En este capítulo de Soñar el Futuro, Alex Fighter presenta las innovaciones y tendencias de futuro en el área de vivienda. Mientras que la población urbana del mundo está explotando, nuestros apartamentos podría estar en treinta años mejor equipados, especialmente ultra-inteligentes y organizados de acuerdo con los principios de la automatización del hogar. En cuanto a la arquitectura, la importancia de la impresión en 3D podría aumentar además de una creciente movilidad.
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00:00Find a nest, a chrysalis for us and for our families, a place to rest and take refuge from bad weather is a fundamental human need.
00:17Housing is a matter that worries everyone and today we face a serious problem.
00:22There have never been so many people on earth.
00:24For those who dream of the future, the house of tomorrow presents significant challenges.
00:29We have to deal with the problem of energy, we have to deal with climate change.
00:34The solutions in many cases lie in finding a new model.
00:40In 2050, the world population will exceed 9 billion people.
00:44Most of us will live in increasingly large cities.
00:48The worst possible scenarios predict a future in which pollution will have conquered nature.
00:53But are we in time to find alternatives?
00:58We live in very complex times, but very exciting.
01:01There is a growing number of problems, but also a growing number of necessary tools to solve them.
01:08In 2050, new technologies could allow us to break the borders as much as possible and conquer new territories.
01:17Will we live on other planets?
01:21It may sound illusory, but in the long run we will have to find out if we can live somewhere else.
01:26We will have to look for it at some point.
01:28People keep saying, that's stupid, there's no rush.
01:31But someone has to start at some point.
01:34According to science fiction, the home of the future is divided into two categories.
01:38On the one hand, director Terry Gilliam imagines endless skyscrapers with apartments the size of the cells of a prison.
01:45On the other hand, the Walt Disney studios predict beautiful and green cities.
01:49What really awaits us in the future?
01:52To answer this question, we can count on dreamers and inventors ahead of their time.
01:59Their most crazy projects include turning Paris into a tropical forest,
02:03transforming our apartments with smart furniture,
02:07building self-sufficient houses or houses printed in 3D.
02:12Not to mention living at the bottom of the ocean or even on the moon.
02:18Guided by their visions, these pioneers follow in the footsteps of the innovators
02:23who, since the dawn of humanity, have dreamed of our future.
02:29When they were not sleeping under the stars,
02:32our nomadic ancestors sought refuge in improvised accommodations and caves.
02:37But they dreamed of something better.
02:39500,000 years ago, they began to organize their caves and build cabins with branches and animal skins.
02:45In other words, they were looking for comfort.
02:48About 12,000 BC, they gradually began to establish themselves.
02:52They found innovative ways to adapt their houses to the environment.
02:56Their houses were made of stone, adobe, wood or brick.
03:00About 4,000 BC, in Mesopotamia, the peoples became cities that had to be organized.
03:06This is how urban planning was born.
03:09In the 1st century BC, Roman villages improved comfort and functionality,
03:14as described by the architect Vitruvius.
03:16They combined the benefits of urban life and the charm of domesticated nature.
03:21Over the centuries, houses became symbols of power.
03:25Palaces and mansions surpassed each other when it came to displaying the wealth of their owners.
03:31In the 15th century, Europe adopted the golden ratio defined by the Freilich mathematician Luca Pacioli.
03:36Regularity, symmetry and ideal proportions.
03:42These rules still influence architects from all over the world.
03:46In the 19th century, due to the Industrial Revolution,
03:49large cities became centers of economic activity, attracting a growing number of people.
03:55Space had to be optimized, which is exactly what Baron Haussmann did in Paris.
04:02In 1884, in Chicago, William de Baron Cheney built the first skyscraper,
04:08the Home Insurance Building, which was 42 meters high.
04:12At the beginning of the 20th century, water, gas and electricity became the norm in urban houses.
04:18Symbols of comfort and modernity, cities began to attract the population of rural areas.
04:24In 1952, to accommodate everyone, Le Corbusier launched the concept of public housing,
04:29the Cité Gadiés.
04:31Already at the dawn of the 21st century, things have begun to crumble.
04:35With too much population density, too much pollution and excessively expensive,
04:39the city has become the symbol of a society in crisis.
04:42It is necessary to rethink housing.
04:48In 2008, for the first time in history, there were more people living in urban areas than in rural areas.
04:55Cities have become our primary habitat.
04:59It seems that the whole world has become urban.
05:07In 2050, the number of megacities, oversized cities that house millions of people, will skyrocket.
05:15Cities like Shanghai, New Delhi, Mexico or Cairo could very well surpass the mark of 30 million people.
