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Transcript

00:00:00The oceans cover more than 70% of the Earth's surface.

00:00:04On average, the ocean has a depth of 8 Empire State Buildings,

00:00:08and less than 5% of these mysterious depths have been explored.

00:00:12It is even possible to find lakes and rivers under the ocean.

00:00:15They are denser than the rest of the water that surrounds them,

00:00:18and so we can clearly see the difference.

00:00:21When coral is in shallow waters,

00:00:23the intense sunlight can damage the algae that live inside.

00:00:27To protect the algae, the coral produces certain proteins

00:00:30that act as a kind of solar screen.

00:00:33Most of the ocean may not have been explored,

00:00:36but what we know is that about 20 million tons of gold

00:00:39are scattered in these dark waters.

00:00:41It is spread in very small quantities,

00:00:43which is why it is not profitable to exploit it.

00:00:46If we could extract it,

00:00:48each person on the planet would receive 4 kilos of gold.

00:00:51When sharks need their morning coffee,

00:00:53they also go to Starbucks.

00:00:55In 2002, researchers discovered an area in the Pacific Ocean

00:00:58called the White Shark Café,

00:01:00where the great white sharks come during the winter.

00:01:02They meet, tell jokes and tell stories

00:01:05about the number of humans they have frightened,

00:01:07and then return to the coast to frighten us again

00:01:10when the weather warms up.

00:01:12Have you ever tasted a large white latte coffee?

00:01:15The widest point in the Pacific Ocean goes from Indonesia to Colombia,

00:01:18and at this place it is 20,000 km wide,

00:01:21which is more than five times the diameter of the Moon.

00:01:24We could imagine that the oceans are cold,

00:01:27especially in the depths where the temperature is only 4.4 degrees.

00:01:30But there is an exception.

00:01:32The water that comes out of the hydrothermal vents at the bottom of the sea

00:01:35has a temperature that can reach 400 degrees.

00:01:38Humans are the only animals whose brain shrinks with age.

00:01:42They can even do it because of isolation and loneliness.

00:01:45Other animals, even some of our distant cousins

00:01:48from another branch of the genealogical tree,

00:01:50such as monkeys and chimpanzees, do not have this problem.

00:01:53Would television be responsible?

00:01:56Our eardrums have nothing to do with the meaning of sight,

00:01:59but they still move when we move our eyes.

00:02:02During a lifetime, our heart beats on average more than 2.5 billion times.

00:02:06Some have counted.

00:02:08Our nose can detect more than a billion smells,

00:02:11and our lips are hundreds of times more sensitive than the tip of our fingers.

00:02:15Two parts of the body never cease to grow, the nose and the ears.

00:02:19Cockroaches are resistant.

00:02:21They can survive in extreme conditions

00:02:23and have been there since dinosaurs reigned on our planet.

00:02:26But the queen of termites is the great champion with a lifespan of 50 years.

00:02:30It is the longest duration that an insect can live.

00:02:33Ordinary termites live only 1 to 2 years.

00:02:36It is not water that camels store in their bones, but fat.

00:02:40They store water in their blood.

00:02:42Bees can fly very high, at more than 9,000 meters in altitude,

00:02:45which is higher than Everest, the highest peak on our planet.

00:02:49Leopards are able to hold their breath longer than dolphins.

00:02:53Yes, they slow down their heart rate and can stay like this for nearly 40 minutes.

00:02:58Dolphins have to go back to the surface to get some air every 10 minutes.

00:03:02The moon has volcanoes,

00:03:04and scientists think they could have been active about 100 million years ago,

00:03:07when dinosaurs still reigned on our planet.

00:03:10Wow, the show must have been magnificent!

00:03:14There are watermelons the size of a grain of grapes.

00:03:17Watermelons look like very small watermelons, but they taste like citrus.

00:03:23The kangaroo mouse doesn't feel the need to drink water.

00:03:26It lives in the Nevada desert, and as its habitat is very dry,

00:03:30it has simply learned to quench its thirst with the seeds it eats.

00:03:34You may think that parking is expensive in the neighborhood where you live,

00:03:37but it is probably cheaper than a parking lot in Hong Kong.

00:03:41A simple 13-square-meter square in front of The Center,

00:03:44which is the 5th tallest building in the city,

00:03:46was bought for nearly $1 million.

00:03:49That's a lot of bus tickets!

00:03:51Speaking of expensive things,

00:03:53the most expensive hot dog in the world costs $169,

00:03:57and you can taste it in Seattle.

00:03:59An Australian barista set a world record

00:04:02for the largest number of cappuccinos made in an hour.

00:04:05420!

00:04:06You can taste the garlic with your feet,

00:04:08rub a cap directly on your feet,

00:04:10don't forget to take off your socks beforehand,

00:04:12and wait.

00:04:13The chemical compound responsible for its unique smell can be absorbed by the skin,

00:04:17even if the cap is not in your mouth.

00:04:19In fact, lobsters can do the same experiment.

00:04:22In fact, they can taste any food with their paws.

00:04:26Researchers have found many traces of prehistoric animals,

00:04:29or of our human ancestors, who lived thousands of years ago.

00:04:32Bones, teeth, stone tools,

00:04:34and a piece of chewing gum dating from almost 10,000 years ago.

00:04:38In Tibet, there are black diamond apples,

00:04:41which are neither green nor red, but dark purple.

00:04:44The place where they grow receives a lot of ultraviolet light during the day,

00:04:48while the temperatures drop drastically during the night,

00:04:51which makes the skin of the apple a darker color.

00:04:54Australia has a lake of a naturally pinkish pinkish color.

00:04:58This unusual color is due to the pigment of a certain type of algae that lives there.

00:05:02Clouds sometimes look so soft that they look like giant cotton balls.

00:05:06But you should know that a cloud weighs on average 500,000 kilos.

00:05:09So please, leave it alone up there.

00:05:12A farmer in Iowa had a hockey that lasted 68 years.

00:05:16At first, he hocked about 40 times per minute,

00:05:19then after a while, only 20 times.

00:05:21This means that he spent 70% of his life hocking.

00:05:25A million seconds represent about 12 days,

00:05:28and a billion seconds represent almost 32 years.

00:05:31Nothing exceptional here, just a little math that reminds how elastic time is.

00:05:36Sharks may be more frightening than humans,

00:05:39but our teeth are just as strong as theirs, just a little smaller.

00:05:43Until the beginning of the 19th century,

00:05:45Americans thought that tomatoes were toxic.

00:05:48They missed so many delicious meals believing that.

00:05:51Farmers discovered that not only did people have regional accents,

00:05:55but that cows also made very different sounds depending on where they lived.

00:06:00Giraffes have a tongue that can measure up to 51 centimeters long.

00:06:04A little ice cream maybe?

00:06:06In fact, they can even bend trees with their tongues.

00:06:09There is a type of immortal jellyfish.

00:06:12This would make a good logo for a life insurance company.

00:06:15The earth is orbiting around the sun, but at a fixed speed.

00:06:19We don't feel it, but it slows down as time goes by.

00:06:23So our day will last 25 hours, in about 175 million years.

00:06:28Don't plan this extra hour in your schedule yet.

00:06:31Space is huge, but there is obviously a lot of emptiness,

00:06:35since there are more trees, 300 billion, on our planet than stars in the Milky Way.

00:06:40Only 300 to 400 billion.

00:06:43When we mention the largest desert in the world,

00:06:46you probably imagine the endless sandy surface of the Sahara,

00:06:49burning under a scorching sun.

00:06:51Well, not quite.

00:06:53The largest desert in the world is the Antarctic Polar Desert,

00:06:56which covers more than 14.2 million square kilometers.

00:06:59It seems strange at first,

00:07:01but the definition of a desert is a place that receives less than 250 millimeters of rainfall per year.

00:07:06However, that doesn't mean it's hot there.

00:07:09Ostriches don't really hide their heads in the sand.

00:07:12When they feel a danger, they lower their heads, their necks and their bodies to the ground,

00:07:16which makes them a little less visible to predators.

00:07:19Their light-colored necks sink into the sand, so it looks like their heads are buried.

00:07:23The first commercial flight took place in the early 20th century.

00:07:26It was a 23-minute flight, which cost each passenger $400,

00:07:31which is about $8,500 today,

00:07:34and the plane flew between two cities in Florida.

00:07:37The famous Queen of Egypt, Cleopatra,

00:07:39lived closer to the invention of cell phones

00:07:42than to the time when the great pyramids of Egypt were completed.

00:07:45And speaking of cell phones,

00:07:47today more photos are taken every two minutes than throughout the 19th century.

00:07:52Well, let's add one more to these statistics.

00:07:55Cheese!

00:07:58Once upon a time, deep in the oceans,

00:08:01there was a giant monster nicknamed the Kraken.

00:08:04People used to believe that he lived in the waters near Norway and Greenland.

00:08:08The first time someone wrote about the Kraken,

00:08:11it was a long time ago.

00:08:13It was a man named Erik Ponto Pidan,

00:08:16originally from Denmark.

00:08:18In a book called Natural History of Norway,

00:08:21he wrote that the Kraken looked like a huge octopus,

00:08:24or a huge fish,

00:08:26and that it could drag ships to the bottom of the ocean.

00:08:29Later, people began to imagine the Kraken as a kind of giant squid.

00:08:34Today, the history of the Kraken is still very popular

00:08:37and can be found in books, films, or video games.

00:08:41The stories surrounding the Kraken

00:08:43may seem to only refer to folklore or local mythology.

00:08:46However, in 2004, the first giant squid was photographed.

00:08:51This amazing discovery was made by a team of Japanese scientists

00:08:55who have been working for years

00:08:57to capture a giant squid living on film.

00:09:00They used a line with a hook,

00:09:03to which a camera was attached.

00:09:05All this to attract the giant squid to the surface.

00:09:08They also used a special lure

00:09:11imitating the wavering patterns of a small creature

00:09:13to find the creature.

00:09:15After several days of waiting,

00:09:17the team finally saw its chance.

00:09:19The image showed the long tentacles

00:09:21and the large eyes of the gigantic mollusk,

00:09:23as well as the particular shape of its body.

00:09:25But the team didn't stop there.

00:09:27In 2012, another team of scientists,

00:09:29this time working for National Geographic,

00:09:32filmed for the first time a giant squid

00:09:34in its natural habitat.

00:09:36These images allowed the whole world

00:09:38to better understand the giant squid

00:09:40as well as its behavior.

00:09:42You have certainly already heard of this myth.

00:09:45It is said that it was the most beautiful

00:09:47and richest city that ever existed.

00:09:49Its doors were adorned with marble statues

00:09:52and the architecture of this city

00:09:54was as solid as imposing.

00:09:56The representations of Greek divinities,

00:09:58beautifully painted,

00:10:00were observable almost everywhere.

00:10:02This city was the subject of an animated debate

00:10:04between historians and fiction writers.

00:10:07Because we still have very little information

00:10:09about the location of the old city of Atlantis.

00:10:12As it would have been supposedly engulfed by the waves,

00:10:15it is not surprising that some curious spirits

00:10:17associate it with other mysterious places on our Earth,

00:10:20even the Bermuda Triangle.

00:10:22But let's not go too fast into need.

00:10:24The existence of Atlantis remains hypothetical.

00:10:27The idea of an island sinking into the seas

00:10:29following a mysterious disaster

00:10:31is very widespread in popular culture

00:10:33and various mythologies.

00:10:35However, it is possible that the history of Atlantis

00:10:38was inspired by real events,

00:10:40such as the sinking of islands

00:10:42similar to those of Hellas.

00:10:44On this island, located in the Gulf of Corinth,

00:10:47was an ancient, flourishing Greek city.

00:10:49Known for its prosperity and wealth,

00:10:52it was also an important spiritual center for the Greeks.

00:10:55The city housed a temple

00:10:57dedicated to the powerful god Poseidon,

00:10:59who was thought to protect the city itself.

00:11:02However, a fateful night in 373 BC,

00:11:06a huge earthquake struck the region.

00:11:09The ground was shaking violently

00:11:11and the city was engulfed by the sea in a few minutes.

00:11:13The inhabitants of Elis, unable to escape the disaster,

00:11:16all disappeared under the waves.

00:11:18The engulfment of Elis was a real tragedy

00:11:21for the Greeks of Antiquity

00:11:23and was considered a punishment

00:11:25inflicted by the gods themselves.

00:11:27Many thought that the prosperity and wealth of the city

00:11:30had crushed them and that they had punished the city by destroying it.

00:11:33It remained underwater for millennia

00:11:36and it was only in the 20th century

00:11:38that it was rediscovered by modern archaeologists.

00:11:41Today, most of the city is still submerged.

00:11:45Since we are talking about Greek myth,

00:11:47we must mention the famous city of Troy.

00:11:49It is a legendary city of ancient Turkey.

00:11:52For years, researchers have believed

00:11:54that it was invented by poets

00:11:56and other philosophers of the time.

00:11:58According to the ancient Greek legend,

00:12:00the city would have been the refuge of Prince Paris,

00:12:02lover of Helen,

00:12:04the wife of King Menelaus of Sparta,

00:12:06and that he would have brought her with him to Troy.

00:12:08This event would have triggered a great conflict

00:12:11between the Greeks and the Trojans

00:12:13that would have spread over ten years.

00:12:15One of the most famous stories of the Trojan conflict

00:12:18is that of the Trojan horse.

00:12:20A huge wooden horse that the Greeks would have rebuilt

00:12:22and left out of the city gates

00:12:24as an offering to the Trojans.

00:12:26These, believing that the horse was an offering of peace,

00:12:29would have brought it back into the city.

00:12:31But inside the horse were Greek warriors

00:12:34who, once inside the encampment,

00:12:36would have opened the gates

00:12:38to let in the rest of their army.

00:12:40The Trojans, having no escape,

00:12:42would have been finally defeated.

00:12:45The city was rediscovered in the 19th century

00:12:47in present-day Turkey.

00:12:49It is located very close to the Scamander River

00:12:51and today, this region is an archaeological site

00:12:53that attracts many tourists every year.

00:12:56The following myth is certainly sad,

00:12:58but it could also contain a part of truth.

00:13:01It is said that many years ago,

00:13:03in the Solomon Islands of the Pacific Ocean,

00:13:05lived a man who was deeply in love with his wife.

00:13:09But she had decided to leave him for another man

00:13:12and settle on the neighboring island of Theonimanu.

00:13:15With a broken heart and full of rage,

00:13:17the man would have sought a curse to take revenge.

00:13:20He decided to embark on a canoe trip,

00:13:23determined to destroy the island where his wife had fled.

00:13:26Arriving in Theonimanu,

00:13:28the man would have planted two taros.

00:13:30He kept one for himself.

00:13:32According to the instructions,

00:13:34once his own plan would begin to grow,

00:13:37a catastrophe would strike the island.

00:13:39And that's what happened.

00:13:41From the top of a mountain,

00:13:43the man would have observed a series of devastating waves

00:13:46fall on the island,

00:13:49Theonimanu did exist,

00:13:51but we don't know exactly when it disappeared.

00:13:54It is said that the waves alone

00:13:56could not have carried this small volcanic island

00:13:58to the high summit.

00:14:00On the other hand,

00:14:02an earthquake would have probably

00:14:04made it disappear.

