

01:22:19The blobfish lives off the coast of Australia

01:22:21and New Zealand.

01:22:23It is considered one of the strangest creatures

01:22:25ever captured.

01:22:27And for good reason.

01:22:29This fish is simply not made for the surface,

01:22:31with its sticky, melting look.

01:22:33And on top of that,

01:22:35it doesn't look happy.

01:22:37One thing we know about deep-sea fish

01:22:39is that we know almost everything

01:22:41about their way of life.

01:22:43Some strange animals

01:22:45like eels move here.

01:22:47They may be cute,

01:22:49but don't try to pick one up.

01:22:51It could take your finger for 4 hours.

01:22:53The giant periophthalmus

01:22:55lives in all of Southeast Asia

01:22:57and, surprisingly,

01:22:59it can run faster than a human if necessary.

01:23:01On a short distance, at least.

01:23:03This creature loves muddy water.

01:23:05That's why we find it especially near the coast.

01:23:07What makes these fish unique

01:23:09is that they spend most of their time out of the water.

01:23:11They can swim up to 60 cm.

01:23:13Amazonian palm tree walkers

01:23:15are one of the biggest mysteries of the forest.

01:23:17You decide to go on a trip.

01:23:19These trees don't walk

01:23:21with legs like you and me,

01:23:23but they can still move

01:23:2520 meters every 1 or 2 years.

01:23:27Their secret is that their young roots

01:23:29seek the light of the sun

01:23:31while the older ones leave the ground.

01:23:33One root in front of the other.

01:23:35Their movements are incredibly slow.

01:23:37You can't just sit down

01:23:39to watch this show.

01:23:41But if you have a lot of time in front of you,

01:23:43you will notice that the trees move

01:23:45from week to week in search of the right light.

01:23:47You are now in the West African jungle

01:23:49where you walk around floating.

01:23:51You have a small stick to remove

01:23:53the spider webs on your path.

01:23:55Everything is fine until you realize

01:23:57that this stick is caressing your hand

01:23:59and that it is moving.

01:24:01Fortunately for you, what you just picked up

01:24:03is an African giant millipede.

01:24:05It is about 30 cm long,

01:24:07but it is not very big.

01:24:09This tickling you feel

01:24:11are its 250 legs that move.

01:24:13These 1,000 legs are part of the same family

01:24:15as crabs and spiders,

01:24:17but they only eat plants and dead leaves.

01:24:19You go for a nice walk in Nevada.

01:24:21Yes, why not?

01:24:23As it is very hot,

01:24:25you decide to jump into this beautiful

01:24:27natural basin that you just found.

01:24:29The only problem is that it is

01:24:31absolutely forbidden to swim there.

01:24:33Why? Because of what may be

01:24:35It is only 2.5 cm long

01:24:37and only lives here.

01:24:39It is a precious and protected space,

01:24:41so read the signs well

01:24:43and don't even think about going

01:24:45swimming in their neighborhood.

01:24:47The basin where the Cyprinodon live

01:24:49is famous for another reason.

01:24:51It is an indicator of earthquake.

01:24:53When there is an earthquake,

01:24:55for example in Indonesia,

01:24:57Japan or China,

01:24:59waves form right here,

01:25:01in Nevada.

01:25:03The Cyprinodon

01:25:05is one of the strangest creatures.

01:25:07The tentacles on its nose

01:25:09help this almost blind cyprinod

01:25:11to find its food.

01:25:13Its nose has a sensitivity

01:25:15five times higher than that of a human hand.

01:25:17But that's not all.

01:25:19The Cyprinodon are also the fastest

01:25:21eaters in the world.

01:25:23They can even detect the presence

01:25:25of food underwater.

01:25:27This animal is really incredible.

01:25:29The tardigrades, sometimes nicknamed

01:25:31the most interesting animals on the planet

01:25:33and also the craziest.

01:25:35These microscopic animals are the most resistant

01:25:37beings on Earth.

01:25:39How resistant are they?

01:25:41Well, you can find them in the deepest parts of the ocean,

01:25:43on the top of the mountains,

01:25:45in volcanoes, tropical forests

01:25:47and even in Antarctica.

01:25:49They are also the only animals

01:25:51capable of surviving in space.

01:25:53They can sleep for thousands of years

01:25:55without food or water,

01:25:57then wake up and walk as if nothing had happened.

01:25:59Except it was a little bigger.

01:26:01The Glocus atlanticus seems

01:26:03straight out of a sci-fi movie,

01:26:05but in reality it is just a very curious

01:26:07sea slug.

01:26:09Don't approach it with your hand if you see one.

01:26:11They melt perfectly in the waves of the ocean

01:26:13when they float on the surface.

01:26:15Its bright blue color allows the Glocus

01:26:17to melt in its environment.

01:26:19But that's not what makes it so special.