05:22The only population of Tokyo, currently the most populated city on Earth, could reach 50 million.
05:34It is incredibly exciting to face the conditions we have in front of us at this time.
05:41Because the planet is going through a period of extreme and rapid urbanization.
05:50I think this is the great challenge of our time.
05:54A challenge that multiplies the number of problems.
06:00Cities continue to attract an increasing number of people because they become the center of society.
06:05But their spectacular growth pays a price.
06:08Pollution.
06:10Although they only cover 2% of the world's surface, cities consume 75% of the energy produced around the planet.
06:17And they are responsible for more than 70% of carbon dioxide emissions, the gas that is causing climate change.
06:24There are huge efforts being made all over the world, including Europe, to bring nature and agriculture into cities.
06:35Trying to combine urban life with nature, a French architect has decided to completely rethink our models.
06:42His project? Turn Paris into the greenest city in the world in 2050.
06:48I am often considered a lunatic.
06:51But I have realized that people desperately want to live among lunatics.
06:59My name is Vincent Callebaut.
07:03And my dream is to live in a city where there is no more pollution or waste.
07:09My first vision of Paris was a lithography that hung on my bed when I was a child.
07:28It was a gift from my grandmother.
07:30And that day I thought, when I grow up, I want to live in Paris.
07:39The current urban model has become completely obsolete.
07:43Because it is based on the import of raw materials and natural resources, and on the export of pollution and waste.
07:51Contemporary cities are built mostly with steel and cement.
07:57Two materials that emit a large amount of carbon dioxide during their production.
08:03Instead, we could use wood and bamboo, which capture carbon dioxide as they grow.
08:10We would end up reversing the process and returning to the old techniques to create an ecological architecture.
08:23Personally, I wanted to fight trauma, against the constant anxiety that causes climate change.
08:30Now that we have built cities above nature, we could bring it back to urban areas.
08:37And imagine that tomorrow Paris could look a bit like the Amazon rainforest.
08:45My dream is that the city of tomorrow becomes a natural ecosystem.
08:49Each neighborhood would become a forest.
08:53And each building, a inhabited tree.
08:56I am very interested in this type of hyper-hybridization.
08:59Even in cities defined by their history and heritage, anything is possible.
09:05Everything can be reinvented and filled with charm again.
09:13Will cities have a completely different appearance in 2050?
09:18What spaces will they have to conquer to accommodate a growing number of inhabitants?
09:25How will they grow?
09:27When you have to take advantage of space, always think vertically.
09:33The vertical towers are functional spaces.
09:37You can extrude them up as high as you want.
09:40They can be commercial or residential.
09:43And they allow you to have a parametric development.
09:46Because you can increase the density of the population to an optimal rate.
09:51Since Otis invented the elevator in the 19th century,
09:55architects have been thinking about housing in three dimensions.
09:59Currently, more than 9,000 buildings around the world are over 100 meters high.
10:04In recent years, the records have been broken,
10:07relegating the Empire State Building to the rank of ordinary houses.
10:14But with its glass facades and its elegant shapes,
10:17these ambitious projects require huge investments,
10:20in the order of millions of euros.
10:24Reserved for the super-rich,
10:26it is very unlikely that they will accommodate ordinary people.
10:30How will we find new space for our cities to grow?
10:36What would happen if we stopped looking up
10:38in search of urban development and changed our perspective?
10:43Capital cities tend to be by the water
10:46because for centuries their economic power came from maritime trade.
10:50But today, water also seems to be an obstacle to growth.
10:55A Dutch architect could have found a solution.
10:58To overcome this obstacle, he suggests that we start building on water.
11:06The next step to build cities will be water.
11:09It will no longer be a natural border where the city stops
11:12to become another place to go.
11:16My name is Koen Olfius,
11:18and my dream is to start using water to create better cities
11:21and to create a better world.
11:34I'm from Holland. I was born here.
11:37And if you grow up in these countries,
11:39all these meadows and all this greenery,
11:41you end up considering it normal.
11:43But it isn't.
11:44This is a very low country.
11:46It is a country that is below sea level.
11:48We live about four or five meters below sea level.
11:52We think we can conquer nature.
11:54We can build dams to be completely safe.
11:57But that idea is false.
11:59Nature is tremendously powerful.
12:01So suddenly it was as if I felt a click,
12:03and I said, this isn't right.
12:05We have to stop fighting against water
12:07and see if we can live with it.
12:09Of course, by building floating buildings.
12:12They are safe space to build and to live in this country.
12:28And then we saw that the problem we have in Holland,
12:31this fight against water,
12:33is also present in other cities like New York, London, or Tokyo.