00:14:06The island was in balance

00:14:08on the edge of an unstable submarine slope.

00:14:10The most tangible explanation

00:14:12would be that a huge earthquake

00:14:14shook the region,

00:14:16which would have caused

00:14:18its fragile foundations to collapse

00:14:20and darken the island under the waves.

00:14:22This landslide,

00:14:24the size of an entire island,

00:14:26would have repulsed a large amount of water,

00:14:28which would have generated

00:14:30a series of mega-tsunamis.

00:14:32Thus, although these dangerous waves

00:14:34could have occurred there,

00:14:36they were very likely the result

00:14:38of another event.

00:14:40And this torn man,

00:14:42his curse fulfilled,

00:14:44and so did his wife.

00:14:46Let's not leave the vast marine expanses

00:14:48and go back to Hawaii.

00:14:50Legend has it

00:14:52that there was once a Hawaiian goddess

00:14:54named Pele.

00:14:56She was the protector of volcanic fire

00:14:58and would have arrived in these islands

00:15:00to flee her sister.

00:15:02To hide,

00:15:04Pele would have hidden

00:15:06in various hiding places

00:15:08on each of the many islands

00:15:10until she finally made her home

00:15:12The Kilauea is now known

00:15:14as the most active volcanic center in Hawaii.

00:15:16The story may be visually spectacular,

00:15:18but in reality,

00:15:20this volcanism is caused by an overheated

00:15:22terrestrial mantle that generates

00:15:24many fusions under the surface of our planet.

00:15:26It is also said that Pele's tears

00:15:28and hair were scattered

00:15:30around the volcano.

00:15:32However, reality has more to do

00:15:34with physics than with this folklore.

00:15:36When lava cools quickly,

00:15:38especially when it is soaked in water

00:15:40or when a small amount of lava

00:15:42flies into the air,

00:15:44it turns into volcanic glass.

00:15:46When it stretches and cools,

00:15:48it can sometimes form droplets

00:15:50in the form of tears.

00:15:52It can also stretch so finely

00:15:54that it begins to look like hair strands.

00:15:56We know today that Hawaii

00:15:58is a volcanic region known

00:16:00for its lava flows,

00:16:02with huge flames

00:16:04spilling from its still active chimneys.

00:16:06It is therefore not surprising

00:16:08that Hawaii is also known

00:16:10for its lava flows.

00:16:12However,

00:16:14it is not surprising

00:16:16that Hawaii is also known

00:16:18for its lava flows.

00:16:20However,

00:16:22it is not surprising

00:16:24that Hawaii is also known

00:16:26for its lava flows.

00:16:28However,

00:16:30it is not surprising

00:16:32that Hawaii is also known

00:16:34for its lava flows.

00:16:36It is not surprising

00:16:38that Hawaii is also known

00:16:40for its lava flows.

00:16:42It is not surprising

00:16:44that Hawaii is also known

00:16:46for its lava flows.

00:16:48It is not surprising

00:16:50that Hawaii is also known

00:16:52for its lava flows.

00:16:54It is not surprising

00:16:56that Hawaii is also known

00:16:58for its lava flows.

00:17:00It is not surprising

00:17:02that Hawaii is also known

00:17:04for its lava flows.

00:17:06It is not surprising

00:17:08that Hawaii is also known

00:17:10for its lava flows.

00:17:12It is not surprising

00:17:14that Hawaii is also known

00:17:16for its lava flows.

00:17:18Exactly what came to be known

00:17:20in space is space.

00:17:22Everything we hear

00:17:24is silence.

00:17:26But right next to it

00:17:28there is a huge fireball,

00:17:30the sun.

00:17:32when a shooting star passes close to you.

00:17:35But wait, is it really a star?

00:17:38And no, shooting stars are not stars at all.

00:17:41They are small pebbles called meteoroids

00:17:45that penetrate the Earth's atmosphere

00:17:47and create a beautiful luminous spectacle.

00:17:50And since we are debunking myths,

00:17:52here is another one right away.

00:17:55You have probably heard that meteors

00:17:57only rarely crash on Earth.

00:18:00Like when a violent apocalypse

00:18:02decimates all dinosaurs.

00:18:04It's not true.

00:18:06Scientists estimate that about 48 tons

00:18:09of meteorological material falls on Earth every day.

00:18:12But almost all of this material

00:18:14evaporates into the atmosphere.

00:18:17The luminous trail we see in the sky

00:18:19is what we call a shooting star.

00:18:22The next time you make a wish,

00:18:24remember that it is actually

00:18:26a tiny space debris.

00:18:28After all, it's not that romantic.

00:18:33Can we fly in the stratosphere in Montgolfière?

00:18:37Apparently, it's possible.

00:18:39The Earth's stratosphere starts relatively close to the ground.

00:18:42It rises to about 11 or 12 km

00:18:45above the Earth's surface.

00:18:48But it then continues very high.

00:18:50If you want to fly to the stratosphere

00:18:52using a Montgolfière,

00:18:54you will need very good equipment.

00:18:56You will need a special suit

00:18:58and a respirator.

00:19:00Because the air is getting rarer

00:19:02as we rise.

00:19:04Of course, if you go all the way,

00:19:06don't forget to photograph the curvature of the Earth.

00:19:09So equip yourself with a chest harness

00:19:11to hang a camera or a camera.

00:19:14And if you broadcast all this live,

00:19:16it would be a first.

00:19:19Imagine that 102 days ago

00:19:21you left Earth.

00:19:23You are well adapted to life in space.

00:19:25But something strange happens in your body.

00:19:28You grow up.

00:19:30How is this possible?

00:19:32Don't worry, it's perfectly normal.

00:19:35In fact, you don't really grow up.

00:19:38It's just that your body

00:19:40no longer undergoes the effect of gravity.

00:19:42Your body has a natural space

00:19:44between the vertebrae and the joints.

00:19:47On Earth, this space is almost entirely

00:19:50compressed by the force of gravity.

00:19:52But in space,

00:19:54the force released by this force

00:19:56begins to stretch.

00:19:58So yes,

00:20:00astronauts grow by 3%

00:20:02when they carry out long missions.

00:20:04And here's a curiosity.

00:20:06NASA doesn't forget this

00:20:08when it makes custom space suits.

00:20:10So, astronauts will always have

00:20:12an extra space in their suit.

00:20:15Once astronauts return to Earth,

00:20:17the anti-gravity effect will fade away.

00:20:19They may spend a few days in short pants

00:20:21before finding a normal size,

00:20:23but everything will be fine.

00:20:26Have you ever imagined

00:20:28a plane door opening in full volume

00:20:30and a group of passengers

00:20:32sucked into the atmosphere like feathers?

00:20:34This is something we see quite often

00:20:36in disaster movies.

00:20:38Now imagine that this happens in space.

00:20:41We commonly believe that

00:20:43if an astronaut is sucked out of a SASS,

00:20:45he will be burned alive, instantly.

00:20:48But beware,

00:20:50this is not only true.

00:20:52In fact, the reality is much worse.

00:20:54According to astronaut Chris Hadfield,

00:20:56this is what would happen.

00:20:58The part of your body

00:21:00located in the shade

00:21:02would be subjected to a temperature

00:21:04of less than 250°C,

00:21:06and the part exposed to the sun

00:21:08would heat,

00:21:10under a temperature of 250°C.

00:21:12Your lungs would suffocate

00:21:14and your blood would boil.

00:21:16You would be burned, frozen,

00:21:18unable to breathe,

00:21:20and boiled.

00:21:22Not recommended.

00:21:24How many times have you heard

00:21:26that astronauts had to train

00:21:28every second of the day

00:21:30in order to faint?

00:21:32This is a myth.

00:21:34Do you remember what we said

00:21:36about gravity?

00:21:38Due to the absence of gravity in space,

00:21:40our body does not have to work very hard.

00:21:42Our torsos do not have to carry

00:21:44the weight of our heads.

00:21:46And we do not have to make an effort

00:21:48because we do not really walk in space.

00:21:52Imagine now that you lived like this

00:21:54for six months, or even a year.

00:21:56Your muscles would quickly

00:21:58turn frozen.

00:22:00This is why astronauts train.

00:22:02They tie themselves up

00:22:04and run on a treadmill,

00:22:06or they do weight training

00:22:08on a special machine.

00:22:10In this way, their muscles do not feel

00:22:12too much the absence of gravity.

00:22:14However, they must hydrate.

00:22:16If I were an astronaut,

00:22:18I would ask NASA

00:22:20if I could take my can of water

00:22:22in space with me.

00:22:24You may have heard

00:22:26that space smells like burnt steak

00:22:28or barbecue sauce.

00:22:30Even if it seems absurd,

00:22:32this myth is more true than false.

00:22:34Astronauts obviously cannot

00:22:36smell space

00:22:38when they are there,

00:22:40because they cannot take off their helmets.

00:22:42They usually smell it

00:22:44when they are at sea

00:22:46and when they have opened the SASS.

00:22:48Apparently, this smell is due

00:22:50to the presence of hydrocarbons

00:22:52floating in space.

00:22:54Who believed it?

00:22:56Now let me ask you a question.

00:22:58Do you really think that if astronauts

00:23:00could fly at the speed of light,

00:23:02they would not age for a second?

00:23:04I knew you would say no.

00:23:06Let's get this straight.

00:23:08First of all, we have not yet found

00:23:10how to travel at the speed of light.

00:23:12Second, even if we managed

00:23:14to put a human inside a spaceship

00:23:16traveling at the speed of light,

00:23:18this person would continue to age.

00:23:20It would age differently

00:23:22from the people left on Earth.

00:23:24It's a fact,

00:23:26but it would age anyway.

00:23:28Do you really believe

00:23:30that immortality exists?

00:23:32No.

00:23:34If you have seen Avatar 1,

00:23:36you certainly remember

00:23:38that humans only managed

00:23:40to age thanks to cryosleep.

00:23:42They freeze their bodies,

00:23:44place them in cryogenic beds

00:23:46and travel for years without aging.

00:23:48Yes, it seems incredible,

00:23:50but this technology

00:23:52does not yet exist.

00:23:54Our body is mainly made up of water,

00:23:56isn't it?

00:23:58And when we freeze water,

00:24:00it expands.

00:24:02That's why you should never

00:24:04leave a can of soda

00:24:06unsupervised in the freezer.

00:24:08It contains this dilated substance

00:24:10and it would damage the tissues and organs.

00:24:12So no, we can't cryosleep

00:24:14to travel in space,

00:24:16not yet at least.

00:24:18Here's a crazy idea.

00:24:20What would happen if an astronaut

00:24:22took a drone out into space?

00:24:24Unless it's a drone

00:24:26designed by NASA,

00:24:28the device would freeze and probably burn

00:24:30without special protection.

00:24:32But we can still dream, right?

00:24:34Today,

00:24:36we're going on a journey

00:24:38in the history of art.

00:24:40Our main goal

00:24:42is to unravel the mystery

00:24:44of whether all the ancient statues

00:24:46have always been white.

00:24:48We're going to visit museums

00:24:50and even travel back in time

00:24:52to try to get a glimpse

00:24:54of what these statues really looked like

00:24:56at the time.

00:24:58To begin with,

00:25:00we land in New York.

00:25:02The Metropolitan Museum of Art.

00:25:04And we enter this huge museum.

00:25:08We take a corridor

00:25:10and arrive in the room

00:25:12where one of the world's largest

00:25:14collections of ancient Greek and Roman statues is located.

00:25:16Admiring the wide range of statues,

00:25:18one thing catches the eye.

00:25:20They are mainly white.

00:25:22It makes sense

00:25:24since their main material is white marble.

00:25:26For centuries,

00:25:28historians, archaeologists

00:25:30and researchers have always

00:25:32considered this fact as a given.

00:25:34Haven't these statues

00:25:36always been white?

00:25:38Until the last decades,

00:25:40it was not a question that was discussed.

00:25:42But in the 1980s,

00:25:44researchers unearthed

00:25:46an ancient Greek statue that was clearly pigmented.

00:25:48This new discovery

00:25:50prompted them to wonder

00:25:52whether all the ancient statues were painted.

00:25:54Let's take a closer look

00:25:56at this work of art.

00:25:58We discovered that this Greek statue

00:26:00from the 3rd century BC

00:26:02was almost entirely painted.

00:26:04Still in its original form.

00:26:06No need to be an expert

00:26:08to notice that the statue

00:26:10still has some of its original colors

00:26:12with a few shades of blue and red.

00:26:16In reality,

00:26:18this statue is no exception.

00:26:20It's the norm.

00:26:22It turns out that ancient civilizations

00:26:24actually painted their sculptures

00:26:26in bright and vivid colors.

00:26:28But somewhere along our historical timeline,

00:26:30this information has been lost.

00:26:32According to researchers,

00:26:34pigmented sculptures were a way

00:26:36to bring their representations closer to real life.

00:26:40We live in bright colors.

00:26:42So why wouldn't art reflect that?

00:26:46Let's take a step back

00:26:48to understand what happened.

00:26:50Why are the galleries of our museums

00:26:52filled with hopelessly white statues?

00:26:56You've probably heard of

00:26:58Michelangelo.

00:27:00He was a famous Italian sculptor

00:27:02who was credited with

00:27:04the iconic David

00:27:06and the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel.

00:27:08Michelangelo was one of the most

00:27:10emblematic painters of the Renaissance.

00:27:12The Renaissance was a historical period

00:27:14during which artists,

00:27:16philosophers and European scientists

00:27:18developed a renewed interest

00:27:20in the creation of Greece

00:27:22and Ancient Rome.

00:27:24Artists like Michelangelo

00:27:26studied a series of Roman sculptures,

00:27:28such as the group of Laocoon.

00:27:32They fell in love

00:27:34with their realistic figures

00:27:36and their white, immaculate marble.

00:27:38The only thing they didn't know,

00:27:40and they didn't have the technology

00:27:42to find out, was if the pigments

00:27:44of these sculptures had faded.

00:27:46After all, they were found

00:27:48after being buried or left

00:27:50in the open air for years.

00:27:52It is said that this statue,

00:27:54the Laocoon in particular,

00:27:56had snakes and coloured coats,

00:27:58for example.

00:28:00When the Renaissance artists

00:28:02paid homage to the ancient artists,

00:28:04they also left their masterpieces

00:28:06naked.

00:28:08They sculpted directly on the marble

00:28:10and left them white,

00:28:12without pigmentation,

00:28:14probably because they thought

00:28:16that's how things were done

00:28:18in the past.

00:28:20This way of making art

00:28:22has therefore traveled

00:28:24to modern times

00:28:26without too many questions.

00:28:28However, there is evidence

00:28:30of the presence of colour pigments

00:28:32in ancient statues.

00:28:34Some research reveals

00:28:36that scholars have known

00:28:38for at least a century

00:28:40that the ancient sculptures

00:28:42were not all white.

00:28:44Other studies suggest

00:28:46that this discovery

00:28:48was made by archaeologist

00:28:50Vincenz Brinkmann.

00:28:52While he was a student

00:28:54at the Ludwig Maximilian University

00:28:56in Munich, he developed

00:28:58a technology capable of detecting

00:29:00polychromy in ancient

00:29:02samples of Greek statues.