01:26:21Its gill is quite powerful and unpleasant,

01:26:23but the Glocus does not produce its own venom.

01:26:25It is content to steal it from other venomous aquatic creatures.

01:26:27Not bad for an animal

01:26:29measuring only 2.5 cm in length.

01:26:31What would you say about a delicious coconut?

01:26:33You need to resource yourself

01:26:35after seeing so many strange animals.

01:26:37Good news, a coconut

01:26:39has just fallen from this tree.

01:26:41But something else has fallen at the same time.

01:26:43It seems that this coconut is already an owner.

01:26:45Cockatiel crabs

01:26:47find coconut nuts on the ground

01:26:49and tear off this brown and fibrous material

01:26:51that covers them.

01:26:53Then they catch the coconut with a clamp

01:26:55and throw it to the ground to open it.

01:26:57So the crab is up there

01:26:59and its meal down on the ground.

01:27:01No worries, Cockatiel crabs like to jump

01:27:03from trees and they will land without problem

01:27:05after a fall of 4.5 meters.

01:27:07But be careful,

01:27:09do not risk catching this crab with your hands.

01:27:11The Cockatiel crab has the most powerful claw

01:27:13of all crustaceans.

01:27:15If it can open a coconut,

01:27:17you see where I'm going.

01:27:19Well, you've just discovered a lot of incredible creatures,

01:27:21but you don't know the Myxina yet.

01:27:23This fish looks like a eel

01:27:25but it has an additional asset,

01:27:27its mucus.

01:27:29Less than a teaspoon of this mucus,

01:27:31mixed with water, can multiply up to 10,000 times.

01:27:33Once the Myxina has expelled

01:27:35its mucus,

01:27:37nothing can approach it.

01:27:39And if a little of this substance

01:27:41infiltrates its nose?

01:27:43It has learned to extinguish it.

01:27:45Myxinas do not have bones,

01:27:47they are entirely made of cartilage.

01:27:49A last one, here is the purple frog

01:27:51Cyadrensis.

01:27:53The purple frog

01:27:55is a kind of frog with a strange appearance.

01:27:57It looks like it has eaten too much

01:27:59and it has a really strange nose.

01:28:01What makes this creature even more curious

01:28:03is that it lives underground,

01:28:05and not only temporarily.

01:28:07The purple frog comes out of its hole

01:28:09only two weeks a year.

01:28:11It mainly feeds on termites

01:28:13that it finds underground.

01:28:15Why would it be worth

01:28:17going back to the surface?

01:28:19This is the incredible discovery

01:28:21of a new creature living

01:28:23deeply under the surface of the ocean.

01:28:25The name of this creature

01:28:27is the harp sponge.

01:28:29If you wonder why it took so long

01:28:31to discover this animal,

01:28:33you should know that it generally lives

01:28:35at a depth of about 3,400 meters

01:28:37under the surface of the ocean.

01:28:39This kind of sponge was discovered

01:28:41for the first time off the coast of California

01:28:43thanks to a robot strong enough

01:28:45to explore the extreme depths

01:28:47of the ocean to offer.

01:28:49It is undoubtedly an area of the planet

01:28:51where even creatures

01:28:53with the most benign appearance

01:28:55can be potentially dangerous.

01:28:57And scientists were surprised

01:28:59to find that this creature

01:29:01was much more than a simple sponge.

01:29:03This may seem obvious,

01:29:05but the harp sponge was named

01:29:07because its basic structure,

01:29:09called aube,

01:29:11has the same shape as a harp.

01:29:13Each aube is made up of a horizontal branch

01:29:15and a parallel vertical branch.

01:29:17But don't be fooled

01:29:19by the fanciful and amusing appearance

01:29:21of the harp sponge,

01:29:23or by its pretty name.

01:29:25It is a formidable hunter of depths.

01:29:27It has a unique ability

01:29:29to capture and envelop small animals

01:29:31with its rhizoids,

01:29:33short and thin fibers.

01:29:35Thanks to it, the harp sponge

01:29:37clings to the shallow and soft bottom of the ocean

01:29:39and catches the tiny creatures

01:29:41that are caught in its branches

01:29:43Other spongy creatures

01:29:45often feed on bacteria

01:29:47and organic pieces of seawater

01:29:49and filter them through their bodies.

01:29:51But not our harp sponge.

01:29:53Instead,

01:29:55it catches its future meal

01:29:57with tiny barbed hooks

01:29:59that cover each of its branches.

01:30:01The harp sponge

01:30:03has a preference for small crustaceans

01:30:05such as crabs,

01:30:07crayfish and shrimps.

01:30:09Once it has one in its claws,

01:30:11it takes the animal by a thin membrane

01:30:13before starting to digest it slowly.

01:30:15Researchers think that the harp sponge

01:30:17uses this feeding method

01:30:19because there is not enough nutrients

01:30:21in the depths.