12:36It's the same problem.
12:38All the cities need space.
12:40They need to grow, and they ask,
12:42where can we grow?
12:44They see water, and they say,
12:46we have to build a dam here.
12:48And in the end, they don't have enough space.
12:54What will we deploy?
12:56Well, I think right now,
12:58we're talking about 15 tons.
13:0015,000 kilos?
13:02Yeah.
13:03So if it goes up and down a few meters,
13:05then...
13:07Yeah, that's it.
13:09People ask,
13:11how can you build on water?
13:13Well,
13:15building on water is not that really difficult.
13:17A house on water is like a boat.
13:19You have to have foundations that hold it
13:21so that it doesn't move, and its hull.
13:23But that's not all.
13:25Because if you build on water,
13:27you will also build in other places
13:29where you don't expect the house to float,
13:31in certain waters that go up and down.
13:33So the house will have to go up and down with them.
13:35So you need to put steel guides
13:37so that it can move vertically,
13:39up and down,
13:41but not horizontally.
13:43And then you have to install
13:45the sewage connections,
13:47the electricity,
13:49the gas and the water.
13:51For all that,
13:53we use flexible tubes
13:55that can move
13:57when the house moves.
13:59Pump in and pump out
14:01dozens of little things,
14:03for instance.
14:05The simple technologies
14:07make it possible
14:09for floating houses
14:11to be exactly the same
14:13as normal houses.
14:21When I started being an architect,
14:23I was looking at water.
14:25And I was looking at cities in general.
14:27And the strange thing
14:29that we built static cities
14:31for dynamic communities
14:33is that in communities
14:35things are happening
14:37continuously.
14:39The number of children
14:41or people getting jobs
14:43or different kinds of jobs
14:45are increasing.
14:47If we do things
14:49in a different way,
14:51if we start using the water
14:53we can build dynamic cities
14:55for dynamic communities.
14:57It can happen
14:59that you have to move
15:01from Amsterdam to Barcelona
15:03or from Barcelona to New York.
15:05That would give us freedom
15:07that we have never experienced
15:09in our cities.
15:21My father asked me
15:23why don't you build on solid ground?
15:25You could do a lot of things.
15:27And I said
15:29if I build on solid ground
15:31almost all the things
15:33that I will do
15:35will be demolished in 50,
15:37in 60 or in 100 years.
15:39Because there will be no room for more.
15:41But if I now build on water
15:43the thing will not have
15:45so much to do with the building
15:47as with the change of mindset
15:49that it supposes.
15:51So if we build cities on the sea
15:53we start to see things
15:55in a different way.
15:57And I hope that Mr. Otis
15:59will make us grow into the air
16:01with his elevator.
16:03And it's the change of mind
16:05that will make it possible
16:07that we start to use water
16:09as part of a city.
16:13In 2050,
16:15thanks to bold architectural projects,
16:17reinvented cities
16:19could be a core of creativity
16:21and growth.
16:23Unfortunately,
16:25the price of housing
16:27is facing a big problem.
16:29In the future,
16:31will our metropolises
16:33become so attractive
16:35that they will exclude
16:37a good part of the population?
16:39If you want to increase
16:41the diversity in the community
16:43you have to solve
16:45the problem of housing
16:47to attract the vital blood
16:49of the city,
16:51those young people
16:53who exchange ideas
16:55in bars and clubs
16:57and can't pay the market prices.
16:59They can't live in the creative part
17:01of the city.
17:03We have to solve this issue
17:05and create affordable houses
17:07for this young social class
17:09that we call creative.
17:11To solve this problem,
17:13a new generation of architects
17:15and engineers is rethinking
17:17the very design of urban apartments.
17:19Asier Larrea came from Spain
17:21and he has built houses
17:23even in the smallest spaces.
17:25What's happening now
17:27is that we can't build buildings
17:29in the same way
17:31the Romans did 2000 years ago.
17:35My name is Asier Larrea
17:39and my dream is
17:41that the spaces around us
17:43have superpowers.
17:47What if we put the light here?
17:51I know that there have been
17:53a lot of innovations
17:55in the architecture
17:57and I'm not criticizing them.
17:59What I mean is that the basic lines
18:01tell us that if I need a bedroom,
18:03I need a room.
18:05If I need a workplace,
18:07I need a office.
18:09If I need a place to relax,
18:11I need a room to relax.
18:13And what happens is that
18:15I can't do all those activities
18:17at the same time
18:19because we are talking about
18:21things that are
18:23number one, static
18:25and number two, stupid.
18:27It doesn't make sense.