00:29:04Polychromy is the art of painting

00:29:06in several colours.

00:29:08Whatever it is,

00:29:10he was surprised by his discovery

00:29:12and wondered why other

00:29:14researchers and archaeologists

00:29:16did not.

00:29:18It turns out that the first discovery

00:29:20that ancient statues were not so white

00:29:22took place a long time ago,

00:29:24long before Brinkmann's birth.

00:29:26It took place during the

00:29:28exhumation of Pompeii

00:29:30in the 1700s.

00:29:32As you may know,

00:29:34the city of Pompeii in southern Italy

00:29:36was completely covered with lava

00:29:38after the sudden eruption

00:29:40of Mount Vesuvius.

00:29:42The city was destroyed,

00:29:44but the ashes from the lava

00:29:46preserved a large part of the city's structure

00:29:48over time.

00:29:50For the greatest happiness

00:29:52of art historians and archaeologists,

00:29:54Pompeii became a privileged

00:29:56excavation site for understanding

00:29:58ancient Rome.

00:30:00Researchers found several preserved frescoes

00:30:02depicting scenes from Roman everyday life.

00:30:04In one of them,

00:30:06you can see an artist painting a sculpture.

00:30:08This fact was documented

00:30:10by a very famous art historian

00:30:12known as Joan Joachim Winkelmann.

00:30:14He is also considered

00:30:16the father of art history.

00:30:20Now let's take a closer look

00:30:22at another famous statue.

00:30:24To admire it,

00:30:26you have to go to Rome

00:30:28and visit the Vatican Museums.

00:30:30The statue is a

00:30:32classical representation

00:30:34of Caesar Augustus.

00:30:36In case you don't know,

00:30:38he is the founder of the Roman Empire

00:30:40and the first emperor of Rome.

00:30:42He is an important figure.

00:30:44The sculpture is called

00:30:46Augustus de Prima Porta.

00:30:50You may have already seen it

00:30:52in a history manual.

00:30:54It is always represented

00:30:56in white marble.

00:30:58But according to an archaeological

00:31:00discovery from the 1860s,

00:31:02the original statue

00:31:04was much more colorful.

00:31:06According to archaeologists,

00:31:08the Augustus de Prima Porta

00:31:10had a red tunic,

00:31:12a yellow armor,

00:31:14and a purple coat.

00:31:16It is important to keep in mind

00:31:18that the colors were not artificially

00:31:20made as they are today.

00:31:22Artists could only produce colors

00:31:24from natural resources.

00:31:26Thus, purple, for example,

00:31:28was an extremely difficult color to make.

00:31:30At the time,

00:31:32purple was extracted from the mucus

00:31:34of a rare species of snails.

00:31:36This means that anyone

00:31:38who used purple to pigment

00:31:40their art and clothes

00:31:42was powerful and rich.

00:31:44This seems to be sufficient proof

00:31:46that the ancient statues

00:31:48were not always white.

00:31:50But as we can judge

00:31:52by the appearance of our modern museums,

00:31:54there does not seem to have been

00:31:56enough interest in the artistic community

00:31:58to explore more polychromy

00:32:00on ancient statues.

00:32:02But do you remember the archaeologist

00:32:04Brinkmann?

00:32:06Well, he has been collecting

00:32:08data on polychromy since the 1980s.

00:32:10At one point,

00:32:12he even began to make

00:32:14colored replicas of his statues.

00:32:16The technology used

00:32:18is far from simple.

00:32:20To reconstruct

00:32:22his ancient works of art,

00:32:24Brinkmann made a 3D plaster copy.

00:32:26Then he painted them by hand

00:32:28with his wife's help.

00:32:30To discover

00:32:32which colors were used

00:32:34in the original sculptures,

00:32:36Brinkmann uses UV light.

00:32:38Some pigments shine under the UV light,

00:32:40exposing traces

00:32:42that would otherwise be invisible.

00:32:44Let's take the example

00:32:46of this colored arch.

00:32:48Look at these colors.

00:32:50This piece is the reconstruction

00:32:52of a marble arch in the costume

00:32:54of a rider.

00:32:56To faithfully represent the arch,

00:32:58the restorers had to do a lot of research

00:33:00to find the original piece.

00:33:02Colors have a cultural meaning.

00:33:04Associated with UV technology,

00:33:06this allowed the reconstruction

00:33:08that we can admire now.

00:33:10It seems very far from the idea

00:33:12that we have of what the Greeks would have done.

00:33:14But it is supposed to look

00:33:16exactly like the original.

00:33:18According to Brinkmann,

00:33:20we should not be so surprised

00:33:22that the ancient Western civilizations

00:33:24used vivid colors

00:33:26to depict reality.

00:33:28After all, the Romans and the Greeks

00:33:30were strongly inspired

00:33:32by the works of art

00:33:34of the Egyptian civilization

00:33:36of ancient Mesopotamia and Asia.

00:33:38For example, if we look at

00:33:40the famous Egyptian sphinx,

00:33:42we can be led to believe

00:33:44that it always had this appearance.

00:33:46But this is not at all the case.

00:33:48Modern studies and virtual reconstructions

00:33:50of the monument show us

00:33:52that it was very colorful.

00:33:54The body of the statue

00:33:56was made of baked earth,

00:33:58while the royal crown

00:34:00around the head

00:34:02would have been golden and blue.

00:34:04All these colors were considered

00:34:06important in the Egyptian era

00:34:08and it was quite appropriate

00:34:10to use them to represent a pharaoh.

00:34:12It all happened in 1708.

00:34:14On June 8,

00:34:16the Spanish galleon San José

00:34:18entered Spain from the Caribbean.

00:34:20In total,

00:34:22there were 17 ships.

00:34:24The captain of the San José

00:34:26knew he was going to have trouble

00:34:28because English ships were

00:34:30roaming the region.

00:34:32He knew he would be looking

00:34:34for the treasure loaded on the ships.

00:34:36The value of the treasure

00:34:38from the New World

00:34:40was so astronomical

00:34:42that it could shake

00:34:44the course of events in Europe.

00:34:46To be safe,

00:34:48the Spanish galleon

00:34:50had to reach Cartagena de Indias,

00:34:52but unfortunately,

00:34:54another fate awaited the San José.

00:34:56The four English ships appeared.

00:34:58The galleon could not escape them.

00:35:00They had no choice

00:35:02but to turn around

00:35:04and fight.

00:35:06It was then that chaos began.

00:35:08The red flags indicated

00:35:10that the battle had begun.

00:35:12The cannons in action.

00:35:14The smell of gunpowder.

00:35:16No one knows exactly

00:35:18how it all ended.

00:35:20The only thing

00:35:22that remained in history

00:35:24was the shipwreck

00:35:26of the Admiral San José

00:35:28and then silence.

00:35:30The Admiral's ship,

00:35:32the San José,

00:35:34was a very important

00:35:36strategic point of view.

00:35:38It carried an incredible amount

00:35:40of precious metals

00:35:42such as gold and silver,

00:35:44but also pearls

00:35:46and precious stones

00:35:49But how did this lost treasure

00:35:51become a legend?

00:35:53First of all, the financial estimates

00:35:55of the treasure advanced by the scientists

00:35:57shocked everyone.

00:35:59The ship would have carried

00:36:01between 7 and 12 million pesos.

00:36:03Okay, this may not be

00:36:05Elon Musk's fortune,

00:36:07but today it represents

00:36:09about 10 billion dollars.

00:36:11With this money, you could

00:36:13afford private jets,

00:36:15a Lamborghini parking

00:36:17and you would still have

00:36:19a lot of money.

00:36:21Like the pieces found

00:36:23on the Titanic,

00:36:25we could think that all this

00:36:27must have rusted.

00:36:29But when it comes to gold,

00:36:31things are different.

00:36:33The Titanic did not carry gold

00:36:35or at least not much.

00:36:37The jewels found on the Titanic

00:36:39were personal effects.

00:36:41But what's great about gold

00:36:43is that it never reacts

00:36:45and does not tarnish.

00:36:47If your necklace is in gold

00:36:49and becomes a little darker,

00:36:51it is the sign that it is not pure gold

00:36:53but an alloy,

00:36:55which is also interesting

00:36:57because you can easily clean it.

00:36:59To go back to the lost treasure

00:37:01of San Jose, the gold pieces

00:37:03that are there, even more than

00:37:05300 years later, are supposed

00:37:07to have the same appearance

00:37:09today as the day

00:37:11they were hit.

00:37:13Do you remember that I told you

00:37:15that the captain wanted to go to the shore

00:37:17where Colombia is today?

00:37:19Well, on December 4, 2015,

00:37:21the ship was indeed found

00:37:23in the waters of Colombia.

00:37:27As for many other important things today,

00:37:29the world learned it by a tweet

00:37:31sent by the Colombian president

00:37:33of the time, Juan Manuel Santos.

00:37:35It's been decades

00:37:37since we've been looking for San Jose

00:37:39and once it was found,

00:37:41its popularity only grew

00:37:43and the myths about it multiplied.

00:37:47One of the legends was told

00:37:49by Lord Santos himself.

00:37:51After the discovery of the wreck,

00:37:53he gave a brief interview on the radio.

00:37:55The fact is that the discovery

00:37:57was rather unexpected.

00:37:59Many people have devoted a lot of time

00:38:01and effort to the search for this wreck

00:38:03and many of them had even

00:38:05given up hope of finding it one day.

00:38:07Juan Manuel Santos told

00:38:09how the wreck had been discovered.

00:38:11During an official event

00:38:13outside Colombia,

00:38:15he was approached by a man.

00:38:17He looked like the famous

00:38:19writer Hemingway.

00:38:21He wore a white beard and had white hair.

00:38:23The only thing this man wanted

00:38:25to look like Hemingway

00:38:27was two minutes of Santos' speech.

00:38:29The president gave in and listened to this man.

00:38:31What happened next is incredible.

00:38:33The man took out an old card,

00:38:35more precisely a carefully framed copy

00:38:37and told the president

00:38:39that no one else knew it.

00:38:41The man pointed to a precise place

00:38:43by declaring that it was the exact

00:38:45place where the treasure was

00:38:47and that this place did not appear

00:38:49on any other card.

00:38:51He assured that he knew

00:38:53where the treasure was.

00:38:55The story seemed crazy

00:38:57and full of caps and swords.

00:38:59Who was this man?

00:39:01He turned out to be right.

00:39:03His identity remains a mystery

00:39:05to everyone, but in one way or another

00:39:07this man had found the funding,

00:39:09determined the area to be inspected

00:39:11and even made his way

00:39:13to the president.

00:39:15Of course,

00:39:17the San Jose was full of gold

00:39:19and whoever found it would be rich

00:39:21until the end of his days.

00:39:23But let's be realistic.

00:39:25No ordinary person could discover

00:39:27such a treasure because it requires

00:39:29too much effort and too much money.

00:39:31That said, what about when you are

00:39:33hunting for a treasure and you are

00:39:35looking for a treasure chest?

00:39:37Well, I think I have a story

00:39:39to tell about ordinary people

00:39:41who look for your finesse even by

00:39:43finding a real treasure.

00:39:45Here is Forrest Fenn,

00:39:47an eccentric millionaire who hid

00:39:49a treasure of 1 to 5 million dollars.

00:39:51His exact value has not been identified.

00:39:53Mr. Fenn himself

00:39:55said that he had never

00:39:57tried to evaluate it.

00:39:59The chest contained 265 eagles

00:40:01double eagles in American gold,

00:40:03ancient coins, gold nuggets

00:40:05and many other things.

00:40:07Forrest hid the chest in the

00:40:09rocky mountains and announced

00:40:11the treasure hunt in 2010.

00:40:15Let's focus a little on a map

00:40:17and see how vast the rocky mountains are.

00:40:19In other words,

00:40:21treasure hunters had to sweep

00:40:23the two countries, the United States

00:40:25and Canada.

00:40:27At first, it was a small treasure hunt

00:40:29that only a few people knew about.

00:40:31But some time later,

00:40:33the competition grew.

00:40:35Tens of thousands of people

00:40:37started looking for the treasure.

00:40:39Research has shown that

00:40:41over the decade,

00:40:43about 3,100,000 people

00:40:45have tried their luck

00:40:47looking for the mysterious chest.

00:40:49To announce the hunt,

00:40:51Forrest Fenn used a 24-line poem.

00:40:53This poem contained clues that

00:40:55most treasure hunters

00:40:57had never heard of.

00:40:59The chest was so well hidden

00:41:01that it took 10 years to discover it.

00:41:03There was also a blog

00:41:05called Thrill of the Chase.

00:41:07And on June 6, 2020,

00:41:09Mr. Fenn finally published

00:41:11the long-awaited news.

00:41:13The treasure had been found.

00:41:15Forrest himself admitted that

00:41:17anyone who read the instructions

00:41:19of the poem could find the treasure.

00:41:21The poem went viral on the Internet.

00:41:23Many Internet users

00:41:25tried to decode the 9 clues

00:41:27it contained.

00:41:29Some of them even gave possible keys

00:41:31to decode the puzzle.

00:41:33These speculations

00:41:35may have helped the person

00:41:37who finally found the treasure.

00:41:39At first, Forrest Fenn himself

00:41:41did not know who had deciphered

00:41:43all the codes of the poem,

00:41:45crossed the dense forest

00:41:47and retrieved the chest.

00:41:49The lucky winner

00:41:51had preferred to remain anonymous.

00:41:53The winner sent a photo

00:41:55to Forrest Fenn,

00:41:57and the treasure hunt was officially over.

00:41:59But some time later,

00:42:01he revealed himself.

00:42:03It was Jack Stueff,

00:42:05a former journalist

00:42:07and medical student.

00:42:09The treasure was hidden

00:42:11under a cloud of stars

00:42:13in a forest of rocky mountains.

00:42:15The vegetation there is luxurious,

00:42:17which explains why

00:42:19the chest was hidden in depth.

00:42:21The exact location is still unknown,

00:42:23but we know that the treasure

00:42:25was hidden in Wyoming.

00:42:27Jack admits that

00:42:29all the treasures announced

00:42:31had not been found in the chest.

00:42:33A small golden frog on a necklace

00:42:35and a Spanish emerald ring

00:42:37were missing.

00:42:39Forrest indeed found the frog

00:42:41in his collection and gave it to Stueff,

00:42:43but he did not find the ring.

00:42:45The treasure hunt created by Forrest Fenn

00:42:47may seem extravagant,

00:42:49but he explained why he had decided

00:42:51to launch it.

00:42:53The only thing he claimed to have in mind

00:42:55was to give people hope.

00:42:59It looks like they come out

00:43:01of our worst nightmares.

00:43:03There is no proof that these beasts exist,

00:43:05but all the terrifying stories about them,

00:43:07broadcast from generation to generation,

00:43:09sometimes seem true.

00:43:11What is your favorite?

00:43:15The first creature you think of

00:43:17is probably Bigfoot.

00:43:19A huge creature

00:43:21with the trace of a monkey

00:43:23that leaves giant footprints

00:43:25reminding the inhabitants

00:43:27of the northwestern Pacific

00:43:29that it really exists.

00:43:31There are other legends

00:43:33about other creatures,

00:43:35such as the legend

00:43:37of the monster of Mogollon,

00:43:39sometimes called the Bigfoot of Arizona.