01:30:23This makes traditional feeding

01:30:25by filtering particles less effective.

01:30:27Research has shown that this creature

01:30:29is still evolving.

01:30:31The first harp sponges

01:30:33found by researchers

01:30:35only had two hooves.

01:30:37But later, scientists discovered

01:30:39that the harp sponge

01:30:41could have evolved towards this elaborate structure

01:30:43resembling a candlestick

01:30:45to increase its surface.

01:30:47In general, harp sponges

01:30:49reach a size of 30 cm.

01:30:51But researchers found one

01:30:53that was twice as big.

01:30:55The harp sponge is as beautiful as rare.

01:30:57Do you see these little white balls

01:30:59at the top of the branches?

01:31:01Now, why not look at

01:31:03other creatures that live

01:31:05under the photic zone of the earth's oceans?

01:31:07This is the zone located

01:31:09under the surface of the ocean

01:31:11that still receives a little sunlight.

01:31:13Thanks to this,

01:31:15many organisms and creatures proliferate there.

01:31:17Any animal living beyond this zone

01:31:19is considered an abyssal creature.

01:31:21The Tomopteris annelid

01:31:23is a segmented worm

01:31:25found in the twilight zone

01:31:27of the ocean.

01:31:29This is the zone between

01:31:31200 and 1,000 meters below the surface.

01:31:33These creatures are often

01:31:352.5 cm long,

01:31:37but the largest of them

01:31:39can measure up to 30 cm.

01:31:41When they swim and feed,

01:31:43these worms perform what researchers

01:31:45describe as an incredible dance.

01:31:47Indeed, they can swim at high speed

01:31:49and operate very easily

01:31:51at tight-angle turns.

01:31:53When we hear the word worm,

01:31:55we usually think of common earthworms.

01:31:57It is therefore interesting to know

01:31:59that there is a worm of depth

01:32:01that never comes out of the water

01:32:03Most of us

01:32:05try to avoid contact with

01:32:07sandfish or those

01:32:09that swim near the surface.

01:32:11But you don't risk meeting

01:32:13the Crosota jellyfish,

01:32:15which is also an abyssal creature.

01:32:17This magnificent jellyfish

01:32:19is generally red-ruby,

01:32:21bright orange or electric purple.

01:32:23This is what allowed researchers

01:32:25to realize that they had found

01:32:27a new species of jellyfish.

01:32:29The creature reaches a maximum size

01:32:31of 1.5 cm in diameter.

01:32:33It has tentacles that extend

01:32:35in all directions.

01:32:37If you get close to it,

01:32:39it will gather all these tentacles

01:32:41towards its body before

01:32:43quickly moving away to avoid danger.

01:32:45The Crosota jellyfish is extremely rare.

01:32:47You will not see it very often

01:32:49and you may have to use

01:32:51the deep diving robot we already talked about.

01:32:53Now, if worms and jellyfish

01:32:55may seem completely harmless,

01:32:57this is not the case

01:32:59with the Pacific jellyfish.

01:33:01This creature is equipped

01:33:03with a very large mouth

01:33:05and its needle-shaped teeth

01:33:07are the key to its hunting strategy.

01:33:09The Pacific jellyfish lives

01:33:11at about 1,500 meters

01:33:13below the ocean surface.

01:33:15But it is one of the many marine animals

01:33:17that migrate every night from the depths

01:33:19to less deep waters to feed.

01:33:21And what is on the menu today?

01:33:23A lot of small fish and shrimp.

01:33:25The creature can measure

01:33:27up to 30 centimeters in length.

01:33:29Its two front jaws,

01:33:31which stand on its lower jaw,

01:33:33right in front of its eyes,

01:33:35are particularly spectacular.

01:33:37When the fish unhooks its jaw,

01:33:39its mouth can open wide enough

01:33:41to swallow smaller animals.

01:33:43And its teeth form a kind of cage

01:33:45that prevents all escape.

01:33:47Have you ever seen an underwater creature

01:33:49that looks like a strawberry?

01:33:51Yes, it exists.

01:33:53Look at these little dots on the strawberry calmar.

01:33:55This creature has a big eye

01:33:57and another smaller one.

01:33:59You might think it's embarrassing

01:34:01and uncomfortable, but it's actually

01:34:03quite the opposite.

01:34:05The big left eye looks up.

01:34:07It spots the shadows cast by other animals

01:34:09whose waters are little illuminated above

01:34:11and its tubular shape helps it collect

01:34:13as much light as possible.

01:34:15On the other side of the head of the calmar,

01:34:17you can see its right eye.

01:34:19It is small and looks down.

01:34:21This eye searches for bioluminescence flashes

01:34:23produced by animals hiding

01:34:25in the darker waters below.

01:34:27Bioluminescence is the production

01:34:29and emission of light

01:34:31by living organisms.

01:34:33By the way, this calmar has a nickname.

