El reino visigodo fue una entidad política establecida por el pueblo visigodo tras su asentamiento en una parte de la actual Francia y la península ibérica, en la época de las invasiones germánicas, que perduró durante buena parte de la Alta Edad Media, ocupando territorios en las Galias e Hispania en sus diversas etapas.
El reino visigodo de Tolosa o galovisigodo, con capital en la ciudad gala de Tolosa (Toulouse), comenzó en el año 418, tras el pacto o foedus entre los visigodos y Roma, y duró hasta el 507, cuando el rey Alarico II fue derrotado por los francos en la batalla de Vouillé y se inició el intermedio ostrogodo, en el que se produjo una regencia ostrogoda y la actuación de los visigodos se vio supeditada a las circunstancias históricas de este pueblo, que dio paso al reino visigodo de Toledo o hispanovisigodo
El reino visigodo de Tolosa o galovisigodo, con capital en la ciudad gala de Tolosa (Toulouse), comenzó en el año 418, tras el pacto o foedus entre los visigodos y Roma, y duró hasta el 507, cuando el rey Alarico II fue derrotado por los francos en la batalla de Vouillé y se inició el intermedio ostrogodo, en el que se produjo una regencia ostrogoda y la actuación de los visigodos se vio supeditada a las circunstancias históricas de este pueblo, que dio paso al reino visigodo de Toledo o hispanovisigodo
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00:00The succession of events and transformations that occur in the Roman Empire from the 3rd century
00:18causes a crisis situation that is noticeable in all areas.
00:23In Rome, the continuous struggles for power trigger social upheavals
00:28and trade is interrupted throughout the territory.
00:32This situation favors the entry of a series of barbaric peoples
00:36that over time end up settling inside the empire.
00:47Two processes define the period that we know as the Low Empire,
00:51Christianization and Ruralization.
00:54Constantine is the first emperor to decree religious freedom in the West.
00:58During his reign, he promotes Christianity
01:01to the point that he is the first emperor to build a Christian temple in Rome.
01:05With him, the Church begins to accumulate power and enjoy tax privileges.
01:10The process of Christianization that Constantine begins reaches Spain.
01:14The Spanish-Roman oligarchy assumes the high ecclesiastical positions
01:18so that decurions and senators become bishops.
01:22However, the collaboration between the Church and the State
01:26provokes the emergence of more radical Christian groups
01:29and the emergence of more radical denominations.
01:32In the Middle Ages, the Roman Empire was divided into two parts.
01:36In the Middle Ages, the Roman Empire was divided into two parts.
01:41The lower strata of society identify themselves with Priscillian,
01:45who preaches the doctrine of good and evil
01:48to the point of confronting the official bishops.
01:51Priscillian is the first Christian to be considered a heretic
01:54and executed by a Christian emperor.
01:58Inflation and rising taxes cause migratory movements to the countryside.
02:02Inflation and rising taxes cause migratory movements to the countryside.
02:06To this ruralization, we must add the incursions of Germanic peoples
02:10that cause chaos in the cities.
02:16The aristocracy settles in large rural villas
02:19which are at the same time centers of agricultural exploitation and place of residence.
02:28The great landowners, from the Roman plantation in Spain,
02:32lived in wonderful, sumptuous villas.
02:35Now, in this period, they are richer,
02:38they concentrate large latifundia in their hands,
02:41and, as a contemporary Roman poet Ausonius says,
02:45at the end of the 4th century,
02:47they are men who live in the city to do their business,
02:50what was called the negotium,
02:52and they live in the countryside to do what was called the otium,
02:56to hunt, to receive friends, to practice poetry, etc.
03:03These villas are decorated with great luxury
03:06and have magnificent mosaics.
03:10The property is concentrated in few hands
03:13and the state has no control over the most powerful citizens.
03:17The small farmers lose their lands
03:19or give them to a man in exchange for protection.
03:22There are social uprisings against any established power.
03:28The latifundia become small states within the state,
03:32which often have their own armies.
03:35The passage of the cities to the autarchy of the villas
03:38is perhaps the biggest structural change
03:40that occurs in the Low Roman Empire.
03:47Around the 5th century, some barbaric peoples of Germanic origin
03:50cross the Limes, the borders of the empire.
03:54They take advantage of the weakness and the vacuum of power of Rome
03:57to penetrate the Iberian Peninsula.
04:04Alans and Vandals settle in the provinces of Bética and Lusitania,
04:08while the Swedes settle in the northwestern area,
04:11which includes present-day Galicia and part of Portugal.