00:43:43This creature is 2 meters high

00:43:45and would have red eyes.

00:43:49It would have been seen

00:43:51in the surroundings of the Mogollon Rim.

00:43:53It is said that it is covered

00:43:55with brown or black hair,

00:43:57except its face, its torso,

00:43:59its feet and its hands.

00:44:01It would reproduce the sounds

00:44:03of the local fauna,

00:44:05such as the cries of coyotes

00:44:07and the songs of birds.

00:44:09It is said that it explores

00:44:11camping sites as soon as night falls.

00:44:13It is said that if you are alone

00:44:15and someone you do not see

00:44:17throws rocks at you,

00:44:19well, it is necessarily

00:44:21the monster of the Mogollon.

00:44:23This creature would be omnivorous.

00:44:25It feeds on animals and plants.

00:44:27It is said that it prefers

00:44:29to move at night

00:44:31in search of innocent prey

00:44:33in the woods.

00:44:35Urayuli.

00:44:37A mythical creature

00:44:393 meters high

00:44:41and 3 meters long.

00:44:43The legend says that its

00:44:45slender arms are so large

00:44:47that they would reach the ankle.

00:44:49The creature would be covered

00:44:51with a thick fur.

00:44:53The only thing that is not covered

00:44:55with hair that you can see

00:44:57on its face are its bright eyes.

00:44:59The legend says that Urayuli

00:45:01uses its bright eyes

00:45:03to hypnotize its prey.

00:45:05But we do not agree

00:45:07since other stories

00:45:09say that Urayuli

00:45:11is a kind of Bigfoot.

00:45:13Wendigo.

00:45:15It is said that this terrifying creature

00:45:17hides in the northern forests

00:45:19of Canada and the United States

00:45:21in search of its victims.

00:45:23According to the legend,

00:45:25Wendigo was a hunter

00:45:27who got lost one day

00:45:29and the cold turned him

00:45:31into a 4-meter-long beast

00:45:33with dried skin

00:45:35and pointed long tails.

00:45:37Wendigo appeared for the first time

00:45:39in stories from the 20th century.

00:45:41The locals claim

00:45:43that the beast is still alive

00:45:45and that it wanders through the forest

00:45:47in search of lost people

00:45:49that it could kidnap.

00:45:51The monster of Lake Worth.

00:45:53This terrifying creature,

00:45:55half man, half goat,

00:45:57is also called the monster of the island.

00:45:59It is said that it is a 2-meter-high

00:46:01beast so strong

00:46:03that it can swing tires

00:46:05In the worst case,

00:46:07it appears in the dark

00:46:09by jumping from the trees

00:46:11on the hood of moving cars.

00:46:13This is how it was described

00:46:15by the first people

00:46:17who say they saw it.

00:46:19Lake Worth

00:46:21is located west of Dallas

00:46:23and east of Fort Worth.

00:46:25There is a mass of land

00:46:27in the middle of this mystical lake

00:46:29called Grier Island.

00:46:31According to the legend,

00:46:33Bigfoot of Fort Worth lives there.

00:46:37And this is also where

00:46:39curious people go

00:46:41to find evidence of the existence

00:46:43of the beast.

00:46:45It hides in the dark

00:46:47with its red eyes.

00:46:49It is the Butterfly Man,

00:46:51a humanoid creature

00:46:53seen in the 1960s

00:46:55in Point Pleasant, West Virginia.

00:46:57On a cold November night

00:46:59in 1966,

00:47:01two young couples say

00:47:03they saw a large gray creature

00:47:05with bright red eyes.

00:47:07It looked like a flying man

00:47:09with wings about 3 meters wide.

00:47:11The next two days,

00:47:13more and more people

00:47:15say they saw the same creature.

00:47:17Later, a biologist

00:47:19from the University of West Virginia

00:47:21reported to the newspaper

00:47:23that this description

00:47:25corresponded to that of Canada's crane.

00:47:27It is a large American bird

00:47:29Its wingspan is about 2 meters

00:47:31and it has red circles around its eyes.

00:47:33This bird probably found itself

00:47:35out of its migration route

00:47:37and was at the origin of these stories.

00:47:39Or maybe not.

00:47:41The Nightcrawlers of Fresno.

00:47:43They are not that big

00:47:45for monsters,

00:47:47about 1.5 meters.

00:47:49The upper part of their body

00:47:51is rather small.

00:47:53Their legs are long.

00:47:55These creatures appeared twice.

00:47:57The first time,

00:47:59they were seen in Fresno, California.

00:48:01The second time,

00:48:03they were seen at Yosemite National Park,

00:48:05still in California.

00:48:07We can see them twice

00:48:09in poor quality videos,

00:48:11so it is impossible to give

00:48:13details on their torsos.

00:48:15They are thin and white creatures

00:48:17without arms.

00:48:19At least, we don't see them.

00:48:21They have small feet

00:48:23that look like poles.

00:48:25The Nightcrawlers of Fresno

00:48:27are hiding somewhere

00:48:29in the Colorado mountains,

00:48:31more precisely in the mountain

00:48:33Head of the Lizard.

00:48:35It is just south-west of Telluride.

00:48:37It is a kind of leviathan

00:48:39that lives in the ground.

00:48:41This mountain whale

00:48:43observes its environment

00:48:45with its piercing eyes

00:48:47from the top of the mountain.

00:48:49It clings to the top

00:48:51with its forked tail

00:48:53The creature lets go of the top

00:48:55and slides down the mountain

00:48:57with its mouth

00:48:59full of open teeth.

00:49:01It swallows everything on its way.

00:49:03Miners, tourists

00:49:05and farmers.

00:49:07It slides along the side

00:49:09of the mountain

00:49:11and destroys all the flora on its way.

00:49:13At least, that's what the legend says.

00:49:15Wow!

00:49:17For now, it is the creature

00:49:19that scares me the most.

00:49:21Altamaha

00:49:23Somewhere in the south-east of Georgia,

00:49:25near the mouth of the Altamaha river,

00:49:27a sea monster is hiding.

00:49:29It is one of the most important rivers

00:49:31in the state.

00:49:33It spills into the Atlantic Ocean.

00:49:35The whole surrounding area

00:49:37is composed of small islands,

00:49:39canals, digs, ponds, hectares of swamp

00:49:41and old rice crops.

00:49:43It is the perfect hiding place

00:49:45for an aquatic monster, isn't it?

00:49:47The legend says

00:49:49that this cryptid

00:49:51would have an ostrich body

00:49:53with a bone crest on its back.

00:49:55Thanks to its fins,

00:49:57this creature would swim like a dolphin.

00:49:59Its muzzle would look like

00:50:01that of a crocodile.

00:50:03It is said that it has pointed teeth

00:50:05and globular eyes.

00:50:07It would be green or gray

00:50:09with a white-yellow belly

00:50:11and would measure about 9 meters.

00:50:13There is no concrete proof

00:50:15of the existence of Altamaha,

00:50:17but its legend is hundreds of years old.

00:50:19At the time,

00:50:21people talked about a huge creature

00:50:23resembling a snake

00:50:25that whistled and screamed.

00:50:27The Loch Ness monster,

00:50:29born for friends.

00:50:33It was at the time of the Picts,

00:50:35an old Scottish tribe,

00:50:37that the legend was born.

00:50:39It developed in the 1930s

00:50:41when the construction of a road

00:50:43along the lake was completed.

00:50:47In April 1933,

00:50:49a couple noticed a large animal

00:50:51that looked like a prehistoric monster

00:50:53or a dragon.

00:50:55Most people imagine

00:50:57a plesiosaur,

00:50:59a sea dinosaur.

00:51:03The creature would have crossed the road

00:51:05in front of the couple

00:51:07and would have quickly hidden in the water.

00:51:09Later, the same year,

00:51:11some researchers found large footprints.

00:51:13These were traces of a solid creature

00:51:15that was about 6 meters long

00:51:17with soft feet.

00:51:19Traces of hippopotamus?

00:51:23In addition,

00:51:25researchers have shown

00:51:27that the lake water

00:51:29was not rich enough

00:51:31to feed such a large predator.

00:51:33There are not enough animals.

00:51:35But the legend of this mythical creature

00:51:37has survived,

00:51:39and everywhere in the world

00:51:41we wonder

00:51:43what it is.

00:51:45Are you looking for something viscous?

00:51:47Many people tend to believe

00:51:49that snails are only limas

00:51:51with a shell.

00:51:53But even if they look a lot alike,

00:51:55they are completely different species.

00:51:57Limas do not need a protective shell

00:51:59because all their internal organs

00:52:01are, well, internal,

00:52:03that is, located inside

00:52:05their viscous body.

00:52:07They can compress and enter

00:52:09in difficult places to access.

00:52:11However, we often find limas

00:52:13in the most improbable places,

00:52:15such as under the bark of trees,

00:52:17or in tiny little holes,

00:52:19or at the library pretending

00:52:21to study for exams.

00:52:23However, snails are very dependent

00:52:25on their shell and cannot survive

00:52:27without it.

00:52:29Unlike the Bernard hermits,

00:52:31who renew their shell by growing up,

00:52:33snails are born with a shell

00:52:35on their back.

00:52:37Baby snails are also adorable

00:52:39because they calcify and become

00:52:41larger and more resistant with age.

00:52:43Many internal organs of snails

00:52:45are also inside the shell,

00:52:47which means that if it is crushed

00:52:49or damaged,

00:52:51the animal will probably not survive.

00:52:53However, a snail can repair

00:52:55the small cracks in its shell

00:52:57with protein and calcium

00:52:59secreted by its mantle.

00:53:01Turtles are also very close

00:53:03to snails in this regard

00:53:05because unlike common hermits,

00:53:07they can also leave their shell

00:53:09on a whim.

00:53:11The shell of a turtle is an integral part

00:53:13of its body, and even if the reptile

00:53:15can hide its head and legs inside

00:53:17to protect itself from predators,

00:53:19its skeleton is fused with the hard shell.

00:53:21And like the skeleton of any other animal,

00:53:23it grows with the turtle itself.

00:53:25Koalas only eat

00:53:27eucalyptus leaves,

00:53:29but there are more than 600

00:53:31different varieties,

00:53:33and koalas only eat 30,

00:53:3580% of what is available on the menu.

00:53:37So it must be a very specific

00:53:39eucalyptus so that a difficult

00:53:41koala can accommodate it.

00:53:43These adorable creatures also have

00:53:45something in common with cats.

00:53:47They sleep 18 to 20 hours a day.

00:53:49Polar bears are not white.

00:53:51Their skin is black under their fur,

00:53:53but they need the white color

00:53:55to camouflage themselves while hunting.

00:53:57The black color absorbs the sun

00:53:59better than anything else,

00:54:01while the white fur does not stop

00:54:03the rays crossing it.

00:54:05In a way, a polar bear

00:54:07has a rather transparent fur.

00:54:09There is a myth that

00:54:11cats and dogs see the world

00:54:13in black and white.

00:54:15In reality, they simply cannot

00:54:17distinguish certain colors.

00:54:19Nobody knows exactly how dogs see.

00:54:21Some think they only distinguish

00:54:23two colors. It could be blue

00:54:25and yellow, for what we know.

00:54:27But they can perceive the shades

00:54:29of other colors better than humans.

00:54:31Cats have a wonderful

00:54:33night vision. They need

00:54:35about seven times less light

00:54:37than humans to see in the dark.

00:54:39We thought giraffes

00:54:41were silent, but we recently

00:54:43discovered that they emitted

00:54:45low-frequency sounds at night

00:54:47to communicate with each other.

00:54:49During the day, they do not say a word

00:54:51and mutually warn of danger

00:54:53in a very unusual way,

00:54:55by moving their very developed eyebrows.

00:54:57It is likely that at night

00:54:59to distinguish the eyebrows of their

00:55:01congeners is why they start talking

00:55:03for good. Still about giraffes,

00:55:05these animals sleep well more than

00:55:0730 minutes a day, but probably

00:55:09not as much as you. Their sleeping

00:55:11rhythm is quite typical. After

00:55:13watching a herd of giraffes,

00:55:15researchers discovered that they slept

00:55:17at night and took short naps

00:55:19in the afternoon. In total,

00:55:21each giraffe has about 5 hours of sleep

00:55:23a day. And besides, a herd of

00:55:25giraffes is actually called a

00:55:27giraffe. It is quite logical, knowing

00:55:29that they have such a long neck.

00:55:31Seagulls can drink salty water.

00:55:33They have glands secreting

00:55:35salt near their eyes.

00:55:37These glands quickly purify sea water

00:55:39and the salty residue

00:55:41comes out through their nostrils.

00:55:43Salty morph in a way.

00:55:45Adélie's chubs are truly romantic.

00:55:47They have only one partner

00:55:49for life. Neumann offers a

00:55:51smooth stone to the female to found

00:55:53a family, a bit like a ring

00:55:55in Versailles. But as in humans,

00:55:57the female penguin

00:55:59can refuse the gift.

00:56:01Speaking of animal love,

00:56:03foxes are also romantic.

00:56:05Males make good father and husband.

00:56:07They are dedicated to their loved ones for life.

00:56:09They take care of females and even

00:56:11remove the cubs from their fur.

00:56:13They improve the terrier and actively

00:56:15participate in the education of their young.

00:56:17Dolphins can sleep with one eye

00:56:19closed and the other open.

00:56:21Half of the brain rests and dreams

00:56:23while the other half scans the environment

00:56:25in search of signs of danger.

00:56:27The perfect brain to sleep

00:56:29during classes and boring meetings.

00:56:31In addition, dolphins

00:56:33manually control their breathing.

00:56:35If both parts of their brain slept

00:56:37at the same time, they could simply

00:56:39drown. Sea otters

00:56:41are the most adorable sleepers

00:56:43of the animal kingdom.

00:56:45In summer, because of the heat,

00:56:47sea otters spend all their time in the water.

00:56:49They swim on their back and sleep in this position.

00:56:51Babies sleep on their mother's belly

00:56:53and adults stand on their legs

00:56:55so as not to be separated

00:56:57by the currents.

00:56:59Sea otters do not put their heads

00:57:01in the sand when they feel threatened.

00:57:03In fact, they never put their heads in the sand.

00:57:05This myth spread

00:57:07because of the famous expression

00:57:09make the policy of the sea otter.

00:57:11In reality, sea otters

00:57:13dig holes in the sand for their eggs

00:57:15because they are birds unable to fly.

00:57:17To ensure that they are

00:57:19evenly heated,

00:57:21sea otters dive their heads in

00:57:23to turn the eggs from time to time.

00:57:25But these animals still have

00:57:27a certain propensity for flight.

00:57:29When they face a threat,

00:57:31they can let themselves fall on the sand

00:57:33and remain perfectly still,

00:57:35pretending not to be alive.

00:57:37According to a popular belief,

00:57:39sea otters could only breathe by moving

00:57:41because swimming helps them push

00:57:43the water through their gills.

00:57:45Although many types of sea otters

00:57:47are naturally designed in this way,

00:57:49many others, like sea otters

00:57:51that swim in the deep sea,

00:57:53do not need to swim to pump

00:57:55rich water into their gills.