18:29So what would happen
18:31if we robotized those things
18:33and turned static and stupid objects
18:35into dynamic and intelligent architecture?
18:37One of the examples
18:39of the use of these robotic components
18:41to solve these challenges
18:43and bring hyperfunctionality
18:45to spaces is, for instance,
18:47to think about how big
18:49a closet or a wall is
18:51that you can't afford
18:53a big living room.
18:55Now imagine you have to
18:57go to bed
18:59and you turn it into a wall,
19:01yes?
19:03You can't afford
19:05a big bed.
19:07And all of a sudden you transform
19:09with a finger or a voice
19:11or a gesture, you transform
19:13the space into a bedroom
19:15when you need it.
19:17So think about spaces
19:19without compromises.
19:21Think about small apartments
19:23with huge beds,
19:25in a dining room
19:27for eight people,
19:29you know, with fully functional closets.
19:31Think about all those spaces
19:33that you can't afford
19:35and you can't afford
19:37a big living room
19:39with a big bed.
19:41And I think that is my dream
19:43as well as how we can democratize
19:45all of these tools.
19:47I mean, what if
19:49all of these complex mechanical
19:51and electronic devices
19:53were available to any designer
19:55and architect in the world
19:57and we could all create
19:59new systems?
20:01I can't even imagine it.
20:03So what if we create more tools
20:05for the buildings
20:07so that architects and designers,
20:09all of us,
20:11don't have to think
20:13about the complexities
20:15of the software,
20:17of the mechanics,
20:19of the electronics,
20:21but that those tools
20:23are calculated by us
20:25to be able to create
20:27things like Lego,
20:29so what will the interiors
20:31of the future look like?
20:33Today, thanks to the automation
20:35of houses, we can control
20:37a certain amount of objects
20:39with a simple word
20:41or a gesture.
20:43Will robots invade
20:45our homes?
20:47From vacuum cleaners
20:49to smart furniture,
20:51they bring us comfort
20:53and connectivity.
20:55But where does this revolution
20:57come from?
20:59At the moment we are witnessing
21:01an increase in the production
21:03of connected objects
21:05because every time
21:07a technological innovation
21:09is produced,
21:11it automatically translates
21:13into objects to buy
21:15and to consume.
21:17I don't think anyone
21:19wants to live in a smart house.
21:21I would rather live
21:23in someone's arms
21:25I personally believe
21:27in a technology that is reactive
21:29and that is at my service
21:31without me controlling it.
21:33I don't want to live in a house
21:35where I have to control
21:37everything from a computer.
21:39I dream of a house
21:41capable of feeling
21:43my needs without me
21:45ordering it.
21:47Will the next revolution
21:49of the famous
21:51Massachusetts Institute of Technology
21:53create a future
21:55where researchers
21:57are inventing
21:59the technologies of tomorrow?
22:01In the Department of Architecture
22:03a team is doing experiments
22:05designed to design
22:07the materials of the future.
22:09Those technologies
22:11don't come
22:13just from an increase
22:15in our development
22:17but fundamentally
22:19from radical ideas
22:21to meet our needs
22:23and our environment.
22:35There's a number of aspects
22:37in building houses
22:39in the construction industry
22:41that consume a lot of energy
22:43a lot of human and mechanical
22:45work going into it.
22:47It's a process of brute force
22:49to assemble the materials
22:51and to investigate
22:53new assembly technologies
22:55and components that assemble
22:57themselves, that collaborate
22:59with us to assemble
23:01better structures.
23:05Every industry
23:07is interested in making
23:09newer things, more intelligent
23:11and more futuristic
23:13but they tend to be robotic.
23:15So we tend to robotize
23:17cars or buildings
23:19but we're interested
23:21in researching everyday materials
23:23like wood, metal, rubber
23:25or metal foams
23:27and make them highly active
23:29that have completely new properties
23:31that change their shape
23:33that transform from flexible
23:35to solid, that move in different ways.
23:41So there's three main
23:43ingredients for programming
23:45and the three main properties
23:47themselves, how they respond
23:49to moisture, how they respond
23:51to strength, how they respond
23:53to temperature or how wood
23:55responds to moisture and metal
23:57to heat, etc.
23:59The combination of different
24:01materials and their different
24:03geometries creates different
24:05mechanical effects.
24:07So you have the materials,
24:09the mechanical transformations
24:11and finally an energy
24:13I'm combining different
24:15types of flexibility and seeing
24:17the results in the patterns of the material.
24:19Depending on it, the circles
24:21are bigger or smaller. Yes.