04:15From the coasts of the Baltic Sea,
04:17the Goths set out for the western part of the empire.
04:20Those who settle in Italy are called Ostrogoths,
04:24while those who settle in the south of France
04:27and north of the peninsula are the Visigoths.
04:30These mercenaries enter accompanied by their families
04:33and obtain land in exchange for the military services provided.
04:37The intensity of the economic, social, political and military crisis
04:41that shakes the Roman Empire
04:43gives rise to especially dramatic testimonies among the popular classes.
04:55They are going to look for the humanity of the Romans among the barbarians,
04:59because they cannot bear to see that the barbarians
05:03have no humanity.
05:05There is only one common desire among the Romans,
05:08never to be forced to return under the Roman law.
05:12There is only one common exclamation to all the Roman crowd,
05:16to continue living with the barbarians.
05:28The last ruler of the unified Roman Empire is Emperor Theodosius.
05:32He is due the declaration of Christianity as an official religion.
05:38At his death, he divides the Roman Empire among his sons,
05:41East for Arcadia and West for Honorium.
05:46After a series of ephemeral successions and civil wars,
05:49the Empire of the West is extinguished in 476.
06:03The Visigoths arrive in Hispania as federates of Rome
06:06and fight as their allies to expel the peoples of the Alans and Vandals.
06:15A movement of people in search of agriculture.
06:19This is a good definition of what the league of these peoples is.
06:23They do not destroy anything.
06:25They are going to settle in a territory
06:27to which they are accustomed in some way,
06:29which they know more or less to subsist.
06:32And they do this through pacts with the Romans.
06:35Pacts in which they are part of troops,
06:38fundamentally, of armies that help the Romans
06:42in their defense of the imperial borders.
06:45It is not only to belong to the Roman army,
06:48but also to give them land.
06:50That is, establish yourself here so that you can sustain yourself,
06:53so that you can have a stable life,
06:57in exchange, you help me in the war against my enemies,
07:00which can be other barbaric peoples.
07:02In number, the Visigoths represent a very small portion
07:05of the total of inhabitants of Hispania.
07:08It is estimated that the Germans who cross the Pyrenees
07:11are 2% of the 4 or 5 million Hispano-Romans
07:14who live in the peninsula.
07:19With the passage of time,
07:21the relationship between Hispano-Romans and Visigoths is changing.
07:24Tarragona represents the last delivery of power
07:27from the Romans to the barbarians
07:29and the beginning of the disintegration of the empire in Hispania.
07:32The city surrenders to the Visigoths,
07:34putting an end to almost 700 years of Roman presence in the peninsula.
07:45Eurico becomes the first king of an independent Visigoth territory,
07:49which, with capital in Tolosa,
07:51covers the south of Gaul and part of Hispania.
07:58The Visigoths clash with the push of the Franks,
08:01another Germanic people that has settled north of Gaul
08:04and that wants to extend its dominion
08:06to the fertile provinces of the south.
08:11In the Battle of Bouaillé, the Franks crush the Visigoths.
08:14This defeat puts an end to the Visigoth kingdom of Tolosa.
08:17In this way, the Visigoths move to Hispania
08:20and reach the south of the Iberian Peninsula.
08:23However, the cities of this area prefer to maintain their links
08:27with the Mediterranean world
08:29and, decades later, will rise against the Visigoth power
08:32to temporarily integrate into the Byzantine Empire.
08:42The Visigoths are the most Romanized people among the Germans.
08:46Over time, they adopt a social organization very similar to the Roman one.
08:50A good example of this is the Basilica of Carranque,
08:53built by the Visigoths on the Roman ruins.
09:06I always remember a famous poem by Gavafis,
09:09the great Poet Alejandrino,
09:11who said that the Romans were waiting for the barbarians
09:14and, in the end, the barbarians never arrived, because there were no barbarians.
09:18To the point that we can interpret this
09:21as if the barbarians had become Romanized in such a way.
09:25They had lived with Rome in such a way for so long
09:28that when they arrived in the Iberian Peninsula, they were no longer barbarians.
09:32This is a concept from the 19th century,
09:35a cultural concept that denigrates these people who come to settle.
09:44The concept of estirpe is of special importance among them.
09:47Coming from a good family means prestige and power.
09:51Their main occupation is to wage war,
09:54and to defend the interests of their estirpe, they surround themselves with military sects.
10:01At the other end of society are the most humble.
10:04The fate of the slaves is at the mercy of their masters,
10:07and the poor are sold for hunger.