00:57:57However, all sea otters

00:57:59are devoid of swimming gills,

00:58:01so if they stop swimming,

00:58:03they will probably sink to the bottom of the water.

00:58:05But fortunately, the body of a sea otter

00:58:07cannot be compressed.

00:58:09This is why descents or quick climbs

00:58:11are safe for them.

00:58:13Scientists in Japan have listened

00:58:15to cats' puppies to prove

00:58:17that they were really sea otters.

00:58:19In these recordings,

00:58:21the owners of the cats called them by their name.

00:58:23The cats' puppies spread out

00:58:25and the animals moved their tails,

00:58:27their paws or their ears.

00:58:29They heard the calls,

00:58:31but they rarely answered.

00:58:33It's a matter of evolution.

00:58:35Cats became close to humans

00:58:37because they were attracted

00:58:39by the mice that ate our cereals.

00:58:41They lived with people

00:58:43Birds are actually among

00:58:45the last survivors of dinosaurs.

00:58:47They evolved from theropods,

00:58:49the dinosaurs that ran on two legs.

00:58:51So technically, the T-Rex

00:58:53is a distant cousin of the chicken,

00:58:55ostrich and even hummingbird.

00:58:57In reality, pink flames are white,

00:58:59but they take this pink hue

00:59:01thanks to the beta-carotene,

00:59:03a pigment found in the algae

00:59:05and shrimps they feed on.

00:59:07You too can change the color of your skin.

00:59:09If you eat a lot of carrots,

00:59:11it will happen

00:59:13because of the strong beta-carotene

00:59:15in vegetables.

00:59:17Sailors from all over the world

00:59:19talked about giant squid

00:59:21they encountered during their trip.

00:59:23For many years, scientists

00:59:25considered long-tentacled monsters

00:59:27to be a myth.

00:59:29But in 2004, the first picture

00:59:31of a giant squid was made.

00:59:33They really exist.

00:59:35Scientists measured an animal

00:59:37of nearly 13 meters.

00:59:39The most attractive humans

00:59:41are those who have blood type O.

00:59:43In addition, these insects

00:59:45have a very good sight.

00:59:47They are attracted by green, black and red colors.

00:59:49So check the color of your clothes

00:59:51before going camping.

00:59:53You can put a squid in a trance

00:59:55for 15 minutes.

00:59:57To do this, you have to caress

00:59:59the animal's nose with your hand.

01:00:01This kind of hypnosis is called tonic immobility.

01:00:03It occurs thanks to the receptors

01:00:05present in the squid's nose.

01:00:07The receptors send many signals

01:00:09and the squid's brain is unable

01:00:11to treat them all.

01:00:13How are you supposed to get close

01:00:15to a squid enough to rub his nose?

01:00:17Elephants are not afraid of mice.

01:00:19But these massive animals

01:00:21have a bad sight and move

01:00:23quite slowly.

01:00:25That's why they can be frightened

01:00:27by a bird or a small creature

01:00:29like a mouse passing in front of them.

01:00:31It's just a surprise.

01:00:33The chameleon can change color

01:00:35to regulate his temperature

01:00:37and communicate with his peers.

01:00:39When most dogs breath,

01:00:41their tongues hang from their mouths.

01:00:43That's why a lot of people

01:00:45think that's how they sweat.

01:00:47In fact, the dog's sudoriparous glands

01:00:49are located on their paws.

01:00:51In addition, there are other

01:00:53sudoriparous glands all over their body.

01:00:55Dogs breathe to evaporate

01:00:57the humidity of their nasal voice,

01:00:59their tongue and the wall

01:01:01of their lungs.

01:01:03This also helps them to cool down.

01:01:05You should probably leave the geese alone,

01:01:07but don't be so sure

01:01:09that they will do the same with you.

01:01:11Bees respect your limits

01:01:13and if you don't bother them,

01:01:15they won't hurt you.

01:01:17But geese, for their part,

01:01:19are sometimes in such a bad mood

01:01:21that they can sting you

01:01:23even if you just pass by their nest.

01:01:25Your dog doesn't really have

01:01:27a more developed sense of smell than yours.

01:01:29It is often said that dogs

01:01:31don't smell.

01:01:33And it probably started

01:01:35when a 19th century researcher

01:01:37called humans

01:01:39non-sniffers.

01:01:41No one has ever provided sensory tests

01:01:43to test this theory,

01:01:45but people have believed it for a long time.

01:01:47The truth is that

01:01:49different types of animals can identify

01:01:51different types of smells.

01:01:53An experiment was carried out

01:01:55in which human volunteers

01:01:57had to follow a trace smell.

01:01:59They put string in chocolate gas

01:02:01and put it in a zigzag on a lawn.

01:02:03Volunteers were not allowed

01:02:05to use other senses.

01:02:07Their ears were plugged,

01:02:09their eyes were blindfolded

01:02:11and they wore thick gloves and kneepads.

01:02:13The conclusion of this experiment

01:02:15was that even if we are not

01:02:17as efficient as dogs,

01:02:19we can follow a trace smell

01:02:21and even become much better

01:02:23if we train.

01:02:25It is interesting to note

01:02:27that dogs have the same sense of smell

01:02:29as fruits or flowers.

01:02:31It is because during their evolution

01:02:33dogs did not need to disguise

01:02:35their smell for these types of smells.

01:02:37A television screen

01:02:39does not reduce your vision.

01:02:41At least there is no evidence

01:02:43that watching a television screen

01:02:45can really hurt your eyes.

01:02:47It is the same for

01:02:49mobile screens or computers.

01:02:51Watching them can actually

01:02:53cause eye fatigue,

01:02:55but it does not mean

01:02:57that watching television

01:02:59or putting your phone down

01:03:01for too long does not have

01:03:03negative consequences

01:03:05on other aspects of your life,

01:03:07such as a decrease in concentration

01:03:09and a lack of socialization, among others.

01:03:11Being able to roll up your tongue

01:03:13is not really a genetic trait,

01:03:15even if biology teachers

01:03:17often say that this gift

01:03:19rests on a dominant gene.

01:03:21A study showed that 7 twins out of 33

01:03:23have the same gene,

01:03:25which implies that they

01:03:27should also share this trait.

01:03:29But this is not the case,

01:03:31which means that genes

01:03:33are probably not the factor

01:03:35that decides if you will be able

01:03:37to roll up your tongue.

01:03:39But this myth still exists,

01:03:41even if it was demystified

01:03:43more than six decades ago.

01:03:45You will catch a cold

01:03:47if you go out with wet hair.

01:03:49It's still a myth.

01:03:51People believe it

01:03:53because 1.

01:03:55they heard it from their parents

01:03:57and 2.

01:03:59they associate going out

01:04:01with wet hair

01:04:03with getting sick,

01:04:05because we are generally

01:04:07more exposed to microbes

01:04:09when we are outside.

01:04:11There is no one

01:04:13whose joints go both ways.

01:04:15Some people

01:04:17actually have very flexible

01:04:19joints,

01:04:21which allows them

01:04:23to touch their chin

01:04:25with their elbow

01:04:27or to bend their finger

01:04:29backwards.

01:04:31This is sometimes called

01:04:33double joint,

01:04:35as if the secret

01:04:37was in an additional hinge

01:04:39somewhere.

01:04:41But this is not the case.

01:04:43These people have simple joints,

01:04:45but their bones

01:04:47have a useless intestinal tube

01:04:49that goes almost nowhere.

01:04:51The appendix could actually

01:04:53be a reservoir of bacteria,

01:04:55but a good and useful reservoir.

01:04:57It stores microbes

01:04:59that help our body

01:05:01when it struggles

01:05:03against certain problems and diseases.

01:05:05At the beginning of our life,

01:05:07the appendix also helps us

01:05:09in the process of forming

01:05:11white blood cells

01:05:13and certain types of antibodies.

01:05:15But no, it is probably

01:05:17not where you think it is.

01:05:19Most people think it hides

01:05:21somewhere behind the navel.

01:05:23In fact, it is a little higher

01:05:25in the abdomen,

01:05:27placed on the rest of the intestine.

01:05:29Here's how to find it.

01:05:31Look for the point

01:05:33where your lower ribs

01:05:35meet in the middle.

01:05:37Now go down about

01:05:39three fingers wide,

01:05:41then three on your left.

01:05:44This cartography of the tongue

01:05:46probably appeared in the early 20th century

01:05:48because scientists discovered

01:05:50subtle differences in the intensity

01:05:52that a taste should have

01:05:54to be detected in different areas

01:05:56of the mouth.

01:05:58This study gave rise to a myth

01:06:00that each part of the tongue

01:06:02was responsible for different tastes.

01:06:04In fact, all types of taste buds

01:06:06are distributed in all areas of the mouth,

01:06:08and they can detect each taste.

01:06:10This also includes umami,

01:06:12which today has its place

01:06:14among the four traditional tastes

01:06:16sweet, salty, bitter and acid.

01:06:18We don't use just 10% of our brain,

01:06:20we use a lot more,

01:06:22even when we sleep.

01:06:24Scientists tested this statement

01:06:26and one of the methods they used

01:06:28was to measure brain activity

01:06:30while a person was doing various tasks.

01:06:32The results showed

01:06:34that we use most of our brain

01:06:36most of the time.

01:06:38The exact percentage varies

01:06:40from person to person

01:06:42depending on what they do.

01:06:44In addition, it is not possible

01:06:46to monitor each of our brain cells.

01:06:48There are billions of them,

01:06:50so we can't really know

01:06:52the exact number of active cells

01:06:54at some point.

01:06:56When you sleep,

01:06:58your frontal cortex,

01:07:00the part responsible for high-level thinking,

01:07:02and some areas that help you

01:07:04perceive your environment,

01:07:06still work.

01:07:08This idea comes from Aristotle,

01:07:10the famous Greek philosopher,

01:07:12who said that there was

01:07:14a sensory organ for each sense,

01:07:16eyes to see,

01:07:18a tongue to taste,

01:07:20and so on.

01:07:22But it was thousands of years ago

01:07:24and he lacked the knowledge

01:07:26of the vestibular system,

01:07:28a key sensory organ.

01:07:30The vestibular system

01:07:32is the internal ear device

01:07:34that our body uses

01:07:36to control its own sensory organ,

01:07:38but simply a different type of receiver.

01:07:40For example, your skin

01:07:42has four different sensory receptors

01:07:44for temperature,

01:07:46touch, pain,

01:07:48and proprioception.

01:07:50The latter is the consciousness

01:07:52of your body in space,

01:07:54which means that even if you move

01:07:56your arm behind your back,

01:07:58you still know it's there.

01:08:00So, to say that we have

01:08:0233 senses rather than 5

01:08:04is not true.

01:08:06These are the senses of balance,

01:08:08temperature, thirst,

01:08:10and many others that we need

01:08:12to survive.

01:08:14If you like cracking your joints

01:08:16from time to time,

01:08:18don't worry.

01:08:20The idea that this increases

01:08:22the risk of potential problems

01:08:24in the joints seems logical,

01:08:26because that's what happens

01:08:28when you exert constant pressure

01:08:30on your joints over the years.

01:08:32If you eat a big meal,

01:08:34you can still go swimming.

01:08:36You won't have cramps.

01:08:38The principle behind this idea

01:08:40is that eating a meal

01:08:42increases the amount of blood

01:08:44flowing to your stomach.

01:08:46So the blood doesn't go

01:08:48to your muscles,

01:08:50which can cause cramps

01:08:52if you go swimming.

01:08:54In fact, you probably won't feel

01:08:56as comfortable swimming

01:08:58immediately after eating a meal,

01:09:00but you can feel safe

01:09:02if you really want to.

01:09:04It's even recommended

01:09:06to have a small,

01:09:08high-calorie meal

01:09:10shortly before a swimming session.

01:09:12This will give you a boost of energy.

01:09:14When you shave your body hair,

01:09:16you shouldn't worry

01:09:18that it grows darker and thicker.

01:09:20It's another myth.

01:09:22You may feel that there are

01:09:24changes in color,

01:09:26thickness,

01:09:28which may seem darker

01:09:30and rougher than before.

01:09:32But you'll see that once your hair

01:09:34has grown back,

01:09:36they'll be the same as before.

01:09:38It's not true to say

01:09:40that we lose a disproportionate

01:09:42amount of body heat by the head.

01:09:44You may feel that way

01:09:46because your head,

01:09:48chest and face

01:09:50are clearly more sensitive

01:09:52to temperature changes.

01:09:54In fact, you'd be just as cold

01:09:56You probably feel like

01:09:58you're losing body heat by the head

01:10:00because it's often one of the parts

01:10:02you don't notice when you go out.

01:10:04Don't worry if you wake up

01:10:06sleepy. It doesn't put your

01:10:08health at risk.

01:10:10If you overdo it,

01:10:12it can be disoriented

01:10:14and have a confused reaction.

01:10:16But it's sometimes better to wake him up

01:10:18than to let him do certain things

01:10:20he shouldn't during his sleep.

01:10:22Like cooking or driving.

01:10:24Or you can simply show him

01:10:26the way back to his bed.

01:10:28This large, flat hat

01:10:30has almost become the trademark

01:10:32of every cowboy who respects

01:10:34himself in popular culture,

01:10:36even if no one actually wore it

01:10:38at the time of the conquest of the West.

01:10:40Cowboys, or rather bovvies,

01:10:42were mostly simple farm boys

01:10:44who were made to do the dirty work

01:10:46in dirty guineas,

01:10:48while these hats were expensive,

01:10:50really expensive.

01:10:52The large hats were not practical

01:10:54because they were heavy and annoying.

01:10:56Most cowboys preferred

01:10:58lighter melon hats.

01:11:00But imagine the legendary Clint Eastwood

01:11:02staring at you under the edge

01:11:04of his melon hat.

01:11:06No, it's better to keep the hats

01:11:08on the wide side than in the westerns.

01:11:10How do firefighters extinguish

01:11:12fires so quickly?

01:11:14Is their water more wet or something like that?

01:11:16Well, actually, yes, it is.

01:11:18It's a fairly recent improvement,

01:11:20some water-reactive

01:11:22to reduce its surface tension.

01:11:24As a result, it spreads more easily

01:11:26and impregnates objects better.

01:11:28The discovery of a pot of millenary honey

01:11:30perfectly edible during archaeological

01:11:32excavations gave birth to a myth

01:11:34according to which honey

01:11:36can never be spoiled.

01:11:38If you buy honey, remove the lid

01:11:40and store it in a humid environment,

01:11:42it will deteriorate quite quickly.

01:11:44However, it is true

01:11:46that honey has antibacterial

01:11:48and antifungal properties,

01:11:50so that no germ can live there

01:11:52if stored properly.

01:11:54With a closed lid and a dry environment,

01:11:56it should not deteriorate from your living.

01:11:58You may have heard

01:12:00that the pink tint of your

01:12:02strawberry frappuccino

01:12:04is obtained thanks to crushed insects.

01:12:06It was true until 2012.

01:12:08Small animals called

01:12:10piglets were mined

01:12:12to make red dye.

01:12:14This method is still used

01:12:16by many companies,

01:12:18but you will no longer find insects

01:12:20in your coffee.

01:12:22Good news, isn't it?

01:12:24You probably heard

01:12:26that Albert Einstein was

01:12:28very bad at math at school.