24:27If you look at tables or other furniture
24:29for example, we'll see that
24:31it involves a lot of logistics,
24:33large volumes, a large amount
24:35of packaging materials,
24:37lots of waste, lots of assembly
24:39when you take them somewhere else.
24:41And then it's a static object
24:43that doesn't respond to anything we do.
24:45So we're more interested in a material
24:47that can be shaped,
24:49flattened with a minimum volume
24:51so that it sits on the other side
24:53so that it's not a human effort
24:55so that it's independent of the use
24:57that we want to give it.
24:59It could be a desk,
25:01it could be a desk table,
25:03it could support a lot of weight
25:05or it could support a little less
25:07depending on the temperature
25:09so that you'd have all the products
25:11that this material can transform.
25:19The element of surprise
25:21is tremendously important.
25:23You know, we often are trying
25:25to surprise ourselves.
25:27You know, your researchers
25:29are trying to develop prototypes
25:31and the moment you get surprised
25:33something new happens, something unexpected.
25:35And if you take advantage of that
25:37we really pursue a scientific reality
25:39something like the avant-garde
25:41of what is possible
25:43mixed with a kind of shift
25:45of our reality,
25:47a shift of our perspective,
25:49a shift of all that we know today.
25:51And so it's totally possible
25:53but it's completely weird
25:55and surprising
25:57and a totally different universe.
26:01Engineers and architects
26:03who design the cities of tomorrow
26:05face enormous challenges
26:07such as ending pollution
26:09and finding more space
26:11without excluding large portions of the population.
26:13Thanks to their global innovations
26:15we will be able
26:17to turn our cities
26:19into paradise on earth.
26:23There is never a definitive solution
26:25and the essence of any architectural work
26:27is to be able
26:29to turn our cities
26:31into paradise on earth.
26:37What will happen if the future
26:39proves that our predictions
26:41were wrong?
26:43What will happen if we decide
26:45to leave the city behind
26:47and live in nature?
26:49What tools would we have
26:51at our disposal
26:53to rethink housing
26:55in such circumstances?
26:57This is a question
26:59that is becoming more and more predominant.
27:01And on the other hand,
27:03there is a certain primitive desire
27:05to live in caves again
27:07or at least in houses
27:09designed and built locally.
27:11I don't think
27:13both dynamics
27:15conflict with each other.
27:17The first is focused
27:19towards the future
27:21and the second
27:23towards an ideal past.
27:25So I think
27:27there is a real opportunity
27:29to combine these models
27:31and to incorporate
27:33intelligent services
27:35in vernacular buildings.
27:39Today, no one knows
27:41what awaits us in the future.
27:43In the middle of the New Mexico desert
27:45in the United States,
27:47a small group of dreamers
27:49has decided to ensure
27:51the survival of humanity
27:53by designing self-sufficient houses.
27:55In my opinion,
27:57a house or a home
27:59is like a ship on this planet,
28:01a ship that embodies
28:03the natural phenomena of the planet
28:05to take care of people.
28:09My name is Michael Reynolds
28:11and my hope for the future
28:13is that we learn
28:15to live in harmony with the Earth.
28:23I started thinking
28:25about building houses
28:27out of nowhere
28:29more than 40 years ago.
28:31I stayed observing
28:33the world around me
28:35and I only saw problems.
28:37Nothing seemed right.
28:39The problem is
28:41that we live separated from the planet.
28:43We try to do everything
28:45with technology
28:47and without any connection
28:49with the Earth.
28:51We have to use technology
28:53together with the phenomena
28:55of the planet.
28:57They have to be parallel.
28:59They have to be connected.
29:01And we know
29:03that this is not going to happen
29:05with architecture
29:07as we know it.
29:09So we have created
29:11a new profession
29:13called biotech.
29:22We're making these buildings
29:24for the whole Earth
29:26so that they have to be built
29:28with indigenous materials
29:30from all over the Earth.
29:32Automobiles are indigenous.
29:34Glass bottles are indigenous.
29:36They are in any country you go to.
29:38Aluminum cans.
29:40Cardboard.
29:42So we start to look at these materials
29:44thinking about how to use them.
29:46The tires go with the Earth
29:48to use
29:50more than proven
29:52resilient structures.
29:54The truth is
29:56that right now
29:58I don't know
30:00another way to build.
30:10An Earth ship is shaped
30:12by the needs of humanity.
30:14Everybody needs
30:16comfortable shelter.
30:18Everybody needs water.
30:20Everybody needs to take care
30:22of their sewage system.
30:24Everybody needs energy.
30:26Everybody needs food.
30:32Well, the buildings have to have
30:34glazing on the south side
30:36of the sun.