10:10The sale of children is at the order of the day,
10:12and free people with little power also end up becoming slaves.
10:17The Visigothic laws control this hierarchy.
10:24The slaves continue to exist.
10:26And, attention, an interesting thing.
10:28Christianity did nothing to prevent slavery.
10:31I even think that it is Saint Paul himself who accepts it,
10:34and even finds it perfectly normal.
10:37The entire ancient economy is based on slavery,
10:40and so is the Visigothic slave.
10:42In a way, let's say that this slave becomes a colonel,
10:48when he is assigned to the land,
10:51in such a way that he is a man who, for the work he does, receives protection.
10:59The food of the Visigoths is based on the work of the land and livestock.
11:03Cereals, vegetables, fruit and oil, typical of the Roman diet,
11:07the consumption of meat and milk, which comes from the German tradition, is added.
11:14The Visigoths use the Roman tunic as a basic garment of their dress.
11:18The cape is fastened with a zibula to a linen shirt.
11:23Women adorn their dress with jewels.
11:25Both adjust the garments with a belt that carries a buckle of great beauty.
11:31The dress has an essential importance,
11:34because it distinguishes the range of people.
11:36Not everyone wore the same dress,
11:38not everyone wore those zibulas that we find in the tombs sometimes,
11:41but we can establish, according to the objects or the material culture that we find,
11:47we can establish the social classification of the people who are buried in the cemeteries.
11:53Men usually have long hair and clear forehead, beard and nape.
11:58The length of the hair obeys a sign of distinction,
12:01which indicates strength, bravery and virility.
12:05To be a king is an indispensable condition to have long hair.
12:11That is why they are called in literature the kings of long hair.
12:15One of the great punishments that can be given to an individual who has wanted to be king or a king
12:21is that of baldness, that is, to cut his hair completely, leave it bald.
12:27It is practically like denying him all his strength, all his ability.
12:31With the Visigoths, the role of the woman improves considerably.
12:35Its independence is much greater than in Roman times.
12:38However, in the aristocratic classes,
12:41they are considered instruments of diplomacy to close agreements between powerful people.
12:45In the 6th century, the peninsula was divided into various political and territorial areas,
12:50but the Visigoths ended up imposing themselves.
12:55Atanagildo is the first king to use cedar, mantle and crown.
12:59His most important decision is to establish the capital of the Visigothic kingdom,
13:04which would later become the capital of the Visigothic kingdom.
13:08The figure of Leobigildo is also key.
13:11He undertakes a series of military campaigns with great success.
13:15His troops end up with the kingdom of the Suevis in the northwest
13:19and with the Byzantine province of the south and the Levant.
13:22Under his command, the peninsula regains the territorial unity
13:26that it had reached in the 6th century.
13:29The Visigoths, however, do not give up.
13:33Under his command, the peninsula regains the territorial unity
13:37that it had reached in the times of Rome.
13:40His political decisions help to strengthen the monarchical institution.
13:45Of the Byzantines, he adapts a ceremonial that includes the use,
13:49for the first time, of a royal throne to give relevance to the image of the king.
13:54He imitates the imperial court of Rome when presenting himself as emperor
13:58and he is the only one who wears purple, a color reserved for the sovereigns.
14:05Under his reign, he beautifies the cities
14:07and a new type of currency is coined with his name,
14:10a policy that is decisive for the image and the affirmation of the Toledan kingdom.
14:16From Leobigildo, Goths and Hispano-Romans mix their blood
14:20through previously forbidden mixed marriages.
14:24While the Hispano-Romans confess Catholicism,
14:28the Visigoths practice Aryan Christianity.
14:32All attempts to convert the Hispano-Romans to Aryanism fail,
14:36until Recaredo, king Visigoth, becomes the Church of Rome.
14:41From this moment on, Aryanism disappears
14:44and Catholicism is established as an official religion.
14:53Recaredo takes control and manages the ecclesiastical resources
14:57while he personally appoints the bishops.
15:00This privilege will remain as a right of presentation until the 19th century.
15:11The monarchy and the bishops
15:13fight to overcome paganism and the divinatory arts
15:16in which the peasants still believe.
15:24Those who make the grass fall on the vineyards and the crops,
15:28and those who talk to the demons,
15:30and those who change the will of men and women,
15:33and those who hide to make circles,
15:36and those who offer sacrifices to the demons,
15:39may all of them, if they are arrested, receive 200 lashes
15:43and be torn and marked very ugly on the forehead,
15:46and be shown like this in ten towns around the city,
15:50so that people are frightened by the punishment.