01:12:30To all those who think

01:12:32they can match his genius

01:12:34even with bad grades,

01:12:36sorry!

01:12:38When he was told this story

01:12:40in 1935,

01:12:42Einstein simply laughed

01:12:44at the myth.

01:12:46The myth was invented in the 1930s

01:12:48by Replace Believe It or Not,

01:12:50believe it or not,

01:12:52a newspaper dealing with bizarre facts.

01:12:54The problem is that it never mentioned

01:12:56credible meaning,

01:12:58so not a single statement

01:13:00on Einstein resisted.

01:13:02When people say that their sixth sense

01:13:04has told them something,

01:13:06it means something else

01:13:08than the usual senses

01:13:10such as touch, smell, taste, sight and hearing.

01:13:12There are several opinions

01:13:14on the real number of our senses.

01:13:16The highest today is 53.

01:13:18The proprioception, for example,

01:13:20is the perception of the position

01:13:22of your body in space.

01:13:24If you can close your eyes

01:13:26and touch your nose with a finger,

01:13:28congratulations, you got it!

01:13:30You probably heard a lot of stories

01:13:32about the hidden secrets

01:13:34of the dark side of the moon.

01:13:36The only problem is that

01:13:38this dark side of the moon

01:13:40does not exist.

01:13:42Our natural satellite

01:13:44is in synchronous rotation

01:13:46with the Earth,

01:13:48which means that we always see

01:13:50the same side of the star.

01:13:52But the sun does not follow the same rule

01:13:54and it also illuminates the other side

01:13:56of the moon like everything else.

01:13:58And it makes sense.

01:14:00Solar eclipses could not occur

01:14:02if the sun did not illuminate

01:14:04the other side of the moon.

01:14:06Indeed, it is precisely the moon

01:14:08that causes eclipses.

01:14:10Moreover, eclipses occur

01:14:12because the sun is 400 times

01:14:14further away from our planet

01:14:16than the moon.

01:14:18But it is also 400 times larger.

01:14:20The effect is therefore a total blockage

01:14:22of the solar rays,

01:14:24leaving only this disturbing

01:14:26luminous crown.

01:14:28If you like sushi,

01:14:30you may already know that the green paste

01:14:32with which they are usually served

01:14:34is not real wasabi.

01:14:36Real wasabi has a sweeter taste

01:14:38and it is also very expensive.

01:14:40It is also easy to know

01:14:42whether it is real or not.

01:14:44If it is not made in front of you,

01:14:46then it is not wasabi.

01:14:48Speaking of whales,

01:14:50what we are about to do,

01:14:52the blue whale is often considered

01:14:54to be the largest living being

01:14:56that has ever lived.

01:14:58And it is true that this nice giant

01:15:00is immense.

01:15:02But alas, it is not even close

01:15:04to the honey bee that lives

01:15:06in the Blue Mountains of Oregon.

01:15:08By looking at it from the surface,

01:15:10you cannot say that you are looking

01:15:12at something massive.

01:15:14In fact, it is a single mushroom

01:15:16that covers an area

01:15:18of 1,350 football fields,

01:15:20most of which are underground.

01:15:22In addition, it is not just old,

01:15:24it is very old.

01:15:26Its age is estimated at 2,400 years.

01:15:28But it could reach 8,650 years.

01:15:30No one can say with certainty.

01:15:32The poor blue whale is not even

01:15:34second in the ranking.

01:15:36This honor comes back to Pando,

01:15:38the shaking giant.

01:15:40It is a false-trembling poplar

01:15:42from the south center of Utah

01:15:44that looks like a huge forest

01:15:46but is actually a single organism.

01:15:48All trees in an area of 0.4 square kilometers

01:15:50grow from a single root system.

01:15:52But what is even more amazing

01:15:54than its size is the weight of Pando.

01:15:56Together, its roots and trees

01:15:58weigh about 6,000 tons.

01:16:00Which is actually the heaviest organism

01:16:02that exists.

01:16:04It may be easy to deflate your tires

01:16:06when you are stuck in the snow.

01:16:08But driving like that when you are out of danger

01:16:10is an unreasonable risk.

01:16:12Deflated tires decrease

01:16:14your level of control on the car,

01:16:16especially on an icy road,

01:16:18and you are more likely to get stuck again.

01:16:20So instead of deflating

01:16:22the tires of your car deliberately

01:16:24in winter, make sure you have

01:16:26chains or crampons for better grip

01:16:28and put some essential elements

01:16:30in your trunk to help you

01:16:32in case of problems.

01:16:34The basic kit could include a shovel,

01:16:36a tow rope and a bag of sand,

01:16:38salt or, if you don't have any,

01:16:40litter for cats.

01:16:42It's better if it's made of minerals,

01:16:44but even silicone will do the trick.

01:16:46Diamonds are very special precious stones

01:16:48and their cost is justified

01:16:50by their beauty and rarity, isn't it?

01:16:52Not exactly.

01:16:54In fact, they are not as rare

01:16:56as we were led to believe,

01:16:58and scientists even found a way

01:17:00to create artificial diamonds,

01:17:02which makes their production rather easy.

01:17:04But they are still very expensive.

01:17:06Their success comes partly from myths

01:17:08and legends about precious stones

01:17:10that go back far back in time.

01:17:12But more recently,

01:17:14in the last century,

01:17:16it is mainly thanks to very effective

01:17:18advertising campaigns that the great monopolies

01:17:20of the diamond market have managed

01:17:22to convince the planet of the rarity

01:17:24of precious stones,

01:17:26by making unique symbols of romance

01:17:28and commitment.

01:17:30Even if bats are disoriented

01:17:32to the light of day,

01:17:34it's not because they are blind.

01:17:36In fact, their sight is even better

01:17:38than ours at night.

01:17:40They simply see everything in shades

01:17:42of black and white.

01:17:44It is therefore difficult for them

01:17:46to orient themselves when there is

01:17:48so much light around them.

01:17:50The myth that bats are blind

01:17:52is probably not necessary to tell you

01:17:54that our planet is not round.

01:17:56Its shape even has a special name,

01:17:58a geoid.

01:18:00But to say that it is closer

01:18:02to an elliptical shape

01:18:04or another appropriate shape

01:18:06would also be incorrect.

01:18:08The Earth constantly rotates

01:18:10at an amazing speed,

01:18:12which gives it a shape

01:18:14a bit like the voids,

01:18:16it's true.

01:18:18But the tectonic plates

01:18:20make the surface of the Earth

01:18:22rise in some places

01:18:24and sink in others.

01:18:26Finally, the planet looks more like

01:18:28a deformed ball than anything else.

01:18:30One of the most widespread

01:18:32popular beliefs is

01:18:34that the mouse loves cheese.

01:18:36This myth appeared a long time ago,

01:18:38as soon as people

01:18:40started storing food.

01:18:42As mice are regular visitors

01:18:44to human houses,

01:18:46they were constantly

01:18:48looking for food.

01:18:50People used to store

01:18:52cereals in jars.

01:18:54They suspended the meat,

01:18:56but they put the cheese on a shelf.

01:18:58So mice ate it

01:19:00for the better,

01:19:02and they will tend to attack

01:19:04chocolate or another sweet product

01:19:06than cheese.

01:19:08I understand them a bit.

01:19:10Pink flames do not stay in the water

01:19:12on a dough so as not to get cold.

01:19:14It's just a simpler way

01:19:16to provide less effort.

01:19:18It's exhausting for us

01:19:20to stand on one leg,

01:19:22but for them,

01:19:24it's the most stable position

01:19:26given their anatomy.

01:19:28This pose does not require

01:19:30any muscle work.

01:19:32One of the most widespread beliefs

01:19:34is that ostriches

01:19:36bury their heads in the ground

01:19:38when they are afraid.

01:19:40Before, scientists thought

01:19:42that ostriches were not very smart

01:19:44to bury their heads

01:19:46without realizing that the rest

01:19:48of their huge body

01:19:50was visible to everyone's eyes.

01:19:52In fact, ostriches do it

01:19:54when they want to swallow

01:19:56sand and pebbles

01:19:58to stimulate their digestion

01:20:00or simply to return

01:20:02the eggs they laid in their nests.

01:20:04And technically,

01:20:06they do not even bury their heads,

01:20:08but lay them near the ground.

01:20:10If they put their heads in the sand,

01:20:12it's no reason to think

01:20:14that the ostrich is fearful.

01:20:16Like many other animals,

01:20:18it will run away

01:20:20if it feels a danger coming

01:20:22or if it knows how to defend itself.

01:20:24What do you think

01:20:26is the biggest thing

01:20:28a blue whale can swallow?

01:20:30I'm talking about the biggest animal

01:20:32that has ever lived on our planet.

01:20:34It can measure up to 30 meters long

01:20:36and weigh 200 tons.

01:20:38Its heart is as big as a car

01:20:40or as big as an elephant.

01:20:42We easily imagine a blue whale

01:20:44swallowing cars, people

01:20:46and even small boats.

01:20:48But it's wrong.

01:20:50The biggest thing it can really swallow

01:20:52is a grapefruit.

01:20:54Its throat can fit

01:20:56a small salad plate.

01:20:58Whales eat small fish,

01:21:00plankton and crustaceans.

01:21:02So they don't need a huge throat.

01:21:04However, we could not survive

01:21:06the gastric juice of a blue whale.

01:21:08It would die in 15 seconds.

01:21:10That's about the time

01:21:12we could spend in space.

01:21:14Dromedaries don't store water

01:21:16in their mouths.

01:21:18These animals can resist

01:21:20extreme conditions.

01:21:22If they can survive

01:21:24only once every 8 to 10 days,

01:21:26it's not because they have

01:21:28a secret reservoir in their backs,

01:21:30but because when they drink,

01:21:32they can swallow

01:21:34almost 200 liters of water at once.

01:21:36That's the amount they can lose

01:21:38by dehydration.

01:21:40So they lose a lot of water,

01:21:42but they regain it quickly.

01:21:44Their stomach is actually

01:21:46a stock of fat.

01:21:48The oxygen inhaled by dromedaries

01:21:50could make them lose too much water

01:21:52because it evaporates in the lungs.

01:21:54However, they use their fat

01:21:56as a nutritional energy source.

01:21:58This helps them survive

01:22:00in arid regions and in times of famine.

01:22:02The ant-eater doesn't really

01:22:04have a long nose.

01:22:06This giant animal has a very long tongue

01:22:08that can be up to 60 cm long.

01:22:10It looks like a spaghetti

01:22:12and is covered with spiny hooks

01:22:14and sticky saliva

01:22:16that traps ants.

01:22:18It can spit it out

01:22:20up to 160 times per minute,

01:22:22which means it can eat

01:22:24up to 20,000 insects in one day.

01:22:26It opens its jaws with its claws

01:22:28and then finishes the job

01:22:30with its tongue.

01:22:32The cinema could give you

01:22:34a false sense of security

01:22:36when it comes to dinosaurs.

01:22:38Staying still in front of a T-Rex

01:22:40won't save you.

01:22:42Claiming that the king of dinosaurs

01:22:44had a very bad eyesight

01:22:46is just a myth.

01:22:48He saw as well as today's raptors.

01:22:50He had an excellent perception

01:22:52of the depth,

01:22:54a capacity present

01:22:56in eagles and current falcons.

01:22:58And even if by miracle

01:23:00he didn't see you

01:23:02or thought you were just a shrub

01:23:04because you stayed still,

01:23:06know that he also had a very good sense of smell.

01:23:08So the best option would be to run

01:23:10because the T-Rex is not as fast

01:23:12as scientists thought

01:23:14who estimated its top speed

01:23:16at 50 km per hour.

01:23:18In view of its anatomy,

01:23:20it could barely reach

01:23:2220 km per hour.

01:23:24Running faster would have caused

01:23:26serious bone injuries,

01:23:28but it didn't stop it from reigning

01:23:30over the animal world

01:23:32because many dinosaurs were slower than it.

01:23:34So they had no trouble feeding themselves.

01:23:36Another well-received idea

01:23:38states that owls

01:23:40can turn their heads 360 degrees.

01:23:42Their rotation angle

01:23:44is limited to 270 degrees

01:23:46in each direction,

01:23:48which gives them an amplitude

01:23:50of movement of 540 degrees.

01:23:52Don't worry if you touch

01:23:54the wings of a butterfly.

01:23:56It will not be able to fly.

01:23:58It will survive despite the ideas received.

01:24:00Butterfly wings have scales.

01:24:02When you touch them,

01:24:04some can come off,

01:24:06but it doesn't necessarily matter

01:24:08because they come off naturally.

01:24:10It is thanks to these scales

01:24:12that butterflies can sometimes escape

01:24:14if they are stuck in a spider web.

01:24:16The following myth

01:24:18has inspired many films,

01:24:20books and series.

01:24:22But no, wolves don't howl at the moon.

01:24:24Wolves howl at night,

01:24:26but only because it is the period

01:24:28when they are the most active.

01:24:30They raise their heads

01:24:32because it helps the sound to spread.

01:24:34Other wolves can also hear them

01:24:36up to a distance of 10 to 15 km.

01:24:38That's why they howl,

01:24:40to communicate with each other.

01:24:42They emit specific sounds

01:24:44in each situation,

01:24:46for example to help a wolf

01:24:48who has lost his leash to find his way.

01:24:50The moon has nothing to do with that.

01:24:52It is said that giraffes

01:24:54need only 30 minutes of sleep a day.

01:24:56That's wrong.

01:24:58They sleep about 4.5 hours a day.

01:25:00This is not so unusual

01:25:02for the animal species

01:25:04that are the most active during the day.

01:25:06Studies have also shown

01:25:08that giraffes lay down

01:25:10to sleep less than 11 minutes each time.

01:25:12Many people think

01:25:14that toads are blind.

01:25:16In fact, these little mammals

01:25:18can see, but their sight is very weak

01:25:20and can only recognize light.

01:25:22They are also daltonian.

01:25:24When they look for food

01:25:26in the darkness of the basement,

01:25:28these creatures rely

01:25:30mainly on their touch and smell.

01:25:32Their sense of touch is very developed

01:25:34and allows them to feel

01:25:36the vibrations of the ground.

01:25:38This helps them to avoid danger

01:25:40or to find their meal more easily,

01:25:42which is composed of millipedes,

01:25:44worms and other invertebrates.

01:25:46They dig fast enough,

01:25:48the animals hibernate

01:25:50not because it is too cold

01:25:52to stay outside in winter,

01:25:54but because there is not enough food

01:25:56during this period.

01:25:58When an animal hibernates,

01:26:00its heart rate, temperature,

01:26:02breathing and other metabolic activities

01:26:04slow down considerably.

01:26:06They then conserve their energy.

01:26:08Tamas, bats, turtles

01:26:10and snakes hibernate during winter,

01:26:12which allows them to save energy

01:26:14for the other seasons

01:26:16and allow them to get food.

01:26:18If you think of bears,

01:26:20they are not real hibernators.

01:26:22And if you try to pet one

01:26:24during winter,

01:26:26you may be very surprised.

01:26:28They are slow.

01:26:30They sleep for long periods

01:26:32but they do not necessarily

01:26:34growl during the whole winter

01:26:36and you can easily wake them up

01:26:38during their sleep.