30:38They have to be orientated
30:40from east to west
30:42so that every room
30:44receives sunlight.
30:46As for the water,
30:48normal buildings are made
30:50to spill it.
30:52These buildings collect it.
30:54They store it.
30:56And we reconduce it
30:58to a system
31:00that gives it pressure
31:02and filters it
31:04so that you can take a shower
31:06with it and then the water
31:08goes through a rubber pipe
31:10and runs through all the pots
31:12in the room
31:14in such a way that you use
31:16the same 40 liters of water
31:18for four different things.
31:26So we are making
31:28all these things happen
31:30simply with knowledge
31:32of biology and physics
31:34at a primary level.
31:36There is no high-tech technology
31:38anywhere.
31:40Only biology and physics
31:42that will take care of us
31:44no matter what happens
31:46in the corporate world
31:48and political world.
31:52I see the potential
31:54of this working
31:56for individual housing,
31:58for villages,
32:00for towns,
32:02and for cities.
32:04Say a bunch of millionaires
32:06decide to build the city
32:08of the future,
32:10they have the infrastructure
32:12of the services of this city.
32:14In this case,
32:16every building
32:18has its own infrastructure.
32:20So it's self-sufficient.
32:22I can build a city
32:24myself tomorrow
32:26just by building
32:28the first building.
32:32In the future,
32:34will we be able
32:36to build our houses
32:38with this technology?
32:40And sometimes we forget
32:42that almost a billion people
32:44around the world
32:46live in houses
32:48below the minimum standard.
32:50I think the main role
32:52of architecture
32:54is to bring quality
32:56to as many people
32:58as possible
33:00and not to make
33:02ostentatious quality
33:04demonstrations
33:06in Africa.
33:08But in order to meet
33:10this demand,
33:12we will have to overcome
33:14a serious obstacle.
33:16Protecting your family
33:18from rain and heat
33:20has become
33:22something too expensive.
33:24It doesn't make any sense
33:26because the way
33:28houses are designed
33:30and built
33:32is completely archaic.
33:34A house costs 10 times
33:36more than a car.
33:38If we industrialized
33:40production on the same scale,
33:42the cost of a house
33:44could be reduced
33:46perfectly to 10 or 20,000 euros.
33:48What would happen
33:50if the answer
33:52came from technology
33:54that was still recent
33:56but that in 2050
33:58would allow us
34:00to build houses
34:02for future generations?
34:04Hundreds of millions of people
34:06around the world need a house
34:08and they only have a budget
34:10of 300 euros to buy it.
34:14My name is Massimo Moretti
34:16and my dream for the future
34:18is to design comfortable
34:20and low-cost houses.
34:22We are not as crazy
34:24as to think
34:26that we can save the world,
34:28but we are crazy enough
34:30to try it.
34:44One day I was wondering
34:46how to build
34:48a low-cost house
34:50when I saw a wasp
34:52building a nest.
34:54She kneaded the mud.
34:56I saw how she let
34:58the mud dry in the sun
35:00building her house
35:02of mud.
35:04I immediately thought
35:06that using any material
35:08that was in the place
35:10was a perfect approach
35:12to building
35:14at zero cost.
35:16There is mud everywhere.
35:18I thought to myself
35:20this wasp
35:22is the supreme 3D printer.
35:30We wanted to create
35:32a printer that could
35:34print houses using
35:36local materials.
35:38We had already done it
35:40with cement.
35:42It is a material
35:44that is very easy to print.
35:46But today we are focusing
35:48on more modern materials
35:50and, paradoxically,
35:52on mud.
35:54Why do I say that mud is a modern material?
35:56Because cement has
35:58catastrophic consequences
36:00for the environment.
36:02A ton of cement produces
36:04a ton of carbon dioxide.
36:06Mud and straw are very good materials.
36:12Of course there are
36:14chemical changes.
36:16The biggest change
36:18has always been the state
36:20of the materials.
36:22If the material is too liquid
36:24when deposited,
36:26it will tend to collapse.
36:28If it changes its state
36:30too quickly,
36:32it could harden
36:34inside the nozzle of the printer.
36:36Without a doubt,
36:38controlling the materials
36:40has been the most
36:42difficult task.
36:44A 3D printer
36:46is a device
36:48that stores data
36:50and replicates it.
36:52Shapes, backgrounds,
36:54air flows,
36:56light effects,
36:58heating systems,
37:00combination of materials,
37:02structures,
37:04everything fits in a document
37:06that can be shared.
37:08In 2050,
37:10this collective consciousness
37:12will be even greater.
37:14Sharing knowledge
37:16will become something very extended.