01:34:35It is known as Calmar Quillouche.

01:34:37This is simply due

01:34:39to the remarkable difference in size

01:34:41between its two eyes.

01:34:43As light does not reach the depths of the sea,

01:34:45the body of the strawberry calmar seems black.

01:34:47This helps it hide from its predators

01:34:49such as sharks and dolphins.

01:34:51In general,

01:34:53the strawberry calmar reaches a length

01:34:55of 13 cm.

01:34:57It lives at about 900 m under the surface

01:34:59but swims towards less deep waters at night.

01:35:01The feathered star

01:35:03is a marine creature without a vertebral column

01:35:05but with feather-shaped limbs

01:35:07that shine from the center of its body.

01:35:09This creature

01:35:11appeared for the first time

01:35:13about 200 million years ago.

01:35:15Similar to sea stars,

01:35:17it looks like a flower.

01:35:19When it comes close,

01:35:21it quickly moves away while swimming.

01:35:23But all feathered stars do not know how to swim.

01:35:25Many species can only crawl

01:35:27on the bottom of the sea.

01:35:29Like some other creatures of the depths

01:35:31that we have examined,

01:35:33the feathered star can adapt to its environment.

01:35:35It has the frightening ability

01:35:37to get rid of its limbs

01:35:39in the same way that some lizards

01:35:41can get rid of their tails.

01:35:43This also probably helps it escape its enemies.

01:35:45Feathered stars live

01:35:47all over the world,

01:35:49from the equator to the poles,

01:35:51from the top of the recesses of the shallow waters

01:35:53to the abyssal depths of the sea.

01:35:55In the category of mysterious creatures,

01:35:57the name of this creature

01:35:59is quite appropriate.

01:36:01The vampire of the abysses

01:36:03could be the official symbol

01:36:05of the fauna of the depths.

01:36:07It has a dark red body,

01:36:09huge blue eyes

01:36:11and a canvas similar to a cape

01:36:13that extends between its eight arms.

01:36:15Scientists can suggest

01:36:17that the creature is a kind of terrifying hunter.

01:36:19But in reality,

01:36:21the vampire of the abysses

01:36:23is a shy creature with a soft body,

01:36:25size, shape

01:36:27and the color of an American football ball.

01:36:29It reaches a length of about 30 cm

01:36:31and lives at 900 m under the surface.

01:36:33There is almost no oxygen

01:36:35at this depth,

01:36:37but also relatively few predators.

01:36:39Most of the ocean

01:36:41is still surrounded by mystery.

01:36:43Whether it is dark corners

01:36:45or creatures hiding in the abysses.

01:36:47But sometimes,

01:36:49it gives us a glimpse of the frightening things

01:36:51that shelter it in its cold and dark depths.

01:36:53For example,

01:36:55when you hear the news

01:36:57that creatures of the depths

01:36:59have failed on the shore after the last storm,

01:37:01some just look weird,

01:37:03while others are real scary monsters

01:37:05living at more than 1000 m deep.

01:37:07The coldest and deepest parts

01:37:09of the ocean have engendered

01:37:11a specific phenomenon called gigantism.

01:37:13Thus,

01:37:15sea spiders,

01:37:17calamari, worms

01:37:19and many other animals,

01:37:21mainly invertebrates,

01:37:23that is, creatures without a spine,

01:37:25are all much bigger and more frightening

01:37:27than the versions we observe

01:37:29in the less deep areas.

01:37:31In the depths of the Pacific,

01:37:33you can find a sea sponge

01:37:35as large as a monospace

01:37:37or the Mesonychotitis Hamilton

01:37:39which is a sub-antarctic species

01:37:41and which is nearly 14 times longer

01:37:43than the Anchornet Minami

01:37:45or Nototodarus loani,

01:37:47a type of calamari that lives

01:37:49mainly offshore New Zealand.

01:37:51Researchers have found

01:37:53quantities of sea monsters

01:37:55in the abyssal area of the ocean,

01:37:57between 4000 and 6000 m deep.

01:37:59In 2021, researchers managed

01:38:01to bring back images

01:38:03of the giant phantom jellyfish.

01:38:05It was at a depth of 1000 m

01:38:07I would not like to fall on it

01:38:09at the beach.

01:38:11It probably only feeds on small fish

01:38:13and plankton,

01:38:15but it can swim to depths

01:38:17of more than 6500 m.

01:38:19And over there,

01:38:21this giant jellyfish

01:38:23does not find enough food.

01:38:25How does it survive then?

01:38:27Scientists have not yet

01:38:29found the answer to this question.

01:38:31And there are still more questions

01:38:33about the giant calamari,

01:38:35which are 13 m long

01:38:37and weigh nearly a ton.

01:38:39Imagine these tentacles

01:38:41grabbing your car

01:38:43or any object of this kind.

01:38:45They would crush it

01:38:47as if it were a toy.