01:26:40And finally, eavesdroppers

01:26:42will not fall into your ears.

01:26:44At least, there is nothing

01:26:46to prove it.

01:26:48They prefer to spend their time

01:26:50in dark and humid places

01:26:52like under the bark of trees

01:26:54or in the ground.

01:26:56So be calm.

01:26:58So, what kind of fuel do you fill up?

01:27:00At the gas station,

01:27:02you probably noticed different indicators

01:27:04accompanied by numbers

01:27:06on the fuel pump buttons.

01:27:08These are the octane levels

01:27:10which vary from normal,

01:27:12to high,

01:27:14to low.

01:27:16Each one provides a different octane level

01:27:18which is necessary for your type of engine

01:27:20to work efficiently.

01:27:22Your choice must be based

01:27:24on the compression rate of your engine.

01:27:26Thus, the myth of the use of super fuel

01:27:28for a car that needs ordinary fuel

01:27:30to get better performance

01:27:32or to improve the health of the engine

01:27:34is false.

01:27:36It is better to stick to the recommended fuel

01:27:38for your car.

01:27:40This means that your fuel

01:27:42will not be more dense

01:27:44which will allow you to have more

01:27:46for your money.

01:27:48This is another false myth.

01:27:50Supply tanks are buried

01:27:52so deep underground

01:27:54that the temperature inside

01:27:56does not change at all.

01:27:58We have all heard that the toilet water

01:28:00works in the opposite direction

01:28:02in the different hemispheres.

01:28:04In the center of a watch,

01:28:06in the north,

01:28:08the flow should move the water

01:28:10in this direction.

01:28:12But in reality, the water that flows

01:28:14is only influenced by the way it is evacuated.

01:28:16And the direction of the flow

01:28:18does not depend on the place.

01:28:20You are caught in a storm

01:28:22and there is no shelter around you.

01:28:24The lightning strikes all of a sudden

01:28:26and your first reaction is to run

01:28:28to the place where it just struck.

01:28:30After all, lightning never strikes twice

01:28:32in the same place, does it?

01:28:34This is false.

01:28:36It may be a sign

01:28:38that this is a risky place.

01:28:40This area can easily be hit again.

01:28:42It is better to find a shelter

01:28:44and stay away from metal objects.

01:28:46Eating before swimming

01:28:48has always been considered dangerous.

01:28:50People thought it caused cramps,

01:28:52but it is not true.

01:28:54The only negative effect of swimming

01:28:56after a meal is suffocation.

01:28:58Just make sure to stay in the deeper waters

01:29:00while you digest your meal.

01:29:02It is often said that the Great Wall of China

01:29:04is visible from space,

01:29:06but there are no buildings on Earth

01:29:08that can be visible at this distance.

01:29:10On the other hand,

01:29:12you can see the lights on Earth at night.

01:29:14Albert Einstein,

01:29:16the greatest physicist of all time,

01:29:18was often reported

01:29:20for his poor math skills.

01:29:22People said he had failed

01:29:24this subject at school.

01:29:26But even if Einstein

01:29:28failed an entrance exam,

01:29:30he was actually really good at math

01:29:32at the age of 12.

01:29:34Spring is in the air.

01:29:36Unfortunately,

01:29:38it is not the best time for baby birds.

01:29:40They tend to fall from their nests.

01:29:42Sometimes they find themselves

01:29:44in a dangerous place

01:29:46and must be taken to a safer place.

01:29:48But they have probably been told

01:29:50that if someone touches them,

01:29:52their mother will no longer want

01:29:54to take care of her babies.

01:29:56In reality,

01:29:58birds have a very bad smell

01:30:00and they can't fly if necessary.

01:30:02Given the size of our brain,

01:30:04it is a shame that we only use

01:30:0610% of its capacities.

01:30:08Another myth.

01:30:10In reality, you use your brain as much as possible,

01:30:12but different parts of it

01:30:14work at different times of the day.

01:30:16There was a time

01:30:18when heating your car in the cold

01:30:20was a necessity.

01:30:22And some people think it's still true.

01:30:24But today we use different cars.

01:30:26And it's worse for the car

01:30:28because it can't run for too long.

01:30:30As for the temperature,

01:30:3230 seconds is enough.

01:30:34An old saying says

01:30:36that bats have a bad sight.

01:30:38But it couldn't be more wrong.

01:30:40Not only do they use their eyes,

01:30:42which is extraordinary,

01:30:44but they can also see quite well.

01:30:46In fact, they see better than us humans

01:30:48at dusk and dawn.

01:30:50Watching TV or setting up your computer

01:30:52doesn't give you square eyes

01:30:54and doesn't damage them.

01:30:56You just clean them after a while.

01:30:58But as long as you clean your eyes enough

01:31:00to not let them dry out,

01:31:02everything will be fine.

01:31:04Calvitis is a natural phenomenon in humans.

01:31:06Shampoo, gels, sun rays,

01:31:08hats and testosterone levels

01:31:10were all responsible

01:31:12for the early loss of hair.

01:31:14But the natural loss of hair

01:31:16is purely hereditary.

01:31:18It can come from both sides of the family,

01:31:20but mainly from the genes of the father.

01:31:22It happened to all of us

01:31:24when we swallowed chewing gum,

01:31:26either by accident

01:31:28or when there was no table

01:31:30under which to stick it.

01:31:32Don't worry,

01:31:34it won't reappear in 7 years.

01:31:36Your stomach will digest it easily

01:31:38and make it go away directly.

01:31:40Basically, buying make-up

01:31:42is an excellent way to save money

01:31:44because make-up is supposed to never expire.

01:31:46But it's wrong.

01:31:48It can develop bacteria

01:31:50that will have a negative effect on your skin.

01:31:52Another myth about make-up

01:31:54is that it's harmful for the skin.

01:31:56But in reality,

01:31:58it's completely normal

01:32:00and can protect your skin from pollution.

01:32:02Just don't forget to remove it every day.

01:32:04Vikings have always been admired

01:32:06and popular

01:32:08in the cultures of the whole world.

01:32:10They have been represented

01:32:12as brave warriors

01:32:14wearing helmets with horns.

01:32:16But the truth is

01:32:18they never had horns.

01:32:20It was an opera composed by Wagner

01:32:22in the 19th century.

01:32:24And since then,

01:32:26horns have been associated with Vikings.

01:32:28You may have been told

01:32:30not to wear red in the presence of bulls.

01:32:32But in reality,

01:32:34it doesn't matter what you wear

01:32:36because these animals don't see color.

01:32:38They are usually provoked

01:32:40by a general movement.

01:32:42Dogs, on the other hand,

01:32:44can see colors,

01:32:46but the way they do it

01:32:48doesn't matter.

01:32:50As the colors of the bird

01:32:52correspond to those of the ground,

01:32:54they easily blend into their environment.

01:32:56At the same time,

01:32:58ostriches often seem to have their heads

01:33:00stuck in the ground.

01:33:02But that's not the case.

01:33:04Ostriches couldn't breathe

01:33:06if that was really what they were doing.

01:33:08The Scottish Highlands

01:33:10are synonymous with beautiful landscapes,

01:33:12kilt, and the soothing sound

01:33:14of the horn.

01:33:16The horn has been used for the first time

01:33:18in the Middle Ages,

01:33:20centuries before anyone in Europe

01:33:22had the opportunity to annoy their neighbors

01:33:24by playing this unusual instrument.

01:33:26During deep sleep,

01:33:28you breathe heavily

01:33:30and can accidentally suck all kinds of things

01:33:32into your mouth.

01:33:34That's why you swallow an average of seven spiders a year.

01:33:36That's what they say,

01:33:38but it's not possible.

01:33:40A spider can't find anything less attractive

01:33:42than a huge piece of human

01:33:44that doesn't come close to your mouth.

01:33:46Your nails don't grow at the same speed.

01:33:48The more your hand or finger is used,

01:33:50the more it promotes nail growth.

01:33:52That's why the nails of your dominant hand

01:33:54grow faster than those of the other.

01:33:56Ninjas didn't have just one color

01:33:58for their famous ninja uniform.

01:34:00Of course, black was the best

01:34:02to blend into the crowd at night,

01:34:04but they also had a wardrobe

01:34:06containing many colors

01:34:08to blend into the crowd

01:34:10on other occasions.

01:34:12Shaving your hair

01:34:14doesn't make them thicker,

01:34:16doesn't change their color,

01:34:18and doesn't make them harder.

01:34:20They just look better

01:34:22because the new hairs

01:34:24start to grow back

01:34:26with fuzzy tips at the ends.

01:34:28The memories of red fish

01:34:30last much longer than three seconds.

01:34:32These creatures can remember things

01:34:34for up to three months.

01:34:36You can also teach your red fish

01:34:38to feed in the same place every day,

01:34:40while the green ones blend perfectly

01:34:42into their environment.

01:34:44These animals don't need

01:34:46their ability to change color

01:34:48to hide. They use their amazing

01:34:50ability to communicate

01:34:52and control temperature.

01:34:54During an earthquake,

01:34:56you should find a door

01:34:58because it's the safest place

01:35:00in a building.

01:35:02In fact, it's not safer

01:35:04than another part of your house.

01:35:06Try to hide under a table

01:35:08or under a chair.

01:35:10In many cartoons,

01:35:12we've seen opossums

01:35:14hanging upside down.

01:35:16Indeed, their tails are strong

01:35:18enough to allow them to hang

01:35:20like this for a short time.

01:35:22But their bodies are too big

01:35:24to hang on a branch

01:35:26longer than a short photo.

01:35:28We all know the saying

01:35:30that you can't teach

01:35:32an old dog new tricks.

01:35:34But if puppies learn more easily,

01:35:36they'll be able to

01:35:38teach you new tricks.

01:35:40Dogs' saliva has a slightly

01:35:42more alkaline pH,

01:35:44which can prevent bacteria

01:35:46from reproducing.

01:35:48But hundreds of bacteria

01:35:50can live in a dog's mouth,

01:35:52which can be harmful to your skin.

01:35:54No, my dog can kiss me

01:35:56as much as he wants.

01:35:58Napoleon was one of the greatest

01:36:00emperors in the history of mankind.

01:36:02But in modern times,

01:36:04he was taller than

01:36:06the average height of the time.

01:36:08Napoleon was even the leader

01:36:10of the French national basketball team.

01:36:12No, I just made it up.

01:36:14Do chameleons

01:36:16change color just to hide?

01:36:18No.

01:36:20They can actually change it

01:36:22to reflect their mood.

01:36:24Thus, the males take a bright color

01:36:26to show their dominance,

01:36:28and they become darker

01:36:30when they are aggressive.

01:36:32At a certain temperature,

01:36:34a cold chameleon becomes dark

01:36:36to absorb more heat,

01:36:38while a hot chameleon

01:36:40becomes pale to reflect the sun's rays.

01:36:42By the way,

01:36:44do comedians change color

01:36:46to hide?

01:36:48Only if their jokes are not funny.

01:36:50There is a myth

01:36:52that says that if you drop

01:36:54a piece of a skyscraper,

01:36:56it will destroy

01:36:58pretty much everything

01:37:00but it's not true.

01:37:02When you drop it,

01:37:04a piece can't pick up enough speed

01:37:06to cause significant damage

01:37:08to anything,

01:37:10especially because of the wind's resistance,

01:37:12the fact that the piece rotates on itself

01:37:14and other factors.

01:37:16In short, it's not a reason

01:37:18to throw your money out the window.

01:37:20Some people think that waterfowl

01:37:22rotate in the opposite direction

01:37:24in the southern hemisphere.

01:37:26Some things are affected

01:37:28but waterfowl

01:37:30are way too small.

01:37:32Waterfowl can actually rotate

01:37:34in both directions,

01:37:36in the northern or southern hemisphere.

01:37:38The factors that determine

01:37:40the most the direction of waterfowl

01:37:42are the design of the toilet bowl

01:37:44and the pressure of the water.

01:37:46There is a popular saying

01:37:48that says that lightning never strikes twice

01:37:50in the same place.

01:37:52It's false.

01:37:54Lightning strikes often in the same place

01:37:56which is generally the highest and

01:37:58the most pointed target.

01:38:00Researchers have discovered

01:38:02that the Empire State Building

01:38:04was struck by lightning

01:38:06nearly 100 times a year

01:38:08and a certain number of people

01:38:10have been struck more than once.

01:38:12So if you are tall and pointed,

01:38:14be careful in the event of a storm.

01:38:16We often believe that bats are blind,

01:38:18but they have a better vision

01:38:20than humans at night,

01:38:22although they can see more clearly

01:38:24Maybe this myth has appeared

01:38:26because bats rely a lot

01:38:28on their eyes to move

01:38:30or because they see the world

01:38:32in black and white.

01:38:34Do red fish really have

01:38:36a short memory?

01:38:38Most people think it is 7 seconds,

01:38:40but in reality,

01:38:42red fish can remember certain things

01:38:44for 7 months.

01:38:46Besides, without a good memory,

01:38:48red fish that live in nature

01:38:50would never find food.

01:38:52Is it possible that a mother bird

01:38:54will reject her offspring

01:38:56if she has been touched by a human?

01:38:58It would be strange,

01:39:00because most birds

01:39:02do not have a very developed sense of smell.

01:39:04They would never be able

01:39:06to identify the smell of a person.

01:39:08The vulture is an exception to this rule.

01:39:10It has an incredible nose.

01:39:12But who would want to touch a vulture,

01:39:14even small?

01:39:16Ostriches bury their heads

01:39:18in the sand when they are afraid,

01:39:20probably because the head

01:39:22of an ostrich is surprisingly small

01:39:24compared to its body.

01:39:26Thus, from a distance,

01:39:28we have the impression that the ostrich

01:39:30has its head buried in the sand.

01:39:32But if it really did that,

01:39:34it would faint by not being able to breathe.

01:39:36Another myth about animals

01:39:38is that opossums cling to branches

01:39:40with their tails.

01:39:42The opossum actually uses its tail

01:39:44to help it climb trees,

01:39:46but it cannot bear its weight.

01:39:48An opossum champion of calisthenics

01:39:50could only hang there for a few seconds.

01:39:54Legend has it that a penguin

01:39:56falls upside down when it looks at a plane.

01:39:58The cutest myth ever.

01:40:00Penguins can maintain their balance

01:40:02no matter what happens,

01:40:04even when looking at the sky.

01:40:06But low-altitude flying planes

01:40:08can push penguins to flee their nest in panic.

01:40:12Do dogs really sweat by salivating?

01:40:14No, they sweat

01:40:16through their plantar cushion.

01:40:18But salivating and salivating

01:40:20help them regulate their body temperature.

01:40:22Cat owners may think

01:40:24that a cat only purrs when it is happy.

01:40:26But cats also purr when they are hungry,

01:40:28are in distress,

01:40:30or are recovering from an injury.

01:40:32Researchers think that purring

01:40:34can be a self-healing technique.

01:40:36In a way, it helps their bones

01:40:38and muscles to function better.

01:40:40According to an urban legend,

01:40:42if you come across an opossum,

01:40:44you will stink for a while.

01:40:46But opossums prefer to flee

01:40:48rather than spray their magic juice

01:40:50all over the place.