37:18I really believe in
37:20knowledge at the service of the community.
37:22When knowledge is shared,
37:24it is better for everyone.
37:30What will happen
37:32if tomorrow, thanks to the evolution
37:34of 3D printing,
37:36we could move to the moon?
37:38When we look at the sky,
37:40we have dreamed of conquering other worlds.
37:42For a long time,
37:44this dream was confined
37:46in the realm of science fiction.
37:48But space exploration
37:50in the 20th century
37:52made this dream come true,
37:54allowing astronauts
37:56to venture into space
37:58and even set foot on the moon.
38:04But could we imagine
38:06living in such a hostile environment?
38:10The human body
38:12is not only incredibly capable of adapting,
38:14but we also use technology
38:16to increase our adaptability.
38:18We protect ourselves
38:20from solar radiation,
38:22we take dietary supplements
38:24to minimize vitamin D deficiency,
38:26and we exercise two hours a day
38:28to simulate the thrust of gravity
38:30against any part of our body.
38:32Combining human nature
38:34with the ability to create
38:36new places for those of us
38:38who are not made
38:40and to turn them into ours.
38:42That is what is so fascinating
38:44about exploration.
38:46That is what I love about it.
38:48To take space exploration
38:50even further,
38:52that is the project
38:54of a team of architects
38:56at the Foster studio in London.
38:58Using a new type of 3D printer,
39:00they hope to build
39:02a lunar base.
39:04My name is Xavier D'Castellier.
39:06I'm an architect.
39:10And my dream is to build
39:12a lunar base by printing it in 3D.
39:22So when I was about 12,
39:24I asked my dad in Brussels
39:26what everything
39:28in the sky was.
39:30And I still remember to this day
39:32it's the most amazing thing
39:34I've ever seen as a young kid.
39:36And I started making
39:38lunar stations.
39:40And I think what I'm doing
39:42today is not very different
39:44from what I was doing
39:46when I came back
39:48from that exhibition.
39:50So that's why
39:52for our project,
39:54we looked at the structure
39:56of the human body
39:58and above it,
40:00another very thick dome
40:02printed in 3D
40:04and made of regolith.
40:06In short,
40:08it's like making a room
40:10in a cave.
40:14The printer would have to be
40:16as big as the building
40:18to be printed.
40:20We would have to make
40:22a machine that printed buildings
40:24and, therefore,
40:26as no one would do that,
40:28as an approximation to the idea,
40:30we have designed a pair of
40:32robot printers
40:34that will print the structure
40:36of the building.
40:38Every material,
40:40every piece is made
40:42of the same material.
40:44So the whole building
40:46is nothing more than a large
40:48assembly of different pieces.
40:50If you now start 3D printing,
40:52you might think that
40:54these are living organisms
40:56that are creating structures
40:58in a similar way to nature.
41:02They do it like her,
41:04working little by little.
41:08When we plan a building,
41:12we don't really look
41:14at the individual structures,
41:16but at the structure
41:18produced in the long term.
41:24I want to really look at
41:26what are the conditions
41:28of life in space
41:30to improve the design.
41:32And for that, we want to look
41:34at what kind of precedents
41:36there will be.
41:38What kind of precedents
41:40are there to look at that?
41:42What are these materials
41:44going to do?
41:46And one issue with them,
41:48with all of them,
41:50is that there's a big issue
41:52with having too much space
41:54in these corridors.
41:56It's all very cramped.
41:58Look at the international space.
42:00But we want to go beyond
42:02the international space
42:04because there you have
42:06all these corridors,
42:08all manner of connections
42:10between the corridors
42:12to give more space
42:14to the habitable areas.
42:16That's what we do.
42:19If we lived on a lunar base,
42:21could we colonize other planets
42:23and make Ridley Scott's movies
42:25a reality?
42:27So now that NASA can talk to me,
42:29they won't shut up.
42:31They want constant data
42:33from the lab.
42:35They got a room full of people
42:37trying to micro-manage my harvest,
42:39which is awesome.
42:41Look, I mean, I don't want to sound arrogant
42:43or anything like that,
42:45but I'm the best botanist
42:48A manned mission to Mars
42:50involves immense challenges,
42:52an unbreathable atmosphere,
42:54temperatures ranging from 25 degrees
42:56to 145 below zero,
42:58and deadly solar radiation.
43:00If we want to establish a base
43:02on the Red Planet,
43:04there are many problems to solve.
43:06The further we travel,
43:08the more difficult it will be.
43:10We'll have to protect ourselves
43:12from a hostile environment
43:14and use whatever we have at hand.