01:38:49There is no light in the abysses

01:38:51because the sun's rays

01:38:53cannot penetrate so deeply.

01:38:55So there are no algae

01:38:57or underwater plants.

01:38:59The local fauna therefore

01:39:01mainly feeds on snow.

01:39:03There are no debris or debris

01:39:05that rain from the surface of the ocean.

01:39:07Maybe even remains that

01:39:09the predators could not finish up there.

01:39:11So it's not much.

01:39:13But apparently,

01:39:15it is enough for creatures

01:39:17that hide in the depths,

01:39:19like giant calamari.

01:39:21Calamari that generally live

01:39:23at such depths

01:39:25do not bother to go

01:39:27and look for their prey.

01:39:29They just wait

01:39:31because few animals

01:39:33risk to swim

01:39:35in these dark and cold areas.

01:39:37But this method

01:39:39saves energy.

01:39:41A giant calamari

01:39:43only eats about 30 grams

01:39:45of fish per day,

01:39:47which is about 45 calories.

01:39:49It is almost 50 times

01:39:51less calories than

01:39:53an average person

01:39:55should consume per day.

01:39:57So when a calamari

01:39:59swims in the deep,

01:40:01it is not only

01:40:03to eat fish,

01:40:05but also to look for food

01:40:07when it will not have enough

01:40:09in the abysses.

01:40:11And we strongly wish

01:40:13that the giant calamari

01:40:15of the Groenland,

01:40:17even more numerous,

01:40:19will not have the same idea.

01:40:21We find them at depths

01:40:23going up to 2,200 meters.

01:40:25They swim three times

01:40:27as fast as

01:40:29a shark.

01:40:31But they have

01:40:33in some way

01:40:35changed their diet,

01:40:37going from predator to predator

01:40:39depending on their environment,

01:40:41because there will always be more

01:40:43remains falling from the surface

01:40:45than animals to hunt.

01:40:47Groenland sharks

01:40:49only grow 1 cm per year

01:40:51and an average individual

01:40:53generally measures 6.5 meters long,

01:40:55sometimes up to 400 years.

01:40:57They also have a very slow metabolism,

01:40:59which is one of the main factors

01:41:01of their longevity.

01:41:03Groenland sharks like to spend time

01:41:05in cold waters.

01:41:07They are adapted to this

01:41:09because their tissues contain

01:41:11specific chemical compounds

01:41:13that prevent the formation

01:41:15of ice crystals

01:41:17on their entire body.

01:41:19This means

01:41:21that they have

01:41:23a very low metabolism.

01:41:25They are able to

01:41:27eat fish,

01:41:29fish that are

01:41:31very small,

01:41:33fish that are

01:41:35very big,

01:41:37fish that are

01:41:39very small,

01:41:41fish that are

01:41:43very big,

01:41:45fish that are

01:41:47very small,

01:41:49fish that are

01:41:51very big,

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01:41:55very big,

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01:41:59very big,

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01:42:23very big,

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01:42:27very big,

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01:42:51very big,

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01:43:07very big,

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01:43:31very big,

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01:49:01fish that are

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01:49:21fish that are

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01:49:25fish that are

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01:49:29fish that are

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01:49:33fish that are

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01:49:37fish that are

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01:49:41fish that are

01:49:43very big,

01:49:45fish that are

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01:49:49fish that are

01:49:51very big,

01:49:53fish that are

01:49:55very big,

01:49:57fish that are

01:49:59very big.

01:50:01But be sure to be rapid because

01:50:03as soon as you turn on your flashlight

01:50:05to look at him, he

01:50:07will retract his tubes inside.

01:50:09The Megalodon,

01:50:11the whale shark is not the

01:50:13largest known shark of humans.

01:50:15about 15.9 to 2.6 million years ago,

01:50:18between the beginning of the Miocene and the end of the Pliocene.

01:50:22Although it has disappeared for a long time,

01:50:24people are still surprised to learn about the existence of these gigantic marine creatures.

01:50:28The Megalodon could reach a length of 14 to 18 meters

01:50:32and its jaws more than 1.8 meters wide.

01:50:35A fossil of a tooth belonging to a Megalodon

01:50:38measured 18 centimeters.

01:50:40It is reassuring to know that these animals have disappeared for a long time.

01:50:44But there are still adventurers who hope to meet this monster one day.

01:50:49The Dumbo Peacock

01:50:51This adorable creature, or frightening creature,

01:50:54it all depends on the way you see it,

01:50:56is officially called Grimpotitis.

01:50:59More simply, it is called the Dumbo Peacock,

01:51:02from the name of the Disney character.

01:51:04Although Dumbo, the elephant, not the peacock,

01:51:07has been mocked for its large ears,

01:51:09it is very unlikely that this peacock will be mocked by its aquatic neighbors.

01:51:13These are the deepest peacocks,

01:51:15which live in the most abyssal depths of the sea.