16:01This same religious desire to establish Catholicism
16:04causes only a few Jewish communities scattered throughout the territory.
16:12Progressively, the Visigoths will develop a fierce anti-Semitic legislation.
16:17They prohibit mixed marriages and the right to meet,
16:20measures that are the germ of the harsh persecutions
16:23that the Jews will suffer throughout the Middle Ages.
16:30The general directors of the kingdom
16:32decide in periodic meetings
16:34known as the Toledo Councils.
16:42These assemblies are always convened by the king,
16:45who presides over them.
16:47However, in them is shown the power of the Church,
16:50since political issues remain in the hands of the bishops,
16:53and the monarch is subject to the decision
16:56taken by the ecclesiastical body.
17:05After achieving political and religious unity,
17:08Recessvinto establishes the legal unit
17:11by promulgating the Liber Judiciorum,
17:13the Book of Judges.
17:19Inspired by Roman law,
17:21it removes the distinctions between citizens
17:24and applies the law equally to all.
17:26The code is divided into 12 books
17:28that deal with the legislative aspects of the kingdom.
17:44San Isidoro de Sevilla
17:46is the main representative of the culture
17:48in the Visigothic period.
17:50Together with his brother Leandro,
17:52he fights Arianism and promotes the conversion
17:54of the Visigoths to Catholicism.
17:58He writes in Latin works of theology,
18:00philosophy and history.
18:02His greatest contribution to culture
18:04are the 20 volumes of his etymologies,
18:06in which he explains the origin of the words.
18:09His work also highlights the advance of Spain,
18:12which will have a great influence later.
18:16Isidoro, in the 6th century,
18:18writes this praise of Spain,
18:21based on texts by Plinio
18:23and on texts by previous authors.
18:25In this sense, we can say
18:27that he is the one who begins to create
18:29the awareness that this geographical unit
18:32can have common elements
18:34that are called Spain.
18:36Now, what happened with Isidoro's work?
18:40The medieval authors,
18:42and above all the historians of the 19th century,
18:45have collected this tradition of Isidoro
18:47and have marked it as the moment
18:49of the beginning of unity
18:51and the creation of Spain.
18:53But I think that has been to distort
18:55the reality of the facts and the texts,
18:57which must be understood
18:59in the context in which they were written.
19:05Visigothic art uses a repertoire
19:07of techniques and common motifs
19:09of the Romanesque style,
19:11which has its own character.
19:13It presents a great creative originality
19:15and gives exceptional samples
19:17in architecture and orphanage.
19:19As buildings, the basilicas with apses
19:21and the ships separated by rows of columns
19:23stand out.
19:27The most characteristic architectural work
19:29of the Visigothic era
19:31is the church of San Juan de Baños,
19:33built in the vicinity of Palencia.
19:36To guarantee the proximity to the Holy,
19:38kings and powerful build churches
19:40within their domains,
19:42in which they live hermit monks.
19:47The basilicas of San Pedro de la Nave in Zamora
19:49and Quintanilla de las Viñas in Burgos
19:51are two other examples
19:53that show the Visigothic architectural expression.
20:01Taken from the classical world,
20:03the ornamental decoration is geometric and digital.
20:05The clusters of grapes,
20:07leaves and flowers have a clear Christian symbolism
20:09that alludes to the Eucharist.
20:19The Visigoths stand out
20:21for an intense work of orphanage
20:23of clear oriental influence.
20:25They work very well gold and precious stones.
20:27They create fibulas, crosses, brooches
20:29and belts with which they hold their power.
20:31Some pieces,
20:33such as the votive crowns of Suintila and Recesvinto,
20:35are of great symbolic value
20:37and are made of gold
20:39and with encrusted stones.
20:41The purpose of these pieces
20:43is to crown the altars of the churches.
20:51The cities are maintained as administrative,
20:53political and religious centers of the kingdom.
20:55Buildings of previous eras are reused
20:57and other new ones are built
20:59following the tradition of the Low Empire.
21:03In the countryside,
21:05houses are built of wood, adobe and stones,
21:07covering the roof with straw.
21:09Inside,
21:11people and animals live together.
21:13Near these houses
21:15are the orchards,
21:17where they grow fruits, legumes and vegetables.
21:25During the 7th century,
21:27specialized workshops flourished
21:29in the work of metal,
21:31located mainly in Toledo.
21:35Today, the tradition of the Visigoth swordsmen
21:37continues with a technique
21:39that reaches its perfection in the Renaissance.
21:43The process of making swords
21:45goes through three phases.