43:17We'll have to recycle our atmosphere,
43:19recycle water,
43:21and use as little as possible.
43:23It's an interesting interaction.
43:25We'll have to protect ourselves
43:27from the environment
43:29and at the same time explore it.
43:31We'll have to preserve it
43:33and use it for our own benefit.
43:35At least, that's how we see it.
43:37What would happen if one day
43:39all the technical challenges were solved
43:41and scientists were able
43:43to create a Martian colony?
43:45Would we want to call it our home
43:47and leave the Earth in peace?
43:49I think there's going to be
43:51a very interesting point
43:53in space exploration.
43:55When we move from professional astronauts
43:57to the second generation,
43:59how will the children on Mars see it?
44:01I think that at the end,
44:03we humans will become Martians
44:05and we will start to see
44:07the beauty of Mars
44:09and we will start to see
44:11the beauty of Mars
44:13and we will start to see
44:15the beauty of Mars
44:17as we saw it here on Earth.
44:23Although some of us dream
44:25of leaving the Earth,
44:27there is still a huge habitat
44:29not explored on this planet,
44:31the ocean.
44:33In the future,
44:35will we be able to live
44:37underwater like fish?
44:39I think the oceans
44:41are a huge habitat.
44:43Today, we perceive them
44:45as huge gray areas.
44:49But in 2050,
44:51I hope
44:53that we will have
44:55a more human approach
44:57and we will reestablish
44:59a positive and fertile relationship
45:01with these gigantic oceanic spaces.
45:03The truth is that they are
45:05the most important spaces on Earth.
45:07The seas and the oceans
45:09are part of the Earth's surface,
45:11which has earned it the nickname
45:13of the Blue Planet.
45:15However, living underwater
45:17is still considered a chimera,
45:19but not for this Australian engineer
45:21who has been carrying out
45:23surprising experiments
45:25to understand how we could
45:27build real underwater houses
45:29in the coming years.
45:31The most attractive thing
45:33about living underwater
45:35is making new discoveries,
45:37and that is
45:39the possibility of
45:41making new discoveries.
45:43I am Lloyd Godson,
45:45and I am a diver
45:47on a marine adventure
45:49in Australia.
45:51A diver is a person
45:53who goes underwater
45:55directly 24 hours a day.
45:57I have been together
45:59for 30 days
46:01living underwater.
46:03When I was living
46:05under all those strange noises,
46:07I took three nights
46:09to sleep well
46:11and to get used to living
46:13in that new space.
46:17And then the echoes
46:19that could be heard
46:21and that I experienced
46:23made me realize
46:25that that was not safe for me.
46:27So I left that habitat
46:29a couple of days earlier
46:31than intended,
46:33and now I am working
46:35on my third underwater habitat,
46:37and I have incorporated improvements
46:39to my first prototype.
46:45In my current project,
46:47I have spent a lot more energy
46:49on the design.
46:51In this particular case,
46:53I have integrated everything
46:55inside the same capsule
46:57rather than having a separate raft.
46:59And I have made a simpler habitat
47:01because there is not
47:03a lot of space here.
47:05I think what I am going to do
47:07is to mount some shelves
47:09around here
47:11to be able to place things.
47:15There has been a whole range
47:17of design work
47:19to make this habitat
47:21work in a short period of time,
47:23and I think that the main reason
47:25for that is to disconnect
47:27from the surface.
47:29Part of my experiment
47:31consists of completely
47:33eliminating that connection
47:35and having a self-sufficient
47:37underwater habitat.
47:39We have the technology
47:41necessary to exploit
47:43the underwater habitat
47:45and the technological requirements
47:47to be able to stay underwater.
47:51So I think it is important
47:53to achieve self-sufficiency
47:55and not depend on people
47:57on the surface to survive.
48:07But what is behind
48:09all this project
48:11is being able to work
48:13with children.
48:15I really love to get these children
48:17involved in studies and projects
48:19because they are going to be
48:21the scientists, engineers
48:23and explorers of the future.
48:25They are going to see
48:27that all this is possible
48:29and let their imagination
48:31and their creativity flourish.
48:33There are many lessons
48:35to be learned about
48:37underwater construction
48:39that can also be applied
48:41to improve life on land.
48:49Human beings have always
48:51been able to colonize
48:53and prosper wherever they wanted.
48:55In 2050, to turn our houses,
48:57buildings and cities
48:59into small pieces of paradise,
49:01we will have to continue
49:03combining imagination,
49:05technological innovation
49:07and sustainable development
49:09if we want to preserve
49:11our most precious home,
49:13the Earth.
49:23NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory
49:25California Institute of Technology