01:51:17And you know how scary this place is.

01:51:20They only measure about 20 centimeters

01:51:23and spend their day wandering just above the bottom,

01:51:26eating snails, worms,

01:51:28and other foods they find in the current or in the deep.

01:51:31There are about 17 species of Dumbo Peacocks

01:51:34and they all have different sizes,

01:51:36colors and body parts.

01:51:40If you do not get tired of strange animals,

01:51:42you will be happy to learn that the depths of the sea

01:51:45have hardly been explored by humans.

01:51:47So keep your eyes open.

01:51:49Other fascinating animals of the depths

01:51:51will certainly be discovered in the future.

01:51:55The sea angel.

01:51:56These marine creatures look rather cute,

01:51:59but their diet is not.

01:52:02Their favorite food is sea butterflies.

01:52:05They try to trap them with mucus

01:52:07and wait for them to be ambushed.

01:52:10The Anemone Squat Shrimp.

01:52:12This tiny shrimp measures only 1.3 centimeters in length.

01:52:16It is also known as the dancing shrimp

01:52:19because of its particular behavior.

01:52:21When it is agitated, it raises its back over its head

01:52:25and makes a little dance.

01:52:27Divers also say that it willingly jumps on their hands

01:52:29and cleans them.

01:52:31The Cockatiel Crab.

01:52:33This crustacean can seem quite scary,

01:52:35especially when the sun sets.

01:52:37Adult Cockatiel Crabs

01:52:40measure about 90 centimeters in length.

01:52:42They look like hermit crabs

01:52:44that would have been allowed to grow.

01:52:46Their favorite food is coconut,

01:52:48but they can also hunt lizards

01:52:50and even large birds.

01:52:52The Ruben's Cockatiel.

01:52:54The Ruben's Cockatiel is a thin and long creature

01:52:56that remains a mystery to marine scientists.

01:52:59It measures 122 centimeters in length

01:53:02and has at least 750 bones in its spine,

01:53:06which is much more than any other animal

01:53:09in the world.

01:53:10The Sea Plum.

01:53:12The Sea Plum measures 2.2 meters in length

01:53:14and there are many varieties,

01:53:16but most of them look like a pen

01:53:18or a feather.

01:53:20The resemblance is even more striking

01:53:22when the animal has its bulb filled with water

01:53:24that it sticks to the ground.

01:53:26The Green Carp.

01:53:28This creature actually looks like a carp,

01:53:30although it is very small in comparison,

01:53:32measuring only 10 centimeters in length.

01:53:34Able to become both male and female,

01:53:37it does not really mate with the other green carp.

01:53:39It fights with them rather

01:53:41to carry the offspring.

01:53:43The Flemish Eel Snail.

01:53:45Tourists love these extraordinary snails

01:53:47for their pretty color,

01:53:49thinking it is a shell.

01:53:51But in reality,

01:53:53the shell is quite tender

01:53:55and hidden under colored soft tissue.

01:53:57These snails eat the soft and toxic parts

01:53:59of the corals

01:54:01and store their toxins to protect themselves.

01:54:03A group of dolphins play

01:54:05gaily near the surface of the water

01:54:07in the North Pacific Ocean

01:54:09by a sunny day.

01:54:11They have as much fun as possible

01:54:13until the water starts to wave.

01:54:17The waves are getting stronger

01:54:19as if a tsunami or a submarine volcano

01:54:21were preparing to rage.

01:54:23Their instinct advises them

01:54:25to go as fast as possible

01:54:27to avoid the waves.

01:54:30Suddenly, an enormous roar

01:54:32fills the air.

01:54:34The water is boiling violently

01:54:36and a giant whale

01:54:38erupts in the air.

01:54:40Hi mom!

01:54:42But wait,

01:54:44it's not a whale,

01:54:46it's an ichthyosaur.

01:54:48A gigantic monster

01:54:50resembling a sea dragon

01:54:52that lived in the Triassic period.

01:54:54The giant whale

01:54:56is the largest in the world

01:54:58It is 17 meters long

01:55:00and weighs 45 tons.

01:55:02It does not look very different

01:55:04from a dolphin

01:55:06but this sea monster

01:55:08is not their cousin.

01:55:10Dolphins scatter in the depths.

01:55:12Fortunately for them,

01:55:14the ichthyosaur does not try

01:55:16to make their lunch.

01:55:18It only plays, too.

01:55:20This particular species

01:55:22is much more friendly

01:55:24to sea molluscs,

01:55:27as it appears again under the surface

01:55:29swimming majestically

01:55:31in awe of its huge fins

01:55:33and its long tail in the shape of a eel.

01:55:35It once traveled the Earth

01:55:37but like other prehistoric terrestrial reptiles

01:55:39among which whales

01:55:41and modern dolphins,

01:55:43it returned to the sea

01:55:45and evolved for millions of years.