01:40:52This smelly spray is their

01:40:54last line of defense.

01:40:56Before that, they usually tap

01:40:58their feet and tails to ward off any danger.

01:41:02Did you know that there was

01:41:04an alpha wolf in every pack?

01:41:06Well, no, that's still wrong.

01:41:08Unlike wild wolves living in captivity,

01:41:10wild wolves do not share this kind of social order.

01:41:12They live in family groups,

01:41:14like humans, where the parents are the bosses

01:41:16and the kids have to do what they are told.

01:41:20There is a myth that says

01:41:22that opossums can walk around with their heads.

01:41:24But that would cause them a lot of damage.

01:41:26However, they can turn their heads

01:41:28comfortably at nearly 270 degrees,

01:41:30thanks to the unique structure

01:41:32of their neck bones.

01:41:34If you have ever touched a turtle's shell,

01:41:36thinking that it would not hurt

01:41:38the creature inside, you are wrong.

01:41:40The shell of a turtle is a living

01:41:42and sensitive part of its body,

01:41:44with a complete network of nerves.

01:41:46If the shell is damaged,

01:41:48it can even put the life of the turtle at risk.

01:41:52There was a time when people thought

01:41:54that unwashed hair was the ideal habitat

01:41:56for opossums.

01:41:58But opossums do not discriminate.

01:42:00They can make a place

01:42:02in all types of hair.

01:42:04All they want is a very hot

01:42:06and curly scalp.

01:42:08Most people know the expression

01:42:10eating apples to stay healthy.

01:42:12Apples are good for your health.

01:42:14It is undeniable.

01:42:16They are full of nutrients,

01:42:18like fiber and vitamin C.

01:42:20But does anyone really think

01:42:22that it is enough?

01:42:24When it comes to food hygiene,

01:42:26the 5-second rule on Earth

01:42:28simply makes no sense.

01:42:30There should be a rule

01:42:32depending on where you dropped

01:42:34food to replace the 5-second rule.

01:42:36You will pick up less bacteria

01:42:38than if you drop it

01:42:40in a supermarket,

01:42:42assuming that your kitchen

01:42:44is clean, of course.

01:42:46Have you ever wondered

01:42:48if the 7-year-old opossum

01:42:50story was true?

01:42:52It is not the case.

01:42:54The opossum is not very different

01:42:56from other food.

01:42:58It takes about the same time

01:43:00to be digested,

01:43:02but it is not really rich in nutrients.

01:43:04Some studies have shown

01:43:06that time does not really

01:43:08play a role in the appearance

01:43:10of the opossum.

01:43:12It is a virus.

01:43:14People can feel the symptoms

01:43:16of the opossum more

01:43:18when the weather is cold,

01:43:20but the temperature

01:43:22has nothing to do

01:43:24with the healing time.

01:43:26Do people only use

01:43:2810% of their brain?

01:43:30For some people,

01:43:32scientists who have studied

01:43:34brain scanners say that

01:43:36they do not reveal large dormant areas.

01:43:38But this myth simply means

01:43:40that humans have a long way to go

01:43:42to reach their full potential.

01:43:44So yes, why not?

01:43:46One of the things not to do

01:43:48in life is to jump into the pool

01:43:50just after eating.

01:43:52But doing any sport

01:43:54just after a big meal

01:43:56can leave you feeling

01:43:58just as uncomfortable

01:44:00as jumping into the pool.

01:44:02Shaved hair grows blacker

01:44:04and thicker.

01:44:06Researchers say that this is not the case.

01:44:08But shaving gives your hair

01:44:10a foamy tip

01:44:12that can make it look thicker.

01:44:14As for the color,

01:44:16this new darker beard

01:44:18is just an illusion.

01:44:20Some people are convinced

01:44:22that eating opossum

01:44:24gives them a feeling of drowsiness.

01:44:26It is true that opossum contains

01:44:28not only opossum,

01:44:30but also chicken and beef.

01:44:32Opossum is one of the favorite

01:44:34foods for big family parties.

01:44:36So this drowsiness is probably

01:44:38due to the huge amount

01:44:40of food ingested.

01:44:42The myth that people

01:44:44lose most of their body heat

01:44:46by their heads

01:44:48was probably invented

01:44:50by a hat seller.

01:44:52But scientists say

01:44:54that we only lose

01:44:57Have you ever heard that

01:44:59the full moon can affect

01:45:01your mood in one way or another?

01:45:03Well, no.

01:45:05But researchers think that

01:45:07the light of a full moon

01:45:09can affect your sleep,

01:45:11which can affect your mood.

01:45:13Did the ancient Vikings

01:45:15really wear these beautiful

01:45:17horn hats?

01:45:19There is no real proof

01:45:21to support this claim.

01:45:23This myth probably comes

01:45:25from a football match

01:45:27of the Minnesota Vikings.

01:45:29Some people think

01:45:31that Einstein was bad at math

01:45:33at school.

01:45:35Einstein himself

01:45:37said that he was

01:45:39good at math at the age of 15.

01:45:41But Einstein didn't

01:45:43enter the school of his choice

01:45:45because he failed

01:45:47in language at his first attempt.

01:45:49As for the math test,

01:45:51he did it by hand.

01:45:53This myth came about

01:45:55in the Middle Ages.

01:45:57At that time,

01:45:59the food that mice and rats

01:46:01enjoyed much more

01:46:03than cheese was out of reach.

01:46:05For example, people stored

01:46:07cereals in jars and kept

01:46:09meat suspended on the walls

01:46:11and ceilings.

01:46:13But cheeses usually

01:46:15grew old hidden in

01:46:17cupboards or shelves.

01:46:19Rats and mice could easily

01:46:21hide in cupboards.

01:46:23Dogs don't see the world

01:46:25in black and white.

01:46:27They distinguish colors,

01:46:29but not as well as us.

01:46:31We have three types of cones

01:46:33in our eyes,

01:46:35while dogs only have two.

01:46:37Cones are special photoreceptors

01:46:39that allow us to perceive

01:46:41colors.

01:46:43Dogs see certain colors

01:46:45like blue and yellow

01:46:47better than others.

01:46:49Dogs' saliva

01:46:51has no healing properties.

01:46:53They don't sweat through their tongues.

01:46:55When dogs breath,

01:46:57their tongues sweat.

01:46:59But most of their

01:47:01oesophageal glands

01:47:03are on their legs

01:47:05and the rest of their body.

01:47:07If they breathe,

01:47:09it's to remove the excess moisture

01:47:11in their nasal cavity,

01:47:13on their tongues

01:47:15and on the walls of their lungs.

01:47:17They have a good memory

01:47:19and are immune to most snakes' venom.

01:47:21They are also very sociable.

01:47:23But contrary to popular belief,

01:47:25they don't sleep by the tail.

01:47:27These animals have strong tails,

01:47:29and that makes them excellent climbers.

01:47:31But they don't have the necessary

01:47:33muscle structure to keep

01:47:35such a position for a long time.

01:47:37Bats are not blind.

01:47:39They are nocturnal animals

01:47:41and they don't see very well during the day,

01:47:43but their vision is three times better

01:47:45during the night.

01:47:47They don't have color receptors,

01:47:49but humans are no longer able

01:47:51to perceive colors when there is little light.

01:47:53Bats also use echolocation,

01:47:55which consists of locating objects

01:47:57by the sound waves they reflect

01:47:59to detect small insects in the air.

01:48:01Chameleons have the ability

01:48:03to change the color of their body,

01:48:05but they don't necessarily do it

01:48:07to melt in their environment.

01:48:09They do it mainly to communicate

01:48:11with other animals of their species

01:48:13In their natural state,

01:48:15these animals have the color

01:48:17of branches and leaves.

01:48:19We often believe it,

01:48:21but rhino horns are not made of bone.

01:48:23They are made of keratin,

01:48:25the same material you can find

01:48:27in your nails and hair.

01:48:29Horns don't grow directly

01:48:31from the rhino's skull.

01:48:33They are rather comparable

01:48:35to a mass of very, very compact hair.

01:48:37They grow throughout their life,

01:48:39just like our nails and hair.

01:48:41But rhinos don't use them

01:48:43all the time.

01:48:45Some animals use their teeth

01:48:47to protect themselves from their enemies.

01:48:49No wonder, knowing that the one

01:48:51on their lower jaw is so sharp.

01:48:53If you press the alarm button

01:48:55in the morning,

01:48:57you don't really enjoy

01:48:59those 10 more minutes of sleep.

01:49:01Of course, it feels good

01:49:03to push back the time to get up

01:49:05and stay warm in your bed.

01:49:07But the alarm button

01:49:09makes your brain think

01:49:11it's going to fall asleep

01:49:13and you'll have even more trouble

01:49:15waking up when your alarm

01:49:17goes off for the second

01:49:19or fifth time.

01:49:21In the long run,

01:49:23the alarm button

01:49:25can affect the quality

01:49:27of your sleep.

01:49:29When we talk about dessert,

01:49:31I always think of chocolate.

01:49:33Oh, no, wait,

01:49:35I made a mistake.

01:49:37Desserts are defined

01:49:39not by their temperature,

01:49:41but by the lack of precipitation.

01:49:43Most of the world's known

01:49:45deserts are hot,

01:49:47but some are extremely cold.

01:49:49For example, there are polar

01:49:51deserts in the north of Greenland.

01:49:53Can we talk about chocolate now?

01:49:55No?

01:49:57Here's another myth.

01:49:59The lightning never strikes twice

01:50:01in the same place.

01:50:03That's not entirely true.

01:50:05Lightning never strikes twice,

01:50:07and that's often the case.

01:50:09So if you're surprised by a storm,

01:50:11it's best to look around you.

01:50:13Instead of taking refuge

01:50:15where lightning has already struck,

01:50:17try to shelter yourself

01:50:19and avoid touching metal objects.

01:50:21You'll never see a owl

01:50:23turn its head 360 degrees,

01:50:25even if you can get the impression

01:50:27sometimes.

01:50:29Instead of eyeglasses,

01:50:31owls have eye tubes.

01:50:33They can't move their eyes.

01:50:35That's why they have to turn their heads

01:50:37when they want to see what's around them.

01:50:39They can't take a full turn,

01:50:41but they get very close.

01:50:43270 degrees,

01:50:45which is 3 quarters of a full rotation.

01:50:47Not bad.

01:50:49Cats don't purr only

01:50:51when they're happy.

01:50:53They also purr when they're sick,

01:50:55scared, or even angry.

01:50:57Despite a widespread belief,

01:50:59felines don't gracefully fall

01:51:01on their paws every time they fall.

01:51:03It's true that they have

01:51:05the famous reflex to straighten up.

01:51:07A cat has a vestibular device

01:51:09in its inner ear,

01:51:11a system that helps balance

01:51:13and that the animal uses to orient itself.

01:51:15Thanks to this system,

01:51:17a cat can quickly understand

01:51:19how to rotate its head

01:51:21so that its body follows.

01:51:23In the end, the animal lands on its paws,

01:51:25but this reflex doesn't work every time.

01:51:27Elephants don't use their trunk

01:51:29as a straw to drink.

01:51:31When an elephant is thirsty,

01:51:33it pours a little water into its trunk,

01:51:35then brings it to its mouth

01:51:37and lets the water go inside.

01:51:39In other words, when these animals drink water,

01:51:41it doesn't go through their trunk,

01:51:43just like people don't drink

01:51:45through their noses.

01:51:47Elephants have huge ears,

01:51:49but they can also listen

01:51:51with their feet.

01:51:53When they want to analyze a distant noise,

01:51:55elephants freeze and lean forward

01:51:57so that most of their weight

01:51:59rests on their front paws.

01:52:01Sometimes they even lift one of their front paws.

01:52:03They use seismic vibrations,

01:52:05that is, they detect

01:52:07the sound waves that move

01:52:09not in the air, but in the ground.

01:52:11There are many myths about your brain.

01:52:13For example,

01:52:15its right part would be creative

01:52:17and the left logical,

01:52:19but your brain doesn't work like that.

01:52:21It is not strictly divided into parts

01:52:23covering a single domain,

01:52:25like creativity or something else.

01:52:27The actions you take

01:52:29and the things you experience

01:52:31are the result of the activity

01:52:33of the whole of your brain.

01:52:35The cerebral cortex is the part of your brain

01:52:37that is made up of two halves.

01:52:39But these two halves are connected

01:52:41to many other areas

01:52:43that make up the rest of the brain.

01:52:45Thus, the neurons of the left part of your brain

01:52:47will not become the computer genius

01:52:49and those of the right half

01:52:51will not become poets.

01:52:53Your brain turns off when you sleep.

01:52:55But this is not the case.

01:52:57Its activity slows down when you sleep deeply

01:52:59and becomes more active when you dream.

01:53:01During this phase,

01:53:03the activity of your brain is almost as intense

01:53:05as when you are completely awake.

01:53:07Without trying to scare you,

01:53:09you do not see with your eyes,

01:53:11do not hear with your ears

01:53:13and do not feel with your skin.

01:53:15For example, you are washing your face.

01:53:17Your skin does not have a special sensor

01:53:19to detect humidity.

01:53:21It detects different sources of information,

01:53:23including temperature,

01:53:25touch or your previous experience.

01:53:27This is how you feel

01:53:29that your face is wet.

01:53:31Your brain creates this sensation

01:53:33after having analyzed all kinds of information.

01:53:35It does not really react

01:53:37to what is happening around you.

01:53:39It may seem to work like this.

01:53:41You see a cute little puppy

01:53:43and it makes you smile.

01:53:45Your friend makes a stupid joke

01:53:47and you blush.

01:53:49Your brain does not wait for something to happen

01:53:51to react to it.

01:53:53Instead, it constantly tries to guess

01:53:55what is going to happen.

01:53:57Your brain begins to analyze your actions

01:53:59and the experiences you have lived

01:54:01before even receiving data from your ears,

01:54:03your nose, your eyes and other organs.

01:54:05Your brain constantly works

01:54:07to predict what the world will be

01:54:09the next moment and what you will do in this world.

01:54:11So, even if you do not really react

01:54:13directly to the world,

01:54:15this prediction process takes place

01:54:17so slowly and so quickly

01:54:19that you feel the opposite.

01:54:21Let's continue.

01:54:23Technically, Jupiter is not in orbit

01:54:25around the Sun.

01:54:27When a smaller and less massive object

01:54:29rotates around a larger one,

01:54:31its trajectory does not describe a perfect circle.

01:54:33Instead, these two objects

01:54:35follow their respective elliptical orbits

01:54:37around a barycenter,

01:54:39which is their common center of gravity.

01:54:41The Earth is much smaller than the Sun.

01:54:43This is why the barycenter

01:54:45is closer to the center of the Sun.

01:54:47And this is why we do not see

01:54:49that the orbit of our planet is a little offset.

01:54:51But Jupiter is the largest planet

01:54:53in our solar system.

01:54:55It is more than twice as massive

01:54:57as all the other planets, asteroids,

01:54:59moons and comets combined.

01:55:01Thus, the barycenter of Jupiter and the Sun

01:55:03is a little far from the center of the star,

01:55:05at about 48,300 km

01:55:07above its surface.

01:55:09That's it, we can talk about chocolate now.

01:55:11Well, maybe next time.

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