21:47The swordsmen begin their work with the forge.
21:49With a hammer,
21:51the incandescent steel rod is molded.
21:53The secret to ensure that the swords
21:55do not break
21:57is to insert an iron sheet
21:59inside that reinforces the body of the weapon.
22:03Once the shape is obtained,
22:05it is immersed in an oil tank.
22:07It is the phase of the temple
22:09that serves to tighten and loosen
22:11the layers that make up the sword.
22:19The last phase
22:21is that of the revenue,
22:23in which the tensions
22:25that can be created between both layers are equalized.
22:29The Visigoth swords
22:31anticipate the fame
22:33that the steelers of Toledo will achieve later.
22:47The power of the Visigoth kings
22:49is of personal nature
22:51and is based on the success of wars.
22:53The most distinguished nobles
22:55elect the successor of the throne
22:57among their equals.
23:01The Visigoths create a ceremony
23:03that grants the new sovereign
23:05the necessary authority in command.
23:07A different ceremony takes place
23:09that has a lot to do with the Bible
23:11and specifically
23:13with a passage
23:15of the life of King David.
23:17What the Catholic Christian tradition
23:19of the Visigoths does
23:21is to take that biblical element
23:23to give the king
23:25the unction.
23:27Because the way
23:29to declare a king
23:31is not to put the crown on his head,
23:33but we have seen
23:35the holy unction with the oil
23:37that determines him as king.
23:39What does this mean?
23:41This means that the king
23:43is not really chosen by the soldiers,
23:45he is not chosen by society,
23:47but in a certain way
23:49he is chosen by the ecclesiastical authority.
23:53The elective monarchy
23:55encourages all kinds of ambitions and intrigues.
23:57More than half of the 35 monarchs
23:59of the famous list of the Godot kings
24:01die murdered or are overthrown.
24:05With the death of each king
24:07fights break out
24:09between rival factions.
24:11A subsequent dispute
24:13is the cause of the fall
24:15of the Visigoth monarchy
24:17at the beginning of the 8th century.
24:19In 710,
24:21Rodrigo is crowned king of the Visigoths
24:23with the opposition
24:25of an important sector of the nobility.
24:27This causes a situation
24:29of serious political instability.
24:31To this must be added
24:33the wear and tear of a society
24:35agglutinated around the personality
24:37of a king and a profound
24:39economic and social crisis.
24:41In the Kingdom of Toledo.
24:43The hosts of Don Rodrigo
24:45fainted and fled
24:47when in the 8th battle
24:49his enemies won.
24:51Rodrigo leaves his shops
24:53and left the king.
24:55Only the unfortunate
24:57who does not have company goes.
24:59Yesterday I was king of Spain,
25:01today I am not of a village.
25:03Yesterday villages and castles,
25:05today none possessed.
25:07Yesterday I had servants
25:09and people who served me.
25:11Today I do not have a Almena
25:13who can say that it is mine.
25:29In four years the Visigoth kingdom collapses
25:31and the Muslims become owners of the peninsula.
25:35The territories occupied by the Muslims
25:37in Visigoth Spain
25:39will be called Al-Andalus.
25:41The Muslims bring with them
25:43a new faith, Islam,
25:45a new language and another culture
25:47that will be assimilated by the conquered.
25:49As it was before,
25:51the Roman and German culture.
25:53The Visigoth era,
25:55which means the establishment
25:57of a kingdom,
25:59the rex, no longer the emperor,
26:01a reason that can
26:03use later Christian kings
26:05of the Middle Ages
26:07to identify
26:09or look for their origins,
26:11remote or close,
26:13in this unification,
26:15both religious and the kingdom
26:17of the establishment of the rex.
26:19In the Plaza de Oriente
26:21of Madrid, in front of the Royal Palace,
26:23are the statues of all the Visigoth kings.
26:25Naturally, they are invented statues.
26:27Statues that have a clothing
26:29that does not correspond at all
26:31to the Visigoth kings themselves.
26:33They all wear crowns and shields
26:35that are practically medieval or later.
26:37However, this iconography
26:39seems very significant to me
26:41because in front of the King's Palace,
26:43in this case the Palace of the Bourbons,
26:45there is a gallery
26:47of traditional link with the kings.
26:49The kings, even if they are Visigoths,
26:51it does not matter, they are the oldest,
26:53they are the first,
26:55and therefore we associate
26:57to the monarchy,
26:59the first monarchy in Spain,
27:01the Visigoth monarchy.
27:31Subtitulado por Cristina Pérez Cerezo