01:55:47Its limbs turned into fins.

01:55:49Some species even had fingers

01:55:51on their fins.

01:55:53We could almost take them

01:55:55They could also have a dorsal fin.

01:55:57Their heads were pointed

01:55:59and their jaws filled with conical teeth

01:56:01perfect for catching small prey.

01:56:03They had big eyes

01:56:05probably to see well

01:56:07in the deepest waters.

01:56:09Their caudal fins gave them

01:56:11considerable power.

01:56:13Like other marine creatures,

01:56:15they breathed the air from the surface

01:56:17and had hot blood.

01:56:19They were elongated and as beautiful

01:56:21as some of the most beautiful

01:56:24Unexpectedly, a submarine vortex

01:56:26opened up in front of the animal

01:56:28sucking everything on its way

01:56:30like a black hole.

01:56:32The ichthyosaur disappeared inside

01:56:34shaking in all directions

01:56:36unable to control its journey

01:56:38to a distant past.

01:56:40It was soon rejected

01:56:42in its own natural time

01:56:44during the Triassic period

01:56:46at the beginning of the dinosaur era

01:56:48about 247 million years ago.

01:56:50It swam with other animals of its species

01:56:52even though different creatures

01:56:54evolved all over the world

01:56:56like the myxosaurus

01:56:58let's stay with this one

01:57:00because it will end up

01:57:02in the hands of modern man.

01:57:04From the point of view of evolution

01:57:06ichthyosaurs lived for a long time

01:57:08millions of years.

01:57:10Many complex factors explain their extinction

01:57:12but in simplistic terms

01:57:14environmental changes

01:57:16led to the decline of small food groups

01:57:18as well as the appearance of more brutal predators.

01:57:21Also, some fish had evolved

01:57:23and had become too fast for the ichthyosaur.

01:57:25So we will leave our poor friend here

01:57:27unable to find enough food

01:57:29and defeated by a fierce competition.

01:57:31It is hungry,

01:57:33tired and weak.

01:57:35It simply drifts along the currents

01:57:37and ends at the bottom of the ocean.

01:57:43Millions of years have passed.

01:57:45During the Triassic and the Jurassic

01:57:47the sea level gradually decreased

01:57:49exposing vast desert regions.

01:57:51The region we are focusing on

01:57:53is today Nevada

01:57:55in the western part of the United States.

01:57:57During the Cretaceous period

01:57:59a chain of volcanic islands formed.

01:58:01Geological upheavals continued

01:58:03transforming the bottom of the ocean

01:58:05into our modern mountains.

01:58:07Encrusted in the rock

01:58:09and yes, you guessed it

01:58:11we found not only ancient invertebrates

01:58:13but also more recent creatures

01:58:15such as mammoths

01:58:18and this giant

01:58:20an incredible fauna.

01:58:22But we are not here for them today.

01:58:24Let's discover

01:58:26what happened to our friend.

01:58:28Let's make a new leap in time

01:58:30until 1998.

01:58:32Place, the Augusta Mountains

01:58:34in the northwest of Nevada

01:58:36or more precisely

01:58:38a place called Fossil Hill.

01:58:40A few vertebrae exceeded the rock.

01:58:42Researchers were able to determine

01:58:44which creature they belonged to.

01:58:46It was huge.

01:58:48It was so buried in the rock

01:58:50and so complex

01:58:52that its excavation took many years.

01:58:54In September 2011

01:58:56researchers found other well-preserved parts

01:58:58of the head,

01:59:00its skull,

01:59:02its anterior limbs

01:59:04and its thoracic cage.

01:59:06It was only in 2015

01:59:08that the giant ichthyosaur

01:59:10was finally extracted.

01:59:12Among the fossils

01:59:15we will show you

01:59:17how the team

01:59:19named the new species

01:59:21Symbospondylus jungorum.

01:59:23Symbospondylus is a Greek word

01:59:25that means spine.

01:59:27But let's call our ichthyosaur Symbo

01:59:29because we have to give it a name

01:59:31and it will be easier for everyone.

01:59:33It must be admitted that the original name

01:59:35is not very easy to pronounce.

01:59:37Symbo was transported to the Natural History Museum

01:59:39in Los Angeles

01:59:41and then sent to the University of Bonn

01:59:43where his study was undertaken

01:59:45by paleontologist Martin Sander

01:59:47and his colleagues

01:59:49in collaboration with the University of Mayence.

01:59:51It was a unique discovery

01:59:53and really exciting

01:59:55because our marine reptile

01:59:57was the largest animal of this period

01:59:59that has never been found.

02:00:01According to what we know,

02:00:03according to Martin Sander,

02:00:05it is even the first giant creature

02:00:07to have lived on Earth.

02:00:09You can consider Symbo

02:00:11because its species only lived

02:00:133 to 5 million years

02:00:15after a massive extinction

02:00:17known as Permian extinction.

02:00:19This occurred

02:00:21about 252 million years ago.

02:00:23The event eliminated

02:00:25about 90% of the life forms

02:00:27of the planet.

02:00:29What was the cause?

02:00:31The short version is an increase in temperatures

02:00:33and an increased acidification of the oceans.

02:00:35When a part of the food chain

02:00:37goes out, it causes a domino effect

02:00:39as you can imagine.

02:00:41Soon, there is not much left to eat

02:00:43and only the most robust

02:00:45can survive.

02:00:47The atmosphere also had

02:00:49high levels of carbon dioxide.

02:00:51According to some theories,

02:00:53it was giant volcanic eruptions

02:00:55that caused this,

02:00:57where today's Siberian Traps are located.

02:00:59It was the largest volcanic eruption

02:01:01in the last 500 million years.

02:01:03The eruptions lasted 2 million years.

02:01:05Large volumes of basaltic lava

02:01:07covered a large part of Siberia.

02:01:09Today, the site is still covered

02:01:11with about 3 million square kilometers

02:01:13of basaltic rocks.

02:01:15According to other theories,

02:01:17it is an asteroid that would have caused

02:01:19the Permian extinction rather than the volcanoes.

02:01:21Anyway, the result was the same

02:01:23and 81% of the marine species

02:01:25and 70% of the terrestrial vertebrae

02:01:27of the planet

02:01:29have disappeared.

02:01:31There have been many massive extinctions

02:01:33during prehistory,

02:01:35but the size and existence of symbols

02:01:37are extraordinary

02:01:39considering the Permian extinction.

02:01:41It usually took 9 million years

02:01:43for a species to recover

02:01:45and reach such a size,

02:01:47but our dear friend only needed

02:01:49half of that time.

02:01:51Using sophisticated computer models,

02:01:53researchers analyzed the food network

02:01:55that presumably covered the area

02:01:57now known as Fossil Hill.

02:01:59They recreated the ancient environment

02:02:01thanks to the available data

02:02:03and discovered the underwater food network

02:02:05thanks to which giant creatures

02:02:07such as ichthyosaurs survived.

02:02:09The theory states that our symbol

02:02:11fed on marine molluscs

02:02:13called ammonites

02:02:15that lived between 1 and 3 million years

02:02:17after the Permian extinction.

02:02:19The ammonites, now extinct,

02:02:21filled the ecological void

02:02:23that followed the mass extinction.

02:02:25They had excellent living conditions

02:02:27and few predators.

02:02:29Ichthyosaurs also evolved rapidly

02:02:31because they were the first giant creatures

02:02:33to populate the oceans of the world.

02:02:35They also had little competition

02:02:37in terms of their diet.

02:02:39Symbols therefore enjoyed

02:02:41a huge supply of food.

02:02:43They could eat all they wanted.

02:02:45Contrary to whales,

02:02:47which have become so big

02:02:49by absorbing food such as plankton,

02:02:51symbols and their congeners

02:02:53grew up thanks to ammonites

02:02:55and it took them much less time.

02:02:57It's a good message for children.

02:02:59What is fascinating for us today

02:03:01is that these results show

02:03:03that marine ecosystems can develop

02:03:05and react well to changes

02:03:07as spectacular as climate change,

02:03:09the atmosphere or water conditions.

02:03:11They may have had different journeys

02:03:13but some ichthyosaurs

02:03:15have a few things in common

02:03:17with whales.

02:03:19They are huge and do not have big teeth.

02:03:21Ammonites dive deep

02:03:23to hunt the giant squid.

02:03:25Symbols hunted in the same way.

02:03:27To separate these foods,

02:03:29they used a kind of natural filter.

02:03:31Our friend probably also ate

02:03:33fish and maybe squid

02:03:35and even smaller ichthyosaurs.

02:03:37Ouch!

02:03:39Some species of ichthyosaurs

02:03:41had a large number of teeth

02:03:43and a skull resembling that of a giant lizard.

02:03:45Their teeth were sharp as razors.

02:03:47The ichthyosaurs swam

02:03:49in the oceans for almost

02:03:51the entire period of the dinosaurs.

02:03:53We found fossils of ichthyosaurs

02:03:55in England, Norway, Japan,

02:03:57Germany, Colombia,

02:03:59China and Australia.

02:04:01At their time,

02:04:03they were the sovereigns of the underwater world.

02:04:05As the sun sets,

02:04:07250 million years ago,

02:04:09we could imagine that Symbol

02:04:11had a more merciful destiny

02:04:13and that he comes out of the water

02:04:15to contemplate the orange hue of this primitive sky.

02:04:17He stops for a moment

02:04:19before diving again to join his friends,

02:04:21swimming happily

02:04:23in search of food and adventure

02:04:25in the blue depths of the Triassic Ocean.

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